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Ðthe€aggravating€factor€did€not€constitute€structural€error€requiring€automatic€reversal.€€Instead,€the€court€reviewed€theÐ qÁ Ðfinding€of€the€aggravating€circumstance€by€the€trial€court€under€harmless€error€analysis.€€òòState€v.€Ringóó,€65€P.3d€915,€933Ð 2‚ Ð(Ariz.€2003),€òòand€opinion€supplemented€byóó€òòState€v.€Ringóó,€76€P.3d€421,€423€(Ariz.€2003)€(holding€the€trial€courtððsÐ óC Ðapplication€of€aggravating€circumstance,€that€the€defendant€committed€the€murder€for€pecuniary€gain,€was€not€harmlessÐ ´ Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€notwithstanding€the€fact€that€Ô‡ô·ðòòô·ðÔð ðthe€evidence€that€Ring€committed€th[e]€murder€for€pecuniaryÐ uÅ Ðgain€[wa]s€strongðð).Ô#†ô·ðòòô·ð#ÔÐ 6 † ÐÓ  ÓÔ‡ô·ðòòô·ðÔÔ‡Xß«Xòô·ðÔÌÔ#†ô·ðòXXß«l#ÔÔ#†ô·ðòòô·ðM#ÔÔ‡ô·ðòòô·ðÔÌÔ#†ô·ðòòô·ðÒ#ÔÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€I»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼I»»»ÔÑ8€ß«XXdé»»d8ÑÑ€¡Oa%Ñà@hhìàÔ‡îbêIÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@gg$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼I»îîbê#ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJuly€20,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡Xß«X»¼IÔÌò òÔ#†¼I»XXß«$#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€CHESTER€WAYNE€WALTERSÔ‡Xß«X»¼IÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€White€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€CR599€€€€€€Lillie€Ann€Sells,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2003„03019„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€30,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<s` AßÐ tÄ  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓA€White€County€Criminal€Court€jury€convicted€the€defendant,€Chester€Wayne€Walters,€of€twoÐ l¼  Ðcounts€of€rape€of€a€child,€a€Class€A€felony,€and€two€counts€of€aggravated€sexual€battery,€a€Class€BÐ U¥  Ðfelony,€and€the€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€concurrent€sentences€of€twenty„five€years€for€each€rapeÐ >Ž Ðconviction€and€twelve€years€for€each€aggravated€sexual€battery€conviction.€€The€defendant€appeals,Ð 'w Ðclaiming€that€(1)€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€convictions;€(2)€the€trial€court€shouldÐ ` Ðhave€merged€the€aggravated€sexual€battery€convictions€into€the€child€rape€convictionÔ#†¼I»XXß«•#ÔÔ‡Xß«X»¼IÔs;€(3)€the€trialÐ ùI Ðcourt€improperly€allowed€an€expert€to€give€hearsay€testimony;€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€toÐ â2 Ðcharge€any€lesser€included€offenses;€(5)€the€trial€court€gave€erroneous€jury€instructions€on€the€òòmensóóÐ Ë Ðòòreaóó€elements€of€the€crimes;€and€(6)€his€sentences€are€excessive.€€We€affirm€the€defendantððs€child€rapeÐ ´ Ðconvictions€but€hold€that€his€convictions€for€aggravated€sexual€battery€violate€double€jeopardy€andÐ í Ðmust€be€merged€into€the€child€rape€convictions.€€We€also€hold€that€the€trial€court€improperlyÐ †Ö Ðenhanced€the€defendantððs€sentences€in€light€of€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.€2531Ð o¿ Ð(2004),€and€we€reduce€the€defendantððs€sentences€to€twenty„three€years€for€each€child€rapeÐ X¨ Ðconviction.€€We€remand€the€case€for€the€entry€of€appropriate€judgments€of€conviction.Ð A‘ ÐÓ³ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Courtó ó€ò òAffirmed€in€Part,Ð c ÐModified€in€Part,€Case€Remandedó óÐ ÿO ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼I»àXß«†#ÔÔ‡Xß«X.¼IÔJoseph€M.€Tipton,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòNorma€McGee€Ogleóó€andÐ Ò!"! ÐòòRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€JJ.óó,€concurred.€òòóóÐ »" " ÐÌDavid€Neal€Brady,€District€Public€Defender,€Joe€L.€Finley,€Jr.,€and€John€Byers€Nisbett,€III,€AssistantÐ $Ý$ ÐPublic€Defenders,€for€the€appellant,€Chester€Wayne€Walters.Ð v%Æ % ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Bledsoe,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð H'˜"' ÐWilliam€Edward€Gibson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€William€M.€Locke,€Assistant€DistrictÐ 1(#( ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð )j$) ÐÓP ÓÌÌÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼I»XXß« #ÔÔ‡Xß«X»¼IÔÐ ¾,(- ÐÔ_ÔÐ ¨-ø(.ý ÐòòóóÔ#†¼I»XXß««#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xß«X»¼IÔà  àThis€case€relates€to€the€defendantððs€having€sexual€intercourse€with€his€girlfriendððs€twelve„Ð ° Ðyear„old€daughter.€€The€victim€testified€that€in€1997,€she€lived€in€a€trailer€with€her€mother,€olderÐ ™é Ðbrother,€younger€sister,€and€the€defendant.€€She€said€that€on€February€10,€1997,€she€did€not€go€toÐ ‚Ò Ðschool€because€it€was€her€twelfth€birthday€and€that€she€was€at€home€alone€with€the€defendant.€€SheÐ k» Ðsaid€that€she€went€into€the€bathroom€about€4:00€p.m.€to€take€a€shower€and€that€she€got€undressed.€Ð T¤ ÐShe€said€that€the€defendant€came€in€the€bathroom,€got€ð ðaholdðð€of€her,€and€that€they€ended€up€on€theÐ =  Ðfloor.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€was€touching€her€breasts€and€genital€area€and€that€he€put€hisÐ & v Ðprivate€in€her€private€and€began€moving€back€and€forth.€€She€said€that€it€felt€like€ð ðit€was€ripping€myÐ  _ Ðintestines€out,ðð€that€the€defendant€ejaculated€on€her,€and€that€she€bled€afterward.€€She€said€that€theÐ ø H Ðdefendant€told€her€it€would€feel€better€if€she€would€be€quiet€and€wait€and€that€she€ð ðwould€want€itÐ á 1  Ðmore€often.ðð€€She€said€he€also€threatened€to€hurt€his€young€son€if€she€told€anyone.€€She€said€she€tookÐ Ê   Ða€shower€and€did€not€tell€her€mother€about€the€incident€because€her€mother€was€in€love€with€theÐ ³  Ðdefendant€and€because€she€was€afraid€her€mother€would€hate€her.€€Ð œì  ÐÌà  àThe€victim€testified€that€on€Friday,€September€12,€1997,€her€mother,€brother,€and€sister€wentÐ n¾  Ðto€the€store€and€that€she€was€at€home€alone€with€the€defendant.€€She€said€that€she€was€sitting€on€theÐ W§  Ðliving€room€couch€and€that€the€defendant€walked€over€to€her€and€began€kissing€her€and€taking€offÐ @ Ðher€clothes.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€rubbed€her€private€parts€and€had€sexual€intercourse€with€her,Ð )y Ðthat€he€ejaculated,€and€that€she€bled.€€She€said€that€right€after€the€incident,€her€fatherððs€car€pulled€upÐ b Ðto€the€trailer€and€her€father€blew€the€horn.€€She€said€the€defendant€went€to€the€door€in€his€underwearÐ ûK Ðand€told€her€father€that€everyone€had€gone€to€the€store.€€She€said€that€her€father€left€and€that€she€didÐ ä4 Ðnot€tell€her€mother€about€the€incident€when€her€mother€got€home.€€She€said€that€she€went€to€live€withÐ Í Ðher€father€in€order€to€get€away€from€the€defendant€and€that€her€father€got€custody€of€her€and€herÐ ¶ Ðbrother.€€She€said€that€in€September€1999,€the€Department€of€Human€Services€(DHS)€beganÐ Ÿï Ðinvestigating€her€relationship€with€Aaron€Trobaugh,€a€jail€inmate.€€She€said€that€she€and€Mr.Ð ˆØ ÐTrobaugh€were€friends€and€had€been€exchanging€letters.€€She€said€Tonya€Scott€from€the€DHSÐ qÁ Ðquestioned€her€about€the€letters€and€began€pressuring€her.€€She€said€she€became€upset€and€told€herÐ Zª Ðstepmother€and€stepsister€about€having€sex€with€the€defendant.€€She€said€that€she€later€told€Ms.€ScottÐ C“ Ðabout€the€abuse€and€that€a€doctor€examined€her.€€She€said€that€she€was€telling€the€truth€and€that€sheÐ ,| Ðhad€no€reason€to€lie€against€the€defendant.Ð e ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€victim€testified€that€Mr.€Trobaugh€had€known€her€mother€for€aÐ ç 7 Ðlong€time,€that€he€and€her€mother€had€grown€up€together,€and€that€Ms.€Scott€questioned€her€aboutÐ Ð!   Ðwhether€she€had€had€sex€with€him.€€She€said€that€she€had€never€had€sex€with€Mr.€Trobaugh,€that€sheÐ ¹" ! Ðloved€him€in€a€friendly€way€because€he€had€done€a€lot€for€her€family,€and€that€they€had€exchangedÐ ¢#ò" Ðfriendship€letters.€€She€denied€that€they€discussed€marriage€and€sex€in€their€letters€but€acknowledgedÐ ‹$Û# Ðthat€she€told€Ms.€Scott€she€had€kissed€Mr.€Trobaugh€on€the€cheek.€€She€said€that€she€did€notÐ t%Ä $ Ðremember€telling€Ms.€Scott€she€had€kissed€Mr.€Trobaugh€on€the€lips€and€that€she€had€no€reason€toÐ ]&­!% Ðprotect€him.€€Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àArthur€Young,€the€victimððs€father,€testified€that€after€he€divorced€the€victimððs€mother,€theÐ )h$( Ðvictimððs€mother€had€custody€of€the€victim€and€her€brother€for€about€ten€years.€€He€said€that€heÐ *Q%) Ðremarried,€visited€the€children€every€weekend,€and€would€pick€them€up€on€Friday€afternoons.€€HeÐ ê*:&* Ðsaid€that€in€1997,€the€victim€and€her€brother€were€living€in€a€trailer€with€their€mother€and€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðdefendant€and€that€on€September€12,€he€went€to€the€trailer€to€pick€up€the€children€for€the€weekend.€Ð ° ÐHe€said€that€he€blew€the€horn€and€that€the€defendant€came€to€the€door€wearing€only€his€underwear.€Ð ™é ÐHe€said€that€he€asked€the€defendant€where€the€victimððs€mother€was€and€that€the€defendant€told€himÐ ‚Ò Ðeveryone€was€at€the€store.€€He€said€that€he€went€to€the€store€and€that€his€son€told€him€the€victim€wasÐ k» Ðat€the€trailer.€€He€said€that€when€the€victimððs€mother€came€outside,€he€fussed€at€her€for€leaving€theÐ T¤ Ðvictim€alone€with€the€defendant.€€He€said€the€victimððs€mother€got€upset€and€told€him€that€theÐ =  Ðdefendant€would€not€hurt€the€victim.€€He€said€that€he€drove€into€town€to€speak€with€an€attorney,€thatÐ & v Ðhe€filed€for€custody€of€his€children€immediately,€and€that€a€temporary€custody€hearing€was€held€onÐ  _ ÐSeptember€15.Ð ø H ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Young€testified€that€seeing€the€defendant€in€his€underwear€andÐ Ê   Ðlearning€that€the€victim€was€alone€with€the€defendant€concerned€him€very€much.€€He€said,€though,Ð ³  Ðthat€he€did€not€go€back€to€the€trailer€to€get€the€victim€because€his€ex„wife€was€upset€and€ð ðwould€haveÐ œì  Ðstirred€up€all€kinds€of€trouble.ðð€€He€said€that€after€he€got€custody€of€his€children,€he€did€not€ask€theÐ …Õ  Ðvictim€if€anything€was€going€on€with€the€defendant€and€she€did€not€tell€him€about€the€abuse.€€HeÐ n¾  Ðacknowledged€that€in€1999,€he€confiscated€romantic€letters€that€the€victim€and€Aaron€Trobaugh€hadÐ W§  Ðexchanged.€€He€said€that€as€soon€as€he€learned€about€their€relationship,€he€put€a€stop€to€it.€€He€saidÐ @ Ðthat€in€September€1999,€the€DHS€began€investigating€the€victimððs€relationship€with€Mr.€TrobaughÐ )y Ðand€that€someone€from€the€DHS€interviewed€the€victim€at€school€without€his€permission.€€He€saidÐ b Ðthat€at€first,€the€victim€did€not€tell€anyone€from€the€DHS€about€the€defendantððs€sexual€abuse.€€He€saidÐ ûK Ðthe€victim€later€told€his€wife€and€Tonya€Scott€about€it.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àDr.€Allen€Drake€testified€that€he€examined€the€victim€on€October€4,€1999,€for€possible€sexualÐ ¶ Ðabuse.€€He€said€that€the€victim€had€a€difficult€time€telling€him€about€the€abuse€because€she€wasÐ Ÿï Ðembarrassed€and€that€he€obtained€most€of€his€information€from€the€victimððs€stepmother.€€He€said€thatÐ ˆØ Ðaccording€to€the€victimððs€stepmother,€the€victim€had€stated€that€the€defendant€forced€the€victim€toÐ qÁ Ðhave€sex€with€him€on€several€occasions€when€the€victim€was€eleven€or€twelve€years€old.€€He€saidÐ Zª Ðthat€he€asked€the€victim€if€her€stepmotherððs€information€was€correct€and€that€the€victim€said€yes.€Ð C“ ÐHe€said€that€the€victimððs€hymen€had€been€broken€but€had€completely€healed€and€that€he€found€noÐ ,| Ðevidence€of€trauma,€bleeding,€or€abrasions€to€the€victimððs€external€genitalia.€€He€said€that€hisÐ e Ðexamination€of€the€victim€was€consistent€with€the€stepmotherððs€information€and€that€the€healedÐ þN Ðhymen€indicated€the€abuse€had€occurred€at€least€three€weeks€before€he€examined€the€victim.€€HeÐ ç 7 Ðacknowledged€that€something€other€than€a€penis€could€have€penetrated€the€victim.Ð Ð!   ÐÌÓ  Óò òI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÐ ¢#ò" ÐÓ  Óà  àó óÌà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€convictions€because€theÐ u%Å $ Ðtwo€incidents€happened€seven€months€apart,€the€victim€waited€until€1999€to€tell€anyone,€and€theÐ ^&®!% Ðvictimððs€father€went€to€see€a€lawyer€instead€of€returning€to€the€trailer€to€get€the€victim.€€The€stateÐ G'—"& Ðcontends€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient.€€We€agree€with€the€state.Ð 0(€#' ÐÌà  àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€defendant€questions€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€onÐ *R%) Ðappeal€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóóÐ ë*;&* Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÐ Ô+$'+ Ðdoubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweighÐ ° Ðthe€evidence€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allÐ ™é Ðreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2dÐ ‚Ò Ð542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Questions€aboutÐ k» Ðwitness€credibility€were€resolved€by€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.Ð T¤ Ð1997).Ð =  ÐÌà  àThe€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€came€into€the€bathroom€on€February€10,€1997,€herÐ  _ Ðtwelfth€birthday,€touched€her€breasts€and€genital€area,€and€put€his€penis€in€her€vagina.€€She€testifiedÐ ø H Ðthat€on€September€12,€1997,€the€defendant€again€touched€her€private€parts€and€had€sexual€intercourseÐ á 1  Ðwith€her.€€The€victim€also€testified€that€her€father€arrived€soon€after,€that€the€defendant€went€to€theÐ Ê   Ðdoor€wearing€only€his€underwear,€and€that€the€defendant€told€her€father€that€the€victim€was€at€theÐ ³  Ðstore€with€her€mother.€€The€victimððs€father€corroborated€the€victimððs€testimony€that€the€defendantÐ œì  Ðcame€to€the€door€in€his€underwear€and€lied€about€the€victimððs€whereabouts.€€Dr.€Drake€testified€thatÐ …Õ  Ðthe€victimððs€hymen€had€been€torn€but€had€healed€and€that€his€examination€of€the€victim€wasÐ n¾  Ðconsistent€with€her€account€of€the€crimes.€€Although€the€defendant€essentially€argues€that€theÐ W§  Ðvictimððs€testimony€was€not€credible,€the€credibility€of€a€witness€is€a€determination€made€by€the€jury,Ð @ Ðnot€by€this€court.€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€We€believe€theÐ )y Ðevidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€convictions.€€Ð b ÐÌò òÓ  ÓII.€€MERGERó óà @¸ àÐ ä4 ÐÓ¨<ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€should€have€merged€his€aggravated€sexual€batteryÐ · Ðconvictions€into€his€rape€of€a€child€convictions€because€the€separate€convictions€arose€from€only€oneÐ  ð Ðcourse€of€conduct€in€the€bathroom€and€one€course€of€conduct€in€the€living€room.€€In€support€of€hisÐ ‰Ù Ðargument,€he€cites€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991),€in€which€our€supreme€court€heldÐ r Ðthat€convictions€for€both€kidnapping€and€robbery€violated€the€defendantððs€due€process€rights€whenÐ [« Ðthe€detention€resulting€in€the€kidnapping€conviction€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€commissionÐ D” Ðof€the€accompanying€felony.€€The€state€claims€that€the€evidence€supports€separate€convictions.€€WeÐ -} Ðconclude€that€the€defendantððs€aggravated€sexual€battery€convictions€must€be€merged€into€his€childÐ f Ðrape€convictions.€€Ð ÿO ÐÌà  àThe€double€jeopardy€clauses€of€both€the€United€States€and€Tennessee€Constitutions€state€thatÐ Ñ!!  Ðno€person€shall€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb€for€the€same€offense.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€V;Ð º" ! ÐTenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€10.€€The€clause€has€been€interpreted€to€include€the€following€protections:€ð ðItÐ £#ó" Ðprotects€against€a€second€prosecution€for€the€same€offense€after€acquittal.€€It€protects€against€aÐ Œ$Ü# Ðsecond€prosecution€for€the€same€offense€after€conviction.€€And€it€protects€against€multipleÐ u%Å $ Ðpunishments€for€the€same€offense.ðð€€òòNorth€Carolina€v.€Pearceóó,€395€U.S.€711,€717,€89€S.€Ct.€2072,Ð ^&®!% Ð2076€(1969);€òòState€v.€Dentonóó,€938€S.W.2d€373,€378€(Tenn.€1996).€Ð G'—"& ÐÌà  à€The€supreme€court€has€held€that€the€ð ðessentially€incidentalðð€test€in€òòAnthonyóó€is€not€useful€inÐ )i$( Ðthe€context€of€sexual€offenses€because€ð ðeach€separate€sexual€act€ððis€capable€of€producing€its€ownÐ *R%) Ðattendant€fear,€humiliation,€pain,€and€damage€to€the€victim.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Barneyóó,€986€S.W.2d€545,€548Ð ë*;&* Ð(Tenn.€1999)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Phillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€662,€665€(Tenn.€1996)).€€€In€òòBarneyóó,€the€courtÐ Ô+$'+ Ðstated€that€ð ðif€the€act€in€question€directly€facilitates€or€is€merely€incidental€to€the€accompanyingÐ ° Ðsexual€conduct€(such€as,€for€example,€applying€lubricant€to€the€area€of€intended€copulation),Ð ™é Ðconvictions€for€both€acts€would€be€barred.€€If,€however,€the€act€in€question€is€ððpreparatoryðð€only€inÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€sense€that€it€is€intended€to€sexually€arouse€either€the€victim€or€the€perpetrator,€separateÐ k» Ðconvictions€are€not€barred.ðð€€òòId.óó€(citations€omitted).€€€The€court€stated€that€the€following€factors€wereÐ T¤ Ðrelevant€in€determining€whether€ð ðconduct€is€directly€facilitative,€and€thus€incidental,€or€merelyÐ =  Ðpreparatory€in€the€sense€of€intending€to€arouse€the€victim€or€perpetratorðð:Ð & v ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.€temporal€proximity--the€greater€the€interval€between€the€acts,€theÐ ø H Ðmore€likely€the€acts€are€separate;Ðá 1 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€spatial€proximity--movement€or€re-positioning€tends€to€suggestÐ ³  Ðseparate€acts;Мì ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€occurrence€of€an€intervening€event--an€interruption€tends€toÐ n¾  Ðsuggest€separate€acts;ÐW§ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.€sequence€of€the€acts--serial€penetration€of€different€orifices€asÐ )y Ðdistinguished€from€repeated€penetrations€of€the€same€orifice€tends€toÐ b Ðsuggest€separate€offenses;€andÐûK` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.€the€defendantððs€intent€as€evidenced€by€conduct€and€statements.ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€548-49.Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àApplying€these€factors€to€the€February€10,€1997€incident,€the€first€factor,€temporal€proximity,Ð qÁ Ðweighs€against€dual€convictions€because€the€defendantððs€touching€the€victimððs€breasts€and€genitalÐ Zª Ðarea€occurred€only€moments€before€the€penile€penetration.€€The€second€factor,€spatial€proximity,€alsoÐ C“ Ðweighs€against€separate€convictions€because€the€victim€did€not€testify€that€the€defendant€moved€orÐ ,| Ðrepositioned€her€before€the€rape.€€The€third€factor,€whether€there€were€intervening€events,€weighsÐ e Ðagainst€separate€convictions€because€the€acts€occurred€closely€together€without€any€interruption.€Ð þN ÐThe€fourth€factor,€the€sequence€of€the€acts,€supports€dual€convictions€because€the€victim€testifiedÐ ç 7 Ðthat€the€defendant€first€rubbed€her€breasts€and€genital€area€and€then€penetrated€her.€€Finally,€noÐ Ð!   Ðevidence€exists€to€show€that€the€defendant€formed€the€intent€to€penetrate€the€victim€only€after€heÐ ¹" ! Ðtouched€her.€€Therefore,€the€defendantððs€separate€convictions€for€the€bathroom€incident€violateÐ ¢#ò" Ðdouble€jeopardy,€and€his€aggravated€sexual€battery€conviction€must€be€merged€into€his€rape€of€aÐ ‹$Û# Ðchild€conviction.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àThe€separate€convictions€for€the€September€12€incident€also€violate€double€jeopardy.Ð F'–"& ÐRegarding€the€living€room€incident,€the€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€kissed€her,€took€off€herÐ /(#' Ðclothes,€and€began€ð ð[r]ubbing€me,€my€private€parts,€and€putting€his€private€part€in€my€private€partÐ )h$( Ðand€moving€back€and€forth.ðð€€In€light€of€the€òòBarneyóó€factors,€this€description€of€the€events€isÐ *Q%) Ðâ âinsufficient€to€establish€that€the€defendantððs€rubbing€or€touching€the€victim€was€not€incidental€to€theÐ ê*:&* Ðrape.€€The€second€aggravated€sexual€battery€conviction€also€must€be€merged€into€the€second€childÐ ° Ðrape€conviction.€Ð ™é Ðâ âÌÓ  Óò òIII.€€EXPERT€TESTIMONYÐ k» ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€Dr.€Drake€to€testify€that€accordingÐ ?  Ðto€the€victimððs€stepmother,€the€victim€stated€that€the€defendant€had€sex€with€the€victim€ð ðon€severalÐ ( x Ðoccasions.ðð€€He€contends€that€this€testimony€was€hearsay€and€did€not€fall€under€Rule€803(4),€Tenn.Ð  a ÐR.€Evid.,€the€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule€that€allows€hearsay€statements€made€for€the€purposes€ofÐ ú J Ðmedical€diagnosis€and€treatment.€€He€also€contends€that€the€testimony€was€not€admissible€under€RuleÐ ã 3  Ð703,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€for€expert€testimony€because€the€defendantððs€penetrating€the€victim€on€severalÐ Ì   Ðoccasions€was€irrelevant€to€his€opinion€as€to€whether€the€defendant€sexually€abused€the€victim.€€TheÐ µ  Ðstate€contends€that€the€testimony€was€proper€under€Rule€803(4).€€We€conclude€that€the€defendantÐ žî  Ðhas€waived€this€issue.Ð ‡×  ÐÌà  àDr.€Drake€testified€that€the€victim€was€brought€to€his€office€in€order€for€him€to€ð ðevaluate€forÐ Y©  Ðpossible€sexual€abuse.ðð€€He€said€that€he€obtained€the€victimððs€history€from€her€mother€andÐ B’ Ðacknowledged€that€the€victimððs€history€was€necessary€for€his€diagnosis€and€treatment€of€her.€€HeÐ +{ Ðthen€testified€as€follows:€€Ð d ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Dr.€Drake:]à0` x` xàThe€mother€advised€me€that€[the€victim]€stated€that€onÐ æ6 Ðseveral€occasions€when€she€was€around€eleven€orÐ Ï Ðtwelve€years€old€that€she€had€been€forced€to€haveÐ ¸ Ðintercourse€with€a€person€by€the€name€of€ChesterÐ ¡ñ ÐWayne€Walters.ЊÚxx ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàà0¸ x¸ xàI€stated€in€my€letter€to€the€Department€of€HumanÐ \¬ ÐServices€that€I€was€not€absolutely€sure€of€the€lastÐ E• Ðname,€but€that€the€person€was€identified€as€theÐ .~ Ðmotherððs€ex„boyfriend.Ðgxx ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàà0¸ x¸ xàThe€information€came€from€the€mother€and€I€askedÐ é 9 Ð[the€victim]€whether€that€information€was€correct€andÐ Ò!"  Ðshe€replied€that€it€was.л" !xx ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Defense]:à0` x` xàYour€Honor,€for€the€record,€to€the€extent€that€that€lastÐ $Ý# Ðtestimony€violates€the€Courtððs€order,€I€object€ð ðonÐ v%Æ $ Ðseveral€occasionsðð.Ð_&¯!%xx ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àCOURT:à0` x` xàWell,€the€witness€or€the€victim€has€testified€here€as€toÐ 1(#' Ðthe€occasions.€€So€the€doctor€isnððt€testifying€.€.€.€heððsÐ )j$( Ðjust€testifying€about€the€history€that€he€took€from€theÐ *S%) Ðmother.€€So€the€objection€is€overruled.€€If€thereððs€anyÐ ì*<&* Ðkind€of€special€charge€requested,€we€can€do€that,€butÐ Õ+%'+ Ðat€this€time€Iððm€going€to€overrule€the€objection.€Ð ° ÐProceed€with€caution,€general.Йéxx ÐÌDr.€Drake€then€testified€that€he€examined€the€victim,€that€her€hymen€had€been€broken€but€hadÐ k» Ðhealed,€and€that€the€results€of€his€examination€were€consistent€the€victimððs€statements.Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€transcript€reflects€that€the€defendant€did€not€object€to€Dr.€Drakeððs€testimony€on€theÐ & v Ðbasis€that€it€was€hearsay€or€that€it€violated€any€rule€regarding€expert€testimony.€€By€failing€to€stateÐ  _ Ðthese€grounds€for€his€objection,€the€defendant€denied€the€trial€court€the€opportunity€to€rule€on€them.€Ð ø H ÐòòSeeóó€T.R.A.P.€36(a).€€Moreover,€this€court€has€stated€that€a€ð ðparty€cannot€assert€a€new€or€differentÐ á 1  Ðtheory€to€support€the€objection€in€the€motion€for€a€new€trial€or€in€the€appellate€court.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð Ê   ÐAdkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,€635€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Raising€a€new€ground€on€appeal€forÐ ³  Ðobjecting€to€the€introduction€of€evidence€results€in€a€waiver€of€the€issue€on€appeal.€€òòId.óóÐ œì  ÐÌÓ  Óò òIV.€€LESSER€INCLUDED€OFFENSESÐ n¾  ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€charge€any€lesser€includedÐ B’ Ðoffenses.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€charge€lesser€included€offenses€wasÐ +{ Ðharmless€error.€€We€agree€with€the€state.Ð d ÐÌà  àIn€criminal€cases,€the€trial€court€has€the€duty€to€charge€the€jury€on€all€of€the€law€that€appliesÐ æ6 Ðto€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€73€(Tenn.€1992).€€Anything€short€of€aÐ Ï Ðcomplete€charge€denies€the€defendant€his€constitutional€right€to€a€trial€by€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€McAfeeóó,Ð ¸ Ð737€S.W.2d€304,€308€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€that€an€offense€is€aÐ ¡ñ Ðlesser€included€offense€if:Ð ŠÚ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutoryÐ \¬ Ðelements€of€the€offense€charged;€orÐE•` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€itÐ g Ðcontains€a€statutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐ P` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€ofÐ Ò!"  Ðculpability;€and/orл" !¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€sameÐ $Ý# Ðperson,€property€or€public€interest;€orÐv%Æ $¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(c)€it€consists€ofÐH'˜"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offenseÐ )j$( Ðthat€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-includedÐ *S%) Ðoffense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐì*<&*¸ ¸  ÐÐ Õ+%'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€anÐ ° Ðoffense€that€otherwise€meets€the€definition€ofÐ ™é Ðlesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orЂҸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€anÐ T¤ Ðoffense€that€otherwise€meets€the€definition€ofÐ =  Ðlesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b).€€Ð& v¸ ¸  ÐÌòòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€466-67€(Tenn.€1999).€€If€an€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense,€thenÐ ø H Ðthe€trial€court€must€conduct€the€following€two„step€analysis€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€lesserÐ á 1  Ðincluded€offense€instruction€should€be€given:Ð Ê   ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àFirst,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€thatÐ œì  Ðreasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser-included€offense.€€InÐ …Õ  Ðmaking€this€determination,€the€trial€court€must€view€the€evidenceÐ n¾  Ðliberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€theÐ W§  Ðlesser-included€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€theÐ @ Ðcredibility€of€such€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€must€determineÐ )y Ðif€the€evidence,€viewed€in€this€light,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€aÐ b Ðconviction€for€the€lesser-included€offense.€ÐûK` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€469.€Ð Í ÐÌà  àIf€a€trial€court€improperly€omits€a€lesser€included€offense€instruction,€then€constitutionalÐ Ÿï Ðharmless€error€analysis€applies€and€this€court€must€determine€if,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€errorÐ ˆØ Ðdid€not€affect€the€outcome€of€the€trial.€€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€725€(Tenn.€2001).€€òòóó€ð ðIn€makingÐ qÁ Ðthis€determination,€a€reviewing€court€should€conduct€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record,€includingÐ Zª Ðthe€evidence€presented€at€trial,€the€defendantððs€theory€of€defense,€and€the€verdict€returned€by€theÐ C“ Ðjury.ðð€€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€191€(Tenn.€2002)òòóó.€Ð ,| ЀÌÓ  Óà @ àòòA.€€Rape€of€a€ChildóóÐ þN ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€charge€attempted€rape€of€a€child,Ð Ð!   Ðaggravated€sexual€battery,€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault,€and€child€abuse€as€lesser€included€offensesÐ ¹" ! Ðof€rape€of€a€child.€€As€pointed€out€in€the€defendantððs€brief,€attempted€rape€of€a€child€is€a€lesserÐ ¢#ò" Ðincluded€offense€of€rape€of€a€child€under€òòBurnsóó,€part€(c).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Marcumóó,€109€S.W.3d€300,€302Ð ‹$Û# Ð(Tenn.€2003).€€Moreover,€aggravated€sexual€battery€when€the€victim€is€less€than€thirteen,€childÐ t%Ä $ Ðabuse,€and€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault€also€are€lesser€included€offenses€of€rape€of€a€child.€€òòSeeóóÐ ]&­!% ÐòòState€v.€Elkinsóó,€83€S.W.3d€706,€711„12€(Tenn.€2002).€Ð F'–"& ÐÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔÌà  àRegarding€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€charge€attempted€rape€of€a€child€as€a€lesser€includedÐ )h$( Ðoffense€of€rape€of€a€child,€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«ì{#Ôa€person€commits€attempt€who,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpabilityÐ *Q%) Ðotherwise€required€for€the€offense,Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(1)€Intentionally€engages€an€action€or€causes€a€result€thatÐ ° Ðwould€constitute€an€offense€if€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ ™é Ðconduct€were€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be;ЂÒ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(2)€Acts€with€intent€to€cause€a€result€that€is€an€element€of€theÐ T¤ Ðoffense,€and€believes€the€conduct€will€cause€the€result€without€furtherÐ =  Ðconduct€on€the€personððs€part;€€orÐ& v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(3)€Acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€or€cause€aÐ ø H Ðresult€that€would€constitute€the€offense,€under€the€circumstancesÐ á 1  Ðsurrounding€the€conduct€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be,€and€theÐ Ê   Ðconduct€constitutes€a€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€theÐ ³  Ðoffense.Мì ` x` x ÐÌÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔT.C.A.€ðð€39„12„101(a).€€The€statute€also€provides€that€it€is€ð ðno€defense€to€prosecution€for€criminalÐ n¾  Ðattempt€that€the€offense€attempted€actually€was€committed.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€39„12„101(c).€€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«[#ÔÐ W§  ÐÌòòà  àóóIn€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€188,€our€supreme€court€stated€that€ð ð[a]s€a€general€rule,€evidenceÐ )y Ðsufficient€to€warrant€an€instruction€on€the€greater€offense€also€will€support€an€instruction€on€a€lesserÐ b Ðoffense€under€part€(a)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.ðð€€However,€the€supreme€court€said€this€general€rule€does€Ô‡Xß«XXXß«ÔnotÐ ûK Ðextend€to€offenses€that€are€lesser€included€offenses€under€òòBurnsóó,€part€(c).€€òòId.óó€€In€explaining€thisÐ ä4 Ðrationale,€the€court€noted€that€ð ð[f]or€lesser€offenses€under€part€(c),€proof€of€the€greater€offense€willÐ Í Ðnot€necessarily€prove€the€lesser€offense.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Nevertheless,€the€trial€court€must€give€an€instructionÐ ¶ Ðon€the€lesser€offense€unless€ð ðno€reasonable€mind€could€accept€the€existence€of€the€offense.ðð€€òòId.óó€atÐ Ÿï Ð189.€€òòóóÔ#†Xß«XXXß«þƒ#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXX߫ԀРˆØ ÐÌà  àDespite€òòAllenóóððs€stating€that€a€lesser€included€offense€instruction€is€required€if€warranted€byÐ Zª Ðthe€evidence,€this€holding€conflicts€with€the€supreme€courtððs€recent€holding€in€òòMarcumóó,€109€S.W.3dÐ C“ Ðat€304òòóó.€€In€òòMarcumóó,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€rape€of€a€child€for€forcing€the€victim€to€put€herÐ ,| Ðmouth€on€his€penis.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€the€jury€could€have€concluded€that€no€penetrationÐ e Ðof€the€victimððs€mouth€occurred,€warranting€an€instruction€on€the€lesser€included€offense€of€attemptedÐ þN Ðchild€rape.€€The€supreme€court€disagreed,€noting€that€the€definition€of€sexual€penetration€includedÐ ç 7 Ðfellatio€and€that€fellatio€did€not€require€intrusion€into€the€victimððs€mouth.€€òòId.óó€at€304.€€The€courtÐ Ð!   Ðdetermined€that€given€the€victimððs€testimony€that€she€performed€fellatio€on€the€defendant€and€thatÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€defendant€contended€the€incident€never€occurred,€the€testimony€ð ðwas€susceptible€of€only€twoÐ ¢#ò" Ðinterpretations-that€the€rape€occurred€or€that€it€did€not.ðð€€òòId.óó€€The€supreme€court€held€that€an€attemptÐ ‹$Û# Ðinstruction€was€not€required€because€there€was€only€proof€of€the€completed€crime€as€opposed€to€anÐ t%Ä $ Ðattempt.€€òòId.óóÔ#†Xß«XXXß«s†#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXX߫Ԁ€Thus,€even€though€the€elements€of€an€attempt€under€T.C.A.€ðð€39„12„101€wereÐ ]&­!% Ðnecessarily€proven,€no€instruction€was€needed.Ô#†Xß«XXXß«GŒ#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔÐ F'–"& ÐÌà  àTurning€to€the€present€case,€we€note€that€rape€of€a€child€requires€unlawful€sexual€penetration.€Ð )h$( ÐòòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„522(a).€€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔThe€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€penetrated€her€vagina€twice€withÐ *Q%) Ðhis€penis,€and€Dr.€Drake€testified€that€the€victimððs€hymen€had€been€torn€in€the€past,€supporting€theÐ ê*:&* Ðvictimððs€claims.€€Although€the€defendant€did€not€testify,€his€cross„examination€of€the€victim€and€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðvictimððs€father€demonstrated€that€he€contended€the€bathroom€and€living€room€incidents€neverÐ ° Ðoccurred€and€that€the€victim€made€up€her€claims€in€order€to€protect€Aaron€Trobaugh.€€Like€òòMarcumóó,Ð ™é Ðthe€testimony€was€susceptible€of€only€two€interpretations,€either€that€the€defendant€raped€the€victimÐ ‚Ò Ðor€that€he€did€not.€€òòóóÔ#†Xß«XXXß«Ž#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔThere€is€no€evidence€that€the€defendant€only€attempted€to€penetrate€the€victim,Ð k» Ðand€the€trial€court€was€not€required€to€instruct€the€jury€on€attempted€child€rape.€€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«5‘#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔÐ T¤ ÐÌà  àRegarding€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«/’#Ôaggravated€sexual€battery€when€the€victim€is€less€than€thirteen,€child€abuse,€andÐ & v ÐClass€B€misdemeanor€assault,€those€offenses€also€are€lesser€included€offenses€of€rape€of€a€child,€butÐ  _ Ðnot€under€part€(c)€of€òòBurnsóó.€€Aggravated€sexual€battery€as€it€relates€to€this€case€is€unlawful€sexualÐ ø H Ðcontact€with€a€victim€when€the€victim€is€less€than€thirteen.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„504(a)(4).€€ð ðSexualÐ á 1  Ðcontactðð€is€ð ðthe€intentional€touching€of€the€victimððs€.€.€.€intimate€parts,€or€the€intentional€touchingÐ Ê   Ðof€the€clothing€covering€the€immediate€area€of€the€victimððs€.€.€.€intimate€parts,€if€that€intentionalÐ ³  Ðtouching€can€be€reasonably€construed€as€being€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification.ðð€Ð œì  ÐT.C.A.€ðð€39-13-501(6).€€Because€aggravated€sexual€battery€requires€that€the€touching€be€reasonablyÐ …Õ  Ðconstrued€as€being€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification,€which€is€not€an€element€of€childÐ n¾  Ðrape,€it€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€in€this€case€under€òòBurnsóó,€part€(a).€€However,€aggravatedÐ W§  Ðsexual€battery€is€a€lesser€included€offense€under€part€(b)(1)€of€òòBurnsóó€because€a€defendantððs€ð ðintentÐ @ Ðto€touch€a€victimððs€intimate€parts€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€constitutes€a€mental€stateÐ )y Ðreflecting€a€lesser€degree€of€culpability€than€the€reckless,€knowing,€or€intentional€commission€ofÐ b Ðsexual€penetration€for€any€reason.ðð€€òòState€v.€Gary€J.€Greeróó,€No.€M1998-00789-CCA-R3-CD,Ð ûK ÐDavidson€County,€slip€op.€at€13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Mar.€17,€2000),€òòapp.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Sept.€24,Ð ä4 Ð2001);€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòElkinsóó,€òòóó83€S.W.3d€at€711„12€(stating€without€analysis€that€aggravated€sexual€batteryÐ Í Ðis€a€lesser€included€offense€of€child€rape).€€Child€abuse€Ô‡Xß«XXXß«Ôis,€statutorily,€a€lesser€included€offense€inÐ ¶ Ðthis€case.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„15„504(d)€(stating€that€child€abuse€may€be€a€lesser€included€offense€ð ðofÐ Ÿï Ðany€kind€of€.€.€.€sexual€offense€if€the€victim€is€a€child€and€the€evidence€supports€a€chargeðð).€€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«™š#ÔFinally,Ð ˆØ ÐClass€B€misdemeanor€assault€also€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€child€rape€under€òòBurnsóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔElkinsóó,Ð qÁ Ð83€S.W.3d€at€711€(Ô#†Xß«XXXß«œ#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«Ôholding€that€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault€is€a€lesser€included€offense€ofÐ Zª Ðaggravated€sexual€battery)Ô#†Xß«XXXß«#Ô.€Ô‡Xß«XXX߫ԀРC“ ÐÌà  àHaving€determined€that€aggravated€sexual€battery€when€the€victim€is€less€than€thirteen,€childÐ e ÐabuseÔ#†Xß«XXXß«¾#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«Ô,€and€Class€B€misdemeanor€assaultÔ#†Xß«XXXß«šž#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXX߫Ԁare€lesser€included€offenses€of€rape€of€a€child,€we€must€nowÐ þN Ðdetermine€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«ýž#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«Ôwhether€the€evidence€warranted€instructions€on€those€offenses.€€We€must€admit,€however,Ð ç 7 Ðthat€we€are€unable€to€rationalize€a€difference€between€determining€whether€the€evidence€exists€toÐ Ð!   Ðwarrant€instructions€for€offenses€that€are€lesser€included€offenses€under€part€(a)€of€òòBurnsóó,€as€inÐ ¹" ! ÐòòAllenóó,€and€whether€the€evidence€exists€to€warrant€instructions€for€offenses€that€are€lesser€includedÐ ¢#ò" Ðoffenses€under€part€(c)€of€òòBurnsóó,€as€in€òòMarcumóó.€€Under€the€evidence€in€the€present€case,€we€couldÐ ‹$Û# Ðconclude€that€a€reasonable€mind€could€accept€that€the€elements€of€an€attempt€to€rape€existed,€which,Ð t%Ä $ Ðunder€òòAllenóó€would€lead€to€instructions€on€the€crime€of€attempt.€€On€the€other€hand,€if€the€evidenceÐ ]&­!% Ðdoes€not€warrant€instruction€for€attempted€rape€of€a€child€pursuant€to€òòMarcumóóððs€€rationale,€thenÐ F'–"& Ðunder€the€facts€of€a€case€like€this€one,€when€the€only€issue€is€sexual€penetration€and€the€defendantÐ /(#' Ðcontends€that€no€sexual€activity€of€any€kind€occurred,€logic€dictates€that€the€evidence€does€notÐ )h$( Ðwarrant€instructions€on€any€lesser€included€offenses.€€We€note€that€the€supreme€court€used€òòMarcumóóððsÐ *Q%) Ðrationale€in€òòState€v.€Gregory€Robinsonóó,€___€S.W.3d€___,€No.€W2001„01299„SC„R11„DD,€ShelbyÐ ê*:&* ÐCounty€(Tenn.€Sept,€28,€2004),€reversing€this€court€and€holding€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€byÐ Ó+#'+ Ðfailing€to€charge€facilitation€to€commit€premeditated€murder€or€facilitation€to€commit€especiallyÐ ° Ðaggravated€kidnapping€because€no€reasonable€juror€could€have€concluded€from€the€evidence€thatÐ ™é Ðthe€defendant€had€the€knowledge€required€for€facilitation€but€lacked€the€intent€required€to€commitÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€crimes.€€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«›Ÿ#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔNevertheless,€despite€our€inability€to€reconcile€the€supreme€courtððs€analyses€in€òòAllenóóÐ k» Ðand€òòMarcumóó,€we€believe€that€òòAllenóó€directs€us€to€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€to€supportÐ T¤ Ðthe€lesser€included€offenses€of€aggravated€sexual€battery,€child€abuse,€andÔ#†Xß«XXXß«y§#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXX߫ԀClass€B€misdemeanorÐ =  Ðassault.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€does€support€those€offenses.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€erredÐ & v Ðby€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€those€lesser€included€offenses,€and€we€turn€to€harmless€errorÐ  _ Ðanalysis.Ô#†Xß«XXXß«û¨#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔÐ ø H ÐÌà  àÔ#†Xß«XXXß«_ª#ÔIn€òòState€v.€Richmondóó,€90€S.W.3d€648,€662€(Tenn.€2002),€our€supreme€court€stated€that€ð ðinÐ Ê   Ðdeciding€whether€it€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€not€to€charge€a€lesser-included€offense,Ð ³  Ðthe€reviewing€court€must€determine€whether€a€reasonable€jury€would€have€convicted€the€defendantÐ œì  Ðof€the€lesser-included€offense€instead€of€the€charged€offense.ðð€€We€question€whether€the€standardÐ …Õ  Ðannounced€in€òòRichmondóó€equates€to€a€constitutional€harmless€error€standard€of€beyond€a€reasonableÐ n¾  Ðdoubt.€€In€any€event,€in€light€of€the€standard€announced€in€òòRichmondóó,€we€must€conclude€that,€givenÐ W§  Ðthe€victimððs€testimony€that€the€defendant€had€sexual€intercourse€with€her,€Mr.€Youngððs€testimonyÐ @ Ðthat€the€defendant€came€to€the€door€on€September€12€in€his€underwear€and€lied€about€the€victimððsÐ )y Ðwhereabouts,€and€Dr.€Drakeððs€testimony€that€the€victimððs€hymen€had€been€torn€but€healed,€noÐ b Ðreasonable€jury€would€have€convicted€the€defendant€of€any€lesser€included€offenses.€€Thus,€the€trialÐ ûK Ðcourtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€included€offenses€of€child€rape€was€harmless€error.€Ð ä4 ÐÌÓ  ÓòòB.€€Aggravated€Sexual€BatteryóóÐ ¶ ÐÓø¯ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€jury€on€sexual€battery€andÐ ˆØ ÐClass€B€misdemeanor€assault€as€lesser€included€offenses€of€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€AggravatedÐ qÁ Ðsexual€battery€as€charged€in€the€indictment€in€this€case€is€unlawful€sexual€contact€with€a€victim€whenÐ Zª Ðthe€victim€is€less€than€thirteen€years€old.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„504(a)(4).€€Sexual€battery,€however,Ð C“ Ðis€defined€as€unlawful€sexual€contact€with€a€victim€when€(1)€force€or€coercion€is€used€to€accomplishÐ ,| Ðthe€act,€(2)€accomplished€without€the€consent€of€the€victim,€(3)€the€defendant€knows€the€victim€isÐ e Ðmentally€defective,€or€(4)€accomplished€by€fraud.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„505(a)(1)„(4).€€BecauseÐ þN Ðaggravated€sexual€battery€as€charged€in€the€indictment€does€not€require€any€of€the€fourÐ ç 7 Ðcircumstances€of€sexual€battery,€sexual€battery€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexualÐ Ð!   Ðbattery€under€òòBurnsóó,€part€(a).€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔState€v.€Randall€Vertis€Graingeróó,€No.€M2001„02178„CCA„R3„CD,Ð ¹" ! ÐWilliamson€County,€slip€op.€at€6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Oct.€22,€2002),€òòapp.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Mar.€3,Ð ¢#ò" Ð2003).€€Ô#†Xß«XXX߫Ĵ#ÔòòóóÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔSexual€battery€also€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery€in€this€caseÐ ‹$Û# Ðunder€òòBurnsóó,€part€(b)òòóó.€€òòÔ#†Xß«XXXß«àµ#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔId.óó,€slip€op.€at€6„7.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àClass€B€misdemeanor€assault€is€intentional€or€knowing€physical€contact€with€another€person,Ð F'–"& Ðand€a€reasonable€person€would€regard€the€contact€as€extremely€offensive€or€provocative.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.Ð /(#' Ððð€39-13-101(a)(3).€€The€supreme€court€has€held€that€this€theory€of€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault€isÐ )h$( Ða€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery€of€a€child€less€than€thirteen€under€the€òòBurnsóóÐ *Q%) Ðtest,€part€(b)(2).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«¼¶#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔSwindleÔ#†Xß«XXXß«H¹#ÔóóÔ‡Xß«XXXß«Ô,€30€S.W.3d€289,€292-93€(Tenn.€2000).€€Ô#†Xß«XXXß«”¹#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔWe€must€nowÐ ê*:&* Ðdetermine€whether€the€facts€of€this€case€warranted€an€instruction€on€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault.€Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àÔ#†Xß«XXXß«ý¹#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔThe€victim€testified€that€during€the€bathroom€incident,€she€and€the€defendant€ended€up€onÐ ° Ðthe€floor€and€the€defendant€was€touching€her€breasts€and€genital€area.€€She€also€testified€that€duringÐ ™é Ðthe€living€room€incident,€the€defendant€was€rubbing€her€private€parts.€€BÔ#†Xß«XXXß«ãº#Ôecause€both€incidentsÐ ‚Ò Ðinvolved€contact€that€a€reasonable€person€would€regard€as€extremely€offensive€or€provocative,€weÐ k» Ðhold€that€an€instruction€on€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravatedÐ T¤ Ðsexual€battery€was€warranted.€€Ð =  ÐÌà  àTurning€now€to€harmless€error€analysis,€we€note€that€the€victimððs€testimony€regarding€theÐ  _ Ðdefendantððs€touching€her€private€parts€in€the€bathroom€and€living€room€was€brief.€€She€did€not€testifyÐ ø H Ðas€to€how€long€the€touchings€lasted€or€whether€the€defendant€made€any€comments€to€her€during€theÐ á 1  Ðtouchings.€€Nevertheless,€the€touchings€were€followed€by€sexual€penetration.€€Moreover,€theÐ Ê   Ðdefendant€told€the€victim€after€sexually€penetrating€her€in€the€bathroom€that€she€would€feel€betterÐ ³  Ðand€would€ð ðwant€it€more€often.ðð€€In€light€of€these€facts,€and€in€keeping€with€the€harmless€errorÐ œì  Ðstandard€in€òòRichmondóó,€we€cannot€say€that€the€jury€would€have€convicted€the€defendant€of€the€lesserÐ …Õ  Ðincluded€offense€of€Class€B€misdemeanor€assault€as€a€lesser€included€offense€of€aggravated€sexualÐ n¾  Ðbattery.€€Therefore,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€on€the€lesser€included€offense€was€harmlessÐ W§  Ðerror.Ð @ ÐÌÓ  Óò òV.€€òòMENSóó€òòREAóó€JURY€INSTRUCTIONSÐ b ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óThe€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€including€the€nature-of„conduct,€result„of„Ð æ6 Ðconduct,€and€circumstances„surrounding„conduct€definitions€of€ð ðintentionally,ðð€ð ðknowingly,ðð€andÐ Ï Ðð ðrecklesslyðð€in€its€charge€to€the€jury.€€He€contends€that€child€rape€and€aggravated€sexual€batteryÐ ¸ Ðcannot€be€nature-of„conduct,€result„of„conduct,€and€circumstances„surrounding„conduct€offensesÐ ¡ñ Ðand€that€the€incorrect€instructions€lessened€the€stateððs€burden€of€proof.€€The€state€contends€that€theÐ ŠÚ Ðjury€instructions€were€correct€and€that,€in€any€event,€any€error€was€harmless.€€We€hold€that€the€trialÐ sà Ðcourt€did€not€improperly€instruct€the€jury.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àð ð[The]€defendant€has€a€constitutional€right€to€a€correct€and€complete€charge€of€the€law.ðð€Ð .~ ÐòòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990).€€The€trial€court€must€describe€each€element€of€anÐ g Ðoffense€and€define€the€element€in€connection€with€that€offense.€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cravensóó,€764€S.W.2dÐ  P Ð754,€756€(Tenn.€1989).€A€charge€is€prejudicial€error€if€it€fails€to€ð ðsubmit€the€legal€issues€or€if€itÐ é 9 Ðmisleads€the€jury€as€to€the€applicable€law.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€944€S.W.2d€346,€352€(Tenn.€1997).Ð Ò!"  ÐÌà  àThe€four€culpable€mental€states€in€Tennessee€are€intentional,€knowing,€reckless,€and€criminalÐ ¤#ô" Ðnegligence.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39-11-302.€€Often,€the€statute€defining€an€offense€will€state€the€culpableÐ $Ý# Ðmental€state.€€òòState€v.€Pageóó,€81€S.W.3d€781,€786€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2002).€€If€it€does€not,€thenÐ v%Æ $ Ðð ðintent,€knowledge€or€recklessness€suffices.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€39-11-301(c).€€ð ðEach€of€these€mental€statesÐ _&¯!% Ðis€defined€with€reference€to€two€or€three€of€the€following€possible€conduct€elements:€€(1)€nature€ofÐ H'˜"& Ðdefendantððs€conduct,€(2)€circumstances€surrounding€the€defendantððs€conduct,€and€(3)€result€of€theÐ 1(#' Ðdefendantððs€conduct.ðð€€òòPageóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€787€(citing€T.C.A.€ðð€39-11-302).€òòÐ )j$( ÐÌà  àóóIn€òòState€v.€Howardóó,€926€S.W.2d€579,€586€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996),€this€court€stated€thatÐ ì*<&* Ðð ð[w]hen€an€offense€has€different€mens€rea€for€separate€elements,€the€trial€court€must€set€forth€theÐ Õ+%'+ Ðmental€state€for€each€element€clearly€so€that€the€jury€can€determine€whether€the€state€has€met€itsÐ ° Ðburden€of€proof.ðð€€Later,€in€òòPageóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€787,€this€court€noted€that€second€degree€murder€isÐ ™é Ða€result-of-conduct€offense€and€held€that€a€trial€court€errs€if€it€includes€the€nature-of-conduct€orÐ ‚Ò Ðnature-of-circumstances€definitions€of€ð ðknowinglyðð€in€its€charge€to€the€jury.€€Ð k» ÐÌà  àIn€òòPageóó,€the€defendant€hit€the€victim€in€the€back€of€the€head€with€a€baseball€bat.€€At€trial,€theÐ =  Ðdefendant€admitted€swinging€the€bat€at€the€victim,€but€claimed€that€he€swung€the€bat€only€toÐ & v Ðintimidate€the€victim€and€had€not€intended€to€hit€him€in€the€head.€€The€jury€convicted€him€of€secondÐ  _ Ðdegree€murder.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€claimed€that€the€jury€instructions€lessened€the€stateððsÐ ø H Ðburden€of€proof.€€Noting€that€the€state€argued€the€wrong€definition€of€ð ðknowingðð€to€the€jury,€thisÐ á 1  Ðcourt€agreed,€holding€that€second€degree€murder€is€only€a€result„of„conduct€offense€and€that€the€fullÐ Ê   Ðð ðknowingðð€instruction€could€have€resulted€in€the€juryððs€finding€the€defendant€guilty€based€on€anÐ ³  Ðawareness€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€rather€than€theÐ œì  Ðdefendantððs€having€an€awareness€that€his€conduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€victimððs€death.€Ð …Õ  ÐòòId.óó€at€788.€€This€court€remanded€the€case€for€a€new€trial,€instructing€the€trial€court€to€inform€the€juryÐ n¾  Ðonly€that€the€knowing€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€of€second€degree€murder€required€that€the€defendant€acted€with€anÐ W§  Ðawareness€that€his€actions€were€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€victimððs€death.€€òòId.óó€at€790.€€CitingÐ @ ÐòòPageóó,€the€defendant€contends€that€each€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€definition€should€have€included€only€the€applicableÐ )y Ðconduct€element(s)€for€each€offense.€òòÐ b ÐÌà  àóóIn€the€present€case,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€in€order€for€it€to€find€the€defendantÐ ä4 Ðguilty€of€rape€of€a€child,€the€jury€had€to€find€that€the€defendant,€in€pertinent€part,€sexually€penetratedÐ Í Ðthe€victim,€that€the€victim€was€less€than€thirteen,€and€that€the€defendant€acted€intentionally,Ð ¶ Ðknowingly,€or€recklessly.€€For€aggravated€sexual€battery,€the€trial€court€informed€the€jury€that€it€hadÐ Ÿï Ðto€find€that€the€defendant€had€unlawful€sexual€contact€with€the€victim,€that€the€victim€was€less€thanÐ ˆØ Ðthirteen,€and€that€the€defendant€acted€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly.€€Moreover,€the€trialÐ qÁ Ðcourt€instructed€the€jury€that€the€definition€of€ð ðsexual€contactðð€is€ð ðthe€intentional€touching€of€theÐ Zª Ðalleged€victimððs€.€.€.€intimate€part€.€.€.€if€that€intentional€touching€can€be€reasonably€construed€asÐ C“ Ðbeing€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification.ðð€€Regarding€the€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€elements,€the€trialÐ ,| Ðcourt€stated€the€following:Ð e ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€word€ð ðintentionallyðð€means€that€a€person€actsÐ ç 7 Ðintentionally€with€respect€[to]€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€resultÐ Ð!   Ðof€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððs€conscious€objective€or€desireÐ ¹" ! Ðto€engage€in€such€conduct€or€to€cause€such€a€result.Т#ò"` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€word€ð ðknowinglyðð€under€our€law€means€that€a€personÐ ‹$Û# Ðacts€knowingly€with€respect€to€the€conduct€or€circumstancesÐ t%Ä $ Ðsurrounding€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€theÐ ]&­!% Ðconduct€or€that€the€circumstances€exist.ÐF'–"&` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€a€personððsÐ /(#' Ðconduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonablyÐ )h$( Ðcertain€to€cause€that€result.Ð*Q%)` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€word€ð ðrecklesslyðð€means€that€a€person€acts€recklesslyÐ ê*:&* Ðwith€respect€to€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€or€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðresult€of€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€of,€but€consciouslyÐ ° Ðdisregards€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€that€the€circumstancesÐ ™é Ðexist€or€that€the€result€would€occur.ЂÒ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€risk€must€be€of€such€a€nature€and€degree€that€its€disregardÐ k» Ðconstitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standard€of€care€that€anÐ T¤ Ðordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€of€the€circumstances€asÐ =  Ðviewed€from€the€accused€personððs€standpoint.Ð& v` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€brief€only€claims€that€child€rape€and€aggravated€sexual€battery€cannot€beÐ ø H Ðnature„of„conduct,€result„of„conduct,€and€circumstances„surrounding„conduct€offenses.€€He€does€not,Ð á 1  Ðthough,€state€which€conduct€elements€apply€to€each€offense.€€The€elements€of€rape€of€a€child€areÐ Ê   Ðunlawful€sexual€penetration€of€the€victim€and€the€victimððs€being€less€than€thirteen.€€We€believe€thatÐ ³  Ðunlawful€sexual€penetration€of€the€victim€is€both€nature€of€the€conduct€and€result€of€the€conduct.€Ð œì  ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jennie€Bain€Duckeróó,€No.€01C01-9704-CC-00143,€Warren€County,€slip€op.€at€29€(Tenn.Ð …Õ  ÐCrim.€App.€Mar.€25,€1999)€(noting€that€nature€of€the€conduct€involves€the€physical€act€and€that€theÐ n¾  Ðresult€of€the€conduct€is€the€harmful€result),€òòaffððd€on€other€groundsóó€27€S.W.3d€889€(Tenn.€2000);€òòseeÐ W§  Ðalsoóó€òòState€v.€Vannóó,€976€S.W.2d€93,€106€(Tenn.€1998)€(referring€to€sexual€penetration€as€the€ð ðnatureÐ @ Ðof€the€criminal€conduct€allegedðð);€òòState€v.€Michael€D.€Evansóó,€No.€03C01-9703-CR-00104,€RoaneÐ )y ÐCounty,€slip€op.€at€12„13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Dec.€9,€1997)€(stating€that€ð ðconduct€which€results€inÐ b Ðsexual€penetrationðð€must€be€proved€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly),€òòaffððd€on€other€groundsóóÐ ûK Ð108€S.W.3d€231€(Tenn.€2003).€€The€victimððs€age€is€a€circumstance€surrounding€the€conduct.€€òòSeeóóÐ ä4 ÐòòState€v.€Deji€A.€Ogundiyaóó,€No.€M2002-03099-CCA-R3-CD,€Davidson€County,€slip€op.€at€6€(Tenn.Ð Í ÐCrim.€App.€Feb.€19,€2004)€(noting€that€child€rape€ð ðhinges€on€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ ¶ Ðdefendantððs€conduct,€namely€the€age€of€the€victimðð).€€The€elements€of€aggravated€sexual€battery€areÐ Ÿï Ðsexual€contact€and€the€victimððs€being€less€than€thirteen.€€The€definition€of€ð ðsexual€contactðð€furtherÐ ˆØ Ðrequires€an€intentional€touching€of€the€victimððs€intimate€parts€and€the€touching€can€be€reasonablyÐ qÁ Ðconstrued€as€being€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification.€€Like€penetration,€we€believeÐ Zª Ðthat€touching€the€victimððs€intimate€parts€is€both€a€nature€of€the€conduct€and€result€of€the€conduct.€Ð C“ ÐThe€touchingððs€being€reasonably€construed€as€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification€andÐ ,| Ðthe€victimððs€being€less€than€thirteen€are€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct.€€òòÐ e ÐóóÌà  àThis€case€is€significantly€different€from€òòPageóó.€€Firstòòóó,€rape€of€a€child€and€aggravated€sexualÐ ç 7 Ðbattery€contain€all€three€conduct€elements.€€Moreover,€with€the€exception€of€the€intentional€touchingÐ Ð!   Ðelement€in€aggravated€sexual€battery,€a€jury€can€find€the€defendant€guilty€by€determining€that€heÐ ¹" ! Ðacted€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly€as€to€the€other€elements.€€The€trial€court€in€the€presentÐ ¢#ò" Ðcase€instructed€the€jury€that€in€order€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€child€rape€or€aggravated€sexualÐ ‹$Û# Ðbattery,€it€had€to€determine€that€the€defendant€acted€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly.€Ð t%Ä $ ÐRegarding€the€ð ðsexual€contactðð€for€aggravated€sexual€assault,€the€trial€courtððs€instruction€specificallyÐ ]&­!% Ðstated€that€it€required€the€jury€to€find€that€the€defendant€touched€the€victim€intentionally.€€Finally,Ð F'–"& Ðunlike€òòPagóóe,€the€defendant€in€this€case€did€not€dispute€his€òòmensóó€òòreaóó.€€òòSee€generallyóó€òòState€v.€Jarret€A.Ð /(#' ÐGuyóó,€No.€M2002„02473„CCA„R3„CD,€Davidson€County,€slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€May€11,Ð )h$( Ð2004)€(noting€that€a€trial€courtððs€error€regarding€the€definition€of€a€culpable€mental€state€may€beÐ *Q%) Ðharmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€when€the€defendant€does€not€dispute€his€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€at€trial).€€WeÐ ê*:&* Ðconclude€that€the€instructions€did€not€lessen€the€stateððs€burden€of€proof.€Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àWe€note€that€the€defendant€contends€òòState€v.€Deji€A.€Ogundiyaóó€is€similar€to€the€present€caseÐ ° Ðand€demonstrates€that€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€constitute€reversible€error.€€In€òòDeji€A.€Ogundiyaóó,Ð ™é Ðthe€defendant€was€charged€with€three€counts€of€sexual€battery,€which€requires€that€a€defendant€haveÐ ‚Ò Ðunlawful€sexual€contact€with€a€victim€and€that€the€contact€is€without€the€victimððs€consent.€€òòSeeóóÐ k» ÐT.C.A.€ðð€39„13„505(a)(2).€€The€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€it€had€to€find,€in€pertinent€part,€thatÐ T¤ Ðthe€defendant€(1)€intentionally€touched€the€victimððs€intimate€parts,€(2)€that€the€sexual€contact€wasÐ =  Ðwithout€the€victimððs€consent,€and€(3)€that€the€defendant€acted€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly.€Ð & v ÐOn€appeal,€the€defendant€claimed€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€charge€Class€B€misdemeanorÐ  _ Ðassault€as€a€lesser€included€offense.€€This€court€agreed€and€reversed€the€defendantððs€convictions.€Ð ø H ÐòòId.óó,€slip€op.€at€3.€€In€a€separate€issue,€the€defendant€also€claimed€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÐ á 1  Ðinstructing€the€jury€that€it€could€find€him€guilty€by€determining€that€he€acted€recklessly.€€This€courtÐ Ê   Ðnoted€that€the€trial€court€did€not€instruct€the€jury€clearly€as€to€the€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€of€each€element€and€didÐ ³  Ðnot€explain€to€the€jury€that€the€recklessness€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€only€applied€to€the€victimððs€lack€of€consent.€Ð œì  ÐòòId.óó,€slip€op.€at€7.€€It€then€stated€that€upon€retrial,€the€trial€court€should€instruct€the€jury€carefully€asÐ …Õ  Ðto€the€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€for€each€element€of€the€offense.€€òòId.óó€€This€court€did€not€state,€however,€that€the€trialÐ n¾  Ðcourtððs€instructions€constituted€reversible€error.€€Unlike€òòDeji€A.€Ogundiyaóó,€the€trial€courtððsÐ W§  Ðinstructions€in€the€present€case€did€not€constitute€error,€much€less€reversible€error.€Ð @ ÐÌÓ  Óò òVI.€€EXCESSIVE€SENTENCEÐ b ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óFinally,€the€defendant€claims€that€his€sentences€are€excessive€because€the€trial€courtÐ æ6 Ðimproperly€applied€enhancement€factors€in€light€of€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.Ð Ï Ð2531€(2004),€and€failed€to€apply€a€mitigating€factor.€€The€state€claims€that€the€defendantððs€sentencesÐ ¸ Ðare€not€excessive€and€that€the€defendant€has€waived€any€issue€regarding€òòBlakelyóó.€€We€hold€that€theÐ ¡ñ Ðtrial€court€improperly€applied€enhancement€factors€under€òòBlakelyóó€and€reduce€the€defendantððsÐ ŠÚ Ðsentences€accordingly.Ð sà ÐÌà  àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€Thomas€Edward€Rowland,€III,€the€presentence€officer,€testifiedÐ E• Ðthat€he€prepared€the€defendantððs€presentence€report.€€He€said€that€from€April€to€September€1999,€theÐ .~ Ðdefendant€worked€for€a€lumber€yard€but€was€fired.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€also€was€employedÐ g Ðfrom€December€1998€to€March€1999€but€that€the€defendantððs€employment€history€was€poor€andÐ  P Ðunstable.€€He€said€the€defendant€also€had€many€prior€convictions,€including€convictions€in€1996€forÐ é 9 Ðvandalism€and€driving€on€a€suspended€license;€a€1995€conviction€for€public€intoxication;€convictionsÐ Ò!"  Ðin1994€for€driving€under€the€influence€(DUI)€and€driving€on€a€suspended€license;€a€1993€convictionÐ »" ! Ðfor€driving€on€a€suspended€license;€1992€convictions€for€resisting€arrest€and€driving€on€a€suspendedÐ ¤#ô" Ðlicense;€a€1991€DUI€conviction;€and€convictions€in€1990€for€vandalism€and€public€intoxication.€€HeÐ $Ý# Ðacknowledged€that€all€of€the€defendantððs€prior€convictions€were€for€misdemeanor€offenses€and€thatÐ v%Æ $ Ðthe€defendant€had€never€been€convicted€of€a€sex€crime.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€dropped€out€ofÐ _&¯!% Ðschool€in€the€seventh€grade,€that€the€defendant€admitted€using€alcohol€since€he€was€twelve€andÐ H'˜"& Ðmarijuana€since€he€was€fifteen,€and€that€the€defendant€reported€using€methamphetamine€weeklyÐ 1(#' Ðsince€1999.€€Ð )j$( ÐÌà  àPatricia€Young,€the€victimððs€stepmother,€testified€that€she€had€a€close€relationship€with€theÐ ì*<&* Ðvictim€and€that€the€victim€confided€in€her.€€She€said€the€victim€told€her€that€the€victim€hadÐ Õ+%'+ Ðnightmares€every€night€and€that€the€victim€would€wake€up€and€see€the€defendant€standing€over€her.€Ð ° ÐShe€said€that€the€victim€felt€comfortable€talking€to€her€about€the€abuse€and€that€the€victim€did€notÐ ™é Ðwant€to€see€a€counselor.€€She€said€that€the€defendantððs€sexually€abusing€the€victim€had€affected€theÐ ‚Ò Ðvictim€a€little,€that€going€through€the€trial€process€had€helped€the€victim,€and€that€the€victim€wantedÐ k» Ðto€put€the€abuse€behind€her.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€Young€testified€that€the€victim€did€not€dateÐ T¤ Ðboys€and€no€longer€talked€about€Aaron€Trobaugh.€€She€said€that€the€victim€used€to€love€Mr.Ð =  ÐTrobaugh€as€a€friend€but€that€the€victim€no€longer€liked€him.€€She€said€that€the€victim€was€happy€andÐ & v Ðcheerful€everyday€and€that€she€had€never€been€awakened€by€the€victimððs€nightmares.Ð  _ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€grew€up€in€Louisville,€Kentucky€and€that€his€father€diedÐ á 1  Ðbefore€he€was€born.€€He€said€that€his€mother€remarried€and€that€he€had€a€good€relationship€with€hisÐ Ê   Ðstepfather.€€He€said€that€he€dropped€out€of€school€in€the€seventh€grade€because€he€fell€behind€andÐ ³  Ðcould€not€catch€up€and€that€he€had€been€using€alcohol€occasionally€at€that€time.€€He€said€that€he€andÐ œì  Ðthe€victimððs€mother€were€in€a€relationship€for€about€seven€years,€that€he€got€along€great€with€herÐ …Õ  Ðchildren,€and€that€he€helped€her€take€care€of€them.€€He€said€that€he€would€never€hurt€a€child€and€thatÐ n¾  Ðhe€did€not€commit€the€crimes€against€the€victim.Ð W§  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€testified€that€if€the€victim€had€sex€with€anyone,€it€mustÐ )y Ðhave€been€Aaron€Trobaugh.€€He€said€that€the€victim€did€not€accuse€him€of€the€crimes€in€this€caseÐ b Ðuntil€people€found€out€about€the€letters€she€had€written€to€Mr.€Trobaugh€and€that€she€accused€himÐ ûK Ðin€order€to€protect€Mr.€Trobaugh.€€He€acknowledged€that€the€victim€trusted€him€and€said€that€theÐ ä4 Ðvictim€and€her€father€lied€about€the€defendantððs€going€to€the€trailer€door€in€his€underwear.€€He€saidÐ Í Ðthat€the€victimððs€father€got€custody€of€the€children€because€the€victimððs€father€no€longer€wanted€toÐ ¶ Ðpay€child€support€and€that€the€jury€only€heard€one€side€of€the€story.€€Upon€questioning€by€the€trialÐ Ÿï Ðcourt,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€had€experimented€with€drugs€and€alcohol€but€that€he€had€notÐ ˆØ Ðused€them€steadily€and€did€not€have€a€drug€or€alcohol€problem.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àThelma€Jean€Brown,€the€defendantððs€mother,€testified€that€she€and€the€defendantððs€fatherÐ C“ Ðwere€in€a€car€accident€while€she€was€pregnant€with€the€defendant€and€that€the€defendantððs€father€wasÐ ,| Ðkilled.€€She€said€that€as€a€result€of€the€accident,€the€defendant€was€a€slow€learner€when€he€wasÐ e Ðyoung.€€She€said€that€he€was€not€violent€and€was€kind€to€the€victim€and€the€victimððs€brother€andÐ þN Ðsister.€€She€said€the€defendant€would€fix€their€meals€and€snacks,€buy€them€shoes€and€clothes,€andÐ ç 7 Ðtake€them€to€the€store.€€She€said€that€the€children€acted€like€they€loved€the€defendant,€that€she€neverÐ Ð!   Ðsaw€him€lay€a€hand€on€them,€and€that€the€victim€did€not€seem€to€be€afraid€or€sad€when€the€victimÐ ¹" ! Ðwas€around€the€defendant.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€Brown€acknowledged€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ¢#ò" Ðhad€many€run„ins€with€the€law.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€defendantððs€presentence€report,€the€then€thirty„two„year„old€defendant€wasÐ ]&­!% Ðdivorced€and€had€a€young€son.€€In€the€report,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€received€treatment€forÐ F'–"& Ðseven€days€at€Moccasin€Bend€Mental€Health€in€1999€for€depression.€€€He€also€stated€that€in€additionÐ /(#' Ðto€working€for€a€lumber€yard,€he€worked€for€Fiber€Cell€in€Cookeville€for€one€month€in€1999€and€didÐ )h$( Ðfarm€work€for€various€people.€€However,€the€investigating€officer€was€unable€to€verify€theÐ *Q%) Ðdefendantððs€employment€claims.€€The€report€confirms€that€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€twelveÐ ê*:&* Ðmisdemeanors€from€1990€to€1996.Ð Ó+#'+ Їà  àThe€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factors€(2),€that€the€defendant€ð ðhas€a€previous€historyÐ ° Ðof€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theÐ ™é Ðappropriate€range;ðð€(9),€that€the€defendant€ð ðhas€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€withÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€communityðð;€and€(16),€that€the€defendantÐ k» Ðabused€a€position€of€private€trust,€to€all€of€his€convictions.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(2),€(9),€(16).€Ð T¤ ÐThe€trial€court€also€applied€factor€(8),€that€the€ð ðoffense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€toÐ =  Ðgratify€the€defendantððs€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement,ðð€to€the€defendantððs€child€rape€convictions.€Ð & v ÐòòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(8).€€The€trial€court€gave€great€weight€to€enhancement€factors€(2),€(8),€andÐ  _ Ð(16)€and€gave€some€weight€to€factor€(9).€€The€trial€court€applied€no€mitigating€factors€and€increasedÐ ø H Ðthe€defendantððs€sentences€for€child€rape€from€the€presumptive€twenty€years€to€twenty„five€years€andÐ á 1  Ðhis€sentences€for€aggravated€sexual€battery€from€the€presumptive€eight€years€to€twelve€years,€to€beÐ Ê   Ðserved€concurrently.Ð ³  ÐÌà  àAppellate€review€of€sentencing€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trialÐ …Õ  Ðcourtððs€determinations€are€correct.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40-35-401(d).€€As€the€Sentencing€CommissionÐ n¾  ÐComments€to€this€section€note,€the€burden€is€now€on€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentencingÐ W§  Ðis€improper.€€This€means€that€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€madeÐ @ Ðfindings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€and€properÐ )y Ðweight€to€the€factors€and€principles€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,Ð b Ðwe€may€not€disturb€the€sentence€even€if€a€different€result€were€preferred.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805Ð ûK ÐS.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àHowever,€ð ðthe€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trial€courtððs€action€isÐ ¶ Ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÐ Ÿï Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð ˆØ Ð1991).€€In€this€respect,€for€the€purpose€of€meaningful€appellate€review,Ð qÁ ÐÌÒ` °ÒÒ` °Òthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€for€arriving€at€theÐ C“ Ðfinal€sentencing€decision,€identify€the€mitigating€and€enhancementÐ ,| Ðfactors€found,€state€the€specific€facts€supporting€each€enhancementÐ e Ðfactor€found,€and€articulate€how€the€mitigating€and€enhancementÐ þN Ðfactors€have€been€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€theÐ ç 7 Ðsentence.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40-35-210(f)€(1990).€Ð Ð!   ÐÌÒ°` !ÒÒ°` ÷ ÒòòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€599€(Tenn.€1994).Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àAlso,€in€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€receivedÐ t%Ä $ Ðat€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€andÐ ]&­!% Ðarguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,Ð F'–"& Ð(5)€any€mitigating€or€statutory€enhancement€factors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€onÐ /(#' Ðhis€own€behalf,€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€40-35-102,€-103,Ð )h$( Ð-210;€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€168;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€236„37€(Tenn.€1986).Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àThe€range€of€punishment€for€a€Range€I€defendant€is€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years€for€a€ClassÐ ° Ðâ âA€felony€and€eight€to€twelve€years€for€a€Class€B€felony.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(1),€(2).€€Unless€thereÐ ™é Ðare€enhancement€factors€present,€the€presumptive€sentence€to€be€imposed€is€the€midpoint€in€theÐ ‚Ò Ðrange€for€a€Class€A€felony€and€the€minimum€in€the€range€for€a€Class€B€felony.€€T.C.A.€ððÐ k» Ð40-35-210(c).€€Our€sentencing€act€provides€that€procedurally,€the€trial€court€is€to€increase€theÐ T¤ Ðsentence€within€the€range€based€on€the€existence€of€enhancement€factors€and,€then,€reduce€theÐ =  Ðsentence€as€appropriate€for€any€mitigating€factors.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40-35-210(d),€(e).€€The€weight€to€beÐ & v Ðafforded€an€existing€factor€is€left€to€the€trial€courtððs€discretion€so€long€as€it€complies€with€theÐ  _ Ðpurposes€and€principles€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Act€and€its€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€theÐ ø H Ðrecord.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40-35-210,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments;€òòMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€at€237;€òòseeóóÐ á 1  ÐòòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àRecently,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€called€into€question€the€portion€of€our€1989Ð œì  ÐSentencing€Act€that€allows€judges€to€find€applicable€certain€enhancement€factors€and€use€thoseÐ …Õ  Ðfactors€to€increase€a€defendantððs€sentence€above€the€presumptive€sentence€in€the€range.€€In€òòBlakelyóó,Ð n¾  Ðthe€defendant€was€convicted€of€second€degree€kidnapping€with€a€firearm,€a€Class€B€felony,€againstÐ W§  Ðhis€estranged€wife.€€According€to€Washingtonððs€Sentencing€Reform€Act,€the€maximum€sentence€forÐ @ Ða€Class€B€felony€was€ten€years€but€the€range€of€sentencing€for€second€degree€kidnapping€with€aÐ )y Ðfirearm€was€forty„nine€to€fifty„three€months.€€When€sentencing€the€defendant,€the€trial€courtÐ b Ðdetermined€that€the€defendant€had€acted€with€ð ðdeliberate€cruelty,ðð€an€ð ðaggravating€factorðð€listed€inÐ ûK Ðthe€Act,€and€increased€the€sentence€to€ninety€months€in€confinement,€thirty„seven€months€above€theÐ ä4 Ðmaximum€in€the€range€for€the€offense.Ð Í ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€appealed,€claiming€that€the€trial€courtððs€using€the€deliberate€cruelty€factor€toÐ Ÿï Ðenhance€his€sentence€violated€his€right€under€the€United€States€Constitution€to€have€a€jury€determineÐ ˆØ Ðð ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€all€facts€legally€essential€to€his€sentence.ðð€€òòBlakelyóó,€542€U.S.€at€___,€124Ð qÁ ÐS.€Ct.€at€2536.€€The€Supreme€Court€agreed,€noting€that€in€òòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466,Ð Zª Ð120€S.€Ct.€2348€(2000),€it€held€that€facts€which€increase€a€sentence€beyond€the€statutory€maximum,Ð C“ Ðother€than€facts€of€a€prior€conviction,€must€be€determined€by€a€jury€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð ,| ÐòòBlakelyóó,€542€U.S.€at€___,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2537.€€Although€the€state€had€argued€that€the€defendantððsÐ e Ðninety„month€sentence€was€not€unconstitutional€because€the€Act€allowed€for€a€sentence€of€up€to€oneÐ þN Ðhundred€twenty€months€for€a€Class€B€felony,€the€Supreme€Court€rejected€this€argument,€stating,Ð ç 7 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àOur€precedents€make€clear,€however,€that€the€ð ðstatutoryÐ ¹" ! Ðmaximumðð€for€òòApprendióó€purposes€is€the€maximum€sentence€a€judgeÐ ¢#ò" Ðmay€impose€òòsolely€on€the€basis€of€the€facts€reflected€in€the€juryÐ ‹$Û# Ðverdict€or€admitted€by€the€defendantóó.€€In€other€words,€the€relevantÐ t%Ä $ Ðð ðstatutory€maximumðð€is€not€the€maximum€sentence€a€judge€mayÐ ]&­!% Ðimpose€after€finding€additional€facts,€but€the€maximum€he€mayÐ F'–"& Ðimpose€òòwithoutóó€any€additional€findings.€€When€a€judge€inflictsÐ /(#' Ðpunishment€that€the€juryððs€verdict€alone€does€not€allow,€the€jury€hasÐ )h$( Ðnot€found€all€the€facts€ð ðwhich€the€law€makes€essential€to€theÐ *Q%) Ðpunishment,ðð€and€the€judge€exceeds€his€proper€authority.Ðê*:&*` x` x ÐÐ Ó+#'+ ÐòòId.óó€(citations€omitted).Ð ° ÐÌà  àOur€sentencing€scheme€under€the€1989€Act€is€similar€to€Washingtonððs€Sentencing€Act,Ð ‚Ò Ðprescribing€particular€ranges€of€punishment,€depending€upon€the€class€of€the€felony€and€theÐ k» Ðdefendantððs€sentencing€range.€€For€example,€in€this€case,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€asÐ T¤ Ða€Range€I€offender€for€which€the€range€of€punishment€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€fifteen€to€twenty„fiveÐ =  Ðyears€and€for€a€Class€B€felony€is€eight€to€twelve€years.€€Pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(c),€theÐ & v Ðpresumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€the€midpoint€in€the€range,€twenty€years,€and€theÐ  _ Ðpresumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€B€felony€is€the€minimum€in€the€range,€eight€years.€€The€only€wayÐ ø H Ðthe€trial€court€can€deviate€from€the€presumptions€is€to€find€the€existence€of€enhancement€factors€asÐ á 1  Ðlisted€in€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114.€€According€to€òòBlakelyóó,€the€ð ðprescribed€statutory€maximumðð€equatesÐ Ê   Ðto€the€presumptive€sentence,€not€the€maximum€sentence€in€the€range.€€Thus,€òòBlakelyóó€specifies€thatÐ ³  Ðother€than€prior€convictions,€any€facts€not€reflected€in€the€juryððs€verdict€and€used€to€increase€aÐ œì  Ðdefendantððs€punishment€above€the€presumptive€sentence€must€be€found€by€the€jury,€not€the€trialÐ …Õ  Ðcourt.Ð n¾  ÐÌÓ  ÓòòA.€€WaiveróóÐ @ ÐÓ×=ÓÌà  àTurning€to€the€case€before€us,€the€state€contends€that€the€defendant€has€waived€any€òòBlakelyóóÐ b Ðissue€because€he€failed€to€raise€it€in€the€trial€court.€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€stated€thatÐ ûK Ðð ð[w]hen€a€decision€of€this€Court€results€in€a€ððnew€rule,ðð€that€rule€applies€to€all€criminal€cases€stillÐ ä4 Ðpending€on€direct€review.ðð€€òòSchriro€v.€Summerlinóó,€___€U.S.€___,€___,€124€S.€Ct.€2519,€2522€(2004).€Ð Í ÐThe€state€argues€that€òòBlakelyóó€does€not€establish€a€new€rule€but€merely€clarifies€the€rule€announcedÐ ¶ Ðin€òòApprendióó.€€In€support€of€its€argument,€the€state€notes€that€the€Supreme€Court€stated€in€òòBlakelyóó€thatÐ Ÿï Ðð ð[t]his€case€requires€us€to€apply€the€rule€we€expressed€in€òòApprendióó.ðð€€òòBlakelyóó,€542€U.S.€at€___,€124Ð ˆØ ÐS.€Ct.€at€2536.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  à€A€case€ð ðððannounces€a€new€rule€when€it€breaks€new€ground€or€imposes€a€new€obligation€onÐ C“ Ðthe€States€or€the€Federal€government.ðððð€òòVan€Tran€v.€Stateóó,€66€S.W.3d€790,€810„11€(Tenn.€2001)Ð ,| Ð(quoting€òòTeague€v.€Laneóó,€489€U.S.€288,€301,€109€S.€Ct.€1060,€1070€(1989)).€€ð ðTo€put€it€differently,Ð e Ða€case€announces€a€new€rule€if€the€result€was€not€dictated€by€precedent€existing€at€the€time€theÐ þN Ðdefendantððs€conviction€became€final.ðð€€òòTeagueóó,€489€U.S.€at€301,€109€S.€Ct.€at€1070.€€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àIn€òòApprendióó,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€many€offenses,€including€second€degreeÐ ¹" ! Ðpossession€of€a€firearm€for€an€unlawful€purpose,€for€shooting€into€an€African„American€familyððsÐ ¢#ò" Ðhome.€€Although€state€law€prescribed€a€sentence€of€five€to€ten€years€for€a€second€degree€offense,€aÐ ‹$Û# ÐNew€Jersey€hate€crime€statute€provided€that€a€judge€could€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€aboveÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€maximum€in€the€range€if€the€crime€was€racially€motivated.€€Pursuant€to€the€statute,€the€trial€courtÐ ]&­!% Ðsentenced€the€defendant€to€twelve€years€in€confinement.€€The€Supreme€Court€reversed,€holding€that,Ð F'–"& Ðother€than€the€fact€of€a€prior€conviction,€the€Constitution€requires€the€jury€to€find€beyond€aÐ /(#' Ðreasonable€doubt€any€fact€that€increases€the€penalty€for€a€crime€beyond€the€ð ðprescribed€statutoryÐ )h$( Ðmaximum.ðð€€530€U.S.€at€490,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2362„63.€€Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àThe€state€contends€that€òòBlakelyóó€merely€extends€the€rule€announced€in€òòApprendióó.€€However,Ð ° Ðâ âin€òòGraham€v.€Stateóó,€90€S.W.3d€687,€692€(Tenn.€2002),€our€supreme€court€held€that€the€noncapitalÐ ™é Ðsentencing€procedure€in€this€state€complied€with€òòApprendióó,€saying,Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àIn€òòApprendióó,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€reviewed€aÐ T¤ ÐNew€Jersey€provision€that€allowed€a€judge€to€impose€a€sentenceÐ =  Ðexceeding€the€statutory€maximum€for€an€offense€if€the€judge€finds,€byÐ & v Ða€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€that€the€offense€constituted€a€hateÐ  _ Ðcrime.€€The€[Tennessee]€Supreme€Court€struck€the€provision€down,Ð ø H Ðholding€that€due€process€requires€that€ð ðany€fact,€other€than€a€previousÐ á 1  Ðconviction,€used€to€enhance€a€sentence€above€the€statutory€maximumÐ Ê   Ðmust€be:€€(1)€charged€in€the€indictment,€(2)€submitted€to€the€jury,€andÐ ³  Ð(3)€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€òòState€v.€Dellingeróó,€79€S.W.3dÐ œì  Ð458,€466€(Tenn.€2002)€(quoting€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€476,€120€S.€Ct.Ð …Õ  Ð2348).€€However,€the€Court€emphasized€that€the€judge€still€retains€hisÐ n¾  Ðdiscretion€to€consider€all€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors€ð ðwithin€theÐ W§  Ðrange€prescribed€by€the€statute.ðð€€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€481,€120€S.Ð @ ÐCt.€2348€(emphasis€added).Ð)y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€petitioner€in€this€case€received€a€sentence€within€theÐ ûK Ðstatutory€maximum€for€each€crime.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€wasÐ ä4 Ðwell€within€its€constitutional€and€statutory€authority€to€considerÐ Í Ðenhancing€factors€for€the€purpose€of€sentencing€without€theÐ ¶ Ðassistance€of€the€jury.€€Thus,€òòApprendióó€provides€the€petitioner€withÐ Ÿï Ðno€relief.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€acknowledge€that€òòBlakelyóó€extended€òòApprendióóððs€holding€that,€under€the€SixthÐ Zª ÐAmendment,€a€jury€must€find€all€facts€used€to€increase€a€defendantððs€sentence€beyond€the€statutoryÐ C“ Ðmaximum.€€However,€nothing€in€òòApprendióó€suggested€that€the€phrase€ð ðstatutory€maximumðð€equatedÐ ,| Ðto€anything€other€than€the€maximum€in€the€range.€€To€the€contrary,€the€United€States€Supreme€CourtÐ e Ðstated€the€issue€in€òòApprendióó€as€ð ðwhether€the€12-year€sentence€imposed€.€.€.€was€permissible,€givenÐ þN Ðthat€it€was€above€the€10-year€maximum€for€the€offense€charged€in€that€count.ðð€€530€U.S.€at€474,€120Ð ç 7 ÐS.€Ct.€at€2354.€€We€also€note€that€the€Supreme€Court€has€considered€the€retroactive€effect€of€theÐ Ð!   Ðholding€in€òòRing€v.€Arizonaóó,€536€U.S.€584,€592„93,€122€S.€Ct.€2428,€2435€n.1€(2002),€as€a€new€ruleÐ ¹" ! Ðfor€capital€cases€even€though€it€was€based€on€òòApprendióó.€€òòSeeóó€òòSchriroóó,€___€U.S.€at€___,€124€S.€Ct.€atÐ ¢#ò" Ð2526„27.€€Perhaps€this€resulted€from€the€fact€that€òòRingóó€overruled€a€case€that€had€held€the€opposite.€Ð ‹$Û# ÐòòSeeóó€òòWalton€v.€Arizona,óó€497€U.S.€639,€110€S.€Ct.€3047€(1990).€€In€this€regard,€with€our€own€supremeÐ t%Ä $ Ðcourt€expressly€approving€our€sentencing€procedure€under€òòApprendióó,€we€have€a€difficult€timeÐ ]&­!% Ðfaulting€a€defendant€in€Tennessee€for€not€raising€the€issue€before€òòBlakelyóó.€€We€conclude€that€òòBlakelyóóÐ F'–"& Ðalters€Tennessee€courtsðð€interpretation€of€the€phrase€ð ðstatutory€maximumðð€and€establishes€a€new€ruleÐ /(#' Ðin€this€state.€€The€defendantððs€raising€the€issue€while€his€direct€appeal€was€still€pending€is€proper.Ð )h$( ÐÌà  àIn€any€event,€even€if€òòBlakelyóó€did€not€establish€a€new€rule,€the€United€States€Supreme€CourtÐ ê*:&* Ðin€òòApprendióó€stated€that€the€defendantððs€right€to€have€a€jury€find€facts€that€increase€his€sentence€aboveÐ Ó+#'+ Ðthe€prescribed€statutory€maximum€is€rooted€in€his€Fourteenth€Amendment€right€to€due€process€andÐ ° Ðhis€Sixth€Amendment€right€to€a€jury€trial.€€530€U.S.€at€476,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2355.€€In€òòState€v.€Ellisóó,€953Ð ™é ÐS.W.2d€216,€220€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997),€this€court€held€that€although€there€was€no€common€lawÐ ‚Ò Ðright€to€waive€a€jury€trial,€Rule€23,€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€allowed€a€defendant€to€ð ðwaive€a€jury€trial€ifÐ k» Ðthe€waiver€is€in€writing€and€is€knowingly€executed.ðð€€Absent€a€written€waiver,€ð ðit€must€appear€fromÐ T¤ Ðthe€record€that€the€defendant€òòpersonallyóó€gave€express€consent€[to€waive€a€jury€trial]€in€open€court.ðð€Ð =  ÐòòEllisóó,€953€S.W.2d€at€221.€€òòBlakelyóó,€as€an€extension€of€òòApprendióó,€also€requires€proof€in€the€record€thatÐ & v Ðthe€defendant€personally€waived€that€right.Ð  _ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓB.€€Application€of€BlakelyóóÐ á 1  ÐÓú\ÓÌà  àThe€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(2)€based€on€the€fact€that€the€defendant€had€manyÐ ³  Ðprior€convictions.€€The€majority€of€this€court€concludes€that,€under€òòBlakelyóó,€the€trial€court€may€useÐ œì  Ðthe€defendantððs€admission€of€prior€illegal€drug€use€to€enhance€his€sentences€based€on€his€previousÐ …Õ  Ðhistory€of€criminal€behavior.€€Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àThe€majority€believes€that€òòBlakelyóó€allows€the€defendantððs€admissions€at€a€sentencing€hearingÐ @ Ðto€be€used€for€enhancement€purposes.€€Thus,€because€the€defendant€admitted€prior€drug€use€in€hisÐ )y Ðtestimony,€the€majority€concludes€that€no€error€existed€in€applying€factor€(2)€relative€to€criminalÐ b Ðhistory.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Steven€M.€Stinsonóó,€No.€E2003„01720„CCA„R3„CD,€Campbell€County€(Tenn.Ð ûK ÐCrim.€App.€July€29,€2004);€òòState€v.€Antonio€Fulleróó,€No.€M2002„02377„CCA„R3„CD,€DavidsonÐ ä4 ÐCounty,€slip€op.€at€14„15€n.2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€July€13,€2004),€òòapp.€filedóó€(Tenn.€Sept.€2,€2004);€òòseeÐ Í Ðalsoóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Amelineóó,€2004€U.S.€App.€LEXIS€at€*37€(9th€Cir.€Mont.€July€21,€2004)€(statingÐ ¶ Ðthat€a€jury€should€make€the€factual€findings€except€when€the€defendant€admits€facts€as€part€of€aÐ Ÿï Ðguilty€plea€or€at€sentencing€or€waives€the€right€to€a€jury).€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àHowever,€the€author€of€this€opinion€believes€that€òòBlakelyóó€prohibits€such€a€judicialÐ Zª Ðdetermination.€€òòBlakelyóó€provides€that€the€ð ðstatutory€maximumðð€is€the€maximum€sentence€a€judgeÐ C“ Ðmay€impose€based€on€facts€reflected€in€the€juryððs€verdict€or€ð ðadmitted€by€the€defendant.ðð€€However,Ð ,| ÐòòBlakelyóó,€relying€on€òòApprendióó,€goes€on€to€state€that€ð ðnothing€prevents€a€defendant€from€waiving€hisÐ e ÐòòApprendióó€rights.€When€a€defendant€pleads€guilty,€the€State€is€free€to€seek€judicial€sentenceÐ þN Ðenhancements€so€long€as€the€defendant€either€stipulates€to€the€relevant€facts€or€consents€to€judicialÐ ç 7 Ðfactfinding.ðð€€òòBlakelyóó,€542€U.S.€at€___,€124€S.€Ct€at€2541.€€A€ð ðstipulationðð€means€a€ð ðmaterialÐ Ð!   Ðcondition€or€requirement€in€an€agreementðð€or€a€ð ðvoluntary€agreement€between€opposing€partiesÐ ¹" ! Ðconcerning€some€relevant€point,ðð€which€has€a€much€stronger€connotation€than€an€ð ðadmission.ðð€Ð ¢#ò" ÐòòBlacks€Law€Dictionaryóó€1146€(7th€ed.€2000).€€Moreover,€in€discussing€a€defendantððs€admissions€inÐ ‹$Û# ÐòòApprendióó,€the€Supreme€Court€relied€on€òòAlmendarez-Torres€v.€United€Statesóó,€523€U.S.€224,€118€S.Ð t%Ä $ ÐCt.€1219€(1998),€a€case€in€which€the€defendant€admitted€prior€felony€convictions€during€his€guiltyÐ ]&­!% Ðplea€hearing.€€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€487„88,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2361.€€Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àA€guilty€plea€hearing,€in€which€a€defendant€specifically€waived€his€right€to€a€jury€andÐ )h$( Ðstipulated€to€facts€in€an€agreement€with€the€state€or€during€a€plea€colloquy€with€the€trial€court,€is€aÐ *Q%) Ðfar€cry€from€a€sentencing€hearing€in€which€a€judge€alone€makes€the€factual€determinations.€€Just€asÐ ê*:&* Ðit€is€a€juryððs€prerogative€to€believe€or€disbelieve€a€defendantððs€testimony€at€trial,€it€also€would€be€aÐ Ó+#'+ Ðjuryððs€prerogative€to€believe€or€disbelieve€a€defendantððs€testimony€at€a€sentencing€hearing€or€theÐ ° Ðstatements€he€provides€for€a€presentence€report.€€Therefore,€the€author€concludes€that€the€phraseÐ ™é Ðð ðadmitted€by€the€defendantðð€refers€to€facts€admitted€by€the€defendant€in€relation€to€a€guilty€plea€orÐ ‚Ò Ðduring€a€plea€colloquy.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Muefflemanóó,€2004€U.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€14114,€at€*12Ð k» Ð(Mass.€Dist.€Ct.€July€26,€2004)€(stating€that€òòBlakelyóó€requires€that€facts€must€be€found€by€a€jury€ð ðorÐ T¤ Ðadmitted€by€the€defendant€in€a€plea€agreement€or€plea€colloquyðð);€òòUnited€States€v.€Marreroóó,€2004Ð =  ÐU.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€13593,€at€*7€(S.D.N.Y.€July€21,€2004)€(stating€that€facts€must€be€ð ðadmitted€orÐ & v Ðstipulated€by€the€defendant,€as€in€his€plea€allocution€or€in€an€agreement€with€the€Governmentðð).€òòÐ  _ ÐÌà  àóóThe€majority€relies€on€òòSteven€M.€Stinsonóó€and€òòAntonio€Fulleróó€in€support€of€its€position.€€InÐ á 1  ÐòòSteven€M.€Stinsonóó,€a€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€three€counts€of€rape€of€a€child,€and€the€trialÐ Ê   Ðcourt€applied€several€enhancement€factors,€including€factor€(16),€that€the€defendant€abused€a€positionÐ ³  Ðof€private€trust.€€On€appeal,€this€court€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€enhancement€factor€(16)Ð œì  Ðdespite€òòBlakelyóó,€noting€that€the€defendant€conceded€on€appeal€that€the€factor€applied€and€did€notÐ …Õ  Ðcontest€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€that€factor.€€Such€a€formal€concession€through€counsel€did€notÐ n¾  Ðoccur€in€the€case€before€us.€€Although€on€the€panel€that€decided€òòSteven€M.€Stinsonóó,€the€author€is€nowÐ W§  Ðof€the€opinion€that€an€ð ðadmissionðð€under€òòBlakelyóó€equates€to€an€admission€in€a€guilty€plea€hearingÐ @ Ðor€a€stipulation.€€In€òòAntonio€Fulleróó,€a€case€in€which€a€jury€convicted€two€codefendantððs€of€multipleÐ )y Ðoffenses,€this€court€held€that€the€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancement€factor€(14)€based€on€theÐ b Ðdefendants€admitting€that€they€were€on€bail€or€parole€when€they€committed€the€offenses.€€However,Ð ûK Ðthe€analysis€in€that€case€states€only€that€the€defendants€admitted€to€the€enhancement€factors€and€doesÐ ä4 Ðnot€reveal€the€circumstances€surrounding€those€ð ðadmissions.ðð€Ð Í ÐÌà  àRegarding€factor€(9),€that€the€defendant€ð ðhas€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€complyÐ Ÿï Ðwith€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community,ðð€the€trial€court€applied€theÐ ˆØ Ðfactor€because€the€defendant€continued€committing€crimes€and€ð ðtotally€[ignored]€being€placed€backÐ qÁ Ðin€the€community.ðð€€We€hold€that€òòBlakelyóó€prohibits€application€of€this€factor€because€the€trial€courtÐ Zª Ðfound€the€factor€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€and€òòBlakelyóó€requires€that€a€jury€determine€theÐ C“ Ðfact€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Similarly,€the€trial€court€could€not€apply€factor€(16),€thatÐ ,| Ðthe€defendant€abused€a€position€of€private€trust.€Ð e ÐÌà  àHowever,€we€believe€the€trial€court€properly€applied€factor€(8),€that€the€crimes€involved€aÐ ç 7 Ðvictim€and€were€committed€in€order€to€satisfy€the€defendantððs€desire€for€pleasure€and€excitement.€Ð Ð!   ÐIn€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€sexual€battery,€the€jury€concluded€that€the€defendantÐ ¹" ! Ðhad€sexual€contact€with€the€victim,€which€is€defined€as€an€intentional€touching€that€can€beÐ ¢#ò" Ðreasonably€construed€as€being€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„Ð ‹$Û# Ð501(6).€€In€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482,€489„90€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supreme€court€held€thatÐ t%Ä $ Ðan€offense€requiring€sexual€contact€ð ðnecessarily€includes€the€intent€to€gratify€a€desire€for€pleasureÐ ]&­!% Ðor€excitement.ðð€€Thus,€the€jury€in€this€case€found€that€the€crimes€involved€the€defendantððs€intent€toÐ F'–"& Ðgratify€a€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement,€and€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€this€factor€did€notÐ /(#' Ðviolate€òòBlakelyóó.€€In€summary,€the€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancement€factor€(2)€based€on€theÐ )h$( Ðdefendantððs€prior€convictions€and,€for€the€majority€of€the€court,€his€prior€drug€use,€and€factor€(8)€butÐ *Q%) Ðimproperly€applied€factors€(9)€and€(16).Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ ÐÓ  ÓòòC.€€Harmless€ErroróóÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà  àWe€next€consider€whether€harmless€error€applies€to€constitutional€violations€underòòóó€òòBlakelyóó.€Ð ‚Ò ÐRegarding€constitutional€harmless€error€analysis,€the€Supreme€Court€has€stated€that€a€trial€courtððsÐ k» Ðfinding€of€facts€necessary€to€increase€a€defendantððs€sentence€are€essentially€elements€of€a€greaterÐ T¤ Ðoffense.€€òòRingóó,€òòsupraóó,€536€U.S.€at€609,€122€S.€Ct.€at€2443.€€€It€has€also€held€that€a€juryððs€failure€toÐ =  Ðfind€an€element€of€an€offense€is€subject€to€harmless€error€review.€€òòNeder€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.Ð & v Ð1,€8„14,€119€S.€Ct.€1827,€1833„36€(1999).€€We€therefore€hold€that€any€issues€raised€on€appeal€arisingÐ  _ Ðout€of€òòBlakelyóó€are€subject€to€constitutional€harmless€error€analysis.Ð ø H ÐÌà  àWe€begin€our€analysis€with€òòNederóó,€in€which€the€Court€held€that€a€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ Ê   Ðinstruct€the€jury€on€the€element€of€materiality€in€a€prosecution€for€perjury€was€subject€toÐ ³  Ðconstitutional€harmless€error€analysis.€€The€Court€first€stated€that€ð ðmost€constitutional€errors€can€beÐ œì  Ðharmless.ðð€€527€U.S.€at€8,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1833€(quoting€òòArizona€v.€Fulminanteóó,€499€U.S.€279,€309,€111Ð …Õ  ÐS.€Ct.€1246€(1991));€òòsee€alsoóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Hastingóó,€461€U.S.€499,€509,€103€S.€Ct.€1974,€1980Ð n¾  Ð(1983)€(stating€that€application€of€harmless€error€analysis€is€generally€the€rule,€not€the€exception).€Ð W§  ÐThe€Court€noted€that€it€had€ð ðrecognized€a€limited€class€of€fundamental€constitutional€errors€thatÐ @ Ðððdefy€analysis€by€ð ðharmless€errorðð€standards.ðððð€527€U.S.€at€7,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1833€(quotingÐ )y ÐòòFulminanteóó,€499€U.S.€at€309,€111€S.€Ct.€1246€(1991)).€€These€ð ðstructuralðð€errors,€the€Court€held,€ð ðareÐ b Ðso€intrinsically€harmful€as€to€require€automatic€reversal€.€.€.€without€regard€to€their€effect€on€theÐ ûK Ðoutcome.ðð€€òòNederóó,€527€U.S.€at€7,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1833.€€The€Court€noted€a€ð ðvery€limited€class€of€casesððÐ ä4 Ðrequiring€automatic€reversal,€òòid.óó€€at€8,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1833׃¢×Ý ƒ£#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×òòóó,€but€held€that€ð ðan€instruction€that€omits€anÐ Í Ðelement€of€the€offense€does€not€necessarily€render€a€criminal€trial€fundamentally€unfair€or€anÐ ¶ Ðunreliable€vehicle€for€determining€guilt€or€innocence.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€8„9,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1833.€€The€Court€alsoÐ Ÿï Ðnoted,Ð ˆØ ÐòòÌóóà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWe€have€often€applied€harmless„error€analysis€to€cases€involvingÐ Zª Ðimproper€instructions€on€a€single€element€of€the€offense.€€In€otherÐ C“ Ðcases,€we€have€recognized€that€òòimproperly€omitting€an€element€fromÐ ,| Ðthe€juryóó€can€ð ðeasily€be€analogized€to€improperly€instructing€the€juryÐ e Ðon€an€element€of€the€offense,€an€error€which€is€subject€to€harmless„Ð þN Ðerror€analysis.ðð€€Ðç 7` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€9„10,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1834€(emphasis€added)€(quoting€òòJohnson€v.€United€Statesóó,€520€U.S.€461,Ð ¹" ! Ð469,€117€S.€Ct.€1544,€1550€(1997)).Ô‡Xß«XXX߫Ԁ€While€òòNederóó€stands€for€the€proposition€that€the€omission€of€aÐ ¢#ò" Ðfinding€of€an€element€by€a€jury€is€subject€to€harmless€error€analysis,€òòApprendióó€and€òòÔ#†Xß«XXXß«1Œ#ÔRingóóÔ‡Xß«XXX߫Ԁclarify€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðrelationship€between€sentence€enhancement€factors€and€elements.Ô#†Xß«XXXß«1#ÔÔ‡Xß«XXXß«ÔÐ t%Ä $ Ðâ âÐ ]&­!% Ðà  àIn€òòApprendióó,€the€Court€indicated€that€sentence€enhancement€factors€are€essentially€elementsÐ ° Ðâ âof€a€greater€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€486„96,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2365„67.€€ð ðIndeed,€the€fact€thatÐ ™é ÐNew€Jersey,€along€with€numerous€other€States,€has€also€made€precisely€the€same€conduct€the€subjectÐ ‚Ò Ðof€an€independent€substantive€offense€makes€it€clear€that€the€mere€presence€of€this€ððenhancementððÐ k» Ðin€a€sentencing€statute€does€not€define€its€character.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€495„96,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2366.€€The€CourtÐ T¤ Ðthen€outlined€a€test€for€determining€whether€so„called€ð ðenhancement€factorsðð€are€elements€of€aÐ =  Ðgreater€offense:€ð ðWhen€a€judgeððs€finding€.€.€.€authorizes€an€increase€in€the€maximum€punishment,Ð & v Ðit€is€appropriately€characterized€as€ðða€tail€which€wags€the€dog€of€the€substantive€offense.ðððð€€òòId.óó€atÐ  _ Ð495,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2365€(quoting€òòMcMillan€v.€Pennsylvaniaóó