ÿWPC 4JèUN2 %€ 0†U: 0KÇ 0Dw@V4–ª¹ 0JÁU . 0T9 0^ 0@ë 0h+ 0r“ 0| 0† 0 1u— 0d Bp D3 U>À U*þ B)(DCQ AQ”Æå 0D« 0Dï D/3 Bb AMã̯v~´vÓ2c:\office\wpwin\template\opinion.wpt(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ßZ>$¡¡Ò°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X³—XXXÔÓ  ÓÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal[  AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑÑ7€Å XXdìXXdì7ÑÑ  Ñ,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular(û(3Ù$¤¤Ý ƒZ>!ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X€äXXXÔÓ  ÓÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€ö/XXdìXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó æeçDèDéêeëeìeíÓ€ùüŒƒ*#Ôô3|xü2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô%ä2¼A`ArialTT2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d 'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Times% Line 7 d''''7Border 1dd*+,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd*(Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ÙÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌò òSeptemberÏ17,Ï1997ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó ûÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ$Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  Ý€The€defendant€was€also€tried€for€first€degree€murder.€€The€jury€could€not€reachÏa€unanimous€verdict.€€A€mistrial€was€entered€by€the€trial€court€as€to€this€indictment.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€%ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ý›Ó  ÓœÞ ÞÌIN›€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€JACKSONÌÌJANUARY€1997€SESSIONÌÓ  ÓÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02„C„01„9512„CR„00372̜ـ*ÙßR€/0(A1-j|èÿ` à. `€€@ÿRß›à àAppellee,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àShelby€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà àà à)à àà àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àL.€T.€Lafferty,€JudgeÌKERWIN€L.€WALTON,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à à(Aggravated€Arson)Ìà àAppellant.à àà àà à)ÌÌÌÌÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à àà àà àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:ÌÌW.€Mark€Wardà àà àà àà àJohn€Knox€Walkup€ÌAsst.€Shelby€County€Public€Defenderà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌ147€Jefferson,€Suite€900à àà àà à500€Charlotte€AvenueÌMemphis,€TN€€38103à àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0497Ì(On€Appeal)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àSusan€RosenÌBetty€Jo€Thomasà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌAsst.€Shelby€County€Public€Defenderà à450€James€Robertson€ParkwayÌ201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€2„01à àà àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌMemphis,€TN€€38103„1947à àà àÌ(At€Trial)à àà àà àà àà àWilliam€L.€GibbonsÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌOF€COUNSEL:à àà àà àà à201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€3„01Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103„1947ÌA€C€Wharton,€Jr.ÌShelby€County€Public€Defenderà àà àKevin€R.€RardinÌ201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€2„01à àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌMemphis,€TN€€38103„1947à àà à201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€3„01Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103„1947ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àKaren€CookÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€Avenue,€Suite€3„01Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103„1947ÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€____________________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌJoe€B.€Jones,€Presiding€JudgeÇØØÙ  Ùò òÓ  ÓÔ€ ÔO€P€I€N€I€O€NÔ€„Ôó óÌÓ  ÓÔ€XÔÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€appellant,€Kerwin€L.€Walton€(defendant),€was€convicted€of€aggravatedÏarson,€a€Class€A€felony,€by€a€jury€of€his€peers.× ƒ1 ××  ×€€The€trial€court,€finding€the€defendantÏwas€a€standard€offender,€imposed€a€Range€I€sentence€of€confinement€for€twenty„fiveÏ(25)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€The€defendant€presents€one€issue€forÏreview.€€He€contends€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€was€excessive€becauseÏthe€trial€court€ð ðimproperly€applied€enhancement€factorsðð€and€ð ðimproperly€relied€on€non„statutory€enhancement€factors.ðð€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€the€briefsÏsubmitted€by€the€parties,€and€the€law€governing€the€issue€presented€for€review,€it€is€theÏopinion€of€this€Court€that€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€should€be€affirmed.Ìà àThe€defendant€and€his€girlfriend€lived€together€in€his€motherððs€residence.€€OnÏDecember€18,€1993,€the€defendant€agreed€to€keep€his€girlfriendððs€baby€before€sheÏwent€to€her€motherððs€residence.€€The€following€evening,€December€19,€1993,€theÏdefendant€invited€friends€to€visit€him€at€his€motherððs€residence.€€They€played€videoÏgames€and€smoked€marijuana.€€When€the€baby€began€to€cry€at€approximately€9:00Ïp.m.,€the€defendant€went€to€the€bedroom€to€see€if€he€could€get€the€child€to€stop€crying.€ÏWhen€the€baby€continued€to€cry,€the€defendant€struck€the€baby€in€the€stomach€with€hisÏfist.€€The€child€began€to€gasp€for€breath.€€Death€ensued€shortly€after€the€blow.Ìà àAlthough€the€defendant€saw€his€girlfriend€at€her€motherððs€residence€later€thatÏnight,€he€did€not€tell€her€he€had€killed€her€baby.€€Nor€did€he€tell€anyone€else€the€babyÍwas€dead.€€When€the€defendant€returned€home€during€the€early€morning€hours€ofÏDecember€20,€1993,€he€lay€on€the€couch€in€the€living€room€of€his€motherððs€residence.€ÏHe€began€to€conceive€a€way€to€conceal€the€fact€he€had€killed€the€baby.€€He€decided€heÏwould€start€a€fire€in€the€bedroom€where€the€child€slept.€€He€thought€this€would€make€itÏappear€the€child€died€as€a€result€of€the€fire.Ìà àThe€defendantððs€brother€and€cousin€were€asleep€in€another€bedroom.€ÏNevertheless,€he€entered€the€bedroom€where€the€dead€baby€was€situated€and€set€fireÏto€the€drapes€with€a€cigarette€lighter.€€The€drapes€were€close€to€the€bed€in€which€theÏbaby€was€lying.€€The€defendant€immediately€left€the€room€and€returned€to€the€livingÏroom.€€He€did€not€advise€either€his€brother€or€his€cousin€of€the€fire.€€However,€theyÏawoke€when€the€smoke€sensor€was€activated.€€Eventually,€all€three€left€the€residence.€ÏThe€defendantððs€brother€was€asked€to€call€the€fire€department.€€Shortly€thereafter,€theÏfiremen€arrived€and€extinguished€the€fire.€€When€the€baby€was€found€by€the€firemen,€itÏwas€horribly€burned.€€The€firemen€had€difficulty€in€determining€what€they€discoveredÏwas€a€human€being.Ìà àAn€investigation€was€triggered€to€determine€the€source€of€the€fire.€€The€fireÏmarshal€examined€the€child.€€Based€upon€this€examination,€the€fire€marshalÏdetermined€the€child€was€dead€before€the€fire€was€started.€€His€examination€alsoÏrevealed€the€fire€was€the€result€of€arson€„„€it€was€started€by€a€human€being.€€AnÏautopsy€revealed€the€cause€of€death€was€blunt€trauma€to€the€childððs€abdomen.€€TheÏpathologist€concluded€the€child€was€dead€before€the€fire€was€started.Ìà àThe€defendant€eventually€confessed€to€the€murder€of€the€child.€€He€admitted€heÏset€the€fire€to€conceal€the€death€of€the€child.€€He€was€aware€his€brother€and€his€cousinÍwere€in€an€adjoining€bedroom.Ìà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€itÏis€the€duty€of€this€Court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumptionÏthat€ð ðthe€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€areÏcorrect.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€theÏaffirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÏprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,Ï169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€presumption€does€not€apply€to€the€legal€conclusions€reachedÏby€the€trial€court€in€sentencing€the€accused€or€to€the€determinations€made€by€the€trialÏcourt€which€are€predicated€upon€uncontroverted€facts.€€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€900€S.W.2dÏ305,€311€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,€929€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Bonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€163,€166€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1993).€€However,€this€Court€is€required€to€give€great€weight€to€the€trialÏcourtððs€determination€of€controverted€facts€as€the€trial€courtððs€determination€is€basedÏupon€the€witnessesðð€demeanor€and€appearance.ÌÌà àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider€(a)€anyÏevidence€received€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,Ï(c)€the€principles€of€sentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencingÏalternatives,€(e)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€orÏenhancing€factors,€(g)€any€statements€made€by€the€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)Ïthe€accusedððs€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðððð€40„35„103€and€„210;€òòState€v.€Scottóó,€735€S.W.2d€825,€829€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Íòòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1987).Ìà àWhen€the€accused€is€the€appellant,€the€accused€has€the€burden€of€establishingÏthat€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€was€erroneous.€€Sentencing€CommissionÏComments€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401;€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169;€òòButleróó,€900ÏS.W.2d€at€311.Ìà àThe€trial€court€found€the€following€enhancement€factors€were€supported€by€theÏevidence:€(1)€the€defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€and€criminalÏbehavior,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1);€(2)€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€aboutÏcommitting€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10);€€and€(3)€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€under€which€theÏpotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(16).€€TheÏtrial€court€should€have€used€the€following€enhancement€factors€to€increase€theÏdefendantððs€sentence:€the€defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€complyÏwith€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€into€the€community,€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(8);€and€the€defendant€abused€a€position€of€private€trust,€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(15).Ìà àThe€trial€court€properly€used€enhancement€factor€(1)€to€enhance€the€defendantððsÏsentence€within€the€appropriate€range.€€The€defendant€was€previously€convicted€ofÏindecent€exposure,€criminal€trespass,€simple€possession€of€an€illicit€drug,€and€drivingÏwhile€his€license€was€suspended.€€The€defendant€admitted€he€smoked€marijuana€onÏthe€evening€he€murdered€the€baby.€He€had€to€possess€the€marijuana€in€order€toÏsmoke€it.€€The€defendant€also€admitted€he€killed€the€baby€hours€before€he€set€fire€toÏthe€residence.€€The€latter€two€transgressions€constitute€criminal€behavior.Ìà àThe€trial€court€properly€used€enhancement€factor€(10)€to€enhance€theÏpunishment€within€the€appropriate€range.€€Contrary€to€the€argument€advanced€by€theÏdefendant,€his€criminal€act€placed€others€in€harmððs€way.€€When€a€deputy€sheriffÏlearned€there€was€a€baby€inside€the€residence,€he€charged€into€the€dwelling€in€anÏeffort€to€rescue€the€baby.€€The€heat,€flames,€and€smoke€were€so€intense€the€deputyÏwas€unable€to€enter€the€bedroom€where€the€baby€was€located.€€In€addition,€firemenÏhad€to€enter€the€residence€to€extinguish€the€fire.€€These€men€could€have€beenÏseriously€injured.€The€fire€was€intense;€the€ceiling€in€the€bedroom€had€fallen€to€theÏfloor.€€Also,€the€defendantððs€brother€and€cousin€were€in€danger€of€being€harmed.€€TheyÏwere€in€an€adjoining€bedroom.Ìà àThe€trial€court€should€not€have€used€enhancement€factor€(16)€to€enhance€theÏsentence€within€the€appropriate€range.€€This€factor€refers€to€the€ð ðpotential€for€bodilyÏinjury€to€a€victim€was€great.ðð€€The€victims€in€this€instance€were€the€defendantððs€brotherÏand€his€cousin.€€Their€presence€in€the€residence€was€an€element€of€the€offense€ofÏaggravated€arson.€€Moreover,€the€General€Assembly€elevated€arson€to€aggravatedÏarson€based€upon€the€fact€a€person€was€inside€the€dwelling€when€the€fire€was€started.€ÏObviously,€the€motivation€for€this€enhancement€was€because€the€potential€for€bodilyÏinjury€to€an€arson€victim€was€great.Ìà àThe€trial€court€should€have€used€enhancement€factor€(8)€to€enhance€theÏdefendantððs€sentence€within€the€appropriate€range.€€The€defendant€was€convicted€ofÏpossessing€illicit€drugs€and€placed€on€probation.€€He€subsequently€violated€the€termsÏof€his€probation.Ìà àThe€trial€court€should€have€used€enhancement€factor€(15)€to€enhance€theÍsentence€within€the€appropriate€range.€€The€defendantððs€girlfriend€left€the€baby€in€hisÏcustody,€and€he€agreed€to€care€for€the€baby€in€her€absence.€€Striking€the€baby€with€hisÏfist€in€the€abdomen€constituted€a€breach€of€this€private€trust.Ìà àThis€Court€agrees€a€trial€court€can€only€enhance€a€sentence€by€using€theÏstatutory€enhancement€factors.€€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€258€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòperóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).€€Contrary€to€the€defendantððs€contention€andÏargument,€the€trial€court€did€not€use€a€non„statutory€enhancement€factor€to€enhanceÏhis€sentence.€€The€defendant€has€taken€certain€statements€made€by€the€trial€court€outÏof€context€to€support€his€claim.€€These€statements€were€made€in€conjunction€with€theÏcourtððs€discussion€of€enhancement€factor€(1).€€The€indictment€alleges€ð ðthere€wereÏpersons€present€in€said€5001€Larkwood€at€the€timeðð€the€defendant€set€fire€to€theÏdrapes.€€In€this€case,€the€fact€one€or€more€persons€were€inside€the€dwelling€when€theÏfire€was€set€enhanced€the€crime€of€arson€to€aggravated€arson.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„302(a)(1).€€This€is€the€sole€factor€which€could€enhance€the€offense€since€a€firemanÏor€law€enforcement€officer€did€not€suffer€serious€bodily€injury€incident€to€the€fire.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„14„301(a)(2).€€The€trial€court€made€it€known€it€was€using€the€murder€ofÏthe€baby€as€criminal€behavior.€€The€murder€of€the€baby,€and€the€setting€of€a€fire€toÏconceal€the€fact€of€the€murder,€are€separate€and€distinct€incidences.€€Second,€the€trialÏcourt€did€not€use€enhancement€factor€(13)€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€as€heÏcontends.€€The€trial€court€noted€the€defendant€was€smoking€marijuana€on€the€night€inÏquestion.€€He€also€alluded€to€the€fact€he€had€previously€been€convicted€of€possessingÏillicit€narcotics.€€Again,€the€trial€court€was€simply€advising€the€defendant€he€was€usingÏthe€marijuana€possession€on€the€night€in€question€as€criminal€behavior.€€The€court€didÍnot€mention€the€defendant€was€on€probation€at€the€time€the€offense€was€committed.€€InÏfact,€the€defendantððs€probation€had€been€previously€revoked.€€à àThe€defendant€hasÏfailed€to€overcome€the€presumption€that€the€findings€of€fact€made€by€the€trial€court€areÏcorrect.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).ÌÌà àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_________________________________________Ìà à€€€€DAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌ_________________________________________Ìà àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE