ÿWPCR ]ûÅÍÃñÈ#q¦É?ý FhkĦ]ZÆìã)¸ã~ìãChërݨÄc]áïúI»§±zqCøa¥Žý”@x#g’êy¹T‹a¨ -®þeÊÐp»raºñ S©z›(™Kw²•ªÄ!ß(¥ë–i“ÆXNvAžø¥ßfî£$οÞ|c£\ Bô‰A™¿a~@¹iSëlàû6¥6pѳ%5¼¹ÜåY„8UÀë(Œ-¡jÍõ®²—7 XMÛˆéö§Š<¾–€ön $%ºv¢þOD÷äê *ï±”ò¹þÇX­§YÊe¥ieŒyâUð8 #CÑ5'J~F›1Ÿ™Q¾ªëÔt½ <úšÏ÷õuþí0vâiDvv+1‚| ’ÿnS_Öª7 Š"ælEÇ´¦26ö\˜ôÛS"‘‚Fj—î1—¢Ë”®èÀ±$%ã ñ|Ûºjÿà¢ÎÇsš HÚ0BÞ术òW3æ¡x¦o¡U¥7ßp™4Ž ÌñÆè{-«0A®Óx€î;˜²Ã]€‘|â-zRw#ýúõ”Ø©(4ŒÁyŒ$2…aýÓ‰ÂõÈFçA%Ƚ6jˆ—â›ÓöÆàçöõ²a.n”öckb#Á\ % UN# 0ˆq UNù ^ G wS zW ÒÑ 4£ · Æ mÈ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1÷Nÿ 0DEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEbGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 0ëOOOO B:: 0¤W D3û D-. 0K[[ AS¦Æù 0¤¿ 0Dc A«§˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular<£Ž)  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÖJ~'Lk¥,½93|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  öÝ ƒRO¹$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô4ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô4òòô4ÔThis€term€refers€to€the€use€of€rocks€of€crack€cocaine.Ô#†ô4òòô4~#Ô(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(|G2O¹$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô4ò»»Ô d(|3Vr$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Vr$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼A»»»ÔÑ8€&lXXdæ»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îosAÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼A»îîos #ԈРР ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAugust€16,€2000€SessionÐ ð@ ÐÔ‡X&lX»¼AÔÌò òÔ#†¼A»XX&l#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€ARNOLD€K.€WARD,€JR.òòóóÔ‡X&lX»¼AÔó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Williamson€CountyÐ Ø ( Ðà@@øøìàNo.€II„298„66€€€€€€Timothy€L.€Easter,€JudgeÐ ¾  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<o` AßÐ pÀ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„00357„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€14,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ eµ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<0` AßÐ 1  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X&lXXX&lÔÔ#†¼A»XX&l#ÔÔ‡X&lX»¼AÔThe€appellant/defendant,€Arnold€K.€Ward,€Jr.,€appeals€as€of€right€from€a€judgment€of€conviction€andÐ &v  Ðsentencing€imposed€by€the€Williamson€County€Circuit€Court.€€Upon€jury€conviction€for€attemptedÐ  \ Ðmurder€second€degree€and€assault,€the€trial€court€imposed€sentences€of€eleven€(11)€years€forÐ òB Ðattempted€murder€second€degree€and€eleven€(11)€months€and€twenty„nine€(29)€days€for€assault.€€TheÐ Ø( Ðtrial€court€ordered€the€sentences€to€be€served€concurrently.€€In€his€appellate€issues,€the€defendantÐ ¾ Ðasserts€that:€(1)€the€indictment€for€count€one€is€defective;€(2)€the€defendant€was€denied€his€right€toÐ ¤ô Ðcompulsory€process;€(3)€extra„judicial€communication€during€the€trial€between€a€witness€and€a€jurorÐ ŠÚ Ðcontaminated€the€proceedings;€(4)€there€was€insufficient€evidence€for€which€a€rational€trier€of€factÐ pÀ Ðcould€find€the€defendant€guilty;€(5)€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€a€charge€that€does€not€exist€underÐ V¦ ÐTennessee€law;€and€(6)€the€defendantððs€sentence€is€excessive.€€After€a€review€of€the€entire€record,Ð <Œ Ðwe€find€the€appellate€issues€without€merit€and€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgment.€Ô#†¼A»XX&l #ÔÔ#†¼A»»¼AÊ#ÔÔ‡X&lX»¼AÔÐ "r ÐÓ¾ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ î> ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼A»àX&ls #ÔÔ‡X&lX.¼AÔL.€Terry€Lafferty,€Sr.€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€òòJoe€G.Ð º  ÐRiley,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð  ð ÐÌEugene€Ô_ÔHoneaÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€Franklin,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Arnold€K.€Ward,Ð l!¼! ÐJr.Ð R"¢" ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Lucian€D.€Ô_ÔGeiseÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€JeffÐ $n$ ÐBurks,€Assistant€District€Attorney;€and€Robert€Ô_ÔHassellÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€Attorney,€for€the€appellee,Ð %T % ÐState€of€Tennessee.Ð ê%:!& ÐÓ( ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼A»XX&lW #ÔÔ‡X&lX»¼AÔÐ ¶'#( ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼A»XX&l|#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X&lX»¼AÔà  àIn€count€one,€of€€a€three€count€presentment,€the€Williamson€County€Grand€Jury€accused€theÐ ‚)Ò$* Ðdefendant€of€attempted€murder€first€degree€of€James€R.€Brom€on€December€29,€1997.€€In€count€two,Ð h*¸%+ Ðthe€defendant€was€accused€of€aggravated€assault€of€James€R.€Brom.€€In€count€three,€the€defendantÐ N+ž&, Ðâ âwas€accused€of€assault€of€Frances€Jackson.€€After€a€two€day€trial,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guiltyÐ 4,„'-ý Ðof€attempted€murder€second€degree€as€included€in€the€first€count€and€guilty€of€assault€in€count€three.Ð ° ÐThe€jury€did€not€return€a€verdict€to€the€offense€of€aggravated€assault€in€count€two.€Ð –æ Ðâ âà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àÌÓ  Óò òHISTORICAL€BACKGROUNDÐ b² ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àJames€Robert€Brom€testified€that€on€December€29,€1997,€the€defendant€and€Jeffery€BurnsÐ . ~ Ðcame€to€his€home€on€Vaughn€Road€in€Hickman€County.€€During€the€visit,€Brom,€the€defendant,Ð  d ÐBurns€and€Bruce€Prince,€the€victimððs€brother„in„law,€smoked€a€ð ðjointðð€and€drank€some€beer.€€BromÐ ú J Ðstated€that€about€4:00€p.m.,€they€left€his€home€and€bought€a€12„pack€of€beer€and€proceeded€to€theÐ à 0 Ðhome€of€Frances€Jackson,€the€defendantððs€girlfriend.€€The€defendant€lived€with€Jackson€on€FisherÐ Æ   ÐRoad€in€Williamson€County.€€At€Jacksonððs€mobile€home,€they€drank€beer€and€listened€to€music€forÐ ¬ ü  Ðseveral€hours.€€However,€Burns€drank€vodka.€€Brom€stated€that€he€did€not€smoke€any€marijuana€atÐ ’â  Ðthe€Jackson€trailer.€€Brom€testified€that€the€defendant€left€to€get€some€more€beer,€and€upon€his€returnÐ xÈ  Ðthe€defendant€received€a€telephone€call€from€someone€who€needed€their€car€towed.€€The€defendantÐ ^®  Ðcursed€the€guy€on€the€telephone€and€Brom€told€the€defendant,€ð ðthatððs€not€no€way€to€run€a€business.ðð€Ð D”  ÐBrom€testified€that€the€defendant€went€into€another€room€to€hang€up€the€telephone€and€returned€withÐ *z  Ða€gun.€€Brom€stated€that€he€told€the€defendant,€ð ðput€the€g„d€gun€away,€before€you€hurt€somebody.ðð€Ð ` ÐThe€defendant€shot€Brom€in€the€shoulder€and€said,€ð ðIððll€blow€your€M„F€head€off€again.ðð€€BromÐ öF Ðtestified€that€he€was€shot€twice,€once€in€the€left€side€of€his€head€and€in€his€left€shoulder.€€Brom€statedÐ Ü, Ðthat€he€said,€ð ðcall€911,€thereððs€someone€walking€down€the€road€thatððs€been€shot.ðð€€Brom€testified€thatÐ Â Ðhe€woke€up€in€Vanderbilt€Hospital€where€he€spent€three€days.€€The€doctors€would€not€remove€theÐ ¨ø Ðbullet€in€his€left€lung€because€it€was€lodged€too€close€to€his€heart.€€Brom€stated€that€there€were€noÐ ŽÞ Ðthreats€made€prior€to€the€shooting€and€indicated€that€the€defendant€was€upset€that€Brom€did€not€goÐ tÄ Ðwith€him€to€get€some€beer.€€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Brom€denied€taking€any€pills€or€smoking€marijuana€at€JacksonððsÐ &v Ðtrailer.€€Brom€estimated€that€he€was€shot€between€7:30€and€8:00€p.m.€€Before€being€shot,€Brom€statedÐ  \ Ðthat€he€heard€four€to€five€shots€and€afterwards€two€or€three€more€shots.€€Brom€testified€that€he€wasÐ òB Ðsitting€on€the€couch€and€that€the€defendant€was€pointing€the€gun€at€him,€talking€to€him,€and€there€wasÐ Ø( Ðno€chance€to€defend€himself.Ð ¾ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌà  àJeffery€P.€Burns,€age€32,€testified€that€he€has€been€a€paraplegic€for€eleven€(11)€years.€€He€hadÐ Š Ú Ðbeen€beaten€with€a€baseball€bat.€€He€stated€that€he€is€the€defendant's€cousin€and€that€he€has€knownÐ p!À  ÐJackson€for€approximately€two€years.€€On€December€29,€1997,€he€met€Brom€and€Prince€for€the€firstÐ V"¦! Ðtime.€€Burns€stated€that€he€spent€about€five€hours€with€the€defendant,€Brom€and€Prince.€€During€thisÐ <#Œ" Ðtime,€he€drank€vodka,€they€drank€beer€and€everybody€took€some€pills€(Valium,€Loratab,€Percoset€andÐ "$r# Ðcrack€cocaine),€and€smoked€some€marijuana.€€Burns€estimated€that€he€and€the€defendant€had€beenÐ %X $ Ðdrinking€and€taking€drugs€for€about€three€days.€€Burns€confirmed€that€he€was€with€the€defendantÐ î%>!% Ðwhen€they€picked€up€Brom€and€Prince€and€smoked€some€marijuana.€€Upon€their€return€to€JacksonððsÐ Ô&$"& Ðtrailer,€Burns€was€sitting€in€his€wheelchair€by€the€front€door.€€After€a€couple€of€hours,€the€defendantÐ º' #' Ðleft€to€get€some€more€beer.€€Upon€the€defendantððs€return,€the€defendant€and€Prince€got€into€anÐ  (ð#( Ðargument€about€ð ðbusiness.ðð€€The€defendant€went€into€another€room€and€obtained€a€gun.€€TheÐ †)Ö$) Ðdefendant€shot€twice€into€the€ceiling.€€Prince€got€up€and€left€the€trailer€walking€down€the€road.€€TheyÐ l*¼%* Ðcontinued€to€drink€and€the€defendant€and€Jackson€began€arguing€about€her€possible€involvement€withÐ R+¢&+ ÐPrince.€€The€defendant€struck€Jackson€with€a€.25€automatic€pistol.€€Jackson€went€and€took€a€shower.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐBurns€wheeled€himself€into€the€kitchen€to€catheterize€himself.€€Burns€stated€that€he€heard€two€orÐ ° Ðthree€shots€and€turned€and€saw€Brom€on€the€couch€bleeding.€€The€defendant€was€standing€over€byÐ –æ Ðthe€door,€but€Burns€did€not€see€anything€in€the€defendantððs€hands.€€Jackson€came€out€of€the€bedroomÐ |Ì Ðand€Brom€got€up€to€walk,€not€saying€anything.€€Burns€believed€that€the€defendant€called€911€and€thatÐ b² Ðthe€police€arrived€in€approximately€10€minutes.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àBurns€stated€that€before€the€police€arrived,€the€defendant€wanted€him€to€take€the€blame€forÐ  d Ðshooting€Brom,€by€him€being€in€a€wheelchair.€€Burns€testified€that€the€defendant€cut€him€across€theÐ ú J Ðchest€with€a€knife€to€make€it€look€like€self„defense.€€Upon€their€arrival,€Burns€told€the€police€that€heÐ à 0 Ðshot€Brom.€€Later€that€night,€Burns€went€to€the€hospital€to€seek€medical€treatment€because€the€cutÐ Æ   Ðhe€received€would€not€stop€bleeding.€€Burns€stated€that€shortly€afterwards,€he€came€to€his€senses€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðtold€the€police€he€did€not€shoot€Brom.€€He€also€told€the€defendant,€ð ðI€wasnððt€going€to€say€I€shotÐ ’â  Ðanybody.ðð€Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Burns€testified€that€the€defendant€shot€into€the€ceiling€with€a€.25Ð D”  Ðcaliber€automatic€pistol,€which€was€left€by€Prince.€€Burns€stated€that€it€was€possible€that€he€calledÐ *z  Ðhis€mother€in€Manchester,€Tennessee,€and€told€her€that€he€shot€Brom,€but€he€denied€that€he€told€hisÐ ` Ðmother€that€Brom€was€involved€with€what€happened€to€his€legs.€€Burns€identified€a€statement€thatÐ öF Ðhe€gave€to€the€police€on€January€3,€1998,€in€which€he€stated€that€he€shot€Brom.€€The€statement€wasÐ Ü, Ðread€to€the€jury.€€He€also€identified€a€statement€given€to€the€police€on€January€14,€1998,€in€which€heÐ Â Ðstated,€ð ðI€didnððt€shoot€anybody.ðð€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àJody€Sexton,€a€former€deputy€of€the€Williamson€County€Sheriff's€Department,€testified€thatÐ tÄ Ðhe€and€Deputy€Robert€Durbin€responded€to€a€domestic€call€on€Fisher€Road€in€Williamson€CountyÐ Zª Ðon€December€29,€1997,€at€approximately€11:00€p.m.€€While€en€route,€the€call€was€changed€to€aÐ @ Ðð ðshooting€call.ðð€€Both€Sexton€and€Durbin€parked€near€the€driveway€and€approached€the€mobile€homeÐ &v Ðfrom€a€wooded€area€for€officer€safety€reasons.€€Deputy€Sexton€stated€that€he€saw€the€defendantÐ  \ Ðcoming€around€the€side€of€the€trailer.€€Deputy€Durbin€handcuffed€the€defendant€because€of€theÐ òB Ðshooting€call€and€because€he€did€not€know€exactly€what€had€happened€in€the€trailer.€€Once€inside€theÐ Ø( Ðtrailer,€Deputy€Sexton€saw€Jackson,€Brom€and€Burns.€€Brom€had€been€shot€twice€and€Burns€had€aÐ ¾ Ð12€inch€cut€across€his€chest.€€Deputy€Sexton€searched€the€trailer€for€a€weapon€but€did€not€find€one.€Ð ¤ô ÐThe€defendant€was€brought€into€the€trailer€and€the€handcuffs€were€taken€off.€€When€the€defendantÐ Š Ú Ðwas€asked€what€happened,€he€said€ð ðsome€person€came€inside€yelling€about€his€car.€€Burns€was€cutÐ p!À  Ðby€this€subject€and€Brom€defended€Burns€and€this€person€shot€Brom€in€the€head€and€chest.ðð€€ThisÐ V"¦! Ðunknown€subject€left€through€the€rear€door€on€foot.€€The€defendant€described€the€person€as€a€whiteÐ <#Œ" Ðmale,€5'€4",€and€weighing€about€150€pounds.€€Deputy€Sexton€stated€that€he€went€outside€and€sawÐ "$r# Ðsome€prints€in€the€snow€and€blood€on€the€back€porch.€€The€tracks€went€about€50€yards€into€someÐ %X $ Ðwoods€and€then€returned€going€around€the€corner€of€the€trailer.€€Deputy€Sexton€checked€the€cedarÐ î%>!% Ðthicket€and€recovered€a€.22€caliber€pistol,€which€contained€three€(3)€spent€rounds€and€two€(2)€liveÐ Ô&$"& Ðrounds.€€Deputy€Sexton€did€not€see€any€tracks€leaving€the€trailer€which€lead€to€the€roadway.€€WhileÐ º' #' Ðin€the€trailer,€Deputy€Sexton€tagged€one€spent€and€one€live€.25€automatic€round€and€also€a€pocketÐ  (ð#( Ðknife€which€was€found€in€Brom's€front€pocket.€€Deputy€Sexton€described€Brom€as€drunk,€incoherent,€Ð †)Ö$) Ðhad€slurred€speech,€and€speaking€nonsense.€€Brom€refused€treatment€stating,€ð ðhe€wanted€anotherÐ l*¼%* Ðbeer.ðð€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àRobert€Durbin,€a€deputy€of€the€Williamson€County€Sheriff's€Department,€testified€that€he€andÐ ° ÐDeputy€Sexton€responded€to€a€call€on€Fisher€Road€about€11:00€p.m.€on€December€29,€1997.€€DeputyÐ –æ ÐDurbin€stated€that€he€parked€his€car,€approached€the€trailer€and€saw€a€white€male€coming€around€theÐ |Ì Ðcorner€of€the€trailer.€€He€identified€himself€and€handcuffed€the€subject.€€Inside€the€trailer,€DeputyÐ b² ÐDurbin€saw€a€female,€Burns€was€sitting€with€a€cut€across€his€chest€in€a€wheelchair,€and€€Brom€hadÐ H˜ Ðbeen€shot€twice.€€Deputy€Durbin€stated€that€Deputy€Sexton€asked€the€defendant€what€happened.€€TheÐ . ~ Ðdefendant€testified€that€ð ðBruce€had€come€in€the€trailer€about€a€tow.€€He€was€drunk.€€An€argumentÐ  d Ðbegan,€Bruce€cut€Burns€and€then€shot€Brom€and€left.ðð€€Deputy€Durbin€went€outside€to€the€back€ofÐ ú J Ðthe€trailer€and€saw€a€set€of€tracks€leading€into€some€woods.€€The€tracks€returned€and€went€around€toÐ à 0 Ðthe€corner€of€the€trailer.€€Deputy€Durbin€identified€a€.22€caliber€pistol€found€in€the€woods,€whichÐ Æ   Ðcontained€several€empty€shell€casings€and€possibly€one€live€round.€€During€cross„examination,Ð ¬ ü  ÐDurbin€testified€that€he€found€a€knife€in€the€breast€pocket€of€Brom's€overalls.€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àTony€Phillips,€a€detective€for€the€Williamson€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€that€heÐ ^®  Ðsaw€Brom€at€Vanderbilt€Hospital€on€December€31,€1997.€€Phillips€stated€that€afterwards€he€obtainedÐ D”  Ðan€arrest€warrant€for€the€defendant.€€On€December€31,€1997,€Phillips€obtained€a€statement€from€theÐ *z  Ðdefendant€who€said,€ð ðBurns€shot€Brom€about€an€incident€over€Burnsðð€loss€of€his€legs.ðð€€PhillipsÐ ` Ðtestified€that€he€was€aware€that€Detective€Hagon€had€taken€a€statement€from€Burns€on€January€3,Ð öF Ð1998.€€Phillips€stated€that€he€went€on€vacation€about€the€middle€of€January€and€did€not€conduct€anyÐ Ü, Ðfurther€investigation€about€the€case.€€Phillips€testified€that€the€.22€caliber€pistol€was€not€tested€toÐ Â Ðdetermine€if€that€gun€had€fired€any€rounds.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àSean€M.€OððBrien,€a€corporal€for€the€Williamson€County€Department€Jail€Center,€testified€thatÐ tÄ Ðon€July€5,€1998,€there€was€an€escape€from€the€jail.€€OððBrien€stated€that€during€a€medical€visit€to€theÐ Zª Ðcells€he€noticed€a€hole€in€one€of€the€windows€and€found€that€the€defendant€and€five€other€inmatesÐ @ Ðhad€escaped.€€OððBrien€believed€that€the€defendant€was€caught€three€days€later.Ð &v ÐÌà  àLieutenant€Derrell€Cagle€of€the€Williamson€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€that€heÐ òB Ðwas€notified€that€the€defendant€and€six€others€escaped€from€jail€on€July€5,€1998.€€Lt.€Cagle€stated€thatÐ Ø( Ðhe€received€information€that€the€defendant€could€be€found€at€a€residence€in€Nashville.€€He€stated€thatÐ ¾ Ðthe€defendant€was€found€at€this€residence€hiding€on€the€roof.€€The€defendant€was€apprehended€and€Ð ¤ô Ðreturned€to€Williamson€County€Jail.€€Lt.€Cagle€estimated€that€the€defendant€was€gone€forÐ Š Ú Ðapproximately€four€hours€before€he€was€arrested.€Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àFrances€Jackson€testified€that€she€has€lived€at€7925€Fisher€Road,€Primm€Springs,€Tennessee,Ð <#Œ" Ðfor€the€past€five€(5)€years€and€that€the€defendant€lived€with€her€for€two€(2)€years.€€She€stated€that€onÐ "$r# ÐDecember€29,€1997,€the€defendant€and€Burns€left€her€trailer€and€returned€with€Brom€and€Prince.€Ð %X $ ÐThey€smoked€some€Ô_ÔmarijuanaÔ_Ô€and€took€some€pills.€€She€described€them€as€drinking€too€much€andÐ î%>!% Ðð ðrocking.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€She€does€not€remember€arguing€but€the€defendant€hit€her€in€the€left€eye€with€the€.22Ð Ô&$"& Ðcaliber€pistol.€€She€testified€that€her€eye€began€bleeding€so€she€took€a€shower.€€Jackson€testified€thatÐ º' #' Ðwhile€in€the€shower€she€heard€two€shots€and€thought€it€was€ð ðsome€guys€just€drinking€and€shooting.ðð€Ð  (ð#( ÐWhen€she€came€out,€she€saw€Brom€lying€on€the€floor.€€She€lifted€his€head€and€discovered€that€he€hadÐ †)Ö$) Ðbeen€shot€in€the€head.€€She€helped€pick€Brom€up€and€sat€him€in€a€chair.€€She€said€to€Burns€and€theÐ ° Ðdefendant,€ð ðthere's€three€phones€in€the€fð"ðÔ_ÔingÔ_Ô€house€and€no€one€knows€the€number€to€911.ðð€€TheÐ –æ Ðdefendant€responded,€ð ðfð"ðk€the€SOB,€€I€hope€he€dies.ðð€€Prince€had€already€left€before€this€happened.€Ð |Ì ÐWhile€Brom€was€sitting€in€the€chair,€the€defendant€went€outside.€€After€the€paramedics€had€takenÐ b² ÐBrom,€Jackson€went€to€the€bedroom€to€lay€down€and€the€defendant€came€in€the€bedroom€and€slappedÐ H˜ Ðher€on€the€leg€wanting€to€know€where€the€gun€was.€€Jackson€testified€that€someone€had€cleaned€upÐ . ~ Ðthe€trailer€because€she€saw€bloody€water€in€the€mop€bucket.€€As€to€the€knife€found€in€Bromððs€pocket,Ð  d Ðshe€indicated€that€it€belonged€to€her.€€She€used€this€knife€at€work€and€when€she€got€home€she€placedÐ ú J Ðit€on€the€counter.€€She€saw€Burnsðð€cut€after€the€paramedics€had€taken€Brom.€Ð à 0 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Jackson€testified€that€she€did€not€know€of€her€own€personalÐ ¬ ü  Ðknowledge€who€shot€Brom.€€She€stated€that€the€defendant€used€one€of€the€trailerððs€bedrooms€as€anÐ ’â  Ðoffice€in€which€he€kept€a€.25€automatic€pistol€and€her€.22€caliber€pistol€locked€in€a€desk.€€SheÐ xÈ  Ðdescribed€herself€as€being€messed€up€and€that€Brom€was€both€drinking€and€using€drugs.€€She€statedÐ ^®  Ðthat€after€Brom€was€gone,€Burns€called€his€mother€and€told€her€that€he€shot€Brom.€Ð D”  ÐÌà  àIn€his€own€defense,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€had€no€memory€of€what€happened€on€theÐ ` Ðnight€of€December€29,€1997.€€He€does€not€believe€that€he€shot€Brom.€€The€defendant€stated€thatÐ öF ÐBurns€shot€Brom.€€In€his€testimony,€the€defendant€corroborated€much€of€the€testimony€of€the€State'sÐ Ü, Ðwitnesses€in€reference€to€the€events€leading€up€to€the€shooting€of€the€victim.€€He€stated€that€theÐ Â Ðreason€they€went€to€Bromððs€home€was€that€Brom€wanted€to€buy€some€pills€and€that€Burns€would€sellÐ ¨ø Ðthe€pills€to€Brom.€€The€defendant€stated€that€upon€their€return€to€the€trailer,€Burns€and€Brom€had€aÐ ŽÞ Ðdiscussion€about€Burnsðð€paralysis.€€Burns€told€Brom€that€ð ðStormy€Ô_ÔCochranÔ_Ôðð€and€four€others,€inÐ tÄ ÐColumbia,€Tennessee,€had€beaten€him€with€a€baseball€bat.€€In€Burnsðð€mind,€Brom€was€one€of€the€fourÐ Zª Ðwho€had€beaten€him.€€The€defendant€stated€that€Burns€and€Brom€were€arguing,€so€he€went€into€theÐ @ Ðoffice€and€got€his€.25€automatic€pistol€and€shot€four€(4)€to€five€(5)€times€into€the€ceiling.€€They€allÐ &v Ðgot€quiet.€€Prince€left,€then€the€defendant€went€outside€and€removed€the€.22€caliber€pistol€from€hisÐ  \ Ðwrecker€and€placed€it€near€the€stereo€when€he€came€back€inside€the€trailer.€€The€defendant€agreedÐ òB Ðthat€he€struck€Jackson€with€the€.22€pistol,€but€it€was€accidentally.€€The€defendant€testified€that€heÐ Ø( Ðwent€to€help€Jackson,€whose€eye€was€bleeding,€and€while€she€was€taking€a€shower,€he€heard€twoÐ ¾ Ðgunshots.€€When€the€defendant€returned€to€the€living€room,€he€observed€that€Brom€had€been€shot€and€Ð ¤ô Ðasked€Burns,€ð ðWhy€did€you€shoot€Jimmy?ðð€€The€defendant€could€not€understand€Burns'€response.€Ð Š Ú ÐWhile€Jackson€was€on€the€telephone€with€911,€the€defendant€told€her,€ð ðWe€canððt€let€the€SOB€die.ðð€Ð p!À  ÐWhile€they€were€waiting€for€the€ambulance,€Burns€called€his€mother.€€The€defendant€stated€that€heÐ V"¦! Ðasked€Burns€where€was€the€gun€and€Burns€responded€that€he€had€thrown€the€gun€out€the€back€door.€Ð <#Œ" ÐThe€defendant€went€outside€to€attempt€to€find€the€gun,€but€could€not€locate€it.€€The€defendantÐ "$r# Ðexplained€that€the€deputies€Ô_ÔimpliedÔ_Ô€that€Prince€must€have€shot€Brom€since€he€had€left€and€that€theÐ %X $ Ðdefendant€decided€to€go€along€with€their€implication.€€As€to€his€escape€from€jail,€the€defendant€statedÐ î%>!% Ðthat€he€observed€two€inmates€sawing€some€bars€on€the€window€of€their€cell€and€broke€out€a€window.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐThe€defendant€decided€to€escape€so€that€he€could€sell€his€wrecker€and€hire€an€attorney.€Ð º' #' ÐÌÓ  Óò òSENTENCING€HEARINGÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌó óÓ  Óà  àOn€February€1,€1999,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€sentencing€hearing€in€which€the€only€witnessÐ R+¢&+ Ðwas€the€defendant.€€Apparently,€between€the€defendantððs€convictions€in€October€1998,€and€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðsentencing€hearing,€the€defendant€entered€a€plea€of€guilty€to€felony€escape€and€requested€aÐ ° Ðsentencing€hearing€to€coincide€with€these€convictions.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€that€the€pre„Ð –æ Ðsentence€report€was€correct.€€He€also€acknowledged€that€he€was€convicted€in€the€Williamson€CountyÐ |Ì ÐCircuit€Court€on€September€9,€1996,€of€DUI,€1òòstóó€offense€and€Possession€of€Marijuana.€€The€defendantÐ b² Ðwas€sentenced€to€eleven€(11)€months€and€twenty„nine€(29)€days€for€each€offense,€to€run€concurrently.Ð H˜ ÐAfter€service€of€forty„five€(45)€days€the€defendant€was€placed€on€supervised€probation.€€In€addition,Ð . ~ Ðthe€defendant€was€fined€three€hundred€and€fifty€dollars€($350.00)€and€two€hundred€and€fifty€dollarsÐ  d Ð($250.00).€€Also,€the€defendant€confirmed€that€he€had€a€DUI€arrest€in€Columbia,€Tennessee,€in€1991.€Ð ú J ÐIn€1993,€the€defendant€was€arrested€and€convicted€in€Little€Rock,€Arkansas,€for€battery,€resistingÐ à 0 Ðarrest€and€carrying€a€weapon,€which€he€indicated€was€a€stick.€Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àIn€its€determination€of€a€proper€sentence,€the€trial€court€found€three€(3)€enhancement€factors;Ð ’â  Ð(1),€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€toÐ xÈ  Ðthose€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;€(6),€the€crime€was€committed€under€circumstancesÐ ^®  Ðwhich€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great;€and€(10),€the€defendant€had€no€hesitationÐ D”  Ðabout€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€In€considering€mitigation€factors,Ð *z  Ðthe€trial€court€found€that€mitigating€factor€(3)€was€applicable;€substantial€grounds€exist€tending€toÐ ` Ðexcuse€or€justify€the€defendantððs€criminal€conduct,€though€failing€to€establish€a€defense,€but€the€trialÐ öF Ðcourt€rejected€mitigating€factor€(11),€the€defendant,€although€guilty€of€a€crime,€committed€the€offenseÐ Ü, Ðunder€such€unusual€circumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€lawÐ Â Ðmotivated€the€criminal€conduct.€€For€the€offense€of€attempted€murder€second€degree,€the€trial€courtÐ ¨ø Ðimposed€a€sentence€of€eleven€(11)€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€For€the€offense€of€assault,Ð ŽÞ Ðthe€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€eleven€(11)€months€and€twenty„nine€(29)€days€in€theÐ tÄ ÐWilliamson€County€Jail€which€sentence€was€to€run€concurrent€with€the€attempted€murder€secondÐ Zª Ðdegree€offense.€€For€the€offense€of€escape,€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€one€(1)€year€to€runÐ @ Ðconsecutive€to€the€offense€of€attempted€murder€second€degree.€€ò òÐ &v Ðó óà0  àà ` àà ¸ à€à  àà h àà À àà  àÐ \(#(# ÐÓ  Óò òLEGAL€ANALYSISÐ òB ÐIssue€No.€1Ð Ø( ÐÌó óÓ  Óà  àIn€his€first€assignment€of€error,€the€defendant€submits€that€the€indictment€(presentment)€isÐ ¤ô Ðdefective€in€that€the€charging€instrument,€in€count€one,€fails€to€charge€an€overt€act€as€required€by€theÐ Š Ú Ðattempt€statute,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101.€€The€State€asserts€that€the€presentment€in€this€caseÐ p!À  Ðcharged€the€defendant€with€attempted€first€degree€murder€and,€thus,€conforms€with€constitutionalÐ V"¦! Ðand€statutory€requirements.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€first€count€of€the€presentment€alleges€Ô_Ôthat:Ð %X $ ÐÔ_ÔÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà0  àà8` (#(#àArnold€K.€Ward,€Jr.,€heretofore,€to€wit,€on€the€29òòthóó€day€of€December,€1997,Ð Ô&$"& Ðbefore€the€finding€of€this€presentment,€in€the€said€County€and€State,Ð º' #' Ðunlawfully,€feloniously,€intentionally,€and€with€premeditation,€did€attempt€toÐ  (ð#( Ðkill€another:€James€R.€Brom,€in€violation€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„Ð †)Ö$) Ð13„202.Ðl*¼%*` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà  àOur€Criminal€Attempt€Statute,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101€€states:€Ô_ÔÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_Ô‡Ô_ÔÔ_Ôà  àà0 ` à(a)€a€person€who,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€for€theÐ ° Ðoffense:Жæ` (#` (# ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà0  àà0` (#(#à(1)€Intentionally€engages€in€action€or€causes€a€result€that€would€constitute€an€offenseÐ b² Ðif€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€were€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be;ÐH˜` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à(2)€Acts€with€intent€to€cause€a€result€that€is€an€element€of€the€offense,€and€believesÐ  d Ðthe€conduct€will€cause€the€result€without€further€conduct€on€the€personððs€part;€or€Ðú J` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à(3)€Acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€or€cause€a€result€that€wouldÐ Æ   Ðconstitute€the€offense,€under€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€the€personÐ ¬ ü  Ðbelieves€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutes€a€substantial€step€toward€theÐ ’â  Ðcommission€of€the€offense.€ÐxÈ ` (#` (# ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà  àà0 ` à(b)€Conduct€does€not€constitute€a€substantial€step€under€subdivision€(a)(3)€unless€theÐ D”  Ðpersonððs€entire€course€of€action€is€corroborative€of€the€intent€to€commit€the€offense.Ð*z ` (#` (# ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌà  à€An€indictment€(presentment)€must€state€the€facts€constituting€the€offense€in€ordinary€andÐ öF Ðconcise€language,€without€prolixity€or€repetition,€in€such€a€manner€as€to€enable€a€person€of€commonÐ Ü, Ðunderstanding€to€know€what€is€intended,€and€with€that€degree€of€certainty€which€will€enable€theÐ Â Ðcourt,€on€conviction,€to€pronounce€the€proper€judgment.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202€(1990).Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔInÔ_Ô€òòWyatt€v.€Stateóó,€24€S.W.3d€319€(Tenn.€2000),€our€Supreme€Court€addressed,€in€a€denial€ofÐ tÄ Ða€petition€for€habeas€corpus,€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔtheÔ_Ô€sufficiency€of€notice€in€an€indictment€for€attempted€murder€firstÐ Zª Ðdegree.€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€His€indictment€states€in€pertinent€Ô_Ôpart:Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ @ ÐÌà0  àthat€Ô_ÔWILLIAMÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTERRYÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWYATTÔ_Ô€on€the€7òòthóó€day€of€March,€1994,€in€Cumberland€County,Ð  \ ÐTennessee,€and€before€the€finding€of€this€indictment,€did€unlawfully,€intentionally,Ð òB Ðdeliberately€and€with€premeditation€attempt€to€kill€Billie€Carey€in€violation€of€Ô_ÔT.C.A.Ô_Ô€39„12„Ð Ø( Ð101.€Ô_Ô.€.€.Ô_Ôо(#(# ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà  àThe€indictment€did€not€specify€a€specific€act€or€course€of€conduct€constituting€the€ð ðattemptÐ Š Ú Ðto€kill.ðð€€Wyatt€asserted€that€his€conviction€and€sentence€were€void€because€the€indictment€failed€toÐ p!À  Ðallege€an€overt€act,€which€is€a€material€element€of€attempted€murder€first€degree.€€Thus,€the€trialÐ V"¦! Ðcourt€had€no€jurisdiction.€€Since€the€defendant€in€this€cause€raised€an€identical€issue€the€SupremeÐ <#Œ" ÐCourt€holding€is€determinative€of€this€issue.€€The€Supreme€Court€held:Ð "$r# ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà0  àThe€form€of€an€indictment€is€further€governed€by€statute.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202Ð î%>!% Ð(1997).€€Section€202€requires€that€an€indictment€ð ðstate€the€facts€constituting€the€offense€inÐ Ô&$"& Ðordinary€and€concise€language,€without€prolixity€or€repetition,€in€such€a€manner€as€to€enableÐ º' #' Ða€person€of€common€understanding€to€know€what€is€intended,€and€with€that€degree€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðcertainty€which€will€enable€the€court,€on€conviction,€to€pronounce€the€proper€judgment.ðð€€òòId.óó€Ð †)Ö$) Ðð ðProlixityðð€means€Ô_Ôð ð[t]heÔ_Ô€unnecessary€and€superfluous€statement€of€facts€in€pleading€or€inÐ l*¼%* Ðevidence.ðð€€ò òBlack's€Law€Dictionary€1378€(4òòthóó€Ed.€1951)ó ó.€€We€consider€the€sufficiency€ofÐ R+¢&+ ÐWyatt's€indictment€with€these€constitutional€and€statutory€principles€in€mind.Ð8,ˆ',(#(# Їà0  àWe€conclude€that€the€indictment€in€this€case€satisfies€these€minimum€requirements.€€ClearlyÐ ° ÐWyatt€was€placed€on€notice€that€he€was€charged€with€the€intentional,€deliberate€andÐ –æ Ðpremeditated€attempt€to€kill€the€named€victim€on€a€date€certain.€€The€indictment€was€alsoÐ |Ì Ðsufficient€to€place€the€trial€court€on€notice€that€a€judgment€and€sentence€for€attempted€Ô_Ôfirst„Ð b² Ðdegree€murderÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔwereÔ_Ô€proper€Ô_ÔuponÔ_Ô€conviction.€€Finally,€by€expressly€stating€that€the€attemptÐ H˜ Ðto€kill€was€made€against€a€specific€victim€on€a€date€certain,€the€indictment€offers€WyattÐ . ~ Ðdouble€jeopardy€protection€from€any€future€charge€of€attempted€murder€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔagainstÔ_Ô€that€victimÐ  d Ðon€that€date.€€Though€the€language€ð ðdid€Ô_Ôð8ð€attemptÔ_Ô€to€killðð€is€a€general€description,€especiallyÐ ú J Ðin€light€of€the€testimony€at€the€preliminary€hearing€Ô_Ôthat€WyattÔ_Ô€committed€multiple€actsÐ à 0 Ðagainst€the€victim€which€the€State€could€have€relied€upon€to€obtain€a€verdict,€this€languageÐ Æ   Ðalleges€an€act€as€required€by€the€criminal€attempt€statute€and€was€sufficient€to€notify€WyattÐ ¬ ü  Ðof€the€accused€crime,€to€confer€jurisdiction€upon€the€trial€court,€and€to€protect€against€doubleÐ ’â  Ðjeopardy.€€òòHillóó,€954€S.W.2d€at€727.ÐxÈ (#(# ÐÌòòWyatt€v.€Stateóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€324„325.Ð D”  ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà  àFurther,€the€Supreme€Court€urged€the€State€to€charge,€in€the€future,€the€crime€of€an€attemptÐ ` Ðin€such€a€way€that€informs€the€defendant€of€the€precise€act€or€acts€against€which€he€is€being€calledÐ öF Ðupon€to€defend.Ð Ü, ÐÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà@ìì*ìàÔ_Ôò òó óÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔˆÌà  àWe€hold€that€the€presentment€in€this€case€sets€forth€sufficient€notice€to€the€defendant€that€heÐ ¨ø Ðwas€charged€with€the€offense€of€criminal€attempt€without€the€necessity€of€advising€him€of€the€exactÐ ŽÞ Ðovert€act€in€attempting€to€kill€the€victim,€Jimmy€Brom.€€The€proof€established€that€after€an€argument,Ð tÄ Ðthe€defendant€went€into€a€bedroom,€obtained€a€.22€caliber€pistol,€returned€and€shot€the€victim€twice.€Ð Zª ÐSuch€conduct€acts€as€a€substantial€step€in€the€commission€of€the€offense€of€attempted€murder€secondÐ @ Ðdegree.€€There€is€no€merit€to€this€issue.Ð &v ÐÔ_ÔÌÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  òB Ðà@%ìàò òIssue€No.€2ˆÐ ° Ðó óÔ_ÔÌà  àIn€his€second€assignment€of€error,€the€defendant€complained€that€he€was€denied€his€right€toÐ |Ì Ðcompulsory€process€for€obtaining€certain€witnesses€at€his€trial.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€the€trialÐ b² Ðcourt€refused€him€the€right€to€subpoena€Ritha€Rinholt,€William€Strong,€Bruce€Prince,€and€DetectiveÐ H˜ ÐHagon.€€In€essence,€these€witnesses€would€have€testified€that€€Burns€admitted€shooting€Brom.€€TheÐ . ~ ÐState€contends€that€the€record€does€not€support€the€defendantððs€contention.€Ð  d ÐÌà  àIn€support€of€his€argument€in€his€brief,€the€defendant€cites€to€the€record€from€the€videotapeÐ à 0 Ðof€his€trial,€(Videotape€II,€10/29/98,€Ô_Ô09:03:50).Ô_Ô€€However,€a€review€of€the€videotape€recordÐ Æ   Ðestablished€a€pre„trial€conference€between€the€defendant,€his€counsel,€and€the€trial€court€in€which€hisÐ ¬ ü  Ðcounsel€Ô_ÔmadeÔ_Ô€known€to€the€trial€court€that€the€defendant€Ô_ÔwasÔ_Ô€dissatisfied€with€counselððsÐ ’â  Ðrepresentation.€Apparently,€the€defendant€had€instructed€defense€counsel€not€to€present€a€certainÐ xÈ  Ðdefense.€€The€trial€court€went€over€the€list€of€witnesses€subpoenaed€for€trial€in€the€defendantððsÐ ^®  Ðpresence.€€(Videotape€II,€10/29/98,€09:07:15).€€The€record€does€not€establish€that€the€defendantÐ D”  Ðrequested€a€continuance€to€secure€the€presence€of€additional€witnesses.€€The€other€citations€to€theÐ *z  Ðrecord€by€the€defendant€relate€to€jury€voir€dire€and€the€questioning€of€Detective€Tony€Phillips€inÐ ` Ðregards€to€the€defendantððs€statement.€€We€agree€with€the€State€that€the€defendant€has€waived€thisÐ öF Ðissue€for€failure€to€provide€proper€citations€to€the€record.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€App.€10(b).€Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àDefendants€have€a€constitutional€right€to€compulsory€process€under€both€the€United€StatesÐ ¨ø ÐConstitution€and€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€The€constitutional€right€to€compulsory€processÐ ŽÞ Ðrequires€the€trial€court€to€issue€process€ð ðfor,€and€only€for,€competent,€material,€and€resident€witnessesÐ tÄ Ðwhose€expected€testimony€will€be€admissible.ðð€òò€State€v.€West,€óó767€S.W.2d€387,€401€(Tenn.€1989).€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€defendant€wished€to€present€these€missing€witnesses€to€show€that€BurnsÐ &v Ðadmitted€shooting€Brom,€there€was€ample€evidence€introduced€at€trial€through€various€witnesses€thatÐ  \ ÐBurns€had€made€such€admissions€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€but€recanted€such€statements€before€theÐ òB Ðjury.€€In€the€present€case,€the€defendant€has€failed€to€show€Ô_Ôthat€theÔ_Ô€trial€court€denied€him€compulsoryÐ Ø( Ðprocess.€€We€find€no€merit€to€this€assignment€of€error.Ð ¾ ÐÌà@%ìàò òIssue€No.€3ó óˆÐ Š Ú ÐÌà  à€In€his€third€assignment€of€error,€the€defendant€asserts€extra„judicial€communication€occurredÐ V"¦! Ðduring€the€trial€between€a€witness€and€a€juror,€thus€contaminating€the€proceedings.€€In€his€brief,€theÐ <#Œ" Ðdefendant€contends€that€he€spoke€to€Frances€Jackson€on€November€1,€1989,€by€phone,€and€that€Ms.Ð "$r# ÐJackson€stated€that€she€had€spoken€to€a€juror€during€a€recess.€€According€to€Ms.€Jackson,€she€madeÐ %X $ Ða€negative€comment€concerning€the€defendantððs€ð ðtemper.ðð€€The€defendant€concedes€that€he€wasÐ î%>!% Ðunaware€if€such€information€had€been€presented€to€the€trial€court.€€We€agree€with€the€State€that€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðrecord€does€not€reveal€such€occurrence€was€brought€to€the€trial€courtððs€attention€at€a€motion€for€aÐ º' #' Ðnew€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e),€in€pertinent€part€provides:Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà0  àProvided,€however,€that€in€all€cases€tried€by€a€jury,€no€issue€presented€for€review€shall€beÐ l*¼%* Ðpredicated€upon€error€in€the€admission€or€exclusion€of€evidence,€jury€instructions€granted€orÐ R+¢&+ Ðrefused,€misconduct€of€jurors,€parties€or€counsel,€or€other€action€committed€or€occurringÐ 8,ˆ', Ðduring€the€trial€of€the€case,€or€other€ground€upon€which€a€new€trial€is€sought,€unless€the€sameÐ ° Ðwas€specifically€stated€in€a€motion€for€a€new€trial;€otherwise€such€issues€will€be€treated€asÐ –æ Ðwaived.Ð|Ì(#(# ÐÌ€Thus,€the€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€any€relief€not€raised€below.€€Ô_ÔThereÔ_Ô€is€no€merit€to€this€issue.Ð H˜ ÐÌà@%ìàò òIssue€No.€4ˆÐ  d Ðó óÌà  àIn€his€fourth€assignment€of€error,€the€defendant€asserts€that€there€was€insufficient€evidenceÐ à 0 Ðfor€which€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€attempted€murder€secondÐ Æ   Ðdegree.€€The€State€counters€there€is€ample€evidence€in€the€record€to€support€the€defendantððsÐ ¬ ü  Ðconvictions.€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àFollowing€a€jury€conviction,€the€initial€presumption€of€innocence€is€removed€from€theÐ ^®  Ðdefendant€and€exchanged€for€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€the€defendant€had€the€burden€ofÐ D”  Ðdemonstrating€the€insufficiency€of€the€evidence.€òò€State€v.€Tuggle,€óó639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ð *z  ÐIt€is€the€duty€of€this€Court€to€affirm€the€conviction€unless€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€soÐ ` Ðdeficient€that€no€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€beyondÐ öF Ða€reasonable€doubt.€òò€Jackson€v.€Virginia,€óó443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.Ð Ü, ÐCazes,€óó875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€In€òòState€v.€Matthews,€óó805Ð Â ÐS.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990),€òòperm.€app.€denied,€óó(Tenn.€1990),€this€Court€held€this€ruleÐ ¨ø Ðis€applicable€to€findings€of€guilt€predicated€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€aÐ ŽÞ Ðcombination€of€both€direct€evidence€and€circumstantial€evidence.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThis€Court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence,€nor€may€we€replace€our€inferencesÐ @ Ðfor€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact.€òò€State€v.€Cabbage,€óó571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Ð &v ÐFurthermore,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonableÐ  \ Ðinferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€òò€State€v.€Harris,€óó839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.Ð òB Ðdenied,€óó507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368€(1993).€€A€jury€verdict€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€StateððsÐ Ø( Ðwitnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€Stateððs€theory.€òò€State€v.€Williams,€óó657€S.W.2d€405,Ð ¾ Ð410€(Tenn.€1983).€Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€defendant€was€charged€with€attempted€murder€first€degree,€the€jury€in€itsÐ p!À  Ðdiscretion,€based€€upon€the€evidence€and€jury€instructions,€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€attemptedÐ V"¦! Ðmurder€second€degree.€€Second€degree€murder€is€the€knowing€killing€of€another.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð <#Œ" Ððð€39„13„210€(1997).€€ð ðKnowingðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€the€conductÐ "$r# Ðor€to€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€conductÐ %X $ Ðor€that€the€circumstances€exist.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„302(b)(1997).€€A€person€actsÐ î%>!% Ðknowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conductÐ Ô&$"& Ðis€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€òòId.€óó€One€commits€second€degree€murder€if€one€knowinglyÐ º' #' Ðtries€to€kill€another€and€succeeds€in€doing€so.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Bryant,€óó1999€Lexis€16,€No.€02C01„9707„Ð  (ð#( ÐCR„00286,€1999€WL€5633,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€8,€1999),€òòperm.€app.€denied,€óó(Tenn.1999).Ð †)Ö$) ÐThus,€attempted€murder€second€degree€may€be€proven€by€showing€that€the€defendant€ð ðintentionallyÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âacted€with€the€requisite€culpability€to€commit€the€offense€of€murder€second€degree.€.€.€if€he€hadÐ R+¢&+ Ðactually€killed€the€victims.ðð€òò€State€v.€Nolan,€óó1997€Lexis€597,€No.€01C01„9511„CC„00367,€1997€WLÐ ° Ð351142€at€*22€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€June€26,€1997),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1998).Ð –æ Ðâ âÌà  àThe€evidence€in€this€record€established€that€the€defendant€and€the€victim€had€an€argumentÐ b² Ðover€the€defendantððs€ð ðoperation€of€his€business.ðð€€Prior€to€this€argument,€the€defendant€and€PrinceÐ H˜ Ðhad€some€words€and€the€defendant€shot€twice€into€the€ceiling€with€a€.25€automatic€pistol.€€After€theÐ . ~ Ðargument€with€the€victim,€the€defendant€went€into€a€bedroom€and€obtained€a€.22€caliber€pistol€andÐ  d Ðshot€the€victim€once.€€The€defendant€told€the€victim,€ð ðIððll€blow€your€M„F€head€off€again.ðð€€TheÐ ú J Ðdefendant€shot€the€victim€a€second€time.€€This€bullet€lodged€in€the€victimððs€chest€next€to€his€heart.Ð à 0 ÐAfter€the€incident,€the€defendant€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔpersuadedÔ_Ô€Burns€to€take€the€blame€for€shooting€the€victim.€€BurnsÐ Æ   Ðadmitted€telling€Detective€Hagon€that€he€shot€the€victim,€but€recanted€this€testimony€at€trial.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐAlthough€the€defendant€denied€hiding€the€.22€caliber€pistol€outside€the€trailer,€law€enforcementÐ ’â  Ðofficers€found€only€one€set€of€prints€in€the€snow€leading€from€the€trailer€to€the€woods.€€The€defendantÐ xÈ  Ðadmitted€that€he€had€gone€outside,€but€for€other€reasons.€€Also,€the€jury€had€the€benefit€of€DeputiesÐ ^®  ÐSexton's€and€Burton's€testimonies,€stating€that€the€defendant€said€Prince€shot€the€victim€and€leftÐ D”  Ðwalking€from€the€trailer.€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àDespite€the€defendantððs€arguments€about€inconsistencies€in€the€testimony,€the€jury€resolvedÐ öF Ðall€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€State,€as€was€their€prerogative.€€We€find€that€the€evidence€is€amply€Ð Ü, Ðsufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€attempted€murder€second€degree.€€There€is€noÐ Â Ðmerit€to€this€argument.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà@%ìàò òIssue€No.€5ó óˆÐ tÄ ÐÌà  à€In€his€fifth€assignment€of€error,€the€defendant€contends€that€criminal€attempt€requires€aÐ @ Ðspecific€intent€to€commit€the€particular€offense,€while€second€degree€murder€is€not€a€specific€intentÐ &v Ðcrime.€€Therefore,€the€attempt€to€commit€murder€second€degree€is€not€cognizable€as€an€offense€underÐ  \ ÐTennessee€law.€€The€Ô_ÔStateÔ_Ô€differs€and€asserts€that€the€offense€of€attempted€murder€second€degree€isÐ òB Ðfirmly€established€in€this€state.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Kimbrough,€óó924€S.W.2d€888,€890€(Tenn.€1996),€our€Supreme€Court€held€that€theÐ ¤ô Ðspecific€intent€required€by€the€criminal€attempt€statute€was€inconsistent€with€felony€murder€becauseÐ Š Ú Ðattempt€requires€a€specific€intent,€and€one€cannot€intend€to€commit€an€unintentional€act.€€This€CourtÐ p!À  Ðhas€noted,€with€regards€to€attempted€€murder€second€degree,€that€the€mental€states€of€intentional€orÐ V"¦! Ðknowing€both€ð ðinvolve€a€level€of€conscious€awareness€and€volitional,€affirmative€conduct.ðð€€òòSeeóóÐ <#Œ" ÐòòState€v.€Palmer,€óó10€S.W.3d€638,€644€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999);€òòState€v.€Nolan,óó€No.€01C01„9511„CC„Ð "$r# Ð00387,1997€WL€351142€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€June€26,€1997).€€Likewise,€this€Court€€recognized€thatÐ %X $ Ðthe€offense€of€attempted€murder€second€degree€exists€in€Tennessee.€òò€State€v.€Palmer,€Ô_ÔId.;Ô_Ô€State€v.€Ð î%>!% ÐBryant,€óóNo.€02C01„9707„CR„00286,€1999€WL€5633€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€8,€1999);€òòState€v.Ð Ô&$"& ÐEldridge,€óó951€S.W.2d€775,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)€(upholding€jury€instruction€on€attemptedÐ º' #' Ðsecond€degree€murder);€òòGrant€C.€Ivey€v.€State,óó€No.€02C01„9801„CC„00052,€1999€WL€228271€(Tenn.Ð  (ð#( ÐCrim.€App.€Apr.€20,€1999)€(holding€that€retrial€for€attempted€second€degree€murder€did€not€violateÐ †)Ö$) Ðdouble€jeopardy);€€òòState€v.€Porter,óó€No.€03C01„9606„CC„00238,€1997€WL€661419€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð l*¼%* ÐOct.€24,€1997)€(holding€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€attempted€murder€second€degreeÐ R+¢&+ Ðconviction).€Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àIn€òòState€v.€Cribbs,€óó967€S.W.2d€773,€782„3€(Tenn.€1998),€our€Supreme€Court,€in€a€deathÐ ° Ðpenalty€case,€addressed€the€question€of€using€convictions€involving€attempted€second€degree€murderÐ –æ Ðas€aggravating€circumstances.€€The€Supreme€Court€agreed€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ |Ì Ðholding€that€the€attempt€statute€requires€the€perpetrator€to€act€ð ðwith€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwiseÐ b² Ðrequired€for€the€principal€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101(a)(1997€Repl).€€The€SupremeÐ H˜ ÐCourt€held€€the€classification€of€attempted€second€degree€murder€as€one€of€whose€statutory€elementsÐ . ~ Ðinvolve€the€use€of€violence€to€the€person.€Ð  d ÐÌà  àWe€hold€that€an€attempt€to€commit€second€degree€murder€is€a€criminal€offense€in€Tennessee.Ð à 0 ÐThere€is€no€merit€to€this€issue.€Ð Æ   ÐÌà@%ìàò òIssue€No.€6ó óˆÐ ’â  ÐÌà  àIn€his€sixth€assignment€of€error,€the€defendant€asserts€that€his€sentence€is€excessive€inÐ ^®  Ðapplying€two€enhancement€factors,€Tenn€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„350114(1)€and€(6).€€However,€theÐ D”  Ðdefendant€does€not€challenge€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€enhancement€factor€Ô_Ô(10),€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔtheÔ_ÔÐ *z  Ðdefendant€had€no€hesitation€in€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€TheÐ ` ÐState€contends€that€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€is€correct.€Ð öF ÐÌà  àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€this€CourtÐ Â Ðhas€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòde€novo€óóreview€of€the€sentence€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinationsÐ ¨ø Ðmade€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€òòóó€This€presumption€isÐ ŽÞ Ðð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÐ tÄ Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€òò€State€v.€Ashby,€óó823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð Zª Ð1991).€€The€burden€is€now€on€the€defendant€to€show€that€the€sentencing€was€improper.€€This€meansÐ @ Ðthat€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€made€findings€of€fact€that€areÐ &v Ðadequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€the€factors€andÐ  \ Ðprinciples€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€we€may€not€disturb€theÐ òB Ðsentence€even€if€a€different€result€were€preferred.€òò€State€v.€Fletcher,€óó805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.Ð Ø( ÐCrim.€App.€1991).€Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àWhen€conducting€a€òòde€novo€óóreview€of€the€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider:€(a)€theÐ Š Ú Ðevidence,€if€any,€received€at€trial€and€or€sentencing€hearing;€(b)€the€pre„sentence€report;€(c)€theÐ p!À  Ðprinciples€of€sentencing;€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(e)€the€natureÐ V"¦! Ðand€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(f)€any€statutory€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors;€(g)€anyÐ <#Œ" Ðstatements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(h)€the€defendantððs€potential€or€lack€ofÐ "$r# Ðpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102„103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Smith,Ð %X $ Ðóó735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Since€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€attemptedÐ î%>!% Ðsecond€degree€murder,€which€is€a€Class€B€felony,€the€defendant€is€not€presumed€to€be€a€favorableÐ Ô&$"& Ðcandidate€for€an€alternative€sentence€option.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„101(6).€€Should€thereÐ º' #' Ðbe€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€for€a€Class€B€felony,€the€trial€court€must€start€at€the€minimumÐ  (ð#( Ðsentence€in€the€range,€enhance€the€sentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€enhancement€factors,Ð †)Ö$) Ðthen€reduce€the€sentence€within€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð l*¼%* Ððð€40„35„210(e).€€The€applicable€range€of€punishment€for€the€defendantððs€conviction€of€attemptedÐ R+¢&+ Ðsecond€degree€murder€is€eight€(8)€to€twelve€(12)€years,€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àFirst,€the€defendant€complained€that€the€record€does€not€support€the€trial€courtððs€finding€thatÐ ° ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114(1);€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÐ –æ Ðconvictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range,Ð |Ì Ðin€that€the€pre„sentence€report€does€not€reveal€a€history€of€criminal€behavior.€€However,€the€evidenceÐ b² Ðat€the€defendantððs€sentencing€hearing€clearly€established€that€enhancement€factor€(1)€is€applicable.€Ð H˜ ÐThe€defendantððs€own€testimony€established€that€he€had€two€previous€convictions€for€DUI,€aÐ . ~ Ðconviction€for€possession€of€marijuana,€which€he€had€taken€into€a€jail,€and€three€convictions€in€theÐ  d ÐState€of€Arkansas,€for€battery,€resisting€arrest€and€carrying€a€weapon.€€On€the€day€of€the€incident,Ð ú J Ðthe€testimony€at€trial€clearly€revealed€that€the€defendant€had€been€consuming€and€participating€inÐ à 0 Ðdrug€usage.€€Likewise€at€the€sentencing€hearing,€defense€counsel€for€both€the€offense€of€attemptedÐ Æ   Ðsecond€degree€murder€and€escape,€conceded€that€enhancement€factor€(1)€was€applicable.€€The€recordÐ ¬ ü  Ðamply€supports€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€enhancement€factor€(1).€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(6),€theÐ ^®  Ðpersonal€injuries€inflicted€upon€or€the€amount€of€damage€to€property€sustained€by€or€taken€from€theÐ D”  Ðvictim€was€particularly€great.€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€infliction€of€serious€bodily€injury€uponÐ *z  Ðanother€person€does€not€apply€when€sentencing€for€the€offense€of€attempted€murder,€citing€òòState€v.Ð ` ÐMakoka,€óó885€S.W.2d€366€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Further,€the€defendant€would€argue€that€thereÐ öF Ðis€no€medical€testimony€that€a€non„removable€bullet€creates€a€significant€health€hazard€to€the€victimÐ Ü, Ðor€that€the€victimððs€wounds€were€life€threatening.€€The€defendantððs€citation€to€òòState€v.€Makoka€óóisÐ Â Ðmisplaced.€€In€òòMakoka,€óóthis€Court€addressed€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(11),€the€felonyÐ ¨ø Ðresulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury€or€involved€the€threat€of€death€of€another€person€and€the€defendantÐ ŽÞ Ðhas€previously€been€convicted€of€a€felony€resulted€in€death€or€bodily€injury€for€convictions€forÐ tÄ Ðattempted€murder€first€degree€and€attempted€murder€second€degree.€€€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àWe€agree€with€the€State€that€enhancement€factor€(6)€is€applicable€to€the€facts€in€this€case.€€Ð &v ÐIn€òòState€v.€Nix,€óó922€S.W.2d€894,€903€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€òòperm.€app.€denied,€óó(Tenn.1996),€thisÐ  \ ÐCourt€held€that€relative€to€attempted€murder€first€degree,€particularly€great€injuries€are€not€essentialÐ òB Ðto€the€commission€of€the€offense.€€This€would€be€true€for€the€offense€of€attempted€second€degreeÐ Ø( Ðmurder.€€The€evidence€at€trial€revealed€that€the€victim€was€shot€twice,€once€in€the€lung€in€which€theÐ ¾ Ðbullet€was€lodged€next€to€the€heart€and€could€not€be€removed€without€endangering€the€life€of€theÐ ¤ô Ðvictim.€€The€other€wound€was€to€the€victimððs€head,€fortunately€for€the€victim€the€bullet€proceededÐ Š Ú Ðaround€the€skull€and€exited€the€rear€of€the€victimððs€head.€€At€the€time€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€theÐ p!À  Ðvictim€had€incurred€twenty€thousand€and€three€hundred€dollars€($20,300.00)€in€medical€expensesÐ V"¦! Ðand€substantial€loss€of€wages.€€He€still€suffers€from€breathing€difficulties,€daily€headaches€andÐ <#Œ" Ðnightmares.€Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€trial€court€did€not€find€that€enhancement€factor€(9),€the€defendant€possessed€aÐ î%>!% Ðfirearm€during€the€commission€of€the€offense,€this€Court,€in€its€òòde€novo€óóreview,€finds€thisÐ Ô&$"& Ðenhancement€factor€applicable€to€the€defendantððs€conviction.€Ð º' #' ÐÌà  àWe€hold€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€applying€the€enhancement€factors€as€set€forth€in€thisÐ †)Ö$) Ðrecord.€€The€trial€courtððs€€assessment€of€€a€sentence€of€eleven€(11)€years€for€the€offense€of€attemptedÐ l*¼%* Ðsecond€degree€murder€and€eleven€(11)€months€and€twenty„nine€(29)€days€for€assault€were€proper.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐThere€is€no€merit€to€this€issue.€Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àThe€trial€courtððs€judgment€is€affirmed.€Ð ° ÐÌÌÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð H˜ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àL.€TERRY€LAFFERTY,€SENIOR€JUDGE