ÿWPCR+ Ã7©6w»è+F™¿’Ê—›—bƒ–Wš2°‘Þy]Ap"YÑN7d]³®~Ê¢!T¬’–™m«S ­í¶tºçÞ#(Ð~À0@PÌÆÂŽo¢È’.Œí+;5Lf#ú=òŒP!)þ™õ•+ÍQOcø 1t ôÜh®t!ž°=pÑÆ‚]d=\¸cyZ´ …:sçO MR-[xrÀï4&–mâñ(@l³V=Ž>µÍÛëÆÇÓ¥%5 ø s.gè|²³[g»xº²×A—áÆdÖLÅNz›¡¥Å˜öík£u–ÂÒ}wR±Õcœ´”õ—ÐÆͰ³8HžK±ã¬yV†]pí_{¹®I8 Äè.*Àˆü·iÒÚBtN>ÿÃóÉâòS=L@+ªÈ'4)#àöNó¹'ûxH•À‚ùQ‰a"Р3Ú’|oŒ»E\þ¦‰‚IPšt‹ywF ·­Áý/„«]t³Øqe¹GAådV™Ú‘‚zŽ…ë&úyô¼MäaÓûïîXÝÚNÑ€–B׳\`^Ýý‚¬zÓP/áDÆÐq]\É¢«¢Uš `"²Ô7km¶¾sILj}YÈw4ߎ<2BʰÉ[Q›b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 1‡‘ Æ ÆÞ Ƥ Æj 720Nb 1ud 72ÙE  0 c  0 DppUN´U,(. VÕa6>UM“U@à"× #F÷#÷#÷#÷#÷#÷#=&=&=&=&bE&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E&E& 0 ëM&M&M&M& B8'8' 0¤U' D5ù' D-.( 0K[([( AS¦(Æù( 0¤¿) 0Dc* A«§*˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»íƒì( (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÖJ~'˜CÍ œÄÍ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 1.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular,c½¬AZ‹Arial  Ý ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendantððs€trial€counsel€filed€the€first€notice€of€appeal€on€January€21,€1998,€which€wasÐ ° Ðoutside€of€the€thirty€days€allowed€under€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€4(a).€€This€court€subsequently€entered€anÐ –æ Ðorder€waiving€the€thirty„day€requirement€in€the€interest€of€justice€and€making€the€date€of€filing€theÐ |Ì Ðappeal€the€same€as€the€date€of€the€order,€March€6,€1998.€ Ý ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThroughout€the€trial€testimony€of€witnesses,€some€referred€to€this€vehicle€as€a€blue€JeepÐ ° ÐTracker€or€blue€Jeep. ËÝ ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDetective€Ô_ÔNidifferÔ_Ôððs€name€is€spelled€in€the€trial€transcript€as€ð ðÔ_ÔNidiferÔ_Ôðð€and€ð ðÔ_ÔNidifferÔ_Ôðð.€€WeÐ ° Ðwill€use€the€spelling€the€detective€gave€in€his€testimony,€ð ðÔ_ÔNidifferÔ_Ôðð. Ý ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€tape€recording€of€the€phone€conversation€reveals€a€friendly€and€cordial€conversationÐ ° Ðbetween€the€defendant€and€Merritt.€€The€defendant€talked€to€Merritt€about€the€news€reports€of€theÐ –æ ÐATM€robbery.€€At€one€point,€the€defendant€said€to€Merritt,€ð ðI€thought€you€told€me€that€gunshot€wasÐ |Ì Ðbecause€you€shot€out€his€window,ðð€to€which€Merritt€seemed€surprised€and€answered,€ð ðNah€.€.€.€theÐ b² Ðwindow?€€Did€they€say€the€window€was€blown€out?ðð€€This€does€not€support€the€defendantððs€versionÐ H˜ Ðthat€Merritt€was€angry€at€him€and€did€not€want€to€have€anything€to€do€with€him€after€he€refused€toÐ . ~ Ðparticipate€in€the€robbery.€€It€also€undermines€the€defendantððs€claim€that€he€did€not€know€the€victimÐ  d Ðwas€shot,€and€Merritt€told€him€that€he€had€blown€out€the€victimððs€car€window.€ 4Ý ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€"X7œXXX7œÔDetective€Nidiffer€subsequently€identified€the€videotaped€statement€that€he€took€from€theÐ ° Ðdefendant.Ô‡X7œXX"X7œÔ CÝ ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendantððs€videotaped€statement€was€played€for€the€Ô‡"X7œXXX7œÔjury.€€In€his€videotapedÔ#†X7œXX"X7œ¹#ÔÔ‡XD XXX7œÔ€Ô#†X7œX XXD#ÔÔ‡"X7œXXX7œÔstatementÔ#†X7œXX"X7œV#ÔÔ‡XD XXX7œÔ,Ð ° ÐÔ#†X7œX XXD¡#ÔÔ‡"X7œXXX7œÔthe€defendant€told€basically€the€same€story€he€told€the€detectives€in€his€second€MurfreesboroÐ –æ Ðstatement,€except€he€admitted€to€detectives€on€videotape€that€he€was€ð ðhighðð€the€night€of€the€robbery.€Ð |Ì ÐHe€admitted€that€he€knew€Merritt€was€going€to€rob€somebody€after€they€left€Big€Daddyððs€nightclubÐ b² Ðin€Nashville€and€that€he€knew€Merritt€was€hiding€a€Mac€11€in€his€jacket€when€he€left€the€Tracker€andÐ H˜ Ðapproached€the€victim.€€The€defendant€could€see€the€victim€put€his€arms€out,€as€if€to€push€MerrittÐ . ~ Ðaway€from€him,€and€grab€his€side€after€the€gun€was€fired.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€he€thought€theÐ  d Ðvictim€was€just€looking€at€his€car€window€and€was€not€shot.€€He€admitted€driving€Merritt€away€fromÐ ú J Ðthe€scene€but€said€he€stopped€on€a€side€street€and€told€Merritt€that€he€was€going€to€have€to€drive.€Ð à 0 ÐMerritt€tossed€the€wallet€out€of€the€window€on€the€way€back€to€Murfreesboro.€€The€defendant€deniedÐ Æ   Ðgetting€any€of€the€proceeds€from€the€robbery€but€admitted€borrowing€five€dollars€from€Merritt€forÐ ¬ ü  Ðfood€when€he€was€dropped€off€at€his€auntððs€house.€€€€Ô#†X7œXX"X7œù#ÔÔ‡X7œXXX7œÔ(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman  ÍÝ ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€tape€is€somewhat€garbled€here,€but€this€is€our€best€guess€at€what€was€said. <Ý ƒR5ë$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEven€under€the€òòDavisóó€standard,€it€would€appear€to€be€a€good€practice€to€stop€questioning€toÐ ° Ðclarify€the€suspectððs€desire€for€counsel€if€an€equivocal€statement€such€as€this€is€made.€€If€noÐ –æ Ðòòunequivocalóó€statement€is€made€by€the€suspect€in€the€clarification€stage€that€a€reasonable€officerÐ |Ì Ðwould€understand€to€be€invoking€the€right€to€counsel,€then€interrogation€can€resume.€ - ù-(|G25ë$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€_ »»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€X7œX»»Ô d(|3Ö‹$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€_ »»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Ö‹$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€_ »»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€_ »»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼_ »»»ÔÑ8€7œXXdæ»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@HHìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@§§$ìàAT€NASHVILLEˆÐ ¾ ÐÔ‡X7œX»¼_ ÔÌò òÔ#†¼_ »XX7œw#ÔÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€SERIA€D.€WARDòòóóÔ‡X7œX»¼_ Ôó óÐ ² ÐÓ½ÓÌà@Á Á ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyˆÐ ¦ ö Ðà@Y Y ìàNo.€95„D„2710B€€€€€€Thomas€H.€Shriver,€Trial€JudgeˆÐ Œ Ü ÐÌÌà@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<= ` A߈Ð > Ž  ÐÌà@Ç Ç ìàNo.€M1998„00128„CCA„R3„CD€„€Ô_ÔDecidedÔ_Ô€July€12,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ԈР3ƒ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<þ` AßÐ ÿO  Ðó óà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌò òó óThe€defendant€was€convicted€in€Davidson€County€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€and€sentencedÐ ôD  Ðto€confinement€for€seventeen€years.€€He€appealed€the€conviction,€alleging€that€the€evidence€wasÐ Ú*  Ðinsufficient€to€convict€him€of€the€offense,€that€his€videotaped€confession€should€have€been€excluded,Ð À Ðand€that€his€trial€counsel€was€ineffective.€€Based€upon€our€review,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÐ ¦ö Ðcourt.Ð ŒÜ ÐÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ X¨ ÐÌòòÔ#†¼_ »àX7œø#ÔÔ‡X7œX.¼_ ÔGlenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòRileyóó€and€òòWitt,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð $t ÐÌTimothy€V.€Potter,€Dickson,€Tennessee,€(on€appeal),€and€William€C.€Roberts,€Jr.,€Nashville,Ð ð@ ÐTennessee€(at€trial),€for€the€appellant,€Seria€D.€Ward.Ð Ö& ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General,€Kim€R.Ð ¢ò ÐHelper,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€Victor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General,€and€NicholasÐ ˆØ ÐA.€Bailey,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð n¾ ÐÌà@55'ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼_ »XX7œP#ԈР: Š  ÐÌÓ*°,XƒX× –X°œX*ÓÔ€X7œX»¼_ Ôà  àThe€defendant,€Seria€D.€Ward,€appeals€as€of€right€from€the€judgment€of€the€Davidson€CountyÐ ."~" ÐCriminal€Court€in€which€he€was€convicted€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€of€the€victim,€DonaldÐ #d# ÐBonds,€Jr.€€The€defendant€was€sentenced€to€seventeen€years€in€the€Tennessee€Department€ofÐ ú#J$ ÐCorrection.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial€a€few€weeks€after€hisÐ à$0 % Ðattorney€failed€to€file€a€brief€regarding€the€defendantððs€statement€to€police€as€requested€by€the€court.€Ð Æ%!& ÐThe€defendant€appealed€his€conviction€and€raises€three€issues€for€our€consideration:Ð ¬&ü!' ÐÌÓ€ (5h83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£Û ÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0× ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€convict€the€defendantÐ x(È#) Ðof€especially€aggravated€robbery.݃3£Û (ÝŒÐ^)®$*× x× x ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£AÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0× ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€excluding€the€defendantððsÐ *+z&, Ðvideotaped€confession.݃3£AŽÝŒÐ,`'-× x× x ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£ŸÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0× ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€defendant€received€ineffective€assistance€of€trialÐ Ü-,)/ý  Ðcounsel.݃3£ŸìÝŒÐ°× x× x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x ÐÌÓ  Óà @ àà @` àà @× àà @ àò òà @h àPROCEDURAL€BACKGROUNDó ó€Ð b² ÐÌÓ'Óà  àOn€November€27,€1995,€the€defendant€was€indicted€by€a€Davidson€County€Grand€Jury€forÐ . ~ Ðthe€especially€aggravated€robbery€of€Donald€Bonds,€Jr.,€in€violation€of€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ  d Ððð€39„13„403.€€He€pled€not€guilty€at€the€arraignment.€€Following€a€three„day€trial€on€February€3„5,Ð ú J Ð1997,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€as€charged.€€The€defendant€filed€a€motion€for€a€new€trial,Ð à 0 Ðwhich€was€denied€by€the€trial€court€on€September€8,€1997.€€The€defendant€filed€a€notice€of€appealÐ Æ   Ðon€March€6,€1998.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌÓ  Óà @ àà @` àà @× àà @ àà @h àà @À àò òFACTSÐ xÈ  ÐÌÓ€Óà  àó óThis€case€resulted€from€the€robbery€and€shooting€of€an€ATM€patron€on€August€25,€1995.€Ð D”  ÐThe€victim,€twenty„eight„year„old€Donald€McKinley€Bonds,€Jr.,€was€the€Stateððs€first€witness€toÐ *z  Ðtestify€at€trial.€€On€the€evening€of€the€robbery,€the€victim€borrowed€his€stepmotherððs€white€1995Ð ` ÐMercedes€Benz€and€planned€to€meet€some€friends€at€Rodeoððs€on€Murfreesboro€Road€near€ThompsonÐ öF ÐLane€in€Nashville.€€He€testified€that€he€stopped€at€the€First€Union€Bank€automated€teller€machineÐ Ü, Ðabout€a€block€from€Rodeoððs€between€9:00€and€9:30€p.m.€to€get€some€cash.€€As€the€victim€pulled€intoÐ Â Ðthe€parking€lot€where€the€ATM€machine€was€located,€he€noticed€a€royal€blue€Geo€Tracker׃(×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€thatÐ ¨ø Ðappeared€to€be€following€a€man€who€had€just€finished€making€a€transaction.€ò ò€ó óAt€trial,€the€victimÐ ŽÞ Ðidentified€a€photograph€of€what€appeared€to€be€the€blue€Tracker.€€The€victim€testified€that€the€JeepÐ tÄ Ðwent€around€to€the€back€of€the€bank.€€He€left€the€Mercedes€running€with€the€lights€on€while€he€wentÐ Zª Ðto€the€ATM€machine.€€After€receiving€forty€dollars€from€the€machine€and€placing€the€bills€in€hisÐ @ Ðwallet,€he€proceeded€back€to€the€car.€€As€he€opened€the€car€door,€the€victim€heard€someone€behindÐ &v Ðhim€and€turned€to€look.€€He€described€the€person€he€saw€as€a€black€man,€approximately€twenty€yearsÐ  \ Ðold,€five€feet€eleven€inches€tall,€and€weighing€one€hundred€and€sixty„five€pounds,€who€was€wearingÐ òB Ða€blue€windbreaker€jacket€with€the€hood€pulled€up€over€his€head.€€His€hand€was€in€his€pocket,€andÐ Ø( Ðthe€victim€stated€that€he€could€also€see€the€back€of€an€assault„type€pistol€protruding€from€theÐ ¾ Ðassailantððs€pocket.€€The€victim€identified€a€photograph€of€a€blue€jumpsuit€like€the€one€the€assailantÐ ¤ô Ðwas€wearing€during€the€robbery.€€The€assailant€demanded€the€victimððs€money.€€As€the€victimÐ Š Ú Ðattempted€to€get€his€money€out€of€the€wallet,€the€assailant€grabbed€the€wallet€and€shot€the€victim€inÐ p!À  Ðthe€chest.€€€The€victim€had€credit€cards,€his€driverððs€license,€and€money€in€his€wallet.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àAfter€the€victim€was€shot,€the€assailant€jumped€into€the€blue€Tracker,€which€was€locatedÐ "$r# Ðapproximately€twenty€to€twenty„five€feet€behind€the€assailant,€and€the€Tracker€drove€away€quicklyÐ ° Ðwithout€its€lights€on.€€The€victim€described€the€sensation€of€the€bullet€going€into€his€chest€and€exitingÐ –æ Ðout€of€his€back€and€stated€he€felt€blood€pumping€down€his€back€and€out€of€his€chest.€€He€was€ableÐ |Ì Ðto€use€his€stepmotherððs€car€phone€to€call€911.€€While€he€waited€for€help,€the€victim€tried€to€stem€theÐ b² Ðflow€of€blood€by€putting€his€finger€into€the€hole€in€his€chest€and€pressing€the€wound€in€his€backÐ H˜ Ðagainst€the€car€window.€€He€also€had€difficulty€breathing,€due€to€a€collapsed€lung.€€à Ð àÐ . ~ ÐÌà  àThe€victim€initially€remained€conscious€and€was€able€to€give€a€statement€to€the€police€at€theÐ ú J Ðscene€in€which€he€described€the€assailantððs€vehicle,€but€he€never€saw€the€driver.€€He€stated€that€heÐ à 0 Ðmay€have€lost€consciousness€on€the€way€to€the€emergency€room€but€remembered€being€in€theÐ Æ   Ðhospital.€€Surgery€was€performed€after€the€victim€was€admitted,€and€he€awoke€the€next€day€with€anÐ ¬ ü  Ðopen€incision€in€his€stomach€that€was€packed€full€of€cotton.€€A€chest€tube€that€was€inserted€duringÐ ’â  Ðsurgery€became€infected€and€had€to€be€replaced.€€The€victim€remained€in€the€hospital€for€fourteenÐ xÈ  Ðdays€with€injuries€to€his€spleen,€pancreas,€and€lung.€€The€chest€tube€was€still€in€place€when€the€victimÐ ^®  Ðwent€home,€and€a€bag€that€collected€lung€fluid€had€to€be€changed€every€four€to€five€hours.€€TheÐ D”  Ðvictim€was€subsequently€readmitted€to€the€hospital€for€a€lung€infection.€€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àThe€victim€described€the€swelling,€nausea,€and€intense€cramps€he€experienced€with€hisÐ öF Ðstomach.€€After€the€chest€tube€was€finally€removed,€X„rays€revealed€that€scar€tissue€from€the€incisionÐ Ü, Ðhad€blocked€his€intestines€and€had€to€be€surgically€corrected.€€According€to€the€victim,€he€missedÐ Â Ða€total€of€about€three€months€of€work.€€The€victim€testified€that€he€still€has€trouble€with€shortnessÐ ¨ø Ðof€breath€from€the€injury€to€his€left€lung.€€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€victim€admitted€that€his€description€of€the€assailant€given€to€theÐ Zª Ðpolice€while€he€was€hospitalized€was€probably€vague.€€He€stated€that€his€description€of€the€assailantððsÐ @ Ðvehicle€was€probably€most€helpful€help€to€them€in€making€an€arrest.ò òÐ &v ÐÌó óà  àThe€Stateððs€next€witness€was€Steve€Hopkins,€an€employee€of€the€Waffle€House€located€acrossÐ òB Ðthe€street€from€the€bank€involved€in€this€case.€€On€the€evening€of€August€25,€1995,€Hopkins€and€hisÐ Ø( Ðwife€were€leaving€the€Waffle€House€when€he€heard€a€popping€sound€coming€from€the€bank.€Ð ¾ ÐHopkins€then€saw€a€blue€Jeep„like€vehicle€pull€up€and€someone€get€in€on€the€passengerððs€side.€€TheÐ ¤ô ÐJeep€left€at€a€high€rate€of€speed€and€turned€left€up€a€road€near€the€bank.€€Hopkins€also€saw€a€whiteÐ Š Ú ÐMercedes€with€its€hazard€lights€blinking€parked€near€the€ATM.€€When€he€crossed€the€street€towardÐ p!À  Ðthe€scene,€Hopkins€could€see€a€man€leaning€up€against€the€door€of€the€Mercedes€and€bleeding€fromÐ V"¦! Ða€gunshot€wound€right€below€his€heart.€€The€man,€whom€Hopkins€described€as€having€difficultyÐ <#Œ" Ðtalking,€was€already€on€the€phone€with€the€police€when€Hopkins€approached€him.€€Hopkins€stayedÐ "$r# Ðuntil€the€paramedics€arrived€and€gave€a€description€of€the€vehicle€as€a€blue€Jeep€or€Geo€Tracker€withÐ %X $ Ða€white€or€beige€vinyl€top.€€He€did€not€see€any€faces€or€remember€if€the€headlights€were€on€as€theÐ î%>!% ÐJeep€left€the€scene.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Hopkins€agreed€that€the€Waffle€House€could€be€as€much€as€twoÐ  (ð#( Ðhundred€and€fifty€feet€away€from€the€bank€and€that€he€did€not€see€what€actually€happened€before€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðperson€jumped€into€the€Jeep€and€pulled€away.€€He€admitted€that€he€could€not€see€any€faces€or€whatÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€person€who€jumped€into€the€Jeep€was€wearing.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àSharon€Windsor€testified€next€for€the€State.€€On€the€evening€of€August€25,€she€was€leavingÐ ° Ðthe€Waffle€House€around€9:30€p.m.€when€she€heard€what€she€thought€was€a€gunshot€coming€fromÐ –æ Ðacross€the€street.€€As€she€looked€in€that€direction,€she€saw€a€man€standing€over€another€man€and€aÐ |Ì Ðwhite€car€parked€close€to€the€ATM€machine.€€She€also€saw€a€black€Jeep€close€to€the€white€car€andÐ b² Ða€black€man€jump€into€the€Jeep.€€The€witness€stated€that€she€did€not€see€any€lights€on€the€Jeep.€€AfterÐ H˜ Ðthe€man€jumped€into€the€Jeep,€Ms.€Windsor€saw€the€vehicle€go€into€reverse,€heard€the€motor€beingÐ . ~ Ðgunned,€and€saw€the€vehicle€speed€away€down€a€back€street.€€When€she€noticed€the€emergency€lightsÐ  d Ðbegin€to€flash€on€the€white€car,€she€went€back€into€the€Waffle€House€and€called€911.€€Ð ú J ÐÌà  àMs.€Windsor€then€crossed€the€street€to€the€scene,€where€she€saw€the€white€carððs€windowÐ Æ   Ðshattered€with€blood€on€it€and€the€victim€slumped€down€in€the€corner€of€the€car€door€and€bleedingÐ ¬ ü  Ðprofusely.€€She€stayed€on€the€scene€until€the€paramedics€and€the€police€arrived.€€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àThe€witness€admitted€that€she€is€blind€in€her€right€eye€but€has€twenty„twenty€vision€out€ofÐ ^®  Ðher€left€eye.€€She€also€admitted€that€she€could€not€identify€the€assailant€or€the€driver€of€the€Jeep.€€Ms.Ð D”  ÐWindsor€did€not€remember€telling€Detective€Nidiffer€shortly€after€the€incident€that€she€could€not€tellÐ *z  Ðthe€race€of€the€assailant€because€of€her€blind€eye.€€She€was€certain€that€she€could€see€that€theÐ ` Ðassailant€was€black.€€à  àÐ öF ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Ms.€Windsor€agreed€that€she€had€given€the€police€a€description€of€theÐ Â Ðassailant€as€a€young€black€man€with€short€hair€and€a€light€shirt€on.€€She€was€certain€that€she€couldÐ ¨ø Ðtell€distinctly€with€her€good€eye€from€the€Waffle€House,€two€hundred€and€seventy€feet€away,€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€assailant€was€a€black€man.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€next€witness€for€the€State€was€Officer€Bryan€Johnson€with€the€Metro€Nashville€PoliceÐ @ ÐDepartment.€€On€August€25,€1995,€Officer€Johnson€received€a€dispatch€to€1110€Murfreesboro€RoadÐ &v Ðregarding€a€shooting.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€scene,€he€saw€a€vehicle€in€front€of€the€bank€with€theÐ  \ Ðdriverððs€side€door€open.€€The€victim€was€on€his€knees€and€leaning€up€against€the€inside€of€the€carÐ òB Ðdoor€while€talking€on€the€phone.€€Two€female€witnesses€were€also€present.€€Officer€Johnson€couldÐ Ø( Ðsee€blood€on€the€victimððs€shirt€coming€from€what€appeared€to€be€a€single€gunshot€wound€just€belowÐ ¾ Ðthe€nipple€on€the€left€side€of€the€victimððs€chest.€€The€victim€was€having€difficulty€speaking€but€wasÐ ¤ô Ðable€to€tell€Officer€Johnson€that€his€name€was€Don€Bonds€and€that€he€had€been€robbed€of€his€wallet.€Ð Š Ú ÐThe€witnesses€were€asked€to€remain€until€a€detective€from€the€armed€robbery€division€arrived,€andÐ p!À  Ðthe€scene€was€sequestered€using€crime€scene€tape.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Johnson€stated€that€he€did€not€take€the€witnessesðð€names€orÐ "$r# Ðinterview€them.€€His€report€stated€that€the€officer€had€observed€a€male€witness€on€the€scene€talkingÐ %X $ Ðon€the€victimððs€car€phone€when€he€arrived.€€All€witnesses€were€interviewed€by€the€Armed€RobberyÐ î%>!% Ðdetectives.€€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àOfficer€Charles€Ray€Blackwood,€Jr.,€an€eighteen„year€veteran€of€the€Metro€PoliceÐ  (ð#( ÐDepartment,€testified€that€he€responded€to€a€crime€scene€at€1110€Murfreesboro€Road€on€August€25,Ð †)Ö$) Ð1995,€at€9:45€p.m.€€The€victim€had€already€been€transported€to€the€hospital,€and€other€officers€wereÐ l*¼%* Ðon€the€scene€by€the€time€Officer€Blackwood€arrived.€€He€prepared€a€diagram€of€the€scene€and€aÐ R+¢&+ Ðreport€of€measurements,€which€he€used€at€trial€to€describe€the€placement€of€the€car€and€the€WaffleÐ 8,ˆ', ÐHouse.€€A€nine„millimeter€shell€casing€and€the€bullet€or€projectile€portion€were€found€in€the€centerÐ ° Ðarea€of€the€parking€space€directly€in€front€of€the€bank.€€€Officer€Blackwood€estimated€that€these€itemsÐ –æ Ðwere€found€eleven€or€twelve€feet€from€the€Mercedes.€€In€his€testimony,€he€used€the€diagram€and€hisÐ |Ì Ðmeasurements€to€pinpoint€distances,€including€the€distance€from€the€Waffle€House€to€the€ATM,Ð b² Ðwhich€was€two€hundred€and€sixty„seven€feet.€€The€officer€then€identified€seventeen€photographs€thatÐ H˜ Ðhe€had€taken€at€the€scene,€which€were€shown€to€the€jury€as€he€explained€each€one.€€He€also€identifiedÐ . ~ Ðthe€spent€Winchester€nine„millimeter€Luger€shell€casing€and€the€projectile€collected€at€the€scene.€Ð  d ÐThe€projectile€was€deformed€and€flattened€out,€probably€caused€when€the€bullet€hit€the€victimððs€carÐ ú J Ðdoor.€€Officer€Blackwood€testified€that€it€was€presumably€the€same€bullet€that€passed€through€theÐ à 0 Ðvictim€before€it€struck€the€car.€€Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àFour€days€after€the€crime,€Officer€Blackwood€was€called€to€process€a€Geo€Tracker€at€theÐ ’â  Ðpolice€department.€€He€identified€photographs€taken€of€the€vehicle€and€live€rounds€of€ammunition,Ð xÈ  Ðthe€same€type€as€found€at€the€crime€scene,€that€were€discovered€on€the€floorboard€of€the€Tracker.€Ð ^®  ÐThe€officer€explained€that€the€bullets€in€the€Tracker€and€the€one€at€the€crime€scene€were€full€metalÐ D”  Ðjackets,€which€are€made€out€of€lead€and€do€not€have€a€hollow€point.€€The€brand€marking€on€the€shellÐ *z  Ðcasings€of€the€Tracker€bullets€matched€the€one€found€at€the€crime€scene.€€The€witness€identified€aÐ ` Ðphotograph€of€a€navy€jacket€and€the€jacket€itself,€that€was€also€found€in€the€vehicle,€with€a€one€andÐ öF Ðone„half€inch€hole€in€it€that€appeared€to€have€been€made€by€a€weapon.€€In€addition,€he€identified€twoÐ Ü, Ðof€the€six€live€rounds€collected€from€the€Tracker,€which€were€also€admitted€into€evidence.Ð Â ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Blackwood€admitted€that€he€has€had€no€formal€training€inÐ ŽÞ Ðmetallurgy€or€how€bullets€travel€through€bodies,€other€than€his€years€of€experience€in€dealing€withÐ tÄ Ðseveral€hundred€crime€scenes.€€He€also€explained€some€of€the€measurements€on€his€diagram€and€theÐ Zª Ðdrawing€in€his€report,€as€well€as€the€location€of€the€blood€on€the€pavement€and€car.€€He€recalledÐ @ Ðwitnessing€a€check€for€latent€fingerprints€done€by€other€officers€at€the€scene.€€It€was€OfficerÐ &v ÐBlackwoodððs€opinion€that€a€dent€found€in€the€passengerððs€left€rear€door€was€where€the€projectileÐ  \ Ðstruck€between€the€vent€window€and€the€opera€window€of€the€Mercedes.€€He€displayed€the€navyÐ òB Ðjacket€again€for€defense€counsel€and€explained€the€hole€in€the€left€pocket€as€consisting€of€a€smallerÐ Ø( Ðentry€hole€inside€the€pocket,€where€something€tore€through€at€a€high€velocity,€and€a€bigger€exit€holeÐ ¾ Ðon€the€outside.€€This€was€consistent€with€the€firing€of€a€weapon€from€inside€the€jacket€and€with€whatÐ ¤ô ÐOfficer€Blackwood€has€seen€many€times€before€in€other€cases.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àDr.€Anthony€Dake,€chief€resident€and€emergency€room€physician€at€Vanderbilt€UniversityÐ V"¦! ÐMedical€Center,€testified€about€the€victimððs€injuries.€€On€August€25,€1995,€Dr.€Dake€was€on€duty€atÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€Vanderbilt€emergency€room€when€the€victim€was€brought€in€with€a€gunshot€wound€just€belowÐ "$r# Ðhis€left€nipple€that€had€exited€below€his€shoulder€blade€in€back.€€As€a€result,€the€victim€sustainedÐ %X $ Ðinjuries€to€his€lung,€his€stomach€in€two€places,€and€his€spleen.€€Dr.€Dake€explained€that€the€holes€inÐ î%>!% Ðthe€victimððs€stomach€were€very€dangerous,€due€to€the€fact€that€the€contents€can€spill€into€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðabdominal€cavity€and€cause€infections.€€The€victim€had€to€be€stabilized,€and€Dr.€Dake€estimated€thatÐ º' #' Ðhe€had€lost€about€five€units€of€blood.€€The€loss€of€blood€and€the€wound€were€life„threatening€andÐ  (ð#( Ðproduced€extreme€pain.€€The€victimððs€lung€had€also€collapsed.€€Dr.€Dake€stated€that€the€victim€wouldÐ †)Ö$) Ðhave€died€if€the€paramedics€had€not€responded€and€he€had€not€been€treated€quickly€in€the€emergencyÐ l*¼%* Ðroom.€€Surgery€was€performed€to€insert€a€chest€tube€to€drain€the€blood€and€air€from€the€chest€cavity,Ð R+¢&+ Ðand€a€laparotomy€was€done€to€ascertain€the€damage€to€his€stomach€and€spleen.€€The€victim€remainedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðin€the€hospital€for€two€weeks€and€had€to€have€additional€treatments€for€infection.€€€€€€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àAnna€Carole€Curtis,€a€security€specialist€for€First€Union€National€Bank,€testified€next.€€SheÐ |Ì Ðstated€that€the€bank€provides€lighting€and€surveillance€cameras€inside€their€ATMs.€€The€tapes€fromÐ b² Ðthe€cameras€are€recorded€over€every€ninety€days.€€Ms.€Curtis€testified€that,€at€the€request€of€police,Ð H˜ Ðshe€turned€over€the€surveillance€tape€from€August€25,€1995,€covering€1110€Murfreesboro€Road.€Ð . ~ ÐSince€this€incident,€the€bank€has€installed€a€panic€button€for€ATM€patrons€to€use€if€they€need€help.Ð  d ÐÌà  àSergeant€Anita€Flagg€from€the€Murfreesboro€Police€Department€was€the€Stateððs€next€witness.€Ð à 0 ÐOn€August€29,€1995,€she€spoke€with€the€defendant€about€the€ATM€shooting.€€The€defendant€toldÐ Æ   ÐSergeant€Flagg€that€he€was€present€during€the€incident,€so€she€called€the€Nashville€detectives€whoÐ ¬ ü  Ðhad€been€working€on€the€case.€€During€the€phone€call,€the€defendant€told€the€detectives€that€he€hadÐ ’â  Ðbeen€in€the€car€with€ð ðRobertðð€and€had€been€dropped€off€at€the€H.€G.€Hill€store.€€The€defendant€toldÐ xÈ  Ðthem€he€heard€shots€as€he€came€out€of€the€store€and€saw€Robert€getting€into€his€car€to€come€pick€himÐ ^®  Ðup.€€The€defendant€voluntarily€waited€at€the€station€for€the€detectives€to€arrive€to€speak€with€him.€Ð D”  ÐÌà  àDuring€questioning€by€the€Nashville€detectives,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€did€not€knowÐ ` ÐRobertððs€last€name,€but€he€called€Robertððs€telephone€number€and€then€participated€in€a€tapedÐ öF Ðconversation€during€which€Robert€Merrittððs€location€was€determined.€€When€Sergeant€Flagg€andÐ Ü, Ðanother€officer€proceeded€to€the€location€to€find€Merritt,€they€saw€the€blue€Tracker€that€had€beenÐ Â Ðdescribed€to€them€leaving€the€area€and€stopped€it.€€Robert€Merritt€was€driving€the€vehicle.€€AfterÐ ¨ø ÐMerritt€was€arrested,€he€was€taken€to€the€Murfreesboro€Police€Department,€where€he€gave€aÐ ŽÞ Ðstatement.€€The€defendant€was€also€questioned€again.€€à p àÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Sergeant€Flagg€stated€that€the€defendant€came€into€the€police€stationÐ @ Ðwith€several€people€on€the€day€she€first€spoke€with€him€about€the€robbery.€€One€woman€with€himÐ &v Ðstated€that€the€defendant€had€something€to€tell€the€sergeant.€€The€defendant€never€admitted€that€heÐ  \ Ðwas€involved€in€the€robbery,€only€that€he€was€present.€€Flagg€testified€that€she€felt€the€defendant€gaveÐ òB Ðthe€information€voluntarily.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à À àÐ Ø( ÐÌà  àDetective€Dean€Haney€of€the€Metropolitan€Police€Department€was€the€next€witness€for€theÐ ¤ô ÐState.€€Haney€assisted€the€lead€detective€in€the€investigation€of€this€case.€€On€August€28,€1995,€Ð Š Ú ÐHaney€took€possession€of€the€security€tape€of€First€Unionððs€ATM€covering€the€night€of€the€robbery.€Ð p!À  ÐHe€played€the€tape€frame€by€frame€and€saw€a€bright€burst€of€gunfire€but€was€unable€to€see€who€theÐ V"¦! Ðperpetrators€were.€€Haney€gave€the€tape€to€the€media€in€hopes€that€someone€in€the€community€hadÐ <#Œ" Ðinformation€on€the€crime.€€The€person€who€had€used€the€ATM€just€before€the€victim€was€locatedÐ "$r# Ðfrom€the€film€and€gave€a€description€of€the€vehicle€involved€in€the€crime.€€A€slowed„down€versionÐ %X $ Ðof€the€security€tape€was€shown€to€the€jury.€€On€the€video,€the€victim€could€be€seen€making€hisÐ î%>!% Ðtransaction€at€the€ATM€at€9:29€p.m.€and€walking€back€toward€his€car.€€Someone€passed€in€front€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€victimððs€car€headlights€and€a€bright€flash€was€seen.€€At€9:32€p.m.,€headlights€of€another€car€couldÐ º' #' Ðbe€seen.€€This€tape€was€released€to€the€media€on€August€28.€€à È àÐ  (ð#( ÐÌâ âà  àThe€next€day,€Haney€received€information€regarding€a€potential€witness€in€Murfreesboro.€€Ð l*¼%* ÐDetective€Jeff€Nidiffer׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€the€lead€detective,€and€Haney€went€to€Murfreesboro,€where€Nidiffer€brieflyÐ ° Ðâ âspoke€with€this€witness,€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€was€advised€of€his€rights€and€gave€a€statementÐ –æ Ðto€the€detectives.€€He€did€not€implicate€himself€in€the€robbery€at€that€point€or€admit€any€priorÐ |Ì Ðknowledge€of€the€crime.€€However,€he€agreed€to€call€Robert€about€the€robbery€and€have€theÐ b² Ðconversation€recorded.׃\×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€detectives€stated€that€they€were€able€to€ascertain€Robertððs€last€nameÐ H˜ Ðfrom€the€conversation.€€à  àÐ . ~ ÐÌà  àThe€taped€conversation€between€Robert€Merritt€and€the€defendant€was€then€played€for€theÐ ú J Ðjury.€€The€defendant€also€told€the€detectives€that€Merritt€had€put€a€blue€jacket€over€a€Mac€11€handgunÐ à 0 Ðand€had€blown€a€hole€in€the€jacket€when€he€shot€the€victim.€€He€told€them€that€the€jacket€should€stillÐ Æ   Ðbe€in€the€Tracker.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àWhen€the€detectives€arrested€Merritt,€he€was€driving€the€blue€Geo€Tracker.€€A€search€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðvehicle€produced€the€jacket€and€live€nine„millimeter€rounds€of€ammunition€that€were€consistent€withÐ ^®  Ðwhat€was€used€in€the€robbery.€€Merrittððs€statement€to€the€police€alleged€that€defendant€had€pulled€aÐ D”  Ðgun€on€him€and€demanded€that€he€rob€the€victim.€€At€this€point,€the€police€began€to€focus€on€theÐ *z  Ðdefendant€as€a€suspect€and€questioned€him€again.€€When€he€was€presented€with€Merrittððs€statement,Ð ` Ðthe€defendant€became€upset€and€admitted€that€he€and€Merritt€had€talked€about€robbing€someone€afterÐ öF Ðhe€bought€a€drink€and€cigarettes.€€The€defendant€said€that,€at€the€scene€of€the€crime,€he€saw€theÐ Ü, Ðvictim€hand€his€wallet€to€Merritt€after€being€confronted€by€him€and€then€heard€a€shot.€€The€defendantÐ Â Ðstated€that€Merritt€jumped€back€into€the€Tracker€and€stated€that€he€had€shot€out€the€victimððs€window.€Ð ¨ø ÐMerritt€pitched€the€victimððs€wallet€out€of€the€car€somewhere€during€the€drive€back€to€Murfreesboro.€Ð ŽÞ ÐDuring€the€questioning,€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€knew€the€robbery€was€going€to€take€place,Ð tÄ Ðthat€Merritt€had€a€loaded€assault„type€weapon€in€his€car€for€the€purpose€of€committing€a€robbery,€andÐ Zª Ðthat€he€(Ward)€was€the€driver€of€the€car€that€left€the€scene.€€The€defendant€was€then€taken€intoÐ @ Ðcustody€and€brought€back€to€Nashville,€where€he€gave€a€videotaped€statement.׃ T ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р&v ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Haney€stated€that€the€defendant€had€been€interviewed€twice€inÐ òB ÐMurfreesboro€and€once€in€Nashville€on€August€28,€1997.€€During€his€first€interview,€the€defendantÐ Ø( Ðappeared€to€be€anxious€to€get€something€off€his€chest,€and€Haney€found€the€information€he€gave€toÐ ° Ðbe€very€helpful€in€leading€to€Robert€Merritt.€€Haney€recalled€with€certainty€that€the€defendant€statedÐ –æ Ðin€the€second€interview€that€he€and€Merritt€had€been€talking€about€robbing€someone,€but€it€was€notÐ |Ì Ðin€Haneyððs€notes€that€the€pair€ever€discussed€shooting€anyone€or€that€the€defendant€directed€orÐ b² Ðsolicited€Merritt€to€shoot€anyone.€€It€was€not€in€Haneyððs€notes€that€the€defendant€intended€to€shareÐ H˜ Ðin€the€profits,€but€each€of€the€assailants€gave€statements€that€the€other€assailant€got€the€money.€Ð . ~ ÐHaney€agreed€that€the€defendant€and€Merritt€may€have€only€spent€two€hours€together€the€eveningÐ  d Ðof€the€robbery.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àThe€next€witness€in€the€Stateððs€case€was€Steve€Scott,€a€forensic€scientist€for€the€TennesseeÐ Æ   ÐBureau€of€Investigation€Crime€Lab,€whose€specialty€is€firearms€identification.€€Scott€received€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðnavy€jacket€that€was€retrieved€from€Robert€Merrittððs€car€and€was€requested€to€determine€the€distanceÐ ’â  Ðat€which€the€victim€was€shot.€€Scott€described€the€three€tests€that€were€performed€on€clothing€inÐ xÈ  Ðmaking€such€a€determination.€€After€performing€the€tests,€it€was€Scottððs€expert€opinion€that€the€gunÐ ^®  Ðwas€in€contact€or€near€contact€with€the€inside€of€the€garment€when€the€shot€was€fired€and€wentÐ D”  Ðthrough€the€garment.€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àThe€final€witness€for€the€State€was€Detective€Jeff€Nidiffer,€with€the€Metropolitan€PoliceÐ öF ÐDepartment,€who€was€the€lead€investigator€and€was€present€during€the€defendantððs€statements€toÐ Ü, Ðpolice.€€When€Nidiffer€arrived€at€the€crime€scene€on€August€25,€1995,€the€victim€was€already€enÐ Â Ðroute€to€the€hospital.€€The€detective€was€able€to€speak€to€the€victimððs€father€and€received€informationÐ ¨ø Ðand€reports€from€other€police€officers€pointing€to€two€black€males€in€a€blue€Geo€Tracker.€€He€alsoÐ ŽÞ Ðhad€oversight€duties€for€gathering€evidence€at€the€scene.€€David€Thom€of€the€bankððs€securityÐ tÄ Ðdepartment€obtained€the€security€tape€of€the€ATM,€and€copies€were€distributed€to€the€media€onÐ Zª ÐMonday,€August€28.€€He€testified€that€on€Tuesday,€August€29,€Sergeant€Flagg€called€to€inform€himÐ @ Ðthat€there€was€a€potential€witness€at€the€station€named€Seria€Dwayne€Ward.€€Nidiffer€had€a€briefÐ &v Ðphone€conversation€with€the€defendant,€wherein€the€defendant€told€him€enough€facts€for€Nidiffer€toÐ  \ Ðknow€he€needed€to€speak€with€him.€€Haney€and€Nidiffer€went€to€see€the€defendant,€and€Haney€readÐ òB Ðthe€defendant€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€at€1:03€p.m.€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àIn€his€first€oral€statement,€the€defendant€told€detectives€that€he€and€Merritt€had€gone€to€BigÐ ¤ô ÐDaddyððs€nightclub€off€Murfreesboro€Road€in€Nashville.€€Merritt€dropped€him€off€at€the€H.€G.€HillÐ Š Ú Ðstore€to€get€cigarettes€and€a€Coke.€€When€the€defendant€came€out€of€the€store,€Merritt€was€standingÐ p!À  Ðnext€to€a€white€man€by€a€white€Mercedes€that€had€the€window€shot€out.€€Merritt€got€into€his€GeoÐ V"¦! ÐTracker€and€drove€over€to€pick€up€the€defendant,€and€the€pair€returned€to€Murfreesboro.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€agreed€to€call€Merritt€and€allow€the€detectives€to€record€the€conversation.€Ð %X $ ÐDuring€the€call,€the€detectives€ascertained€Merrittððs€location€to€be€2822€Black€Stallion€Court€inÐ î%>!% ÐMurfreesboro.€€Nidiffer€went€to€the€address€where€Merritt€was€contacted.€€The€defendant,€who€wasÐ Ô&$"& Ðstill€considered€a€witness€at€that€point,€stayed€behind€at€the€station.€€Merritt€was€stopped€leaving€hisÐ º' #' Ðneighborhood€in€the€blue€Geo€Tracker,€and€a€navy€jacket€was€recovered€from€the€vehicle,€along€withÐ  (ð#( Ðnine„millimeter€bullets.€€These€live€rounds€were€consistent€with€the€projectile€and€casing€found€atÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€crime€scene.€€Merritt€was€taken€back€to€the€police€station€where€he€gave€a€statement,€implicatingÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€defendant€as€a€participant.€€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àNidiffer€testified€that,€when€the€defendant€was€confronted€with€Merrittððs€statement,€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€changed€his€original€version€of€the€story.€€The€defendant€said€in€his€second€oral€statementÐ –æ Ðthat€the€pair€discussed€robbing€someone€at€the€ATM€with€Merrittððs€semi„automatic€handgun,€a€MacÐ |Ì Ð11.€€He€stated€that€he€told€Merritt€not€to€rob€anyone€at€the€ATM,€because€there€were€cameras€in€theÐ b² Ðmachine.€€With€the€defendant€at€the€wheel,€Merritt€exited€the€Geo€Tracker€that€was€parked€to€the€sideÐ H˜ Ðof€the€bank€and€remained€there€until€the€victim€finished€his€banking€transaction.€€Merritt€covered€hisÐ . ~ Ðgun€with€the€jacket€as€he€approached€the€victim.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€drove€the€TrackerÐ  d Ðtoward€the€victimððs€car€while€the€robbery€was€taking€place€and€pulled€up€within€twelve€feet€of€theÐ ú J Ðrobbery.€€He€saw€Merritt€take€a€wallet€from€the€victim,€and€the€gun€was€fired.€Merritt€jumped€backÐ à 0 Ðinto€the€Tracker,€and€the€pair€drove€up€the€hill€on€Bowwood€Drive.€€Merritt€threw€the€victimððs€walletÐ Æ   Ðout€of€the€window€on€the€way€back€to€Murfreesboro.€€Merritt€was€upset€that€he€had€gone€to€all€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðtrouble€and€had€shot€a€hole€in€his€jacket€for€thirty€dollars.€€Detective€Haney€and€Sergeant€Flagg€wereÐ ’â  Ðpresent€with€Nidiffer€during€this€second€statement.€€According€to€Nidiffer,€neither€the€defendant€norÐ xÈ  ÐMerritt€would€admit€getting€any€proceeds€from€the€robbery€during€questioning.€€Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àNidiffer€transported€the€defendant€and€Merritt€back€to€Nashville€to€face€charges€of€especiallyÐ *z  Ðaggravated€robbery.€€The€Tracker€was€processed,€and€the€jacket€was€sent€to€the€TBI€Crime€Lab.€Ð ` ÐStatements€of€the€pair€were€videotaped€in€Nashville.׃!×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€gun€was€never€recovered.€€Nidiffer€statedÐ öF Ðthat€the€defendant€said€that€he€had€prior€knowledge€of€the€robbery€and€planned€and€participated€inÐ Ü, Ðthe€crime.€Ð  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Nidiffer€stated€that€there€was€nothing€in€his€notes€or€report€to€indicateÐ ŽÞ Ðthat€the€defendant€ever€ordered,€condoned,€or€approved€of€the€shooting€of€the€victim.€€The€detectiveÐ tÄ Ðagreed€that€the€defendant€was€not€the€owner€of€the€weapon€and€that€his€investigation€led€him€toÐ Zª Ðbelieve€that€Robert€Merritt€was€the€owner€of€the€Geo€Tracker,€the€gun,€and€the€jacket€with€the€bulletÐ @ Ðhole€in€it.€€Nidiffer€did€not€recover€any€money€from€the€defendant€after€the€robbery.€€According€toÐ &v ÐNidiffer,€the€defendant€was€trying€to€convince€them€during€his€first€interview€that€he€was€a€witnessÐ  \ Ðto€the€incident€and€wanted€to€help€them€catch€the€perpetrator€but€remained€cooperative,€even€whenÐ òB Ðhe€began€to€face€some€of€his€own€culpability.€€€€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àThe€State€then€rested€its€case,€and€the€defenseððs€subsequent€motion€for€judgment€of€acquittalÐ ¤ô Ðwas€denied€by€the€trial€court.€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€met€Robert€MerrittÐ |Ì Ðaround€7:30€p.m.€on€August€25,€1995,€and€the€pair€drove€in€Merrittððs€car€to€Nashville€for€a€party€atÐ b² ÐBig€Daddyððs€nightclub.€€They€left€the€club€when€no€party€materialized€and€went€to€the€store,€whereÐ H˜ Ðthe€defendant€bought€cigarettes€and€a€Coke.€€On€the€way€back€to€Murfreesboro,€Merritt€pulled€intoÐ . ~ Ða€bank€parking€lot,€where€the€victimððs€car€was€parked€in€front€of€the€ATM€machine.€€Merritt€statedÐ  d Ðthat€the€victim€had€money,€because€he€was€driving€a€Mercedes,€and€asked€the€defendant€to€get€outÐ ú J Ðand€rob€the€victim.€€The€defendant€testified€that€when€he€refused€Merritt€began€calling€him€namesÐ à 0 Ðand€got€out€of€the€car€with€the€jacket€on.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€did€not€know€Merritt€very€wellÐ Æ   Ðand€was€angry€and€afraid.€€According€to€the€defendant,€he€had€known€Merritt€from€school€for€aboutÐ ¬ ü  Ðthree€or€four€years,€but€Merritt€was€not€in€his€usual€circle€of€friends.€€Although€the€defendant€did€notÐ ’â  Ðsee€the€gun,€he€knew€it€was€under€Merrittððs€jacket.€€Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant,€who€was€still€in€the€passenger€seat,€could€see€Merritt€with€the€victim.€€TheÐ D”  Ðvictim€had€his€arms€extended€from€the€shoulders€as€if€to€push€Merritt€off.€€The€defendant€stated€thatÐ *z  Ðhe€put€the€car€in€reverse,€told€Merritt€to€ð ðcome€on,ðð€and€asked€what€he€was€doing.€€Merritt€got€in€theÐ ` Ðcar,€and€the€defendant€drove€up€the€hill€on€the€side€of€the€bank.€€According€to€the€defendant,€MerrittÐ öF Ðtold€him€to€ð ðshut€upðð€when€the€defendant€asked€what€that€noise€was€and€told€him€that€he€had€shotÐ Ü, Ðout€the€victimððs€car€window.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€refused€to€let€Merritt€drive€back€the€wayÐ Â ÐMerritt€wanted€to€go.€€Merritt€told€the€defendant€he€did€not€want€to€have€anything€to€do€with€him€andÐ ¨ø Ðwas€complaining€about€the€little€amount€of€money€in€the€victimððs€wallet,€which€he€threw€out€of€theÐ ŽÞ Ðcar€window€on€the€way€back€to€Murfreesboro.€€Merritt€then€dropped€the€defendant€off€at€his€auntððsÐ tÄ Ðhouse.€€As€he€was€getting€out€of€the€car,€the€defendant€asked€Merritt€to€give€him€some€money€forÐ Zª Ðfood.€€Merritt€gave€him€five€dollars.Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€handed€the€case€supplements€prepared€by€Haney€and€Nidiffer,€and€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€testified€that€he€did€not€create€or€sign€these€documents.€€He€testified€that€he€did€not€driveÐ òB Ðaway€when€Merritt€was€robbing€the€victim,€because€he€was€afraid€of€what€Merritt€might€be€capableÐ Ø( Ðof€doing€to€him.€€Contrary€to€his€previous€statements,€the€defendant€testified€at€trial€that€he€did€notÐ ¾ Ðknow€for€a€fact€that€Merritt€had€a€gun€when€he€exited€the€vehicle.€€He€also€stated€that€he€had€neverÐ ¤ô Ðseen€Merritt€display€anger€before€in€the€way€that€he€did€on€the€night€of€the€robbery.€€€Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€had€never€given€all€of€the€details€of€hisÐ V"¦! Ðcourtroom€version€of€the€events€in€any€of€his€other€statements,€because€no€one€had€asked€him.€€HeÐ <#Œ" Ðdid€not€give€a€reason€why€he€did€not€tell€the€police€or€anyone€else€for€over€eighteen€months€that€heÐ "$r# Ðhad€been€forced€by€Merritt€to€do€something€he€did€not€want€to€do.€€He€stated€that€he€had€only€beenÐ %X $ Ðinvolved€with€Merritt€for€three€days€before€the€robbery€and€could€not€say€how€long€he€and€MerrittÐ î%>!% Ðwere€at€Big€Daddyððs€club€or€how€long€they€were€together€before€the€robbery.€€He€denied€havingÐ Ô&$"& Ðanything€to€drink€at€the€club.€€He€also€denied€telling€Merritt€not€to€rob€the€victim€in€front€of€theÐ º' #' ÐATM€camera.€€He€stated€that€the€pair€never€talked€about€robbing€anyone,€and€he€first€realized€thatÐ  (ð#( Ða€robbery€was€going€to€take€place€when€Merritt€pulled€up€in€the€bank€parking€lot.€€He€denied€alreadyÐ †)Ö$) Ðbeing€in€the€parking€lot€when€the€victim€pulled€up,€as€had€been€stated€by€the€victim.€€According€toÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€defendant,€the€Jeep€did€not€pull€in€back€of€the€bank€when€the€victim€pulled€up,€and€he€did€notÐ R+¢&+ Ðhave€the€headlights€off€when€he€picked€up€Merritt€and€fled€the€scene.€€The€defendant€admitted€thatÐ 8,ˆ', Ðon€the€Saturday€after€the€robbery,€Merritt€gave€the€defendantððs€girlfriend€a€live€nine„millimeter€roundÐ ° Ðof€ammunition€to€see€if€the€defendant€had€any€that€matched.€€Apparently,€Merrittððs€gun€had€beenÐ –æ Ðstolen€from€his€car,€and€he€thought€the€defendant€had€taken€it.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€saw€the€victim€on€television€and€called€the€police.€€HisÐ H˜ Ðfriendððs€mother€drove€him€to€the€police€department.€€He€spoke€with€Sergeant€Flagg,€who€took€hisÐ . ~ Ðname€and€address€and€called€the€Metro€police.€€The€defendant€relayed€his€version€of€the€events€toÐ  d Ða€Metro€detective€over€the€phone,€and€Metro€officers€drove€to€Murfreesboro€to€interview€him.€€HeÐ ú J Ðsaid€that€he€had€lied€when€he€did€not€tell€Sergeant€Flagg€or€the€Metro€detectives€of€his€level€ofÐ à 0 Ðinvolvement€in€the€crime€but€did€so€because€he€was€scared.€€After€the€police€talked€to€Robert€Merritt,Ð Æ   Ðthe€defendant€told€them€the€truth€of€his€involvement,€because€Merrittððs€version€of€the€event€was€notÐ ¬ ü  Ðtrue.€€He€admitted€that€he€knew€Merritt€had€a€loaded€gun€when€he€got€in€the€car€with€him€that€nightÐ ’â  Ðand€that€Merritt€had€it€in€his€lap€as€they€drove€out€of€Murfreesboro.€€The€defendant€also€admitted€thatÐ xÈ  Ðhe€knew€Merritt€was€going€to€rob€the€victim€when€he€exited€the€car€at€the€bank.€€However,€later€inÐ ^®  Ðcross„examination,€the€defendant€said€he€did€not€know€if€the€gun€was€loaded,€but€he€was€afraid€ofÐ D”  Ðgetting€shot€if€he€did€not€get€in€the€driverððs€seat€and€pick€up€Merritt€after€the€robbery.€€The€defendantÐ *z  Ðdid€not€explain€why€he€did€not€just€run€or€drive€away€when€he€realized€that€Merritt€was€going€to€robÐ ` Ðthe€victim.€€When€asked€why€he€went€on€his€own€to€pick€Merritt€up€after€the€shooting€and€spedÐ öF Ðaway,€he€stated€he€was€afraid€of€what€Merritt€might€be€capable€of€doing€to€him.€€When€theÐ Ü, Ðprosecutor€took€the€defendant€through€many€of€his€statements€on€the€videotape€that€were€also€shownÐ Â Ðto€the€jury,€he€stated€either€that€he€did€not€remember€making€many€of€the€statements€or€that€heÐ ¨ø Ðdisagreed€with€them.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€admitted€that€Merritt€was€willing€to€talk€with€him€on€the€phone€from€theÐ Zª ÐMurfreesboro€police€station€and€had€given€him€money€for€food€on€the€night€of€the€robbery,€althoughÐ @ Ðthe€defendant€was€then€claiming€that€Merritt€was€angry€with€him€after€the€€robbery€and€did€not€wantÐ &v Ðanything€to€do€with€him€after€that€time.€€According€to€the€defendant,€Merritt€got€all€of€the€moneyÐ  \ Ðfrom€the€robbery€in€spite€of€Merrittððs€statement€to€police€that€the€defendant€got€all€of€the€money.€Ð òB ÐThe€defendant€said€that€he€made€untrue€statements€to€police€on€the€videotape,€but€he€could€notÐ Ø( Ðspecify€what€was€untrue.€€ò òà  àÐ ¾ ÐÌÓ  ÓANALYSISÐ Š Ú ÐÌà @ àà @` àà @× àà @ àStandard€of€Reviewó óÐ V"¦! ÐÌÓ±Óà  àQuestions€involving€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€law€to€the€facts€of€a€case€are€reviewed€òòdeÐ "$r# Ðnovoóó€by€this€court,€as€are€mixed€questions€of€law€and€fact.€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€461€(Tenn.Ð %X $ Ð1999)òò;òòóó€Ruff€v.€Stateòòóó,€óó978€S.W.2d€95,€96€(Tenn.€1998)òò;€òòóóHarries€v.€Stateóó,€958€S.W.2d€799,€802€(Tenn.Ð î%>!% ÐCrim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1997).€€òòóóAfter€a€careful€review€of€the€record,€we€AFFIRM€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðjudgment€of€the€trial€court€on€all€three€issues.€€Ð º' #' ÐÌò òÓ  ÓI.€€Suppression€of€Videotaped€StatementÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌó óÓ'´Óà  àBecause€this€statement€is€potentially€part€of€the€evidence€considered€in€the€defendantððsÐ R+¢&+ Ðsufficiency€of€the€evidence€argument,€we€will€consider€this€issue€first€in€our€analysis.€€On€OctoberÐ 8,ˆ', Ð18,€1996,€a€hearing€was€held€on€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€his€videotaped€statement€toÐ ° Ðpolice,€at€which€Detective€Nidiffer€testified.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€was€given€his€rights€orallyÐ –æ Ðin€Murfreesboro€before€he€was€questioned.€€The€defendant€was€òòMirandizedòòóó€óóagain€when€theÐ |Ì Ðdetectives€took€him€back€to€Nashville€to€face€charges€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€and€beforeÐ b² Ðany€written€statements€were€taken€from€him.€€The€detective€was€present€when€a€written€òòMirandaóóÐ H˜ Ðwaiver€form€was€executed€by€the€defendant.€€A€copy€of€this€waiver€was€made€an€exhibit€to€theÐ . ~ Ðhearing.€€A€videotaped€statement€was€then€taken€from€the€defendant.€€€€Ð  d ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€reviewed€the€videotape€several€times€before€ruling€that€the€waiver€of€rightsÐ à 0 Ðwas€voluntarily€executed€by€the€defendant€and€denying€the€motion€to€suppress.€€After€our€ownÐ Æ   Ðreview€of€the€record€and€the€portion€of€the€videotape€in€which€the€defendant€was€advised€of€hisÐ ¬ ü  Ðrights,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€was€correct€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€theÐ ’â  Ðstatement€and€affirm€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supreme€court€set€forth€the€standard€thatÐ D”  Ðappellate€courts€must€use€in€reviewing€a€motion€to€suppress.€€€Questions€of€credibility€of€witnesses,Ð *z  Ðas€well€as€the€weight€and€value€given€to€evidence,€are€the€province€of€the€trial€court€and€will€not€beÐ ` Ðdisturbed€on€appeal€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€those€findings.€€òòIdòòóó.óó€at€22„23;òò€òòóóseeòòóó€òòóóalsoóóÐ öF ÐòòState€v.€Crutcheróó,€989€S.W.2d€295,€299€(Tenn.€1999).€€In€determining€where€the€preponderance€lies,Ð Ü, Ðwe€must€give€the€prevailing€party€in€the€trial€court€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€andÐ Â Ðall€reasonable€inferences€drawn€therefrom.€€òòCrutcheróó,€989€S.W.2d€at€299;€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ€à  àWhether€a€waiver€of€òòMirandaóó€rights€is€knowing,€intelligent,€and€voluntary€depends€on€theÐ tÄ Ðtotality€of€the€circumstances€under€which€the€rights€are€waived.€€òòState€v.€Callahanóó,€979€S.W.2d€577,Ð Zª Ð581€(Tenn.€1998).€€This€is€true,€even€when€a€juvenile€suspect€is€involved.€€òòIdòòóó.óó€at€583.€€When€aÐ @ Ðsuspect€invokes€the€right€to€counsel,€any€questioning€by€the€police€without€an€attorney€present€isÐ &v Ðconstitutionally€impermissible.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€547„48€(Tenn.€1994).€€InÐ  \ ÐòòStephensonòòóó,€óóour€supreme€court€stated€that€even€when€a€suspect€makes€an€ambiguous€or€equivocalÐ òB Ðrequest€for€counsel,€most€courts€have€concluded€that€questioning€by€officers€must€cease,€and€allÐ Ø( Ðfurther€questions€must€be€limited€to€ascertaining€whether€the€suspect€wishes€to€consult€with€anÐ ¾ Ðattorney€before€answering€any€more€questions.€€òòIdòòóó.óó€at€548€(citations€omitted).€€That€court€held€thatÐ ¤ô Ða€suspectððs€question€to€a€police€officer€asking€whether€he€needs€an€attorney€can€be€sufficient€to€limitÐ Š Ú Ðfurther€interrogation€to€clarification€of€the€suspectððs€desire€for€counsel.€€òòIdòòóó.Ð p!À  ÐÌóóà  àHowever,€in€òòState€v.€Huddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€666€(Tenn.€1996),€our€supreme€court€appliedÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€standard€in€òòDavis€v.€United€Statesóó,€512€U.S.€452,€114€S.€Ct.€2350,€129€L.€Ed.€2d€362€(1994),Ð "$r# Ðwhich€gave€the€minimum€requirement€for€a€suspect€to€invoke€his€òòMirandaóó€right€to€counsel.€€TheòòÐ %X $ ÐDavisóó€court€stated€that€the€suspect€ð ðmust€articulate€his€desire€to€have€counsel€present€sufficientlyÐ î%>!% Ðclearly€that€a€reasonable€police€officer€in€the€circumstances€would€understand€the€statement€to€beÐ Ô&$"& Ða€request€for€an€attorney.ðð€€òòDavisóó,€512€U.S.€at€459,€114€S.€Ct.€at€2355.€€Using€the€òòDavisòòóó€óóstandard,Ð º' #' Ðour€supreme€court€stated€that€ð ð[i]f€the€suspect€fails€to€make€such€an€ò òunambiguousó ó€statement,€policeÐ  (ð#( Ðneed€ò ònotó ó€cease€questioning.ðð€€òòHuddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€670€(emphasis€added).€€With€theseÐ †)Ö$) Ðprinciples€in€mind,€we€turn€to€the€facts€of€this€case.òòÐ l*¼%* ÐÌà  àóóBefore€the€videotaped€statement€was€made,€Detective€Haney€read€the€defendant€his€rightsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfor€the€second€time€that€day,€including€his€right€to€counsel€before€answering€questions.€€At€the€endÐ ° Ðof€the€reading,€Haney€asked€the€defendant€if€he€understood€his€rights,€and€the€defendant€responded,Ð –æ Ðð ðHow€I€[sic]€get€a€lawyer?ðð€€Ð |Ì ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€If€you€canððt€afford€one,€theyððll€appoint€you€one.€Ð H˜ ÐOkay.€€Usually€theyððll€do€that€if€your€parents€cannot€afford€one€orÐ . ~ Ðyou€cannot€afford€one,€theyððll€appoint€you€one€over€in€court.€€ThatððsÐ  d Ðwhat€theyððll€do.€€Ðú J` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€How€I€[sic]€get€one?€€ÐÆ  ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€Well,€once€you€go€to€court€and€you€go€over€thereÐ ’â  Ðor€you€can€contact€one€and€you€can€talk€to€one.€.€.€.€€Now€if€you€wantÐ xÈ  Ðto€talk€about€this€without€an€attorney€here,€well,€we€need€to€knowÐ ^®  Ðbetter€right€now.€€ÐD” ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Just€tell€me€what€yaððll€think,€do€I€need€one?€€Ð`` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€Well,€hang€on€here€.€.€.€No,€I€canððt€tell€you€that.€€IfÐ Ü, Ðyou€need€one€or€you€think€you€need€one,€thatððs€no€problem,€all€right?€Ð  ÐIf€you€want€to€go€ahead€and€talk€about€this€again€without€an€attorneyÐ ¨ø Ðhere,€thatððs€no€problem€either.€€Thatððs€your€decision.€€We€canððt€tellÐ ŽÞ Ðyou.€.€.€.€€ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€But€could€I€have€an€attorney€here€tonight,€though,€is€whatÐ @ ÐIððm€saying.€Ð&v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€If€you€can€get€one€here€and€if€you€want€to€talk€toÐ òB Ðone,€thatððs€not€a€problem.€€ÐØ(` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€I€want€to€go€on€and€all€this€sh„„€[down€in€writing]׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€butÐ ¤ô ÐI€want€to€know€if€I€can€get€a€lawyer€here€tonight€besides€me€havingÐ Š Ú Ðto€go€to€this€jail€and€stay€there€four€or€five€days€and€then€I€come€backÐ p!À  Ðin€here€three€days€later€with€a€lawyer.€€ÐV"¦!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€Okay.€€Let€me€read€this€to€you,€okay,€so€youððllÐ "$r# Ðunderstand€it.€€Says€you€have€a€right€to€a€lawyer€for€advice€before€weÐ %X $ Ðask€you€any€questions€and€to€have€the€lawyer€with€you€duringÐ î%>!% Ðquestioning.€€If€you€cannot€afford€a€lawyer,€one€will€be€provided€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðyou€at€no€cost€before€any€questioning.€€That€means€that€if€you€donððtÐ º' #' Ðwant€to€talk€to€us€and€you€want€to€get€a€lawyer€before€you€talk€to€us,Ð  (ð#( Ðyou€can€do€that.€€Or€if€you€want€to€talk€to€us€without€an€attorney€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðhere,€you€can€do€that€also.€.€.€.€€Do€you€understand€that?€€Ð°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€[Mumble]€Okay,€thatððs€cool€man.€€Ð|Ì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€So€you€understand€that?€€ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Yeah.€€Ð d` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€So€you€want€to€talk€to€us?€Ðà 0` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Yeah.€€I€mean€I€donððt€have€anything€about€yaððll,€yaððll€areÐ ¬ ü  Ðstraight.€€Iððm€just€talking€about€when€we€go€to€court.€Ð’â ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDetective€Haney:€€Right,€I€understand€.€.€.€So€you€want€to€talk€to€usÐ ^®  Ðright€now€without€an€attorney€here,€right?€€ÐD” ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Yeah.€€Ð`` x` x ÐÌAt€this€point,€the€waiver€form€was€then€signed€by€the€defendant.€€€€€òòÐ Ü, ÐÌà  àóóIn€the€present€case,€the€defendant€asked€Haney€whether€he€needed€an€attorney.€€UnderÐ ¨ø ÐòòStephensonòòóó,€óóthis€was€sufficient€to€trigger€the€need€to€clarify€the€defendantððs€desire€for€counsel€duringÐ ŽÞ Ðquestioning,€which€the€officer€did.׃$×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendant€seemed€concerned€about€having€an€attorney€forÐ tÄ Ðtrial€or€to€get€him€out€of€jail€that€night€and€clearly€agreed€to€talk€to€the€officers€without€an€attorneyÐ Zª Ðpresent.€€Upon€further€questioning€about€his€desire€for€counsel,€the€defendant€failed€to€make€anyÐ @ Ðrequest€for€counsel€that€a€reasonable€officer€would€have€understood€to€be€invoking€his€right€toÐ &v Ðcounsel€during€interrogation.€€In€fact,€the€defendant€made€unequivocal€statements€that€he€was€willingÐ  \ Ðto€talk€to€the€officers€without€an€attorney€present.€€We€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€defendantÐ òB Ðunderstood€his€right€to€have€an€attorney€present€during€questioning€and€properly€waived€the€same.€Ð Ø( ÐThere€was€no€undue€pressure€placed€on€the€defendant,€and€he€appeared€calm,€clear,€and€cognizantÐ ¾ Ðduring€the€waiver€process.€€òòSeeòòóó,€òòóóe.gòòóó.,€òòóóState€v.€Callahanóó,€979€S.W.2d€577,€580€(Tenn.€1998).€€TheÐ ¤ô Ðevidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings,€and€we,€therefore,€affirm€the€courtððsÐ Š Ú Ðdenial€of€the€motion€to€suppress€this€statement.€€€€€Ð p!À  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÐ <#Œ" ÐÌÓßÓà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€convict€him€of€the€essentialÐ %X $ Ðelements€of€criminal€responsibility€for€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€We€disagree.€€The€defendantÐ î%>!% Ðis€initially€cloaked€with€a€presumption€of€innocence,€but€this€presumption€is€lost€once€the€defendantÐ Ô&$"& Ðis€convicted€by€a€jury.€€Thus,€on€appeal,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€to€prove€that€the€evidence€isÐ ° Ðinsufficient.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€We€must€affirm€the€conviction,Ð –æ Ðunless€the€evidence€at€trial€was€so€deficient€that€no€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€all€of€theÐ |Ì Ðessential€elements€of€the€convicting€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòStateÐ b² Ðv.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994).€€This€applies€to€convictions€based€on€either€direct€orÐ H˜ Ðcircumstantial€evidence€or€a€combination€of€the€two.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779Ð . ~ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1990).€€In€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,Ð  d Ðwe€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence€or€substitute€our€own€inferences€for€those€of€the€jury.€€òòState€v.Ð ú J ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€In€addition,€we€give€the€strongest€legitimate€view€ofÐ à 0 Ðthe€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€to€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.Ð Æ   Ð1992),€òòcertòòóó.€òòóódeniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.€Ct.€1368€(1993).€€With€these€principles€in€mind,€we€turnÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€evidence.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€which€is€defined€in€TennesseeÐ ^®  ÐCode€Annotated€ðð€39„13„403(a)€as€robbery:€(1)€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon;ò òó ó€and€(2)€whereÐ D”  Ðthe€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.€€Robbery€is€defined€in€ðð€39„13„401(a)€as€ð ðthe€intentional€orÐ *z  Ðknowing€theft€of€property€from€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.ððÐ ` ÐPursuant€to€ðð€39„11„402(b),€a€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€an€offense€committed€by€anotherÐ öF Ðperson€if€ð ð[a]cting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€theÐ Ü, Ðproceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€personÐ Â Ðto€commit€the€offense[.]ððÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àAfter€a€review€of€the€record€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€we€conclude€that€theÐ tÄ Ðevidence€was€sufficient€to€sustain€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€especially€aggravated€robbery€underÐ Zª Ða€theory€of€criminal€responsibility.€€The€evidence€showed€that€the€defendant€and€Robert€Merritt€wereÐ @ Ðlying€in€wait€for€a€victim€to€rob.€€The€victim€testified€that€he€noticed€the€blue€Geo€Tracker€followingÐ &v Ðanother€ATM€patron€and€going€around€to€the€back€of€the€building€when€he€pulled€into€the€bankÐ  \ Ðparking€lot.€€The€robbery€and€shooting€took€place€with€a€gun€that€the€defendant€knew€that€RobertÐ òB ÐMerritt€was€carrying.€€The€defendant€also€made€a€statement€to€police€that€the€pair€had€discussedÐ Ø( Ðrobbing€the€victim€and€that€he€knew€that€a€robbery€was€going€to€take€place.€€He€admitted€toÐ ¾ ÐDetective€Nidiffer€in€the€second€Murfreesboro€interview€that€he€told€Merritt€not€to€rob€the€victimÐ ¤ô Ðin€front€of€the€ATM€because€there€was€a€camera€in€the€machine.€€In€his€videotaped€statement,€theÐ Š Ú Ðdefendant€admitted€involvement€in€the€robbery.€€In€addition,€the€defendant€drove€the€get„away€carÐ p!À  Ðfrom€the€scene.€€There€is€no€doubt€that€the€victim€received€a€life„threatening€injury€from€the€gunshotÐ V"¦! Ðwound,€and€it€is€irrelevant€whether€the€defendant€intended€the€victim€to€be€seriously€injured€or€not.€Ð <#Œ" ÐAll€that€is€required€for€criminal€responsibility€as€to€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€charge€is€thatÐ "$r# Ðhe€intended€to€assist€in€the€commission€of€this€armed€robbery€where€the€victim€was€seriously€injured.€Ð %X $ ÐThe€evidence€was€sufficient€for€a€reasonable€trier€of€fact€to€find€all€of€the€elements€beyond€aÐ î%>!% Ðreasonable€doubt,€and€the€jury€simply€did€not€believe€the€claims€of€the€defendant€at€trial€that€he€wasÐ Ô&$"& Ðan€innocent€bystander€caught€up€in€the€event.€€We,€therefore,€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð º' #' ÐÌò òÓ  ÓIII.€€Ineffective€Assistance€of€CounselÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌó óÓáòÓà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€his€trial€counsel€was€ineffective,€because€his€attorney€failed€to€fileÐ R+¢&+ Ða€brief€with€the€trial€court€to€support€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,€even€though€the€court€gave€himÐ 8,ˆ', Ðseveral€extensions€of€time€in€order€to€do€so.€€The€defendant€claims€that€this€inaction€on€the€part€ofÐ ° Ðhis€trial€attorney€was€prejudicial€to€him,€because€the€court€had€previously€allowed€his€videotapedÐ –æ Ðstatement€to€be€admitted€under€a€ð ðclose€call.ðð€€Following€arguments€by€counsel€on€the€motion€forÐ |Ì Ða€new€trial,€the€court€took€its€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€under€advisement€andÐ b² Ðallowed€each€counsel€to€submit€a€brief€with€supplemental€authority€on€the€question€of€whether€theÐ H˜ Ðvideotaped€statement€should€have€been€introduced€at€trial.€€Trial€counsel€never€submitted€a€brief.€TheÐ . ~ Ðcourt€denied€the€motion€based€on€ð ðthe€arguments€of€counsel,€the€evidence€at€the€hearings€and€at€trial,Ð  d Ðand€on€the€Stateððs€brief.ðð€€The€State€argues€that€the€defendant€has€failed€to€show€any€prejudiceÐ ú J Ðresulted.€€Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àWhen€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€is€alleged,€a€convicted€defendant€must€show€twoÐ ¬ ü  Ðelements€before€a€reversal€of€his€conviction€is€required:€(1)€that€counselððs€performance€€wasÐ ’â  Ðdeficient;€and€(2)€that€such€deficient€performance€prejudiced€the€defendant.€€òòStrickland€v.Ð xÈ  ÐWashingtonóó,€466€U.S.€686,€687,€104€S.€Ct.€2052,€2064€(1984).€€To€prove€deficiency€of€counsel,€theÐ ^®  Ðdefendant€must€show€that€counsel€made€such€serious€errors€that€he€or€she€was€not€functioning€asÐ D”  Ðcounsel€envisioned€by€the€Sixth€Amendment.€€òòIdòòóó.€€óóThis€inquiry€focuses€on€whether€counselððsÐ *z  Ðassistance€was€reasonable€under€the€circumstances€and€is€treated€very€deferentially€by€the€court.òò€€òòóóIdòòóó.óóÐ ` Ðat€688„89.€€To€prove€prejudice,€the€defendant€must€show€that€counselððs€errors€were€so€serious€thatÐ öF Ðhe€was€deprived€of€a€fair€trial.€òò€òòóóIdòòóó.€óóat€687.€€In€other€words,€even€if€error€occurred€by€counsel,€aÐ Ü, Ðconviction€is€not€to€be€set€aside€if€the€error€had€no€effect€on€the€outcome€of€the€trial.€€òòIdòòóó.óó€at€691.€€TheÐ Â Ðdefendant€must€show€that€there€is€a€reasonable€probability,€absent€counselððs€errors,€the€fact„finderÐ ¨ø Ðwould€have€had€a€reasonable€doubt€as€to€guilt.€€òòIdòòóó.óó€at€695.€€In€òòBaxter€v.€Roseóó,€523€S.W.2d€930€(Tenn.Ð ŽÞ Ð1975),€our€supreme€court€adopted€a€similar€standard€even€before€òòStricklandóó€was€decided.€òò€Seeòòóó€òòóóalsoòòóóÐ tÄ ÐòòóóHarris€v.€Stateóó,€875€S.W.2d€662,€665€(Tenn.€1994)€(applying€the€òòStricklandóó€standard).€€€€€€€€€€òò€óó€€€€€€€€Ð Zª ÐÌ€à  àTurning€to€the€record€in€this€case,€we€conclude€that€the€defendant€failed€to€make€an€adequateÐ &v Ðshowing€on€either€òòStricklandóó€prong.€€It€was€hardly€good€practice€for€counsel€to€fail€to€file€a€brief€onÐ  \ Ðan€issue€that€the€court€had€taken€under€advisement€and€requested€briefs€on,€especially€after€askingÐ òB Ðfor€extensions€of€time€in€order€to€do€so.€€However,€this€inaction€does€not€rise€to€the€level€ofÐ Ø( Ðinadequate€representation.€€Trial€counsel€made€a€number€of€oral€arguments€during€the€motion€toÐ ¾ Ðsuppress€and€the€motion€for€a€new€trial,€including€trying€to€distinguish€òòDavis€v.€United€Statesóó,€theÐ ¤ô Ðcase€that€the€trial€court€cited€in€its€opinion€denying€the€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€The€defendant€hadÐ Š Ú Ðhis€ð ðday€in€courtðð€to€put€forth€any€arguments€to€keep€the€videotaped€statement€away€from€the€juryÐ p!À  Ðand€was€represented€by€counsel€in€doing€this.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ€à  àAdditionally,€there€was€no€prejudice€to€the€defendant€from€his€attorneyððs€failure€to€file€aÐ "$r# Ðbrief.€€€There€is€no€reasonable€probability€that€the€outcome€of€the€trial€would€have€been€different,Ð %X $ Ðeven€if€defense€counsel€had€filed€a€brief.€€In€making€his€decision€to€deny€the€motion€for€a€new€trial,Ð î%>!% Ðthe€trial€judge€reviewed€all€of€the€evidence€and€considered€defense€counselððs€oral€arguments€madeÐ Ô&$"& Ðat€the€hearing.€€The€defendant€has€not€shown€that€anything€new€would€have€been€added€to€the€debateÐ º' #' Ðby€filing€a€brief€or€that€the€brief€would€have€changed€the€judgeððs€mind.€€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà  àWe€also€conclude€that€the€outcome€would€not€have€been€different€in€the€absence€of€theÐ l*¼%* Ðvideotaped€ð ðconfession.ðð€€There€was€substantial€testimony€from€the€police€officers,€witnesses€at€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðscene,€and€the€victim€that€would€lead€a€reasonable€trier€of€fact€to€conclude€beyond€a€reasonableÐ 8,ˆ', Ðdoubt€that€the€defendant€indeed€committed€this€crime.€€His€version€of€the€events€given€in€his€trialÐ ° Ðtestimony€flies€in€the€face€of€just€about€all€of€the€other€testimony€at€trial€in€addition€to€his€ownÐ –æ Ðstatement€to€police€in€Murfreesboro€that€was€not€videotaped.€€The€jury€reasonably€believed€that€heÐ |Ì Ðplayed€an€active€role€in€this€crime.€€We,€therefore,€conclude€that€the€defendant€has€failed€to€carry€hisÐ b² Ðburden€of€showing€that€his€conviction€should€be€overturned€due€to€ineffective€assistance€of€trialÐ H˜ Ðcounsel€and€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgment.€€Ð . ~ ÐÌÌÌÌò òÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌó óÓ+ Óà  àòòóóWe€find€that€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€convict€the€defendant€of€especially€aggravatedÐ xÈ  Ðrobbery.€€We€also€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€allowing€the€defendantððs€videotapedÐ ^®  Ðstatement€to€be€introduced€at€trial€and€that€he€has€not€shown€the€required€elements€of€òòStricklandóó€toÐ D”  Ðestablish€that€he€received€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel.€€Therefore,€we€affirm€the€judgment€ofÐ *z  Ðthe€trial€court.€€€