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S\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X75+ ` hp x 5  &  d d)1dxd<:zTop of For7(X7    5+ ` hp x 5?%2A`Arial?  S\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X75+ ` hp x 5  )2dxd0KS.SampleK<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  #$()*/0: 35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(O$<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial Tipton DUI P.J.FreelandLinvillewarrantlessMillington OdomGoforth Crimc]ourt ThadT.C.A.JashuaReynaldoQuintanilla a]t I]nDickersonStansburyMiddlebrooksYearganBehelerMathiason T]heMarchantDrummonds Duerd]efendant3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  !.8!dd8     __   !87XXdd8@hhp~!INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @%ATJACKSON#!p~#Ԉ #    @  @` September14,2004Session F X7X! #!XX7&#STATEOFTENNESSEEv.JIMMYALBERTWARRENX7X!  ? @@ InterlocutoryAppealfromtheCircuitCourtforTiptonCounty  9 @@No.4697JosephH.Walker,Judge  # @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.W200400107CCAR9CD#!XX7#X7X!ԀFiledDecember15,_2004_   AV) ` dE<]` A ^     Thedefendant,JimmyAlbertWarren,indictedforsecondoffensedrivingundertheinfluenceand V  DUIperse,filedapretrialmotiontosuppressallevidence.Thetrialcourtgrantedthemotionin ? partanddenieditinpart,holdingthatthefieldsobrietytestsandthestatementsmadebythe (x defendantpriortohisarrestwereadmissible,butthatthebloodalcoholcontenttestresultswerenot. a #!XX7D#X7X!Inthisinterlocutoryappealinitiatedbythestate,eachpartyclaimsthatthetrialcourterred.The J judgmentofthetrialcourtisaffirmed. 3   Tenn.R.App.P.9;JudgmentoftheTrialCourtAffirmed     #!X7#X7X.!GaryR.Wade,P.J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichNormaMcGeeOgleandAlan  E.Glenn,JJ.,joined. q PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneral&Reporter;RachelE.Willis,AssistantAttorneyGeneral;and C WaltFreelandandColinCampbell,AssistantDistrictAttorneysGeneral,fortheappellant,Stateof ,| Tennessee. e KimE.Linville,Covington,Tennessee,fortheappellee,JimmyAlbertWarren.  7  ]@@OO& OPINION #!XX7#X7X! " " #!XX7 #X7X!    AstheresultofaFebruary10,2003,automobileaccident,thedefendantwaschargedwith $$ drivingundertheinfluence,secondoffense,andDUIperse.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.5510 u% % 401(a)(1)!(2).Priortotrial,thedefendantmovedtodismissthechargesonthegroundthathis ^&!& warrantlessarrestwasillegal.SeeXZM XXX7Tenn.CodeAnn.407103#X7X XXZM8 ##!XX7t #X7X!(governingwarrantlessarrestsby G'"' policeofficers).Healsocontendedthathisprearreststatementsandperformanceonfieldsobriety 0(#( testsshouldbesuppressedbecausehewasseizedanddetainedinviolationofthestateandfederal )i$) constitutions. *R%*   Atthehearingonthedefendantsmotion,#!XX7 #X7X!TiptonCountySheriffsDeputyMichaelDowning +$', testifiedthatatapproximately11:00p.m.onFebruary10,2003,hewasdispatchedtoasingle , (- vehicleaccidentattheintersectionofQuitoDrummondsRoadandQuitoMemorialRoadin -(. _Millington.Whenhearrived,heobservedthatapickuptruck,whichwasregisteredtothe  defendant, hadrolledoffasteepshoulderoftheroad.Atowtruckwasalreadypresent.Because  thedefendant,whoseresidencewasapproximately200yardsaway,wasnotatthescene,Officer  Downingaskedarelativeofthedefendanttoreturnhimtothescenetohelpcompletetheaccident k report.Whenthedefendantarrivedandacknowledgedthathehadbeendrivingthetruckatthetime T oftheaccident,DeputyDowningnoticedthesmellofalcoholandadministeredtwofieldsobriety =  tests:thefingertonoseandcountingbackwardstests.Thedefendantperformedpoorlyandwas & v takenintocustody.Accordingtotheofficer,therewerenoalcoholicbeveragesinthetruckandthe  _ defendantdeniedhavingconsumedanyalcoholicbeveragesathisresidenceaftertheaccident.A  H bloodtestindicatedabloodalcoholcontentof.23.Duringcrossexamination,thedeputy  1  acknowledgedthathehadfailedtoadvisethedefendantofhisMirandarightsatanytimeduringthe    evening.     ScottWarren,thedefendantsnephew,testifiedthatsometimebetween9:30and10:00p.m.   thatevening,hisfathertelephoned,tellinghimthatthedefendanthadbeeninvolvedinanaccident n   attheendofthedriveway.Herecalledthathedrovethedefendant,whoclaimedtobe W  experiencingpainrelatedtoanearlierherniasurgery,thetwohundredyardstohisresidence. @ WarrenestimatedthatanhourandahalfhadpassedbeforeDeputyDowningarrivedonthescene. )y AccordingtoWarren,thedeputythensaid, Ineedtotalktohim.Canyougogethim?OrIcan b goupthere.Itwashisopinionthatthedefendantwasnotimpairedeitherimmediatelyafterthe K accidentoratthetimehereturnedtothescene. 4   Thetrialcourtgrantedthedefendantsmotiontoexcludetheresultsofthebloodalcoholtest  butorderedthatthedefendantsprearreststatementsandthefieldsobrietytestswereadmissible.  Theorderprovided,inpart,asfollows:  8   ` The[c]ourtfindsthat[XZM XXX7Statev.ThadThomasFolds,No.01C019308CC Z 00278(Tenn.Crim.App.,atNashville,Mar.3,1995)]iscontrollingoftheissues C hereinwithregardtothebloodtest.Thedefendantwasathishomeforsometime ,| beforetheofficerarrivedatthesceneandrequestedthatafamilymemberrequest e thatthedefendantreturntothescene.Thefamilymemberwenttothehomeandthe N defendantvoluntarilyreturnedtothesceneandattemptedtoperformfieldsobriety  7 tests.Hewasthenarrested.ThatarrestviolatestheprovisionsofT.C.A.407103.!     8   ` Themotionisgrantedwithregardtotheresultofthebloodalcoholtestwhich " ! wastakenafterthedefendantsarrest,andforanystatementofthedefendantafter #" thearrest.$#   #X7X XXZM#  Initially,thestateassertsthatthetrialcourterredbysuppressingthedefendantsblood ]&!% alcoholcontent,claimingthatbecausethedefendantwasarrestedatthesceneoftheaccident,a F'"& warrantwasnotnecessary.Thestandardofreviewapplicabletosuppressionissuesiswell /(#' established.Whenthetrialcourtmakesafindingoffactsattheconclusionofasuppressionhearing, )h$( thefactsareaccordedtheweightofajuryverdict.Statev.Stephenson,878S.W.2d530,544(Tenn. *Q%) 1994).Thetrialcourtsfindingsarebindinguponthiscourtunlesstheevidenceintherecord *:&* preponderatesagainstthem.Statev.Odom,928S.W.2d18,23(Tenn.1996);seealsoStephenson, +#'+ 878S.W.2dat544;Statev.Goforth,678S.W.2d477,479(Tenn.Crim.App.1984).Questionsof  credibilityofwitnesses,theweightandvalueoftheevidenceandresolutionofconflictsinevidence  aremattersentrustedtothetrialjudgeasthetrieroffact.Thepartyprevailinginthetrialcourtis  entitledtothestrongestlegitimateviewoftheevidenceadducedatthesuppressionhearingaswell k asallreasonableandlegitimateinferencesthatmaybedrawnfromtheevidence.Odom,928 T S.W.2dat23. =    Generally,awarrantlessarrestforamisdemeanornotcommittedinanofficerspresence  _ violatesTennesseelaw.Statev.Duer,616S.W.2d614,615(Tenn.Crim.App.1981).Tennessee  H CodeAnnotatedsection407103,however,whichgovernswarrantlessarrestsbypoliceofficers,  1  providesinpertinentpartasfollows:    8   ` Anofficermay,withoutawarrant,arrestaperson:    @bb***   8   ` Atthesceneofatrafficaccidentwhoisthedriverofavehicleinvolvedin n  suchaccidentwhen,basedonpersonalinvestigation,theofficerhasprobablecause W  tobelievethatsuchpersonhascommittedanoffenseundertheprovisionsoftitle55, @ chapters8and10.Theprovisionsofthissubdivisionshallnotapplytotraffic )y accidentsinwhichnopersonalinjuryoccursorpropertydamageislessthanone b thousanddollars($1,000)unlesstheofficerhasprobablecausetobelievethatthe K driverofsuchvehiclehascommittedanoffenseunder55-10-401[.]4   Tenn.CodeAnn.407103(a)(6);seealsoTenn.CodeAnn.407103(a)(8)(allowingwarrantless  arrestofdriverinvolvedintrafficaccident uptofour(4)hoursaftersuchdriverhasbeen  transportedtoahealthcarefacility,ifemergencymedicaltreatment...isrequiredandofficerhas  probablecausetobelievethatdriverhasviolatedCodesection5510401).XZM XXX7 q   InStatev.ThadThomasFolds,theopinionrelieduponbythetrialcourt,policehadfound C nooneatthesceneofasinglevehicleaccident.AfterdeterminingthatFoldswastheownerofthe ,| wreckedvehicle,oneoftheofficersdrovetohisresidence,arrivingapproximatelyfortyfive e minutesaftertheaccident.Foldsexplainedthatheandhiswifewereattemptingtolocateatowing N service.WhileFoldsclaimedthattheofficerrequiredhimtoreturntotheaccidentscene,theofficer  7 testifiedthathehadmerely requestedhisaccompaniment.Afterreturningtothescene,Folds, !   whosmelledofalcohol,admittedthathehadbeendrinkingandhadfailedtwofieldsobrietytests. " ! Hewasarrestedandagreedtoabloodalcoholtest.ThetrialcourtinFoldsgrantedFoldssmotion #" tosuppressbothhisstatementtopoliceandtheresultsofhisbloodalcoholtest,holdingthatthe $# arrestwasnotpermittedbyTennesseeCodeAnnotatedsection407103(a)(6).Onappeal,thiscourt t% $ agreedthatthe sceneoftheaccident,asusedinthestatute, doesnotinclude[the]situationin ]&!% which...thedriverwasrequiredtoreturn[tothescene]bylawenforcement.Slipop.at8. F'"& #X7X XXZM,#XZM XXX7  InStatev.JashuaShannonSides,No.E200001422CCAR3CD(Tenn.Crim.App.,at )h$( Knoxville,May16,2001),thetrialcourtfoundthatSides,whowaschargedwithdrivingunderthe *Q%) influenceandleavingthesceneofanaccident,hadbeenunlawfullyarrestedandgrantedthedefense *:&* motiontosuppress.Atthehearing,thearrestingofficertestifiedthathewasdispatchedtoasingle +#'+ vehicleautomobileaccident.Thedriverofthevehiclewasnotatthescene.Theofficerrecognized  thevehicleasbelongingtoSidesandlatersawSidesswifedrivebytheaccidentsceneinher  vehicle.Sideswasapassengerinhercar.Whentheofficerstoppedthevehicle,Sidesinitially  deniedinvolvementintheaccident.Eventually,headmittedthathewasthedriver.Thetrialcourt k concludedthatbecauseSidesvoluntarilyreturnedtothescenewithhiswife,TennesseeCode T Annotatedsection407103(a)(6)wasinapplicable.Onappeal,amajorityofthiscourtacceptedthe =  statesconcessionthatSidesswarrantlessarrestforleavingthesceneofanaccidentwasnot & v permittedbythestatuteandconcludedthattheofficerdidnothaveprobablecausetoarrestfor  _ drivingundertheinfluence.Cf.Statev.ReynaldoQuintanilla,No.M200202440CCAR3CD  H (Tenn.Crim.App.,atNashville,May16,2003)(holdingthatalthoughwarrantlessarrestforDUI  1  wouldnothavebeenpermissibleunderrationaleofFoldsandSideswheredefendantwasfound    walkingalongpublicroadwayinintoxicatedconditionandreturnedtoaccidentscenebypolice,   whichwasarelativelyshortdistanceaway;thearrestwasneverthelesslawfulwhereofficershad   probablecausetobelievethatthedefendantwascommittingtheoffenseofpublicintoxication#X7X XXZM 2#XZM XXX7,   seeTenn.CodeAnn.407103(1)#X7X XXZM:#XZM XXX7). n  #X7X XXZM;;#XZM XXX7  Inourview,theholdingsinFoldsandSidesarecontrollingprecedent.LikeFolds,the @ defendanthadreturnedtohisresidenceaftertheaccident.Hehadbeenthereforoveroneandone )y halfhoursbeforeDeputyDowningarrived,askingthathereturntothescene.AsinFolds,the b defendantwasnot [a]tthesceneofatrafficaccidentwithinthemeaningofTennesseeCode K Annotatedsection407103(a)(6).AlthoughthestateattemptstodistinguishFoldsbyarguingthat 4 thisdefendantreturnedtothescenevoluntarily,wedonotfindthisdeterminative.InFolds,this  courtruledthatthecaseturnedonthebasicrationaleofsection407103(a)(6):  8   ` Thesesamepolicyconsiderationsdonotexistattimesremotefromtheactual  occurrence.Appelleewasnotatthescenewhenthepolicearrived.Hepresentedno q dangertothesafetyofthemotoringpublic.Approximatelyanhourhadpassed.The Z resultsofabloodalcoholtestcouldnotaccuratelyreflectthelevelthatexistedatthe C timehedroveofftheroad.Thepurposesforthestatutoryexceptionwerenolonger ,| servedbyanimmediate,warrantlessarrest.e   Folds,slipop.at89.TherewasapersuasivedissentingopinioninSidescriticizingtheholdingin  7 Folds.SeeSides,slipop.at23(Smith,J.,dissenting).#X7X XXZM;#XZM XXX7Nevertheless,thedefendantswrongful !   warrantlessarrestrequiresexclusionofthebloodalcoholtestresults. " !   Next,thedefendant,arguingthathedidnotreceiveMirandawarnings,assertsthatthetrial $# courterredbyfailingtoexcludehisprearreststatementstopoliceandhisperformanceonthefield t% $ sobrietytests.Indenyingthemotiontosuppress,thetrialcourtmadethefollowingobservations: ]&!% 8   ` Afterthedefendantreturnedtothescene,theofficercouldsmelltheodorof /(#' alcoholonthedefendant.Thiswassufficienttoestablishtherightoftheofficerto )h$( brieflyquestionthedefendantandadministerfieldsobrietytests[or]otherwise *Q%)  ascertainthedefendantsstateofsobriety.*:&*   8   ` ThereisnorequirementofaMirandawarningbeforerequestingafield   sobrietytestorspeakingtosomeonesuspectedofdrivingundertheinfluence.The  U.S.SupremeCourthasheldthatquestioningpursuanttoaroutinetrafficstopdoes  notimplicatetheprotectionsrequiredbyMiranda....Insuchasituation,anofficer k ispermittedto askadetaineeamoderatenumberof#X7X XXZMvB#questionstoestablishhis T identityandtrytoobtaininformationconfirmingordispellingtheofficers =  suspicions.....& v   8  [I]nthecaseatbar,the[d]efendantsstatementaboutdrinkingwasnotmadewhile  _ hewasincustody.Infact,notrafficstopwasinitiated,thedefendanthadreturned  H tothescenewithhisnephew. 1    8   ` Thelengthoftimebetweentheaccidentandthefieldsobrietytest,andother    factorssuchasinjurytothedefendant,gototheweighttobegiventothetests,not   theadmissibility.    XZM XXX7  TheFifthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionprovidesthat noperson...shall W  becompelledinanycriminalcasetobeawitnessagainsthimself.U.S.Const.amend.V;seealso @ Malloyv.Hogan,378U.S.1,6(1964)(holdingthattheFifthAmendmentprotectionagainst )y compulsoryself-incriminationisapplicabletothestatesthroughtheFourteenthAmendment). b ArticleI,section9oftheTennesseeConstitutionprovidesthat inallcriminalprosecutions,the K accused...shallnotbecompelledtogiveevidenceagainsthimself.Tenn.Const.art.I,9. The 4 significantdifferencebetweenthesetwoprovisionsisthatthetestofvoluntarinessforconfessions  underArticleI,9isbroaderandmoreprotectiveofindividualrightsthanthetestofvoluntariness  undertheFifthAmendment.Statev.Crump,834S.W.2d265,268(Tenn.1992).    Generally,onemustaffirmativelyinvoketheseconstitutionalprotections.Anexception q arises,however,whenagovernmentagentmakesacustodialinterrogation.Statementsmadeduring Z thecourseofacustodialpoliceinterrogationareinadmissibleattrialunlessthestateestablishesthat C thedefendantwasadvisedofhisrighttoremainsilentandhisrighttocounselandthatthedefendant ,| thenwaivedthoserights.Mirandav.Arizona,384U.S.436,471-75(1966);seealsoDickersonv. e UnitedStates,530U.S.428,444(2000);Stansburyv.California,511U.S.318,322(1994).A N defendantsrightstocounselandagainstself-incriminationmaybewaivedaslongasthewaiveris  7 madevoluntarily,knowingly,andintelligently.Miranda,384U.S.at478;Statev.Middlebrooks, !   840S.W.2d317,326(Tenn.1992).Inordertoeffectawaiver,theaccusedmustbeadequately " ! apprisedofhisrighttoremainsilentandtheconsequenceofdecidingtoabandontheright. #" Stephenson,878S.W.2dat544-45.Indeterminingwhetheraconfessionwasvoluntaryand $# knowing,thetotalityofthecircumstancesmustbeexamined.Statev.Bush,942S.W.2d489,500 t% $ (Tenn.1997).Ifthe greaterweightoftheevidencesupportsthecourt'sruling,itwillbeupheld. ]&!% Id.Thiscourtmustconductadenovoreviewofthetrialcourtsapplicationoflawtofact.State F'"& v.Bridges,963S.W.2d487(Tenn.1997);Statev.Yeargan,958S.W.2d626(Tenn.1997). /(#'   InMiranda,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtlimiteditsholdingtoa custodial *Q%) interrogation.Miranda,384U.S.at478-79.TheCourtdefinedthephrase custodialinterrogation *:&* as questioninginitiatedbylawenforcementofficersafterapersonhasbeentakenintocustodyor +#'+ otherwisedeprivedofhisfreedomofactioninanysignificantway.Id.at444.Apersonis in  custodywithinthemeaningofMirandaiftherehasbeen aformalarrestorrestraintonfreedom  ofmovementofthedegreeassociatedwithaformalarrest.Californiav.Beheler,463U.S.  1121,1125(1983)(citationomitted).TheCourthasrefusedtoextendtheholdinginMirandato k non-custodialinterrogations.SeeOregonv.Mathiason,429U.S.492(1977)(holdingthatan T accusedsconfessionwasadmissiblebecausetherewasnoindicationthatthequestioningtookplace =  inacontextwherehisfreedomtodepartwasrestrictedinanyway);seealsoBeheler,463U.S.at & v 1124-25(notingthattheultimateinquiryissimplywhetherthereisa formalarrestorrestrainton  _ freedomofmovementofthedegreeassociatedwithaformalarrest).Indeterminingwhethera  H reasonablepersonwouldconsiderhimselforherselfincustody,oursupremecourtconsidersa  1  varietyoffactors,includingthefollowing:    8  [T]hetimeandlocationoftheinterrogation;thedurationandcharacterofthe   questioning;theofficerstoneofvoiceandgeneraldemeanor;thesuspectsmethod   oftransportationtotheplaceofquestioning;thenumberofpoliceofficerspresent; n  anylimitationonmovementorotherformofrestraintimposedonthesuspectduring W  theinterrogation;anyinteractionsbetweentheofficerandthesuspect,includingthe @ wordsspokenbytheofficertothesuspect,andthesuspect'sverbalornonverbal )y responses;theextenttowhichthesuspectisconfrontedwiththelawenforcement b officer'ssuspicionsofguiltorevidenceofguilt;andfinally,theextenttowhichthe K suspectismadeawarethatheorsheisfreetorefrainfromansweringquestionsor 4 toendtheinterviewatwill.   Statev.Walton,41S.W.3d75,8283(Tenn.2001)(quotingStatev.Anderson,937S.W.2d851,  855(Tenn.1996)).#X7X XXZMzK#XZM XXX7    Thetrialjudge,whosawthewitnessesandheardthetestimonyfirsthand,specificallyfound Z thatOfficerDowning requestedthatafamilymemberrequestthatthedefendantreturntothescene. C Thefamilymemberwenttothehomeandthedefendantvoluntarilyreturnedtothesceneand ,| attemptedtoperformfieldsobrietytests#X7X XXZMnb#XZM XXX7.(Emphasisadded.)#X7X XXZMkd#XZM XXX7ԀThus,thedefendantwasnotunder e arrestatthattimeandhisstatementstotheofficerwerenotaresultofacustodialinterrogation. N Cf.Sides,slipop.at5( Anyevidencedevelopedpriortotheunlawfularrestneednotbesuppressed  7 ....).Inourview,thetrialcourtdidnoterrbyfailingtosuppressthedefendantspretrial !   statementstopoliceandhisperformanceonthefieldsobrietytests.#X7X XXZMd#XZM XXX7 " !   Accordingly,thetrialcourtsjudgmentisaffirmed. ]&!% #X7X XXZM g#   `     h     ___________________________________ *Q%)    `     h     GARYR.WADE,PRESIDINGJUDGE