ÿWPCW A# žUN© %÷ 0 (ýb%w@-4m 0l 0Dü@ 0DH 0@Œ 0JÌ 0T 0^j 0hÈ 0r0 0|¢ 0† 0¤ 1u4 0d© D3 AQ@ Æ‘ BW 0Dt D/¸ Bç U> U*B B)l DC• AMØ 6%û[öVUL†¡ß'v~vÓ„˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù- kmDnoEpq{rstÓ€€Œƒ*#3|x‚((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ++++'ÿÿdxd*,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 d($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d66667Border 1dd*7Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ,Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€5XÔÌÌò òSeptember€17,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€5ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó ñÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ôÔ€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„16„302;€62„26„204,„230.Ì ìÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ôÔ€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„11„402;€62„26„210.Ì KÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ôÔ€€òòState€v.€George€Plunkóó,€C.C.A.€No.€02C01„9603„CC„00096,€Henderson€County€(Tenn.€à àCrim.Ïà0 àApp.,€Jackson,€Mar.€18,€1997).Ì |Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ôÔWe€note€that€the€Defendant€has€challenged€the€definitions€section€regarding€privateÏinvestigators.€€à0 àOur€conclusion€about€that€issue€warrants€the€use€of€the€aforementioned€definition.Ì ÕÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€4ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€5ÔÔ€5ôÔThe€Tennessee€Code€Commission,€in€conjunction€with€the€Michie€Company,€the€publishers€ofÏà0 àTennessee€Code€Annotated,€follow€a€policy€of€alphabetizing€definitions€in€new€material€added€toÏthe€Code€pursuant€to€òòStyle€Examples€for€T.C.A.óó(g)(7),€an€informal€policy€manual.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€4ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ ` ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€4ŠÔÔ€5ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òÞ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌ̜ـ*ÙßR€897A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›AT€œJACKSON›ÌÌœJULY›€SESSION,€œ1997›ÌÌÌÓ  ÓœSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,›à à)à àC.C.A.€NO.€œ02C01„9612„CC„00440›Ìà àà àà àà àà à)ó óÌà àAppellee,à àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àœHENDERSON›€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€œFRANKLIN€MURCHISONó ó›Ìœò òBOBBY€G.€WATKINS,ó ó›à àà àò ò)à àJUDGEó óÌà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óÌà àAppellant.à àà àà àò ò)à àœó ó(Impersonation€of€LicensedÏà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óà àProfessional)ò ò›Ìó óÌÌò òÓ  ÓON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÌœCIRCUIT›€COURT€OF€œHENDERSON€COUNTY›ó óÌÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌœJAMES€E.€BROCKMAN›à àà àà àœJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÌ203€Tennessee€Avenue€Southà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌP.O.€Box€25ÌParsons,€TN€38363à àà àà àKENNETH€W.€RUCKERÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à425€5th€Avenue€NorthÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJERRY€WOODALLÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDONALD€ALLENÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€2825Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJackson,€TN€38302›ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌœAFFIRMED›ÌÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÇò òòòÓ  ÓÔ€5°ÔOPINIONóóó óÔ€5ŠÔÌÌÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà àThe€Defendant,€œBobby€G.›€Watkins,€€appeals€as€of€right€pursuant€to€RuleÏ3€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€He€was€convicted€by€aÏHenderson€County€jury€of€one€count€of€impersonation€of€a€licensed€professional,Ïa€Class€E€felony,€and€one€count€of€violation€of€the€private€investigators€licensingÏact,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor.œ× ƒ: ××  ×›€€He€was€sentenced€to€one€year€for€theÏimpersonation€of€a€licensed€professional€conviction€and€eleven€months€andÏtwenty„nine€days€for€the€violation€of€the€private€investigator€licensing€act,€to€beÏserved€concurrently.€€Both€sentences€were€suspended€and€the€Defendant€wasÏplaced€on€supervised€probation€conditioned€upon€his€paying€all€fines€and€courtÏcosts€within€ten€months.€€The€Defendant€appeals€his€convictions€and€raisesÏtwo€issues:€(1)€That€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions;Ïand€(2)€that€the€trial€courtððs€instructing€the€jury€with€a€version€of€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€section€62„26„202€that€was€amended€after€the€crimes€wereÏcommitted€was,€in€effect,€a€violation€of€the€prohibition€against€ex€post€factoÏlaws.€€After€a€careful€review€of€the€record€in€this€case,€we€affirm€the€judgment€ofÏthe€trial€court.ÌÌà àOn€February€2,€1993,€George€Plunk€and€James€Faught€were€planning€toÏgo€to€a€pawn€shop€in€Lexington€to€shop€for€a€œpolice€scanner.›€€They€met€withÏœthe€Defendant›€Watkins€at€a€mutual€friendððs€house.€€œBecause€they›€were€going€toÏLexington,€œWatkins€asked€them€to€check›€out€information€on€five€people€just€as€aÏfavor€and€not€for€œemployment€or€compensation.›€€Watkins€handed€œeach›€of€themÏð ðcourtesy€cardsðð€with€their€names€added.€€€€He€told€them€that€when€they€wereÏchecking€for€information€œif›€anyone€gave€them€trouble,€to€show€the€cards€and€sayÏthey€were€doing€a€favor€for€Watkins.ÌÌà àPlunk€and€Faught€presented€themselves€at€the€Henderson€CountyÏSheriffððs€œoffice.›€€Plunk€talked€with€a€jailer,€who€referred€the€two€men€to€GaryÏPowers,€Chief€Investigator€for€the€Sheriffððs€Department.€€Powers€met€them€in€theÏlobby€and€Plunk€stated€that€they€were€looking€for€information€on€two€peopleÏregarding€a€case€they€were€working.€€€They€were€not€specific€about€the€type€ofÏinformation€they€were€seeking.€€€€Powers€told€the€jailer€to€pull€the€file€on€theÏpeople€in€question€and€wait€for€further€instructions.€€Plunk€stated€that€he€andÏFaught€œwere€private›€investigators.€€Both€of€the€men€showed€the€identificationÏcards€given€to€them€by€Watkins.€€Powers€examined€Plunkððs€card€andÏdetermined€that€it€looked€suspicious.€€ÌÌà àThe€identification€card€had€several€items€on€it:€ð ðThe€State€of€Tennessee,ððÏð ðOffice€of€the€B€&€J€Detective€Agency.ðð€€There€was€a€six„pointed€star€with€theÏstate€seal€in€the€background€with€the€following€text:ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓBy€the€virtue€of€the€authority€vested€in€me€as€a€private€investigatorÏpursuant€to€the€law€of€Tennessee,€I€have€this€day€commissionedÏGEORGE€PLANK€(sic)€as€an€investigator€for€the€B€&€J€DetectiveÏAgency€to€execute€any€and€all€cases€that€may€come€intoÏ(unreadable)€hands,€and€to€cooperate€and€assist€City,€County€andÏState€Police€in€anyway€(sic)€they€may€request.€€To€also€report€anyÏcriminal€violations€of€the€law€against€the€State€of€Tennessee.ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÓÓÌThe€card€was€signed€by€Bob€Watkins,€B€&€J€Detective€Agency.€ÌÌà àPowers€took€Plunkððs€identification€card€and€showed€it€to€œRobert›€Pollard,Ïwho€worked€with€the€Fire€Marshallððs€office€and€with€the€œTennessee›€CommerceÏand€Insurance€œDepartment›€who€also€happened€to€be€in€his€Henderson€CountyÏfield€office€that€day.€€Pollard€asked€for€Faughtððs€card€as€well.€€€Faught€neverÏmade€any€statements€while€at€the€Sheriffððs€Department.€€Faught€thought€heÏwas€just€going€along€and€never€considered€himself€acting€as€a€privateÏinvestigator.€€Pollard€determined€that€the€card€did€not€look€like€a€licensed€privateÏinvestigatorððs€identification€card.€€He€noted€that€the€card€lacked€the€photographÏthat€normally€appeared€on€an€official€card.€€Pollard€called€the€PrivateÏInvestigation€Commission€in€Nashville.€€€Donna€Hancock,€the€administrativeÍdirector€of€the€commission,€€informed€him€that€neither€Plunk€nor€Faught€wereÏlicensed€private€investigators.€ÌÌà àPowers€and€Pollard€then€issued€citations€to€both€men€and€took€theirÏphotographs.€€Pollard€requested€that€Ms.€Hancock€send€a€voided€officialÏidentification€card€issued€by€the€State€of€Tennessee.€€The€official€card€containedÏa€state€seal€and€a€place€to€insert€the€investigatorððs€photograph.€€This€confirmedÏthat€Plunk€and€Faughtððs€cards€were€indeed€not€official€or€valid.€€Records€alsoÏconfirmed€that€the€B€&€J€Detective€Agency€was€licensed€by€the€state.€€Hancock€Ïœtestified€at€trial›€that€one€cannot€act€as€a€private€investigator€in€TennesseeÏwithout€being€œlicensed.›ÌÌà àAt€Pollardððs€œrequest,›€Watkins€met€with€him€regarding€the€cards.€€WatkinsÏasserted€that€he€did€not€see€a€problem€with€issuing€the€identification€cards€andÏthat€he€had€authority€to€issue€cards€because€the€sheriffððs€departments€do€it€allÏthe€time.€€Watkins€did€not€deny€that€he€issued€the€cards€to€Plunk€and€Faught.€€ÏPollard€issued€a€citation€to€Watkins.ÌÌà àPlunk€and€Faught€were€indicted€on€June€7,€1993€€for€violation€of€theÏœprivate€investigators›€licensing€act€and€impersonation€of€a€licensed€professional.€ÏWatkins€was€indicted€for€the€same€offenses€based€on€criminal€responsibility€forÍthe€conduct€of€another€and€for€transfer€or€attempt€to€transfer€a€privateÏinvestigatorððs€license.œ× ƒ; ××  ×›€€All€three€were€tried€jointly€by€a€jury€on€February€9€andÏ10,€1995.€€€Faught€was€granted€a€Motion€for€Acquittal€after€the€State€presentedÏits€proof.€€The€trial€court€also€dismissed€Watkinððs€indictment€for€transferring€aÏprivate€investigatorððs€license.€€Plunk€was€convicted€on€both€charges€which€wereÏaffirmed€by€this€Court.œ× ƒ< ××  ×›€€The€Defendant€Watkins€was€convicted€on€both€of€theÏremaining€counts.ÌÌà àIn€his€first€issue€on€appeal,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€wasÏinsufficient€to€support€the€verdicts€of€guilt.€€When€an€accused€challenges€theÏsufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€the€standard€is€whether,€after€reviewingÏthe€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€ofÏfact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979).€€Questions€concerning€theÏcredibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€asÏwell€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,Ïnot€this€court.€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€ÍNor€may€this€court€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571ÏS.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€ÌÌà àA€jury€verdict€approved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€the€Stateððs€witnessesÏand€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,Ï476€(Tenn.€1973).€€On€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€inferences€therefrom.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€atÏ835.€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€andÏreplaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burden€in€this€courtÏof€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdict€returned€byÏthe€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982);€òòGraceóó,€493ÏS.W.2d€at€476.ÌÌà àPlunk€testified€that€the€Defendant€asked€him€to€check€on€some€informationÏabout€people€as€a€favor.€€There€was€no€intent€to€employ€Plunk€as€a€privateÏinvestigator.€€Plunkððs€impression€was€that€the€card€he€was€issued€was€aÏð ðcourtesy€cardðð€and€nothing€more.€€Plunk€maintains€that€he€never€said€he€was€aÏprivate€investigator.€€He€also€maintains€that€Robert€Pollard€never€heard€eitherÏPlunk€or€Faught€claim€to€be€a€private€investigator€and€that€the€cards€clearly€didÏnot€appear€to€be€official€identification€cards.ÌÌà àHowever,€there€is€evidence€in€the€record€that€the€cards€issued€to€PlunkÏand€Faught€were€designed€to€look€somewhat€like€official€cards.€€The€text€of€theÏcard€ð ðvestedðð€authority€to€serve€as€a€private€investigator€from€Bob€Watkins,Ïwho€signed€the€card.€€Both€Plunk€and€Faught€testified€that€the€Defendant€gaveÏthem€the€cards.€€€There€is€also€evidence€that€the€Defendant€directed€the€men€toÏobtain€information€and€show€the€cards€and€say€there€were€working€for€him.€ÏFinally,€Plunk€presented€the€card€at€the€Sheriffððs€Department€and€stated€he€wasÏa€private€investigator.ÌÌà àCriminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another€requires€that€€ð ðacting€withÏintent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€theÏproceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€toÏaid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2).€ÏœThere›€is€ample€evidence€in€the€record€that€the€Defendant€not€only€aided€butÏdirected€his€codefendants€Plunk€and€Faught€to€appear€as€if€they€were€licensedÏprivate€investigators.€€He€created€his€own€identification€cards€vesting€authority€toÏPlunk€and€Faught€as€private€investigators€and€he€asked€them€to€go€to€theÏSheriffððs€Department€and€use€the€cards€to€obtain€information.ÌÌà àœThe€statute€prohibiting€the€impersonation›€of€a€licensed€professionalÏprovides€in€pertinent€part€that€œit€is€unlawful€for€ð ðany›€person€who€is€not€licensedÍto€do€so,€to€practice€or€pretend€to€be€licensed€to€practice€a€profession€for€whichÏa€license€certifying€the€qualifications€of€such€license€to€practice€the€profession€isÏrequired.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€39„16„302(a).€€Here,€there€is€more€than€sufficientÏevidence€to€prove€that€Plunk€stated€he€was€a€private€investigator,€showed€aÏfake€identification€card,€that€private€investigators€must€be€licensed€in€Tennessee,Ïand€that€he€was€not€licensed€as€a€private€investigator.ÌÌà àA€conviction€for€violation€of€the€private€investigator€licensing€act€specifiesÏthat€ð ðit€is€unlawful€for€any€person€to€act€as€an€investigations€company€or€privateÏinvestigator,€without€first€having€obtained€a€license€from€the€commissioner.ðð€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€62„26„204(a).€€A€private€investigator€is€ð ðanyone€whoÏengages€in€the€business€or€accepts€employment€to€obtain€or€furnish€informationÏwith€reference€to€(A)€Crimes€or€wrongs€done€or€threatened€against€.€.€.€any€.€.€.Ïstateðð€or€one€who€seeks€information€regarding€the€ð ðidentity,€habits,€conduct,Ïbusiness,€occupation,€honesty,€integrity,€credibility,€knowledge,€trustworthiness,Ïefficiency,€loyalty,€activity,€movement,€whereabouts,€affiliations,€associations,Ïtransactions,€acts,€reputations€or€character€of€any€person.ðð€€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ62„26„202(5)(A),(B),€(9)€(Supp.€1996).œ× ƒ= ××  ×›€€Again,€we€find€that€there€is€sufficientÏproof€in€the€record€to€support€the€conviction.€€Although€Plunk€and€Faught€denyÍaccepting€employment€for€the€investigative€work,€they€did€ð ðengage€in€theÏbusinessðð€of€seeking€information€about€certain€individualsðð€possible€criminalÏrecords€or€other€general€information€about€them.ÌÌà àWe€can€only€conclude€that€there€was€more€than€sufficient€proof€in€theÏrecord€to€support€the€conviction€for€impersonation€of€a€licensed€professional€andÏa€violation€of€the€private€investigator€licensing€requirements.€€This€issue€isÏwithout€merit.ÌÌà àWe€now€turn€to€the€Defendantððs€second€issue€on€appeal.€€He€challengesÏthe€trial€courtððs€use€in€a€jury€instruction€of€œamended›€sections€of€the€privateÏinvestigator€œlaw›€regarding€the€definition€of€ð ðprivate€investigator.ðð€€The€crimes€forÏwhich€he€was€convicted€occurred€on€February€2,€1993.€€The€œcode€provisions›€inÏeffect€governing€private€investigator€licensing€contained€the€following€definitionÏsection€in€pertinent€part:€ÌÌÒ ` ÒÒ „ ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà à(4)€"Identification€card"€means€a€pocket€card€issued€by€theÏcommissioner€evidencing€that€the€holder€has€met€the€qualificationsÏrequired€by€this€part€to€perform€the€duties€of€a€private€investigator€inÏthis€state;ÌÌà à(5)€"Investigations€company"€means€any€person€who€engagesÏin€the€business€or€accepts€employment€to€obtain€or€furnish€informationÏwith€reference€to:ÌÌà à(A)€Crime€or€wrongs€done€or€threatened€against€the€UnitedÏStates€or€any€state€or€territory€of€the€United€States;Ìà à(B)€The€identity,€habits,€conduct,€business,€occupation,€honesty,Ïintegrity,€credibility,€knowledge,€trustworthiness,€efficiency,€loyalty,Ïactivity,€movement,€whereabouts,€affiliations,€associations,Ïtransactions,€acts,€reputations€or€character€of€any€person;Ìà à(C)€The€location,€disposition€or€recovery€of€lost€or€stolenÏproperty;Ìà à(D)€The€cause€or€responsibility€for€fires,€libels,€losses,€accidents,Ïdamages€or€injuries€to€persons€or€to€property;€€orÌà à(E)€The€securing€of€evidence€to€be€used€before€any€court,Ïboard,€commission,€officer€or€investigating€committee;Ì.€.€.Ìà à(9)€"Private€investigator"€means€any€person€who€performs€oneÏ(1)€or€more€services€as€described€in€subdivision€(4);ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÓÓÌà àAs€it€stood€when€the€Defendant€committed€the€offenses,€subsection€(9)Ïreferred€to€ð ðidentification€cardðð€as€the€definition€of€ð ðprivate€investigator,ðð€which€isÏclearly€a€nonsensical€cross„reference.€€€Obviously,€subsection€œ(5)›€definesÏð ðprivate€investigatorðð€correctly.€€In€an€amendment€effective€May€31,€1993,€theÏlegislature€changed€the€subsection€(9)€cross„reference€and€substituted€theÏnumber€(5)€for€the€number€(4).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€62„26„202€(Supp.€1993).ÌÌà àAt€his€trial€on€January€9€and€10,€1995,€the€trial€court€charged€the€jury€withÏthe€amended€definition€section€contained€in€the€statute.€€The€DefendantÏcontends€that€the€use€of€the€amended€statute€at€his€trial€amounts€to€anÏapplication€of€an€ex€post€facto€law.€€The€term€"ex€post€facto"€as€used€in€ArticleÏI,€ðð€10,€cl.€1,€of€the€U.S.€Constitution,€provides€that€"[n]o€state€shall€...€pass€anyÍ...€ex€post€facto€law...."€The€Tennessee€Constitution's€ex€post€facto€prohibitionÏfound€in€Article€I,€ðð€11,€provides:ÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓThat€laws€made€for€the€punishment€of€acts€committed€previous€to€theÏexistence€of€such€laws,€and€by€them€only€declared€criminal€areÏcontrary€to€the€principles€of€a€free€Government;€€wherefore€no€Ex€postÏfacto€law€shall€be€made.€€ÌÌÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÓÓà àTwo€critical€elements€must€be€present€for€a€law€to€fall€within€theÏprohibition.€€€First,€it€"must€be€retrospective,€that€is,€it€must€apply€to€eventsÏoccurring€before€its€enactment";€€and€second,€"it€must€disadvantage€the€offenderÏaffected€by€it."€€òòMiller€v.€Floridaóó,€482€U.S.€423,€430,€107€S.Ct.€2446,€2451,€96ÏL.Ed.2d€351€(1987)€(quoting€€òòWeaver€v.€Grahamóó,€450€U.S.€24,€29,€101€S.Ct.Ï960,€964,€67€L.Ed.2d€17€(1981));€òòState€v.€Riccióó,€914€S.W.2d€475,€480€(Tenn.Ï1996).€€Furthermore,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„112€providesÏthat:€ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓwhenever€any€penal€statute€or€penal€legislative€act€of€the€state€isÏrepealed€or€amended€by€a€subsequent€legislative€act,€any€offense,Ïas€defined€by€the€statute€or€act€being€repealed€or€amended,Ïcommitted€while€such€statute€or€act€was€in€full€force€œand›€effect€shall€beÏprosecuted€under€the€act€or€statute€in€effect€at€the€time€of€theÏcommission€of€the€offense.ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÓÓÌà àAlthough€the€amended€statute€in€question€is€not€a€penal€statute€per€se,Ïthe€Defendant€argues€that€ex€post€facto€concerns€apply€because€the€definitionÏof€ð ðprivate€investigatorðð€constitutes€an€element€of€the€offenses€for€which€he€wasÍcharged.€€The€Defendant€admits,€and€we€agree,€that€the€statute€as€writtenÏwhen€the€offenses€were€committed€is€patently€ambiguous.̛̜à àThe€basic€rule€of€statutory€construction€is€to€ascertain€and€give€effect€toÏthe€intent€or€purpose€of€the€legislature€as€expressed€in€the€statute.€€òòMetropolitanÏGovernment€of€Nashville€&€Davidson€Co.€v.€Motel€Systems,€Inc.óó,€525€S.W.2dÏ840€(Tenn.1975);€€òòState€v.€South€land€News€Co.,€Inc.óó,€587€S.W.2d€103,106Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979).€€€We€must€consider€the€natural€and€ordinary€meaningÏof€the€language€used,€when€read€in€œthe€context›€of€the€entire€statute,€without€anyÏforced€or€subtle€construction€to€limit€or€extend€the€import€of€that€language.€€òòWorrallÏv.€Kroger€Co.óó,€€545€S.W.2d€736€(Tenn.€1977).ÌÌà àWe€must€try€to€reconcile€inconsistent€or€repugnant€provisions€of€a€statuteÏand€attempt€to€construe€a€statute€so€that€no€part€will€be€inoperative,Ïsuperfluous,€void€or€insignificant.€€€We€must€try€to€give€effect€to€every€word,Ïphrase,€clause€and€sentence€of€the€act€in€order€to€achieve€the€Legislature'sÏintent,€and€we€must€construe€a€statute€so€that€no€section€will€destroy€another.€ÏòòTidwell€v.€Collinsóó,€522€S.W.2d€674,€676„77€(Tenn.€1975);€òòCity€of€Caryville€v.ÏCampbell€Countyóó,€660€S.W.2d€510,€512€(Tenn.€App.€1983).€€Moreover,€weÏcannot€presume€that€the€legislature€intended€to€place€superfluous€terms€in€theÏstatute;€and€all€language€in€a€statute€is€presumed€to€have€some€meaning.€ÍòòState€v.€Vestalóó,€611€S.W.2d€819,€821€(Tenn.€œ1981);›€œòòseeóó›€òòState€v.€Northcuttóó,€€568ÏS.W.2d€636€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).à àÌÌà àFurthermore,€if€a€statute€is€ambiguous,€it€œis€proper›€to€reference€the€originalÏacts€of€the€legislature€to€determine€the€legislative€intent.€òòAutomatic€MerchandisingÏCo.€V.€Atkinsóó,€205€Tenn.€547,€557,€327€S.W.2d€328,€332€(1959);€òòRoberts€v.ÏCahill€Forge€&€Foundry€Co.óó,€181€Tenn.€688,€693,€184€S.W.2d€29,€31€(1944).€ÏThe€definitions€section€in€the€Act€relative€to€private€investigator€licensing€wasÏpassed€March€26,€œ1990,›€œduring›€the€1990€session€of€the€legislature.€€Pub.€Acts.Ï1990,€ch.€780,€ðð€3.€€A€review€of€the€œAct›€reveals€that€the€original€œversion›Ïcontained€the€following€order€of€definitions:ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ ` ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà à(4)€"Investigations€company"€means€any€person€who€engagesÏin€the€business€or€accepts€employment€to€obtain€or€furnish€informationÏwith€reference€to:ÌÌà à(A)€Crime€or€wrongs€done€or€threatened€against€the€UnitedÏStates€or€any€state€or€territory€of€the€United€States;Ìà à(B)€The€identity,€habits,€conduct,€business,€occupation,€honesty,Ïintegrity,€credibility,€knowledge,€trustworthiness,€efficiency,€loyalty,Ïactivity,€movement,€whereabouts,€affiliations,€associations,Ïtransactions,€acts,€reputations€or€character€of€any€person;Ìà à(C)€The€location,€disposition€or€recovery€of€lost€or€stolenÏproperty;Ìà à(D)€The€cause€or€responsibility€for€fires,€libels,€losses,€accidents,Ïdamages€or€injuries€to€persons€or€to€property;€€orÌà à(E)€The€securing€of€evidence€to€be€used€before€any€court,Ïboard,€commission,€officer€or€investigating€committee;Ì.€.€.Ìà à(8)€"Private€investigator"€means€any€person€who€performs€oneÏ(1)€or€more€services€as€described€in€subdivision€(4);ÌÌà à(10)€"Identification€card"€means€a€pocket€card€issued€by€theÏcommissioner€evidencing€that€the€holder€has€met€the€qualificationsÏrequired€by€this€part€to€perform€the€duties€of€a€private€investigator€inÏthis€state.ÌÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÓÓÌà àAs€it€was€originally€enacted,€the€internal€cross„references€clearly€indicatedÏthat€the€definition€of€ð ðprivate€investigatorðð€was€contained€in€subsection€(4)€forÏð ðinvestigations€company.ðð€€This€contrasts€with€the€nonsensical€cross„referencesÏcontained€in€the€statute€œas€it€was›€codified€by€the€1990€œTennessee€CodificationÏAct,›€section€1.€€We€note€that€it€is€the€practice€of€the€Code€Commission€œwhich›Ïreviews€acts€passed€by€the€legislature€and€œto€be€later›€œcodified€in€theÏTennessee€Code€Annotated,›€to€place€individual€definitions€in€the€definitionsÏsections€of€statutes€in€alphabetical€order.œ× ƒ> ××  ×›€€Thus,€ð ðidentification€cardðð€wasÏœapparently€moved›€from€its€original€place€after€ð ðqualifying€agentðð€to€betweenÏð ðcommissionerðð€and€ð ðinvestigations€company,ðð€its€proper€place€alphabetically.€ÏMoreover,€the€caption€of€the€1990€Tennessee€œCodification€Act€states›€that€ð ðtoÏprovide€in€case€of€any€conflict€between€the€Acts€of€1990€Session€of€the€GeneralÏAssembly€and€this€Act,€the€òòformer€shall€be€controllingóó.ðð€(emphasis€added).ÌÌà àThus,€the€Act€contained€in€Chapter€780€of€the€Public€Acts€of€1990,Ïcontaining€the€proper€definitions,€controls€in€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó.€€Even€thoughÏthe€trial€court€charged€the€statute€as€amended,€it€substantively€comports€withÏthe€original€form€of€the€law€that€was€applicable€when€the€offenses€wereÏcommitted.€€In€effect,€the€elements€required€to€prove€that€the€Defendant€violatedÏthe€private€investigator€licensing€provisions€or€for€impersonation€of€a€licensedÏprofessional€did€not€change€between€the€original€enactment€and€theÏamendment.€€Without€a€substantive€change,€the€Defendant€has€suffered€noÏœdisadvantage.€For€this€reason,€the€retrospective€application€of€the€statute€inÏquestion€in€the€form€of€a€jury€instruction€does€not€comprise€an€ex€post€factoÏviolation.€€Although€the€Defendant€has€made€a€very€creative€and€›intriguingÏœargument,€we€conclude€that€this€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà àAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGE