ÿWPC\ ê°kZO2û¢œ³”£Ä=I´+~õA¾UÝ–Šo\'ƒµá¼ùcëžÊ[ùGn 1(0W7s‘{Ô½ÑhUaÀ.Xb^-õ¯o¼$ØÁ*‹Êßh’Ízýµ¾Kt5Ÿ;¿"Ö ʿFˆ¦iP‰¾åþÔ B@ñŽïx·¬ý´qK¬BõkÇmÀ;«½Hx%Zï ´;‡êcw–ü+ë·UB–Vm«¿äLŒÜpxtUA¯ÀO=â)v f·RýŽÓåÒS<>8…×™Ïofd[GBø©±TQ‡ ð µëÏ õ…çIúÖ îÉøЇø\_¶-‘s­aÒ¯Q¾£ŒòËj•;5#§h}û¶ÈœÊlÙ‚ãâNÔUˆ·T}þ4sžþaeÖ:¾ÿ“Ž_Å&'ù>6³ Úò²‰û”¿–Yœ)ë“™ƒr šÑëdYFªSÛ¿˜SF¸Œm`©ÿ§õ÷:Å×®kýì$îþäqvqÃ’p  Û'"`ÔQ{×)T¾Ùs‘Ö]ÍäÌ—=âT7¶ƒEËœáûÕþªâ˜l0}”ð½Ó1nà†UX›C4õ<:<²˜[ï8Hw‡A$°&ˆ±§±Âz!ìkiâDKŸ–&8È Áë¤&ƆÛÂå;Œb#Á\ % N# 0ˆ% UN­ û U<N zQ ÒË z Ò ^ é wõ Æù Æ¿ Æ…ÆK4N%'6E8 m:::::::::::::::::::::::bQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 0ëYYYY BDD 0¤a D3 D-8 0Kee AS°Æ 0¤É 0Dm A«±˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular (ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptëŠE)â Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5l;)ent$ù¢3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ- ù-(|G2Òð$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€T»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô5àò»»Ô d(|3ø$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€T»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ø$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€T»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ED»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼š»»»ÔÑ8€+´XXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îìšÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼š»îîì #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àDecember€7,€1999,€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔÌò òÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€òòóóRONALD€WEEKS,€SR.Ô‡XÛñX»¼šÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€97„12318€€€€€€James€C.€Ô_ÔBeasleyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€Judge€Ð æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1998„00022„CCA„R3„CD€„€Decided€October€2,€2000€Ð ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌò òó óÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼š»àXÛñŽ#ÔÔ‡XÛñX.¼šÔNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€dissenting.Ð d´ ÐÌI€must€respectfully€dissent€because,€while€I€agree€that€the€appellantððs€confession€to€the€police€shouldÐ <Œ Ðhave€been€suppressed,€I€do€not€believe€that€the€trial€courtððs€admission€of€the€confession€at€trialÐ (x Ðconstituted€reversible€error.€€Our€supreme€court€has€previously€noted€that€ð ðthe€existence€of€aÐ d Ðconstitutional€error€does€not€automatically€entitle€a€defendant€to€a€reversal.ðð€òòóó€òòState€v.€Howellóó,€868Ð P ÐS.W.2d€238,€252€(Tenn.€1993).€€Specifically,€constitutional€error€does€not€warrant€reversal€if€theÐ ì< ÐState€establishes€ð ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€error€complained€of€did€not€contribute€to€theÐ Ø( Ðverdict€obtained.ðð€€òòChapman€v.€Californiaóó,€386€U.S.€18,€24,€87€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€824,€828€(1967).€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ÷#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñÜ#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔIn€òòDelawareÐ Ä Ðv.€Van€Ô_ÔArsdallÔ_Ôóó,€475€U.S.€673,€681,€106€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€1431,€1436€(1986)(citations€omitted),€the€United€StatesÐ ° ÐSupreme€Court€explained€the€rationale€of€this€ð ðharmless€error€doctrineðð:Ð œì Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€harmless€error€doctrine€recognizes€the€principle€that€the€centralÐ ˆØ Ðpurpose€of€a€criminal€trial€is€to€decide€the€factual€question€of€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendantððs€guilt€or€innocence,€.€.€.€and€promotes€public€respect€forÐ `° Ðthe€criminal€process€by€focusing€on€the€underlying€fairness€of€the€trialÐ L œ Ðrather€than€on€the€virtually€inevitable€presence€of€immaterial€error.€.Ð 8!ˆ  Ð.€.€ððReversal€for€error€regardless€of€its€effect€on€the€judgment,Ð $"t! Ðencourages€litigants€to€abuse€the€judicial€process€and€bestirs€theÐ #`" Ðpublic€to€ridicule€itðð€.€.€.€.Ðü#L#` x` x ÐOf€course,€the€court€in€this€case€is€applying€the€harmless€error€doctrine€to€the€admission€at€trial€ofÐ è$8 $ Ða€confession€by€the€appellant€obtained€in€violation€of€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€445,€86Ð Ô%$!% ÐÔ_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€1602,€1612€(1966).òòóó€€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ #ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔNevertheless,€in€òòArizona€v.€Ô_ÔFulminanteÔ_Ôóó,€499€U.S.€279,€306„312,€111€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.Ð À&"& Ð1246,€1263„1266€(1991),€the€Court€approved€the€application€of€the€harmless€error€doctrine€even€toÐ ¬'ü"' Ðthe€admission€at€trial€of€òòinvoluntaryóó€confessions.€€The€Court€stated:Ð ˜(è#( Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWhen€reviewing€the€erroneous€admission€of€an€involuntaryÐ „)Ô$) Ðconfession,€the€appellate€court,€as€it€does€with€the€admission€of€otherÐ p*À%* Ðforms€of€improperly€admitted€evidence,€simply€reviews€the€remainderÐ \+¬&+ Ðof€the€evidence€against€the€defendant€to€determine€whether€theÐ H,˜', Ðadmission€of€the€confession€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð#4-„(-` x` xý: #ÐòòId.óó€at€310,€1265.Ð ° ÐÔ_ÔÌà  àà ` àÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ²#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔIn€sum,€even€in€cases€of€erroneously€admitted€confessions,€whether€involuntary€orÐ ˆØ Ðobtained€in€violation€of€òòMirandaóó,€ð ðthe€goal€of€harmless€error€analysis€is€to€identify€the€actual€basisÐ tÄ Ðon€which€the€jury€rested€its€verdict.ðð€€òòMomon€v.€Stateóó,€18€S.W.3d€152,€168€(Tenn.€1999).€€Thus,€inÐ `° Ðapplying€the€harmless€error€doctrine€to€this€case,€I€would€preliminarily€note€that€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñœ#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔthe€primary€issueÐ L œ Ðat€trial€was€not€whether€the€appellant€committed€the€offense€of€aggravated€sexual€battery€but€ratherÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhether€the€appellant€was€insane€at€the€time€of€his€offense.€€Indeed,€the€focus€of€the€appellantððsÐ $ t Ðdefense€is€apparent€from€the€direct€testimony€by€the€appellantððs€psychologist,€Dr.€John€VictorÐ  ` ÐCioccaÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ›#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ,€relating€the€appellantððs€statements€to€him€concerning€the€offense€and€remarking€that€theÐ ü L  Ðstatements€were€substantially€identical€to€the€appellantððs€confession€to€the€police.€€In€this€context,Ð è 8  Ðthe€courtððs€application€of€harmless€error€analysis€should€address€three€separate€inquiries:€(1)€whetherÐ Ô$  Ðthe€trial€courtððs€admission€of€the€appellantððs€statements€to€the€police€affected€the€juryððs€resolutionÐ À  Ðof€the€issue€of€insanity;€(2)€whether€the€admission€of€the€statements€otherwise€affected€the€juryððsÐ ¬ü  Ðverdict€of€guilt;€and€(3)€whether€the€appellant€could€have€asserted€a€more€successful€defense€had€theÐ ˜è  Ðstatements€been€suppressed.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àWith€respect€to€the€first€inquiry,€the€appellant€had€the€burden€at€trial€of€proving€hisÐ \¬ Ðinsanity€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€€òòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„501(a)€(1997);€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñr#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔòòsee€alsoóó€òòStateÐ H˜ Ðv.€Perryóó,€No.€01C01„9710„CC„00467,€1999€WL€233522,€at€*16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,Ð 4„ ÐApril€22,€1999),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1999)(upholding€the€constitutionality€of€the€statutoryÐ  p Ðprovision€requiring€the€defendant€to€prove€insanity€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence).€€In€otherÐ  \ Ðwords,€the€appellant€was€required€to€prove€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that,€as€a€result€of€aÐ øH Ðsevere€mental€disease€or€defect,€he€was€unable€to€appreciate€the€nature€or€wrongfulness€of€hisÐ ä4 Ðconduct€at€the€time€of€his€offense.€€òòId.óó;Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ­#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Holderóó,€No.€03C01„9812„CC„00439,€1999Ð Ð  ÐWL€771550,€at€**7„8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€September€27,€1999)Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ›#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ,€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,Ð ¼  Ð(Tenn.€2000)(upholding€the€constitutionality€of€the€current€statutory€definition€of€insanity).Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ}#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€€ð ðððClearÐ ¨ø Ðand€convincing€evidence€means€evidence€in€which€there€is€no€serious€or€substantial€doubt€about€theÐ ”ä Ðcorrectness€of€the€conclusions€drawn€from€the€evidence.ðððð€€òòHolderóó,€No.€03C01„9812„CC„00439,Ð €Ð Ð1999€WL€771550,€at€*5€(quoting€òòHodges€v.€S.C.€Toof€&€Companyóó,€833€S.W.2d€896,€901€n.2€(Tenn.Ð l¼ Ð1992)).Ô#†¼š»XXÛñQ#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àA€more€detailed€review€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€appellantððs€trial€is€essentialÐ 0"€  Ðin€assessing€the€impact€of€the€admission€of€the€appellantððs€confession€to€the€police€upon€the€juryððsÐ #l! Ðresolution€of€the€above€issue€and,€more€broadly,€the€issue€of€guilt€or€innocenceÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ(!#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ.€€Initially,€the€StateÐ $X" Ðpresented€the€testimony€of€the€victim,€who€was€six€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€appellantððs€trial.€€SheÐ ô$D # Ðtestified€that€the€appellant€lived€next€door€to€her€home.€€On€July€24,€1997,€she€was€riding€her€bicycleÐ à%0!$ Ðpast€the€appellantððs€home€when€he€invited€her€inside.€€The€victim€stated€that,€while€she€was€visitingÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€appellantððs€home,€she€went€into€his€bedroom€where€ð ðsomething€bad€happened.ðð€€She€furtherÐ ¸'#& Ðtestified€that€she€was€later€examined€by€a€nurse€ð ð[b]ecause€of€what€Mr.€Ronnie€did.ðð€€She€was€unableÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€otherwise€describe€the€events€inside€the€appellantððs€bedroom.€€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àThe€victimððs€mother€also€testified€on€behalf€of€the€State€at€the€appellantððs€trial.€€SheÐ ° Ðâ ârecounted€that,€on€July€24,€1997,€the€victim€left€their€home€at€10:30€a.m.€to€visit€a€friend€who€livedÐ œì Ðin€the€neighborhood.€€Approximately€one€hour€later,€the€victim€returned€home€and€was€ð ðextremelyÐ ˆØ Ðupset.ðð€€Seconds€later,€the€appellant€arrived€at€the€front€door€in€ð ðred€satin„type€boxer€shortsðð€andÐ tÄ Ðstated€that€he€had€seen€the€victim€riding€her€bicycle€and€had€asked€her€to€come€inside€his€house.€€HeÐ `° Ðfurther€stated,Ð L œ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIððm€sorry€.€.€.€I€was€asleep.€€The€phone€rang€three€times.€€I€woke€up.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐI€got€mad.€€Iððm€sorry.€€I€was€asleep.€€I€didnððt€know€what€I€was€doing.€Ð $ t ÐIððm€sorry.Ð `` x` x ÐAfter€reassuring€the€appellant,€the€victimððs€mother€spoke€with€the€victim.€€The€victim€ð ðwas€so€upsetÐ ü L  Ðthat€she€was,€at€that€point€of€almost€throwing€up.ðð€€According€to€the€mother,€the€victim€stated,Ð è 8  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMama,€mama.€€He€forced€me,€mama.€€He€forced€me.€.€.€.€He€forcedÐ Ô$  Ðme€to€take€off€my€shorts€and€my€panties,€mama.€.€.€.€He€laid€on€top€ofÐ À  Ðme,€mama,€and€he€peed€on€me,€mama.Ьü ` x` x ÐThe€victimððs€mother€reported€the€assault€to€the€police€and€drove€her€daughter€to€the€Memphis€SexualÐ ˜è  ÐAssault€Resource€Center.€€Steven€Weichman,€a€special€agent€forensic€scientist€with€the€TennesseeÐ „Ô  ÐBureau€of€Investigation€Crime€Laboratory€in€Jackson,€Tennessee,€testified€that€subsequent€testingÐ pÀ Ðof€the€underwear€worn€by€the€victim€at€the€time€of€the€offense€revealed€the€presence€of€sperm€andÐ \¬ Ðsemen.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àOf€course,€the€State€also€introduced€the€appellantððs€confession,€which€was€obtainedÐ  p Ðby€police€approximately€five€hours€following€the€instant€offense.€€In€his€confession,€the€appellantÐ  \ Ðstated€that,€on€the€morning€of€his€offense,€he€was€attempting€to€sleep€in€his€bedroom€at€home.€Ð øH ÐHowever,€he€was€awakened€on€several€occasions€by€the€ringing€of€the€telephone.€€Additionally,€theÐ ä4 Ðappellant€was€experiencing€pain€in€his€back,€and€he€was€concerned€that€he€might€be€developingÐ Ð  Ðkidney€stones.€€At€approximately€11:15€a.m.,€he€was€still€unable€to€sleep€and€began€looking€out€aÐ ¼  Ðwindow€of€his€home.€€At€this€point,€he€noticed€the€victim€passing€by€his€home€on€her€bicycle.€€HeÐ ¨ø Ðinvited€the€victim€into€the€house,€where€he€spoke€with€her€about€Disney€World€and€allowed€her€toÐ ”ä Ðsee€his€dog€and€his€bird€and€play€with€his€cat.€€The€victim€was€playing€with€the€cat€in€the€appellantððsÐ €Ð Ðbedroom€when€the€appellant€ð ðstarted€losing€[his]€mind.ðð€€The€appellant€recalled€that€he€began€to€feelÐ l¼ Ðhungry,€the€pain€in€his€back€resumed,€and€he€again€began€to€worry€about€the€possibility€that€he€wasÐ X ¨ Ðdeveloping€kidney€stones.€€According€to€the€appellant,€his€discomfort€precipitated€the€sexual€assault.€Ð D!” ÐThe€appellant€recalled,Ð 0"€  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€laid€down€on€her€and€just€rubbing€and€thatððs€where€I€ejaculated,€IÐ #l! Ðtold€her€sorry€and€then€I€got€the€towel€and€tried€to€clean€her€up.€€I€wasÐ $X" Ðagain€checking€for€kidney€stone€but€uh€there€was€no€problem€there.€Ð ô$D # ÐBut€I€told€her€I€said€I€am€very€sorry€.€.€.€.€€I€told€her€to€go€on€out,€butÐ à%0!$ ÐI€do€feel€guilt€and€decided€I€would€walk€over€there€and€knock€and€tellÐ Ì&"% Ðher€mother€that€I€was€very€apologetic€about€what€I€had€done€and€thatÐ ¸'#& ÐI€was€sorry€and€so.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€support€of€his€defense€of€insanity,€the€appellant€first€introduced€the€testimony€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðhis€wife,€Vicki€Weeks.€€Ms.€Weeks€testified€that€she€and€the€appellant€had€been€married€for€twenty„Ð h+¸&* Ðfive€years€and€currently€had€one€adult€son.€€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñÓ"#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔMs.€Weeks€described€the€appellant€as€ð ðoutgoingðð€andÐ ° Ðð ðvery€friendlyðð€and€asserted€that€he€had€been€ð ða€very€good€husband€.€.€.€.ðð€€Ms.€Weeks€further€relatedÐ œì Ðthat€her€husband€had€been€employed€by€the€United€States€Postal€Service€for€twenty„four€years€andÐ ˆØ Ðenjoyed€playing€tennis€in€his€free€timeÔ#†¼š»XXÛñW7#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ.€€In€1997,€however,€the€appellant€began€to€experience€stressÐ tÄ Ðrelating€to€financial€difficulties,€appearÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ 9#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔed€ð ðreal€tired€all€the€time,ðð€and€bathed€and€shaved€lessÐ `° Ðfrequently.€€Additionally,€the€appellant€was€reluctant€to€take€leave€from€work€and€was€somewhatÐ L œ Ðwithdrawn€at€family€gatherings.€€Ô#†¼š»XXÛñÈ9#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔFinally,€Ms.€Weeks€noted€that,€at€the€beginning€of€July€1997,€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðappellant€stopped€playing€tennis.Ô#†¼š»XXÛñò:#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔÐ $ t ÐÌà  àà ` àMae€Weeks,€the€appellantððs€mother,€testified€that€the€appellant€has€been€hearing„Ð ü L  Ðimpaired€since€birth,€although€he€can€hear€some€sounds€such€as€the€ringing€of€a€telephone.€€As€aÐ è 8  Ðchild,€the€appellant€initially€attended€an€ð ðoral€school€for€the€deafðð€where€he€was€taught€to€speak.€Ð Ô$  ÐSubsequently,€he€attended€Raleigh„Egypt€High€School,€ð ða€hearing€school,ðð€where€he€was€ð ðthe€leaderÐ À  Ðin€his€class.ðð€€Upon€graduating€from€the€high€school,€he€immediately€began€his€employment€withÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Postal€Service.Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ«;#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€€The€appellantððs€mother,€like€his€wife,€described€the€appellant€as€ð ðreal€outgoing€„Ð ˜è  Ðreal€pleasant€„€funny€„€clowned€a€lot.ðð€€However,€she€recalled€that,€in€the€spring€or€early€summer€ofÐ „Ô  Ð1997,€the€appellant€began€to€appear€depressed,€ð ðlooked€haggard€.€.€.€unkempt,ðð€and€was€withdrawnÐ pÀ Ðat€family€gatherings.Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ€>#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellantððs€son,€Ronald€Weeks,€Jr.,€testified€on€the€appellantððs€behalf€that€he€hasÐ 4„ Ðalways€had€a€good€relationship€with€his€father.€€He€stated€that€the€appellant€was€ð ð[v]ery€outgoing€.Ð  p Ð.€.€[a]lways€cutting€up€„€joking.€€He€was€like€a€friend.ðð€€However,€Mr.€Weeks€recalled€that,€in€1997,Ð  \ Ðthe€appellant€began€to€appear€ð ðunkemptðð€and€became€ð ðvery€quiet,€reserved.ðð€€Mr.€Weeks€particularlyÐ øH Ðnoted€that,€shortly€before€this€offense,€the€appellant€stopped€playing€tennis€with€his€son.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellantððs€psychologist,€Dr.€Ciocca,€testified€that€he€interviewed€the€appellantÐ ¼  Ðon€four€occasions€following€this€offense,€including€August€16,€19,€and€22,€1997,€and€January€27,Ð ¨ø Ð1998.€€During€these€interviews,€the€appellant€related€to€Dr.€Ciocca€his€offense.€€Dr.€Ciocca€alsoÐ ”ä Ðreviewed€the€appellantððs€statements€to€the€police€and€noted€that€the€two€accounts€were€substantiallyÐ €Ð Ðidentical.€€Additionally,€Dr.€Ciocca€interviewed€various€family€members.€€Finally,€he€administeredÐ l¼ Ðto€the€appellant€various€psychological€tests,€including€the€Minnesota€Multi„Phasic€PersonalityÐ X ¨ ÐInventory€II€(MMPI)€and€the€Millon€Inventory€II.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àà ` àDr.€Ciocca€diagnosed€the€appellant€with€Ð #l! Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àsevere€depression€„€major€depression€and€that€co„existing€with€thatÐ $X" Ðwas€a€paranoid€delusional€disorder€in€which€he€suffered€from€theÐ ô$D # Ðinability€to€tell€reality€from€fantasy€in€which€his€reality€testing€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðimpaired,€and€in€which€his€ability€to€govern€his€behavior€would€beÐ Ì&"% Ðimpaired.и'#&` x` x ÐDr.€Ciocca€conceded€that€hearing„impaired€individuals€ð ðhave€modest€additions€to€.€.€.€all€of€theirÐ ¤(ô#' ÐMMPI€scales,ðð€and€individuals€facing€criminal€charges€are€likewise€more€depressed€and€suicidal.€Ð )à$( Ðâ âNevertheless,€he€opined€that,€at€the€time€of€this€offense,€the€appellant€was€in€the€midst€of€a€Ð |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àrather€long„standing€psychological€decompensation;€that€his€„€hisÐ ° Ðâ âdifficulties€with€reality€testing€and€his€difficulties€with€depression,Ð œì Ðand€his€difficulties€with€distortions€of€reality€had€been€occurring€overÐ ˆØ Ðan€extended€period€of€time.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àDr.€Ciocca€further€testified€that,€when€depression€is€accompanied€by€a€paranoidÐ L œ Ðdelusional€disorder,€ð ðan€individual€will,€periodically,€with€and€without€external€stressors,€.€.€.€loseÐ 8 ˆ Ðcontact€with€reality€.€.€.€.ðð€€Accordingly,€he€asserted€that€the€ð ðoccurrence€of€many€different€kinds€ofÐ $ t Ðbizarre,€unusual€behavior€in€an€individual,ðð€such€as€the€instant€offense,€would€be€consistent€with€hisÐ  ` Ðdiagnosis.€€He€concluded€that,€at€the€time€of€the€instant€offense,€the€appellant€was€experiencing€aÐ ü L  Ðpsychotic€episode€and€was€unable€to€comprehend€the€nature€and€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€psychologist€conceded€that€the€appellantððs€psychotic€episode€would€have€lastedÐ À  Ðseveral€hours.€€Indeed,€Dr.€Ciocca€assumed€thatÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ>@#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€the€appellantððs€ð ðdecline€into€this€[psychotic]€stateÐ ¬ü  Ðtook€some€time€and€that€his€movement€out€of€the€state€took€some€time.ðð€€Dr.€Ciocca€furtherÐ ˜è  Ðconceded€that€he€was€unsure€how€much€time€elapsed€between€the€appellantððs€offense€and€his€apologyÐ „Ô  Ðto€the€victimððs€mother€and€was€unsure€whether€or€not€the€appellant€was€still€experiencing€theÐ pÀ Ðpsychotic€episode€when€he€apologized€to€the€victimððs€mother€following€this€offense.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€cross„examining€Dr.€Ciocca,€the€State€questioned€him€concerning€the€appellantððsÐ 4„ Ðstatements€to€the€police,€including€a€portion€of€the€appellantððs€confession€that€had€been€redactedÐ  p Ðfrom€the€statements€introduced€during€the€Stateððs€case„in„chief.€€In€the€redacted€portion€of€hisÐ  \ Ðconfession,€the€appellant€stated€that€a€similar€incident€had€almost€taken€place€with€another€child,€butÐ øH Ðhe€had€controlled€his€conduct€because€he€realized€that€his€impulse€was€wrong.€€Again,€Dr.€CioccaÐ ä4 Ðconceded€that€the€appellant€had€provided€substantially€identical€information€to€him€during€the€courseÐ Ð  Ðof€the€psychologistððs€interviews€with€the€appellant€and€that€he€had€considered€this€information€inÐ ¼  Ðforming€his€opinion€on€the€issue€of€insanity.€€With€respect€to€the€appellantððs€statement€concerningÐ ¨ø Ðthis€prior€incident,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€it€was€to€consider€this€evidence€solely€forÐ ”ä Ðthe€purpose€of€evaluating€Dr.€Cioccaððs€testimony€concerning€the€appellantððs€mental€state€at€the€timeÐ €Ð Ðof€the€offense.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€rebuttal,€the€State€presented€the€testimony€of€Kenneth€Fulmar,€the€manager€of€theÐ D!” ÐBartlett€Menððs€Single€Tennis€League.€€He€testified€that€the€appellant€was€a€participant€in€the€tennisÐ 0"€  Ðleague€and€had€won€the€tennis€league€tournament€on€June€16,€1997,€approximately€one€month€priorÐ #l! Ðto€this€offense.€€The€State€also€presented€the€testimony€of€Bob€Jackson€with€the€United€States€PostalÐ $X" ÐService.€€Mr.€Jackson€testified€that€the€appellant€was€a€ð ðgeneral€expediter,ðð€responsible€for€ensuringÐ ô$D # Ðthat€outgoing€mail€bags€were€placed€in€the€correct€truck€or€van.€€According€to€Mr.€Jackson,€theÐ à%0!$ Ðappellantððs€work€evaluation€from€May€1997€through€July€1997€indicated€above€average€jobÐ Ì&"% Ðperformance€by€the€appellant€in€all€categories,€including€reliability,€appearance,€personal€conductÐ ¸'#& Ðand€integrity,€ability€to€get€along€with€others,€ability€to€accept€criticism,€productivity€and€workÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhabits,€attitude€toward€work,€co„workers,€and€supervisors,€ability€to€understand€and€followÐ )à$( Ðinstructions,€willingness€to€handle€all€assignments,€punctuality,€and€safety€consciousness.€€Mr.Ð |*Ì%) ÐJackson€also€noted€that,€during€these€three€months,€the€appellant€took€two€days€of€sick€leave€andÐ h+¸&* Ðfourteen€or€fifteen€days€of€ð ðannual€leave.ðð€€Mr.€Jackson€acknowledged€that€the€period€extendingÐ ° Ðfrom€May€through€July€is€generally€ð ðpeak€annual€leave€time.ððÐ œì ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€State€also€presented€the€testimony€of€Dr.€John€Whirley,€a€psychologist€and€aÐ tÄ Ðfriend€of€Dr.€Ciocca.€€He€stated€that€he€interviewed€the€appellant€on€July€2,€1998,€approximately€oneÐ `° Ðyear€following€the€instant€offense,€in€order€to€determine€if€the€appellant€was€competent€to€stand€trialÐ L œ Ðand€whether€a€defense€of€insanity€was€viable.€€Dr.€Whirley€additionally€reviewed€numerous€recordsÐ 8 ˆ Ðdocumenting€the€appellantððs€treatment€and€evaluation€following€this€offense€by€psychologists€Dr.Ð $ t ÐCiocca€and€Dr.€Murphy€and€psychiatrist€Dr.€Hoehn.€€Finally,€he€examined€records€pertaining€toÐ  ` Ðpolice€interviews€with€the€appellant.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àà ` àDr.€Whirley€initially€noted€that,€prior€to€the€instant€offense,€the€appellant€had€noÐ Ô$  Ðhistory€of€mental€illness€or€psychological€treatment.€€As€to€the€psychological€testing€performed€byÐ À  ÐDr.€Ciocca€and€the€results€thereof,€Dr.€Whirley€testified€that€the€scoring€systems€for€tests€such€as€theÐ ¬ü  ÐMMPI€and€the€Millon€Inventory€are€based€upon€ð ðnormative€or€standardized€group[s]ðð€representingÐ ˜è  Ðthe€general€population.€€According€to€Dr.€Whirley,€when€a€test€subject€is€a€member€of€a€sub„groupÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€population,€such€as€the€hearing„impaired,€ð ðyou€can€get€biased€scores.ðð€€He€also€noted€that€theÐ pÀ ÐMillon€Inventory€II€test€performed€by€Dr.€Ciocca€had€been€ð ðtaken€off€the€market.€.€.€.€The€Millon€IIÐ \¬ Ðapparently€was€over€exaggerating€pathology€in€even€normal€people€„€making€them€look€like€they€hadÐ H˜ Ðproblems€.€.€.€.ðð€€Finally,€Dr.€Whirley€noted€that€the€results€of€the€psychological€testing€wereÐ 4„ Ðinconsistent€with€all€other€available€information,€including€the€appellantððs€other€psychologicalÐ  p Ðrecords,€Dr.€Whirleyððs€own€observations€of€the€appellant,€and€information€provided€by€theÐ  \ Ðappellantððs€family€members.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€this€regard,€Dr.€Whirley€observed€that€the€results€of€the€psychological€testingÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àdescribe[]€a€severe€psychological€disorder,€florid€psychotic€process,Ð ¼  Ðwhich€includes€personality€decompensation,€social€withdrawal,Ð ¨ø Ðdisordered€affect,€erratic,€maybe€assaultive€behavior,€confused,Ð ”ä Ðwithdrawn,€preoccupied€with€abstract€ideas,€may€feel€that€others€areÐ €Ð Ðagainst€him€because€of€his€beliefs,€apathetic€and€so€forth.€€In€otherÐ l¼ Ðwords,€it€describes€a€very€disorganized,€withdrawn,€floridly€psychoticÐ X ¨ Ðindividual€in€the€text€of€this€thing.€€ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€find€that€this€description€„€if€a€person€were€as€psychotic€andÐ #l! Ðdisorganized€as€this€description€suggests,€I€cannot€imagine€how€heÐ $X" Ðcould€sit€down€and€interact€in€a€fashion€that€is€revealed€in€theÐ ô$D # Ðinterviews€„€both€with€Dr.€Ciocca€and€with€the€police€and€also€in€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðwritten€responses€to€Dr.€Cioccaððs€questions.€€Now,€those€areÐ Ì&"% Ðinconsistent€with€what€the€MMPI€says.€€The€MMPI€is€alsoÐ ¸'#& Ðinconsistent€with€my€experience€with€him,€but€that€was€certainly€oneÐ ¤(ô#' Ðyear€later.€€And€it€was€inconsistent€with€some€of€the€familyÐ )à$( Ðdescriptions€as€well.€Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOne€of€the€things€that€both€of€the€„€the€Millon€and€the€MMPIÐ ° Ðsuggested€is€that€these€are,€to€some€extent,€long€term€personalityÐ œì Ðcharacteristics€of€him,€and€that€is€certainly€not€consistent€with€myÐ ˆØ Ðperception€of€Mr.€Weeks.€€I€found€him€to€be€a€likeable,€pleasant,Ð tÄ Ðresponsive€individual.Ð`°` x` x Ðà@  'ìàò ò*€*€*€ó óˆÐ L œ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[I]t€would€be€extraordinary€for€a€person€with€a€severe€case€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðparanoid€schizophrenia€to€be€able€to€function€well€in€society€withoutÐ $ t Ðmedication€and€have€good€interpersonal€relationships€and€functionÐ  ` Ðwell€on€a€job€involving€working€with€other€people.€€So€thatððs€part€ofÐ ü L  Ðwhere€I€get€into€some€concern€about€what€this€test€is€really€saying€.€.Ð è 8  Ð.€.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐDr.€Whirley€further€noted€that€if€the€MMPI€were€accurate,€one€would€expect€the€appellant€to€exhibitÐ À  Ðð ðrage€and€[experience]€violent€episodes,ðð€and€there€was€simply€no€evidence€of€such€behavior€by€theÐ ¬ü  Ðappellant.€€Dr.€Whirley€concluded€that€the€symptoms€described€by€family€members€were€moreÐ ˜è  Ðconsistent€with€depression€than€any€paranoid€psychosis.Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ N#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€€Indeed,€Dr.€Whirley€noted€that€theÐ „Ô  Ðpsychiatrist€Dr.€Hoehn€limited€his€diagnosis€of€the€appellant€to€ð ðmajor€depression€„€single€episodeððÐ pÀ Ðand€administered€anti„depressant€medications€rather€than€anti„psychotic€medications.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€reference€to€Dr.€Cioccaððs€testimony€that,€at€the€time€of€this€offense,€the€appellantÐ 4„ Ðwas€experiencing€a€psychotic€episode€during€which€he€was€unable€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulnessÐ  p Ðof€his€conduct,€Dr.€Whirley€described€a€ð ðbrief€psychotic€episodeðð:Ð  \ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€includes€the€presence€of€delusion€„€one€or€more€delusions,Ð øH Ðdisorganized€speech,€or€grossly€disorganized€or€catatonic€behaviorÐ ä4 Ðand€that€this€episode€should€last€at€least€one€day€but€less€than€oneÐ Ð  Ðmonth€.€.€.€.м ` x` x ÐHe€further€stated,€ð ðIn€my€experience,€itððs€rare€to€see€something€happen€and€last€just€a€couple€ofÐ ¨ø Ðhours.ðð€€He€observed€that€people€may€ð ð€come€out€.€.€.€[of€a€psychotic€episode]€over€days,€but€to€goÐ ”ä Ðin€and€out€briefly€would€be€something€I€havenððt€seen.ðð€€He€concluded€that,€at€the€time€of€this€offense,Ð €Ð Ðthe€appellant€was€able€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€State€specifically€questioned€Dr.€Whirley€concerning€the€appellantððs€statementsÐ D!” Ðto€the€police.€€Dr.€Whirley€responded€that,€in€forming€his€opinion€on€the€issue€of€insanity,€he€did€relyÐ 0"€  Ðin€part€upon€the€appellantððs€statement€to€police€that€he€had€immediately€apologized€to€the€victimððsÐ #l! Ðmother€following€his€offense.€€He€similarly€noted€the€appellantððs€account€of€a€prior€incident€withÐ $X" Ðanother€child€during€which€the€appellant€controlled€his€behavior€because€he€understood€theÐ ô$D # Ðwrongfulness€of€his€impulse.€€Moreover,€Dr.€Whirley€opined€that€the€appellantððs€reluctance€to€revealÐ à%0!$ Ðthis€prior€incident€to€the€police€suggested€that,€at€least€at€the€time€of€his€interview€with€the€police,Ð Ì&"% Ðthe€appellant€understood€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àà ` àReviewing€the€above€evidence,€I€would€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€admission€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€appellantððs€statements€to€the€police€did€not€affect€the€juryððs€determination€that€the€appellantÐ |*Ì%) Ðfailed€to€establish€his€insanity€at€the€time€of€the€offense€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€€InÐ h+¸&* Ðreaching€this€conclusion,€I€acknowledge€that,€absent€the€trial€courtððs€erroneous€admission€of€theÐ ° Ðappellantððs€statements€to€the€police,€the€State€could€not€have€used€the€statements€to€impeach€aÐ œì Ðdefense€witness€other€than€the€defendant€himself.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòJames€v.€Illinoisóó,€493€U.S.€307,€311„312,Ð ˆØ Ð110€S.Ct.€648,€651€(1990).€€Moreover,€the€State€could€not€have€used€such€statements€as€substantiveÐ tÄ Ðevidence€to€rebut€the€appellantððs€defense€of€insanity.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Hinkleyóó,€672€F.2dÐ `° Ð115,€132„134€(D.C.€Cir.€1982),€òòoverruled€in€part€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòHudson€v.€Palmeróó,€468€U.S.Ð L œ Ð517,€525„526,€104€S.Ct.€3194,€3200€(1984);€òòPeople€v.€Riccoóó,€437€N.E.2d€1097,€1101€(N.Y.€App.Ð 8 ˆ Ð1982);€òòState€v.€Hubbardóó,€693€P.2d€718,€721„722€(Wash.€1985).€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€DeGrawóó,€470€S.E.2dÐ $ t Ð215,€222„224€(W.€Va.€1996)(consistent€with€òòJames€v.€Illinoisóó,€when€a€defendant€offers€the€testimonyÐ  ` Ðof€an€expert€in€presenting€the€insanity€defense€and€the€expertððs€opinion€is€based,€to€any€appreciableÐ ü L  Ðextent,€on€the€defendantððs€statements€to€the€expert,€the€State€may€offer€into€evidence€forÐ è 8  Ðimpeachment€purposes€the€defendantððs€òòcontradictoryóó€statements€to€police€obtained€in€violation€ofÐ Ô$  ÐòòMirandaóó);€òòWilkes€v.€United€Statesóó,€631€A.2d€880,€889„891€(D.C.€App.€1993)(enunciating€the€sameÐ À  Ðprinciple).€€However,€as€noted€earlier,€the€appellant€made€substantially€identical€statements€to€hisÐ ¬ü  Ðown,€defense„retained€psychologist,€Dr.€Ciocca.€€By€asserting€the€affirmative€defense€of€insanity€andÐ ˜è  Ðpresenting€Dr.€Cioccaððs€testimony€in€support€of€his€defense,€the€appellant€ð ðwaivedðð€anyÐ „Ô  Ðconstitutional€privilege€with€respect€to€his€inculpatory€statements€to€Dr.€Ciocca€that€enabled€theÐ pÀ Ðpsychologist€to€form€an€opinion€on€the€issue€of€insanity.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòIsley€v.€Duggeróó,€877€F.2d€47,€49„Ð \¬ Ð50€(11òòthóó€Cir.€1989);€òòNoggle€v.€Marshallóó,€706€F.2d€1408,€1416€(6òòthóó€Cir.€1983).òòóó€€The€appellant€similarlyÐ H˜ Ðwaived€his€statutory€psychologist„client€privilege.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€63„11„213Ð 4„ Ð(1997)(privileged€communications€between€licensed€psychologists€and€client€are€placed€upon€theÐ  p Ðsame€basis€as€those€provided€by€law€between€attorney€and€client);€òòcf.óó€òòBryan€v.€Stateóó,€848€S.W.2d€72,Ð  \ Ð80„81€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€Absent€these€constitutional€and€statutory€bars,€the€prosecutor€couldÐ øH Ðcross„examine€Dr.€Ciocca€concerning€the€appellantððs€statements€to€the€psychologist€that€were€a€basisÐ ä4 Ðof€his€opinion.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€705.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àOf€course,€in€rebuttal,€the€State€also€questioned€its€own€expert€concerning€theÐ ¨ø Ðappellantððs€statements€to€the€police.€€Moreover,€in€forming€their€opinions€on€the€insanity€issue,€Dr.Ð ”ä ÐCiocca€and€Dr.€Whirley€did€not€rely€solely€upon€the€substance€of€the€appellantððs€statements€to€theÐ €Ð Ðpolice,€echoed€in€the€appellantððs€statements€to€Dr.€Ciocca,€but€also€upon€the€fact€of€the€appellantððsÐ l¼ Ðconfession,€i.e.,€his€acknowledgment€of€wrongdoing€soon€after€the€offense,€and€the€coherence€of€theÐ X ¨ Ðconfession.€€Nevertheless,€particularly€in€light€of€the€appellantððs€burden€of€proof€on€the€issue€ofÐ D!” Ðinsanity,€I€would€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€psychologistsðð€testimony€concerningÐ 0"€  Ðthe€appellantððs€confession€did€not€tip€the€balance€in€favor€of€the€State.€€First,€there€was€otherÐ #l! Ðevidence€of€the€appellantððs€immediate€acknowledgment€of€guilt€following€the€offense.€€Second,€inÐ $X" Ðcertain€respects,€the€appellantððs€confession€supported€the€appellantððs€claim€of€insanity.€€Thus,€duringÐ ô$D # Ðclosing€argument,€defense€counsel€highlighted€the€appellantððs€statement€to€police€that€he€began€toÐ à%0!$ Ðlose€his€mind€prior€to€the€offense€and€the€appellantððs€somewhat€bizarre€focus€in€his€confession€uponÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€possibility€that€he€was€suffering€from€kidney€stones.Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ[p#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ€€Finally,€there€was€abundant€other€evidenceÐ ¸'#& Ðcontroverting€the€appellantððs€claim€of€insanity€and€raising€serious€or€substantial€doubts€concerningÐ ¤(ô#' ÐDr.€Cioccaððs€conclusions.Ô#†¼š»XXÛñQ#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔÐ )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àAs€to€the€impact€of€the€appellantððs€statements€to€the€police€on€the€broader€issue€ofÐ ° Ðâ âguilt€or€innocence,€I€acknowledge€that€the€impact€was€not€cumulative€because€the€relevance€of€theÐ œì Ðappellantððs€statements€to€Dr.€Ciocca€would€have€been€limited€to€the€issue€of€the€appellantððs€insanity.€Ð ˆØ ÐòòNoggleóó,€706€F.2d€at€1416Ô#†¼š»XXÛñlŽ#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ.€€Nevertheless,€the€remaining€evidence€of€the€appellantððs€guilt€was€simplyÐ tÄ Ðoverwhelming.€€Indeed,€aside€from€his€assertion€of€the€insanity€defense,€the€appellantððs€soleÐ `° Ðargument€concerning€his€guilt€or€innocence€of€aggravated€sexual€battery€related€to€the€adequacy€ofÐ L œ Ðproof€that€the€appellant€had€touched€the€victimððs€intimate€parts€or€clothing€covering€the€immediateÐ 8 ˆ Ðarea€of€the€victimððs€intimate€parts.€€In€light€of€the€victimððs€statement€that€the€appellant€laid€on€topÐ $ t Ðof€her€and€ð ðpeedðð€on€her€and€in€light€of€the€presence€of€sperm€and€semen€on€the€victimððs€underwear,Ð  ` ÐI€am€confident€in€concluding€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€admission€of€the€appellantððsÐ ü L  Ðstatements€to€the€police€did€not€affect€the€juryððs€resolution€of€this€issue.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àà ` àFinally,€I€do€not€believe€that€the€suppression€of€the€statements€would€have€affordedÐ À  Ðthe€appellant€a€more€successful€defense.€€On€the€one€hand,€had€the€appellant€chosen€to€forego€anÐ ¬ü  Ðinsanity€defense€and€instead€testify€and€deny€his€commission€of€the€offense,€he€would€have€beenÐ ˜è  Ðsubject€to€impeachment€by€his€otherwise€inadmissible€statements€to€the€police.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòOregonÐ „Ô  Ðv.€Hassóó,€420€U.S.€714,€723„724,€95€S.Ct.€1215,€1221€(1975);€òòHarris€v.€New€Yorkóó,€401€U.S.€222,Ð pÀ Ð225„226,€91€S.Ct.€643,€645„646€(1971);€òòState€v.€Hartsóó,€7€S.W.3d€78,€85€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999)Ô#†¼š»XXÛñ†#ÔÔ‡XÛñX»¼šÔ;Ð \¬ ÐòòState€v.€Electroplatingóó,€990€S.W.2d€211,€225„226€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998)(citing€òòWalder€v.€UnitedÐ H˜ ÐStatesóó,€347€U.S.€62,€74€S.Ct.€345€(1954),€and€òòUnited€States€v.€Havenóó,€446€U.S.€620,€627,€100€S.Ct.Ð 4„ Ð1912,€1916€(1980)).òòóó€€On€the€other€hand,€had€the€appellant€chosen€neither€to€testify€nor€to€present€anÐ  p Ðinsanity€defense,€the€evidence€of€his€guilt€was€overwhelming.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€I€would€conclude€that€the€admission€of€the€appellantððsÐ ä4 Ðstatements€to€the€police€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€would€affirm€the€judgment€ofÐ Ð  Ðthe€trial€court.Ð ¼  ÐÓÈÓÔ#†¼š»XXÛñ6—#ÔÌÌà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @ àà @À àà @ à___________________________________€Ð Ì Ðà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @À àà @ àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGE