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ÐThe€trial€court€merged€the€second€degree€murder€conviction€into€the€felony€murder€conviction,€andÐ Ô$ Ðthe€jury€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€life€imprisonment€for€the€felony€murder.€The€trial€courtÐ À Ðsentenced€the€Defendant€to€twenty-three€(23)€years€for€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction.€Ð ¬ü ÐThe€sentences€were€ordered€to€run€consecutively.€€The€Defendant€raises€the€following€four€issuesÐ ˜è Ðin€this€appeal:€1)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€charge€all€applicable€lesser„includedÐ „Ô Ðoffenses;€2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€natural€and€probableÐ pÀ Ðconsequences€rule;€3)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€sustain€Defendantððs€convictions€for€firstÐ \¬ Ðdegree€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery;€and€4)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ H˜ Ðsentencing€the€Defendant.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€hereby€affirmed€in€part€and€reversedÐ 4„ Ðin€part,€and€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial€on€the€felony€murder€charge€in€Count€II€andÐ  p Ðthe€especially€aggravated€robbery€charge€in€Count€III€of€the€indictment.€€The€case€is€furtherÐ  \ Ðremanded€for€sentencing€on€the€second€degree€murder€conviction€in€Count€I€of€the€indictment.Ð øH ÐÓxÓÓ SÓÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔÓ ÓÌò òÓF ÓÓ  ÓTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€As€Of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€in€PartÐ #!s Ðand€Reversed€in€Part;€Remanded€For€New€Trial€and€Re„SentencingÐ "_  ÐÓj ÓÔ#†XñøXXXñø' #Ôó óÌòòÓ  ÓThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ôóó€andÐ ç#7" ÐòòJerry€L.€Smithóó,€J.,€joined.Ð Ó$# # ÐÌStephen€M.€Wallace,€District€Public€Defender;€William€A.€Kennedy,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€forÐ «&û!% Ðthe€appellant,€Daniel€Wade€Wilson.Ð —'ç"& ÐÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Patricia€C.€Ô_ÔKussmannÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð o)¿$( ÐH.€Greeley€Wells,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€Joseph€E.€Perrin,€Assistant€District€Attorney;€BarryÐ [*«%) ÐP.€Ô_ÔStaubusÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÔ#†XñøXXXñø#ÔÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔ€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð G+—&* ÐÓn ÓÔ#†XñøXXXñø®#ÔÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔÌÐ -o(, ÐÔ_Ôò òÓ  ÓOPINIONÔ‡îM|îXXñøÔÐ ° ÐÌÔ#†îM|îîîM|D#ÔÔ#†XñøXîîM|£#ÔÓÓÓ  ÓFACTSó óÐ À ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àOn€the€evening€of€April€4,€1999,€Defendant,€Brandon€Alford,€and€Jared€Christein€were€drivenÐ ˜è Ðto€a€mountainous€and€wooded€area€called€Big€Creek,€in€Bristol,€Tennessee€by€Susan€Lingerfelt.€Ð „ Ô ÐWhile€in€Big€Creek,€the€three€men€shared€€two€twelve„packs€of€bottled€Natural€Ice€beer.€€The€threeÐ p À Ðgathered€some€firewood,€started€a€fire€and€sat€around€drinking€beer€and€smoking€marijuana.€TheÐ \ ¬ ÐDefendant,€who€had€a€knife,€used€it€€to€kill€frogs€and€cook€them€for€food€over€the€fire.€€The€menÐ H ˜ Ðstayed€at€Big€Creek€until€approximately€1:30€a.m.,€as€Susan€Lingerfelt€had€not€returned€to€take€themÐ 4 „  Ðhome.€€After€some€time,€a€white€Toyota€Celica€drove€up€to€the€area€where€they€were€sitting.€€InsideÐ  p  Ðthe€car€was€Kim€Bolling€and€the€victim,€David€Vestal.€€Brandon€Alford€knew€Ms.€Bolling€from€highÐ  \  Ðschool,€and€asked€her€to€give€them€a€ride.€€Ms.€Bolling€responded€that€she€was€low€on€gas.€€TheÐ øH  ÐDefendant€agreed€to€purchase€gas€for€Bolling€and€the€victim,€if€they€would€give€the€men€a€ride€downÐ ä4  Ðthe€mountain.€€Bolling€agreed.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant,€Alford€and€Christein€rode€in€the€back€of€the€car,€while€the€victim€drove€andÐ ¨ø ÐBolling€sat€in€the€front€passenger€seat.€€The€victim,€who€was€highly€intoxicated,€drove€very€€ð ðcrazyÐ ”ä Ðand€wild.ðð€€Everyone€became€upset€with€the€victimððs€driving€and€warned€him€to€slow€down€or€theyÐ €Ð Ðwould€ð ðkick€his€butt.ðð€€At€some€point,€the€car€became€stuck€on€a€bridge€as€they€were€driving€downÐ l¼ Ðthe€mountain,€and€Alford,€the€Defendant€and€Christein€had€to€push€the€car€back€on€to€the€road.€€TheÐ X¨ Ðvictim€continued€to€drive€until€they€reached€the€end€of€the€gravel€road€in€the€mountains,€whenÐ D” ÐBolling€took€over€the€driving.€€Brandon€Alford€testified€that,€during€the€drive€down,€he€overheardÐ 0€ Ðthe€Defendant€and€Christein€talking€about€ð ðkicking€the€victimððs€buttðð€and€taking€his€wallet.€€Ð l ÐÌà  àAt€some€point,€Bolling€stopped€at€a€convenience€store€in€Bristol€to€buy€some€gas.€€The€victimÐ ôD Ðwent€in€to€purchase€the€gas,€but€forgot€the€gas€and€bought€cigarettes,€oil€and€a€six€pack€of€bottledÐ à0 ÐBusch€beer€instead.€€Alford€testified€that,€while€the€victim€was€in€the€store,€the€Defendant€askedÐ Ì ÐBolling€to€leave€the€victim,€but€she€refused.€€Alford€also€heard€Christein€tell€the€Defendant€that€heÐ ¸ Ðwanted€to€go€down€to€Steeleððs€Creek€Park€to€retrieve€some€marijuana€Christein€said€he€had€hiddenÐ ¤ô Ðin€the€woods.€€Alford€told€the€jury€that€he€knew€that€Christeinððs€story€about€the€marijuana€was€notÐ  à Ðtrue,€since€he€had€been€with€Christein€for€two€days,€and€had€not€heard€Christein€mention€theÐ |!Ì Ðmarijuana.€€€When€the€victim€returned€to€the€car,€they€left€and€Alford€was€taken€home€to€BroadÐ h"¸  ÐStreet€Trailer€Park.€€Alford€testified€that€it€was€approximately€2:30€a.m.€when€he€arrived€home.€€Ð T#¤! ÐÌà  àThe€victim€then€took€the€Defendant€and€Christein€to€Steeleððs€Creek€Park€to€retrieve€theÐ ,%| # Ðmarijuana€Christein€had€discussed.€€In€a€statement€provided€to€Detective€Smeltzer€of€the€BristolÐ &h!$ ÐPolice€Department,€the€Defendant€described€the€subsequent€events€as€follows:Ð 'T"% ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ½°Òà  àWe€went€to€Steeleððs€Creek€Park€and€the€girl€parked€and€the€three€of€us€guysÐ Ü(,$' Ðwalked€down€the€paved€path€and€down€into€the€park.€€We€crossed€the€bridge€andÐ È)%( Ðstarted€walking€on€the€gravel€path.€€The€guy€kept€questioning€Jared€as€to€where€theÐ ´*&) Ðdope€was€and€he€kept€telling€the€guy€it€was€just€around€the€next€bend.€€At€one€pointÐ  +ð&* Ðthe€guy€figured€that€there€was€no€dope€and€got€crazy€toward€us.€€He€was€yelling€at€usÐ ° Ðand€he€started€swinging€at€me.€€I€tried€to€fight€him€off€and€even€tried€to€run€away€fromÐ œì Ðhim.€€He€ran€up€after€me€and€caught€me€by€the€neck€of€my€shirt.€€We€fought€for€a€fewÐ ˆØ Ðseconds€and€I€could€not€get€the€guy€off€me.€€Jared€just€stood€there€and€wouldnððt€helpÐ tÄ Ðget€the€guy€off€me.€€The€scratches€on€my€left€hand€and€wrist€are€from€him.€€HeÐ `° Ðscratched€me€while€we€were€fighting.€€When€I€couldnððt€get€him€off€of€me,€I€pulled€myÐ L œ Ðknife€out€and€started€jabbing€at€him.€€I€donððt€know€how€many€times€I€cut€the€guy.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐWhen€the€guy€let€go€of€me,€I€quit€stabbing€at€him.€€The€guy€just€sort€of€stood€„„„„€justÐ $ t Ðsort€of€stood€there€for€a€few€seconds.€€I€saw€a€dark€spot€on€his€shirt€and€then€the€guyÐ  ` Ðjust€fell€down.€€Jared€then€walked€over€to€him€and€turned€him€over€and€took€the€guyððsÐ ü L  Ðwallet.€€He€then€took€his€foot€and€kicked€the€guy€over€the€embankment€into€the€water.€Ð è 8  ÐI€knew€about€the€robbery€plan€but€really€was€only€interested€in€getting€some€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðdope.€€I€never€took€any€of€the€money€that€Jared€got€out€of€the€wallet.€€After€this,€weÐ À  Ðran€out€of€the€park.€We€went€past€where€the€girl€was€parked€and€back€up€to€the€trailerÐ ¬ü  Ðpark.€€Jared€kept€the€wallet€with€him.€€When€we€got€there,€we€went€to€the€trailer€thatÐ ˜è  ÐBrandon€was€staying€at€[sic].€€Jared€pulled€out€the€wallet.€€He€took€out€the€currencyÐ „Ô  Ðand€then€started€tearing€the€wallet€up.€€We,€Jared€and€me,€walked€out€behind€the€trailerÐ pÀ Ðto€the€deck€and€Jared€tried€to€set€the€wallet€on€fire.€€It€would€not€burn,€so€he€just€tossedÐ \¬ Ðit€in€the€creek€bed.€€I€went€over€and€covered€it€up€with€rock.€€I€then€went€on€up€to€theÐ H˜ Ðhouse€and€just€sat€around.€€My€wife€kept€asking€me€what€was€wrong.€€I€just€told€herÐ 4„ ÐI€felt€sick.€€I€finally€went€to€sleep€and€then€woke€up€around€nine€oððclock€(9:00€a.m.).€Ð  p ÐI€just€sat€around€the€trailer.€€I€was€scared€and€figured€the€police€would€arrive€anyÐ  \ Ðminute€to€get€me.€€Around€noon,€I€went€on€to€work.€€I€know€that€trying€to€take€theÐ øH Ðmanððs€money€and€stabbing€him€was€wrong.€€I€never€got€any€of€the€money€from€Jared.€Ð ä4 ÐI€know€that€after€I€hurt€the€man€I€should€have€reported€it€to€the€police.€€I€was€justÐ Ð  Ðafraid€for€what€we€had€done.Ð ¼  ÐÒ° ÒÒ°½ Òà  àÌà  àRocky€Smith€testified€that,€on€the€morning€of€April€5,€1999,€he€was€jogging€in€Steeleððs€CreekÐ ”ä ÐPark€when€he€ð ðnoticed€what€appeared€to€be€blood,€red,€round€circleðð€on€the€gravel€trail.€€He€lookedÐ €Ð Ðaround€to€see€if€ð ðsomething€might€have€been€hurt€like€maybe€a€dog€or€duck.ðð€€As€Smith€turned€toÐ l¼ Ðlook€over€the€edge€of€the€bank,€he€saw€the€body€of€a€man.€€Smith€testified€that€the€manððs€body€wasÐ X ¨ Ðlying€on€its€back€in€the€water,€near€the€edge€of€the€bank.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àAfter€discovering€the€body,€Smith€ran€to€get€the€help€of€Lieutenant€Jack€Necessary,€whoÐ #l! ÐSmith€had€seen€running€ahead€of€him€that€morning.€€Upon€reaching€Lieutenant€Necessary,€Smith€toldÐ $X" Ðthe€detective€that€he€had€found€a€body€and€the€two€ran€back€to€where€Smith€had€seen€the€body.€Ð ô$D # ÐSmith€identified€a€photo€of€the€body€he€found€and€verified€that€the€photo€correctly€showed€theÐ à%0!$ Ðposition€in€which€he€found€the€body.€€Smith€also€testified€that€he€never€moved€or€touched€the€body.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àDetective€Charles€Thomas€of€the€Bristol,€Tennessee€Police€Department€testified€thatÐ ¤(ô#' ÐLieutenant€Necessary€called€and€requested€that€he€respond€to€the€crime€scene€at€Steeleððs€Creek€Park.€Ð )à$( ÐThomas€was€accompanied€by€Detective€Jim€Brewer.€€Upon€arriving€at€Steeleððs€Creek,€Thomas€tookÐ |*Ì%) Ðstill€photographs€of€the€body€and€the€blood€that€was€located€on€the€trail.€€Thomas€told€the€jury€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€trail€of€blood€went€ð ðfrom€the€body€up€a€slight€embankment€between€the€lake€and€the€trail,€andÐ ° Ðthen€once€it€reached€the€trail,€for€approximately€two€hundred€and€seventy„five€(275)€feet€back€in€theÐ œì Ðdirection€of€Rooster€Front€Park.ðð€€Detective€Thomas€testified€that€as€he€followed€the€trail€of€blood,Ð ˆØ Ðhe€noticed€ð ðscuff€marksðð€and€signs€that€a€struggle€had€taken€place€at€different€points€along€the€trail.€Ð tÄ ÐThomas€noticed€that€the€trail€of€blood€followed€a€pattern€of€becoming€ð ðfainter€and€darker,ðð€andÐ `° Ðfinally€became€more€continuous€as€he€reached€the€pool€of€blood€that€was€on€the€trail€near€the€body.€Ð L œ ÐIn€the€area€where€the€victimððs€body€was€located,€Thomas€observed€a€ð ðvery€large€pool€of€blood€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€.€.€.€probably€eight€(8)€to€ten€(10)€inches€wide€and€little€over€a€foot€long.ðð€€Thomas€stated€thatÐ $ t Ðhe€also€found€a€twelve€ounce€bottle€of€Busch€beer,€an€empty€Busch€beer€bottle€that€had€blood€on€it,Ð  ` Ðand€a€cigarette€butt.€€On€cross„examination,€Thomas€testified€that€he€could€not€say€whether€theÐ ü L  Ðscuffle€mark€areas€were€related€to€the€blood€trails€or€to€the€events€surrounding€the€victimððs€death.€Ð è 8  ÐHe€further€testified€that€the€victim€was€drunk€and€his€blood€alcohol€level€was€high.€€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àBrandon€Alford€testified€that,€after€he€was€taken€home,€he€went€straight€to€bed€and€he€neverÐ ¬ü  Ðsaw€the€victim€or€Bolling€again.€€Later,€Christein€arrived€at€Alfordððs€trailer.€€Alford€stated€that€heÐ ˜è  Ðopened€the€door€for€Christein€and€went€straight€back€to€bed€without€talking€to€Christein.€€WhenÐ „Ô  ÐAlford€awoke€later€that€morning,€he€saw€Christein€take€$30€out€of€his€sock.€€Alford€testified€thatÐ pÀ ÐChristein€had€not€had€any€money€the€night€before€and€had€not€contributed€any€money€to€purchaseÐ \¬ Ðthe€beer€the€men€had€been€drinking.€€€Alford€also€stated€that€he€had€not€seen€Christein€with€a€wallet.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€next€day,€Alford€was€contacted€by€Detective€Smeltzer,€who€came€and€took€Alford€to€theÐ  p Ðpolice€station.€€After€arriving€at€the€station,€Alford€was€made€aware€of€the€victimððs€death.€€AlfordÐ  \ Ðgave€Detective€Smeltzer€a€detailed€statement€of€what€had€transpired€earlier€that€day€and€the€nightÐ øH Ðbefore.€€€He€further€stated€that€while€he€was€with€the€Defendant,€the€Defendant€was€wearing€ð ða€tie„Ð ä4 Ðdyed€shirt.€.€.with€a€skull,€a€pair€of€blue€jeans€and€pair€of€boots.ðð€€Alford€also€identified€photos€ofÐ Ð  ÐDefendantððs€clothes.€€He€also€testified€that€he€went€with€Detective€Debbie€McCaulie€to€show€her€theÐ ¼  Ðplaces€where€he,€the€Defendant€and€Christein€had€been€the€night€before.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Alford€testified€that,€on€the€day€these€offenses€occurred,€he€and€theÐ €Ð ÐDefendant€borrowed€his€girlfriendððs€car€and€went€to€purchase€some€marijuana€and€some€beer.€€TheÐ l¼ ÐDefendant€furnished€the€money€for€the€beer€and€marijuana.€€Alford€further€testified€that,€during€theÐ X ¨ Ðdrive€down€the€mountain€from€Big€Creek,€the€victim€was€driving€ð ðvery€reckless.ðð€€He€told€the€juryÐ D!” Ðthat€he€and€the€other€men€made€statements€that€they€would€ð ðwhip€[the€victimððs]€ass€if€he€hurt€them.ðð€Ð 0"€  ÐAlford€stated€that€the€Defendant€and€Christein€continued€to€drink€as€they€rode€down€the€mountain,Ð #l! Ðbut€he€stopped€drinking€and€only€smoked€the€marijuana.€€Alford€testified€that€he€did€not€recall€theÐ $X" ÐDefendant€giving€the€victim€money€for€gas,€nor€did€he€recall€Christein€offering€Ms.€Bolling€moneyÐ ô$D # Ðto€take€the€Defendant€and€Christein€to€Steeleððs€Creek€Park.€€He€did€recall€Christein€offering€theÐ à%0!$ Ðvictim€and€Ms.€Bolling€marijuana€in€exchange€for€a€ride€to€Steeleððs€Creek.€€Alford€also€testified€thatÐ Ì&"% ÐChristein€ð ðacted€like€he€liked€[Ms.€Bolling],ðð€because€he€asked€her€to€leave€the€victim€at€the€gasÐ ¸'#& Ðstation.€€He€further€testified€that,€as€he€was€getting€out€of€the€car€to€go€home,€he€was€intoxicated€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðstaggering.€€Alford€stated€that€the€victim€was€under€the€influence€and€should€not€have€been€driving.€Ð )à$( ÐHe€noted€that€the€only€times€the€Defendant€had€his€knife€out€were€to€skin€the€frogs€they€ate€and€whileÐ |*Ì%) Ðthey€were€in€the€car€with€Bolling€and€the€victim.€€He€also€testified€that,€although€he€heard€theÐ h+¸&* ÐDefendant€and€Christein€whispering€about€beating€the€victim€and€taking€his€wallet,€he€did€not€takeÐ ° Ðtheir€statements€seriously.€€Alford€stated€that€he€thought€the€Defendant€and€Christein€were€justÐ œì Ðengaging€in€ð ðdrunk€talk.ððÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àLieutenant€Jack€Necessary€testified€that,€on€the€morning€of€April€5,€1999,€he€was€jogging€inÐ `° ÐSteeleððs€€Creek€Park.€€During€his€run,€Lieutenant€Necessary€noticed€that€the€gravel€on€the€road€wasÐ L œ Ðð ðflattened€out€or€smooth€where€apparently€a€vehicle€had€been€.€.€.€traveling€prior€to€[his]€arrival.ðð€Ð 8 ˆ ÐHe€also€noticed€some€beer€bottles€fifty€or€sixty€yards€away€from€the€trail.€€Necessary€further€testifiedÐ $ t Ðthat,€after€he€had€completed€his€run,€he€heard€Rocky€Smith€yelling€his€name€and€summoning€himÐ  ` Ðto€follow€him€to€the€creek,€where€Necessary€saw€a€body€laying€by€the€creek.€€Necessary€checked€theÐ ü L  Ðvictim€for€a€pulse€and€determined€that€the€victim€was€dead.€€Lieutenant€Necessary€contacted€theÐ è 8  ÐBristol€Detective€Division€and€spoke€with€Detective€Thomas,€and€also€requested€that€a€list€of€otherÐ Ô$  Ðpeople€be€contacted€and€sent€to€assist.€€While€waiting€for€the€other€detectives€to€arrive,€NecessaryÐ À  Ðtook€a€crime€kit€from€his€car€and€began€to€secure€the€crime€scene€with€yellow€police€tape.€€NecessaryÐ ¬ü  Ðalso€inspected€the€trail€surrounding€the€scene€and€observed€that€the€gravel€had€been€disturbed,Ð ˜è  Ðindicating€some€type€of€struggle.€€Lieutenant€Necessary€also€noticed€blood,€which€led€back€to€theÐ „Ô  Ðarea€where€the€body€was€located.€€After€Detective€Thomas€arrived,€Necessary€turned€the€processingÐ pÀ Ðof€the€crime€scene€over€to€Thomas€and€designated€Thomas€lead€detective.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àLater,€that€afternoon,€Lieutenant€Necessary€went€to€the€victimððs€home€and€advised€familyÐ 4„ Ðmembers€about€the€victimððs€death.€€While€there,€he€received€a€call€advising€him€to€contact€theÐ  p ÐDefendant.€€Lieutenant€Necessary€found€the€Defendant€working€for€a€company€called€PeerlessÐ  \ ÐWoodworking.€€He€asked€the€Defendant€to€come€with€him€to€the€police€station€for€questioning€aboutÐ øH Ðthe€offense€that€occurred€at€Steele€Creek€Park.€€Necessary€testified€that€upon€mentioning€his€purposeÐ ä4 Ðto€the€Defendant,€he€noticed€that€the€Defendant€began€ð ðto€shudder,€he€shook,€and€he€began€toÐ Ð  Ðsqueeze€his€right€fist,€and€it€began€to€shake.€€Necessary€stated€that€he€explained€to€the€Defendant€thatÐ ¼  Ðhe€was€not€under€arrest,€and€the€Defendant€agreed€to€accompany€him€to€the€detectiveððs€bureau.€Ð ¨ø ÐLieutenant€Necessary€further€testified€that€the€Defendant€was€wearing€on€his€side,€a€leather€sheathÐ ”ä Ðwith€a€lock€blade€knife€inside,€which€was€taken€from€the€Defendant€before€he€entered€the€policeÐ €Ð Ðcruiser.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àUpon€arriving€at€the€bureau,€Necessary€advised€the€Defendant€of€his€Miranda€rights€(whichÐ D!” Ðthe€Defendant€waived)€and€then€talked€with€the€Defendant,€along€with€Agent€McCaulie€of€theÐ 0"€  ÐTennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation.€€à h àLieutenant€Necessary€asked€the€Defendant€about€the€party€thatÐ #l! Ðhe,€Alford€and€Christein€had€engaged€in€during€the€previous€night.€€The€Defendant€told€NecessaryÐ $X" Ðand€McCaulie€that€ð ðsomeone€by€the€name€of€Susan€had€taken€them€to€that€particular€party€and€wasÐ ô$D # Ðsupposed€to€come€back€within€an€hour€to€pick€him€up€and€subsequent€to€that€he€left€with€the€victimÐ à%0!$ Ðand€his€girlfriend.ðð€€The€Defendant€said€that€ð ðthey€drove€back€to€town€by€way€of€East€High€SchoolÐ Ì&"% Ðand€to€the€BP€station€and€[he]€was€later€dropped€off€at€a€trailer€„„„„€Broad€Street€Trailer€Park€inÐ ¸'#& ÐBristol,€Tennessee.ðð€€Lieutenant€Necessary€asked€the€Defendant€if€he€had€been€at€Steeleððs€CreekÐ ¤(ô#' ÐPark,€and€the€Defendant€€denied€being€at€the€park.€€Defendant€insisted€that€the€victimððs€girlfriend,Ð )à$( ÐMs.€Bolling,€had€dropped€he,€Alford€and€Christein€at€the€trailer€park€and€that€he€immediately€wentÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€bed.€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àLieutenant€Necessary€testified€that,€during€his€interview€with€the€Defendant,€he€observedÐ ° Ðscratch€marks€on€Defendantððs€left€hand.€€The€Defendant€told€Necessary€that€he€sustained€the€injuriesÐ œì Ðat€his€job€with€Peerless€Woodworking.€€Necessary€also€questioned€the€Defendant€about€the€clothingÐ ˆØ Ðhe€was€wearing€the€night€before.€€The€Defendant€responded€that€he€still€had€on€the€clothes€from€theÐ tÄ Ðnight€before€and€that€he€had€worn€the€same€clothes€to€work.€€At€this€point,€Necessary€left€theÐ `° Ðinterview€with€the€Defendant€and€Detective€Smeltzer€entered€the€room.€€Necessary€went€to€the€trailerÐ L œ Ðpark€where€the€Defendant€had€been€staying€with€his€girlfriend,€Angie€Finley.€€He€asked€Ms.€FinleyÐ 8 ˆ Ðabout€the€clothes€the€Defendant€had€worn€the€night€before,€and€she€responded€that€the€clothes€wereÐ $ t Ðlying€at€the€foot€of€their€bed.€€Ms.€Finley€further€stated€that€she€had€not€had€time€to€wash€theÐ  ` ÐDefendantððs€clothes.€€Lieutenant€Necessary€went€into€the€bedroom€to€examine€the€clothes.€€He€foundÐ ü L  Ða€tie„dyed€shirt€and€some€jeans€lying€at€the€foot€of€the€bed.€€Necessary€testified€that€there€ð ðappearedÐ è 8  Ðto€be€several€different€spots€upon€the€pants€and€some€upon€the€shirt€and€at€that€time€it€was€suspectedÐ Ô$  Ðof€being€blood.ðð€€He€collected€the€shirt,€jeans€and€socks€and€placed€them€into€evidence€at€the€BristolÐ À  ÐPolice€Department.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Lieutenant€Necessary€testified€that€he€never€asked€the€Defendant€ifÐ „Ô  Ðhe€had€killed€anyone.€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€had€shown€no€signs€of€flight€or€any€attempt€toÐ pÀ Ðescape.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àDetective€Jerry€Smeltzer€of€the€Bristol€Police€Department€testified€that€Lieutenant€NecessaryÐ 4„ Ðinstructed€him€to€respond€to€the€crime€scene€at€Steeleððs€Creek€Park€where€the€victim€was€killed.€Ð  p ÐUpon€arriving,€Detective€Smeltzer€interviewed€witnesses€that€led€him€to€locate€Brandon€Alford.€Ð  \ ÐSmeltzer€went€to€the€home€of€Alfordððs€parents,€and€with€the€help€of€Alfordððs€father€he€located€AlfordÐ øH Ðin€a€trailer€park€in€Sullivan€County.€€He€obtained€an€oral€statement€from€Alford€concerning€theÐ ä4 Ðwhereabouts€of€the€Defendant.€€Alford€informed€Detective€Smeltzer€that€the€Defendant€was€workingÐ Ð  Ðat€Peerless€Woodworking.€€Smeltzer€testified€that€Christein€was€also€at€the€trailer€with€Alford€at€thatÐ ¼  Ðtime.€€Smeltzer€stated€that€he€and€Lieutenant€Terry€Tester€transported€Alford€and€Christein€to€theÐ ¨ø ÐBristol€detective€office.€€Smeltzer€testified€that€because€Alford€had€been€involved€in€a€previous€caseÐ ”ä Ðof€his,€he€spoke€with€Alford€and€questioned€him€about€the€events€leading€up€to€the€victimððs€death.€Ð €Ð ÐHe€further€stated€that,€when€he€informed€Alford€of€the€victimððs€death,€Alford€ð ðalmost€instantlyÐ l¼ Ðbecame€physically€ill€and€had€to€go€to€the€bathroom€to€throw€up.ðð€€Smeltzer€said€he€never€tookÐ X ¨ ÐAlfordððs€statement,€instead€agent€Frank€McCauley€of€the€Tennessee€Bureau€Investigation€(ð ðTBIðð)Ð D!” Ðtook€the€statement.€€Detective€Smeltzer€further€testified€that€he€began€interviewing€Christein,€but€hadÐ 0"€  Ðto€stop€in€order€to€interview€the€Defendant.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àSmeltzer€testified€that,€before€he€took€a€written€statement€from€the€Defendant,€he€obtainedÐ ô$D # Ðthe€Defendantððs€oral€statement.€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€ð ðappeared€.€.€.€a€little€anxious,€but€forÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€most€part,€relaxed€and€understood€everything€that€was€going€on€and€all€of€[Smeltzerððs]Ð Ì&"% Ðquestions.ðð€After€receiving€the€entire€story€from€the€Defendant,€Smeltzer€then€wrote€out€theÐ ¸'#& ÐDefendantððs€statement€and€had€the€Defendant€to€verify€and€sign€the€statement€in€the€presence€ofÐ ¤(ô#' ÐLieutenant€Necessary.€€Smeltzer€further€testified€that,€during€his€interview€with€the€Defendant,€heÐ )à$( Ðobserved€scratches€on€the€Defendantððs€hands.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àOn€cross„examination,€Smeltzer€testified€that€he€knew€that€the€Defendant€and€the€other€menÐ ° Ðhad€drank€at€least€two€twelve„packs€of€beer€the€night€before€the€offense.€€He€explained€that€he€didÐ œì Ðnot€give€the€Defendant€a€blood€test,€urine€test€€or€breath€test,€because€he€did€not€see€or€interview€theÐ ˆØ ÐDefendant€until€several€hours€later€the€next€day.€€Smeltzer€also€explained€that,€at€the€time€he€wasÐ tÄ Ðtalking€to€the€Defendant,€the€Defendant€appeared€normal.€€He€further€testified€that€he€never€askedÐ `° Ðthe€Defendant€if€the€victim€actually€struck€him€or€hurt€him€in€any€way,€before€the€Defendant€stabbedÐ L œ Ðthe€victim.€€He€also€testified€that€he€never€asked€the€Defendant€if€he€feared€for€his€life€or€fearedÐ 8 ˆ Ðbodily€harm.€€Smeltzer€stated€that€he€ð ðfelt€like€[he]€was€very€clear€on€what€[the€Defendant]€wasÐ $ t Ðsaying€and€meaning€when€he€was€saying€it,€and€[he]€didnððt€feel€the€need€to€ask€those€kinds€ofÐ  ` Ðquestions.ðð€€Smeltzer€also€stated€that€it€was€not€his€practice€to€write€down€the€questions€he€asked€aÐ ü L  Ðsuspect€or€to€write€down€answers€to€questions€during€the€interview.€€He€told€the€jury€that€it€had€beenÐ è 8  Ðhis€experience€that€suspects€in€homicide€cases€become€nervous€when€an€officer€writes€whileÐ Ô$  Ðquestioning€the€suspect.€€He€also€stated€that€it€was€not€his€practice€to€video€tape€or€record€statements.€Ð À  ÐSmeltzer€testified€that,€because€of€his€methods,€he€had€the€Defendant€sit€beside€him€and€go€over€theÐ ¬ü  Ðwritten€statement€as€he€wrote€it€down.€€ò òÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àó óDetective€Smeltzer€also€acknowledged€that€the€Defendant€had€stated€that€his€only€interest€inÐ pÀ Ðgoing€to€the€Steele€Creek€Park€was€to€get€the€marijuana€Christein€said€was€buried€in€the€park.€Ð \¬ ÐSmeltzer€testified€that€from€his€interpretation€of€the€Defendantððs€statement,€it€was€clear€that€theÐ H˜ ÐDefendant€was€involved€in€the€plan€to€rob€the€victim.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àDetective€Debbie€McCaulie€of€the€Bristol€Police€Department€testified€that€she€was€called€toÐ  \ Ðassist€in€the€investigation€of€the€death€of€the€victim.€€She€stated€that€she€met€with€Kim€Bolling€onÐ øH ÐApril€5,€1999€to€retrace€the€route€Ms.€Bolling€and€the€victim€had€taken€on€the€previous€night.€Ð ä4 ÐMcCaulie€testified€that€the€first€location€was€Big€Creek,€and€that€they€drove€into€Big€Creek€until€theÐ Ð  Ðroad€ended.€€At€the€end€of€the€road,€McCaulie€noticed€a€burned€out€campfire€and€Natural€Ice€beerÐ ¼  Ðbottles€laying€around€the€campfire€area.€€Next,€McCaulie€testified€that€Bolling€stopped€at€a€concreteÐ ¨ø Ðbridge,€located€about€four€tenths€of€a€mile€away€from€the€first€location.€€At€the€bridge,€McCaulieÐ ”ä Ðobserved€scratches€on€the€bridge,€ð ða€tire€trackò ò€ó óthat€ran€directly€off€of€the€bridge,ðð€a€Natural€Ice€beerÐ €Ð Ðbottle,€and€an€empty€Natural€Ice€box.ò ò€€ó óMcCaulie€testified€that€as€she€and€Ms.€Bolling€continued€toÐ pÀ Ðtravel€out€of€the€Big€Creek€area,€Bolling€stopped€at€a€third€location€on€Lakeview€Dock€Road€whereÐ ` ° ÐMcCaulie€found€what€appeared€to€be€a€fresh€cigarette€butt€with€the€ashes€on€the€end€of€it.€€McCaulieÐ L!œ Ðtold€the€jury€that,€on€a€different€day,€she€also€visited€these€same€three€locations€with€Brandon€Alford.€Ð 8"ˆ  ÐÌà  àDetective€McCaulie€further€testified€that,€at€some€point,€she,€Detective€Charlie€Thomas,Ð $`" ÐDetective€Matt€Austin€and€Jared€Christein€went€to€a€creek€bed€located€at€the€end€of€Broad€StreetÐ ü$L # ÐTrailer€Park.€€McCaulie€stated€that€they€found€a€wallet€partially€covered€by€the€dirt€and€gravel.€€TheÐ è%8!$ Ðwallet€contained€some€cards,€but€no€money€was€found€in€the€wallet.€€A€driverððs€license,€laterÐ Ô&$"% Ðidentified€as€that€of€the€victim,€was€found€separate€from€the€wallet€submerged€in€the€creek€bank€andÐ À'#& Ðwater.€€McCaulie€testified€that€she€retrieved€the€wallet€and€its€contents€and€had€it€placed€intoÐ ¬(ü#' Ðcustody.€€She€also€testified€that,€when€she€met€the€Defendant€at€the€police€station,€she€observedÐ ˜)è$( Ðð ðsome€scratches€on€the€upper€portions€of€his€hands,ðð€which€she€photographed.€Ð „*Ô%) ÐÐ p+À&* Ðà  àThe€State€recalled€Detective€Thomas,€who€testified€that€he€examined€the€Toyota€CelicaÐ ° Ðdriven€by€the€victim€and€Ms.€Bolling,€and€found€a€six€pack€of€bottled€Busch€beer,€a€large€stick,€airÐ œì Ðfreshener,€a€mountain€dew€bottle,€Natural€Ice€bottle€caps€and€a€pack€of€Marlboro€cigarettes.€€ThomasÐ ˆØ Ðstated€that€he€compared€the€beer€bottles€from€the€car€with€two€beer€bottles€found€Steele€CreekððsÐ tÄ ÐPark,€and€determined€that€they€were€the€same€brand€and€size.€€DetectiveThomas€also€testified€thatÐ `° Ðhe€received€two€tubes€of€the€victimððs€blood€from€Dr.€Gretel€Harlan,€who€performed€the€autopsy€onÐ L œ Ðthe€victim.€€Thomas€stated€that€he€gave€these€tubes€to€Lieutenant€Trigg€McNew,€the€evidenceÐ 8 ˆ Ðcustodian€for€the€Bristol€Police€Department.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àLieutenant€McNew€testified€that,€as€the€evidence€room€custodian,€his€job€was€to€assist€theÐ ü L  ÐCriminal€Investigation€Division€with€the€securing€of€evidence€retrieved€from€a€crime€scene.€€McNewÐ è 8  Ðexplained€that€he€was€also€responsible€for€sending€items€of€evidence,€which€need€testing,€to€theÐ Ô$  Ðlaboratory€for€testing.€€He€testified€that,€on€April€6,€1999,€he€received€two€vials€of€€the€victimððs€bloodÐ À  Ðfrom€Detective€Thomas.€€On€July€2,€1999,€McNew€transported€the€tubes€of€blood€to€the€TBI€crimeÐ ¬ü  Ðlab€in€Nashville,€and€received€a€TBI€laboratory€number€for€the€tubes.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àMichael€Turbeville,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€TBI€crime€laboratory€in€Nashville,€testifiedÐ pÀ Ðthat€he€examined€a€pair€of€pants€and€a€shirt€identified€as€belonging€to€the€Defendant.€€He€stated€thatÐ \¬ Ðhe€tested€the€shirt€for€the€presence€of€blood€and€determined€that€there€was€human€blood€on€the€shirt.€Ð H˜ ÐTurbeville€also€tested€Defendantððs€knife€for€human€blood€and€determined€that€there€was€blood€onÐ 4„ Ðthe€knife.€€He€then€conducted€a€DNA€comparison€of€the€blood€on€the€knife€and€the€shirt€with€the€vialÐ  p Ðof€the€victimððs€blood€delivered€to€the€lab€by€Lieutenant€McNew.€€Agent€Turbeville€concluded€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€blood€on€the€shirt€and€the€knife€was€that€of€the€victim.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àDr.€Gretel€Harlan,€the€forensic€pathologist€at€East€Tennessee€State€University,€testified€thatÐ Ð  Ðshe€was€called€to€Steeleððs€Creek€to€perform€a€preliminary€examination€on€the€victimððs€body.€€Later,Ð ¼  ÐDr.€Harlan€conducted€an€autopsy€of€the€victimððs€body€and€found€that€the€victim€suffered€sevenÐ ¨ø Ðð ðactual€stab€type€wounds,€and€there€were€several€others€that€were€just€scrapes€that€looked€likeÐ ”ä Ðsuperficial€little€sharp€edge€wounds.ðð€€€Dr.€Harlan€opined€that€none€of€the€wounds€would€have€beenÐ €Ð Ðimmediately€fatal,€ð ðunless€they€had€gotten€badly€infected,ðð€except€for€a€large€V„shaped€wound€to€theÐ l¼ Ðvictimððs€left€lower€neck€and€back.€€She€stated€that€this€V„shaped€or€ð ðdouble„thrustingðð€wound€cutÐ X ¨ Ðan€artery,€and€ð ðwould€have€led€to€the€victimððs€death€within€a€matter€of€minutes.ðð€€Dr.€Harlan€testifiedÐ D!” Ðthat€only€two€of€the€stab€wounds€were€more€than€an€inch€deep€„„€the€stab€to€the€right€buttock€and€theÐ 0"€  Ðleft€lower€neck.€€€€€She€further€testified€that€the€stab€wounds€were€consistent€with€the€knife€possessedÐ #l! Ðby€the€Defendant.€€As€for€the€victimððs€hands,€Dr.€Harlan€testified€that€Ð $X" ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ°Òà ` àThe€thumb€on€this€[sic]€left€hand€was€in€tact€[sic],€but€the€fingers€next€to€itÐ à%0!$ Ðhad€been€largely€amputated,€so€that€that€much€of€them€were€gone.€€There€was€a€littleÐ Ì&"% Ðstump€of€the€little€finger€and€very€minimal€stumps€of€the€other€fingers€left.€€SoÐ ¸'#& Ðbasically,€his€left€hand€was€palm,€little€tiny€stubs€and€a€thumb.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌÓ€ (Jx3ÓÓ  Ó*€€€€€€*€€€€€€*Ð |*Ì%) ÐÓ˜ŒÓÐ h+¸&* ÐThere€was€blood€on€both€hands€which€you€would€expect€from€someone€still€capableÐ ° Ðof€responding€with€their€hands,€but€on€the€back€of€his€right€hand,€multiple€knucklesÐ œì Ðhad€bruising.Ð ˆØ ÐÒ°cŠÒÒ°qŠÒÌShe€explained€that€the€bruises€on€the€back€of€the€victimððs€hands€were€ð ðconsistent€with€hitting€anyÐ `° Ðfairly€solid€object.ðð€€Dr.€Harlan€also€told€the€jury€that€the€victimððs€blood€alcohol€level€was€.23%€andÐ L œ Ðthat€the€victim€tested€positive€for€marijuana.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Harlan€testified€that€a€person€with€the€victimððs€blood€alcohol€levelÐ  ` Ðð ðwould€more€readily€act€on€his€own€inclinations.ðð€€She€explained€that,€if€the€victim€were€in€a€badÐ ü L  Ðmood,€he€would€more€likely€act€on€his€hostility€and€become€engaged€in€a€fight.€€She€further€opinedÐ è 8  Ðthat€Ð Ô$  ÐÒ°ÒÒ°Òà ` àEven€if€he€[the€victim]€were€normally€not€somebody€that€would€get€in€a€fight,Ð À  Ðif€you€add€a€point€two€three€(.23)€blood€alcohol,€heððd€be€much€more€apt€to€land€blowsÐ ¬ü  Ðor,€you€know,€be€verbally€abusive€and€try€to€get€into€an€argument.€€And€theÐ ˜è  Ðunfortunate€„„„„€thatððs€the€positive€side€of,€you€know,€being€in€the€fight.€€The€negativeÐ „Ô  Ðside€of€being€in€the€fight€is€that€heððs€not€as€coordinated.€€So,€even€though€heððs€moreÐ pÀ Ðapt€to€fight,€he€wouldnððt€necessarily€be€a€good€fighter.Ð \¬ ÐÒ°ÔÒÒ°âÒÌShe€also€stated€that€it€was€very€possible€that€the€victim€did€not€realize€the€extent€of€his€injuries€dueÐ 4„ Ðto€the€alcohol.Ð  p ÐÌà  àDr.€Harlan€further€noted€that€none€of€the€wounds€suffered€by€the€victim€were€defensiveÐ øH Ðwounds.€€She€testified€that€none€of€the€wounds€indicated€that€the€victim€was€blocking€the€knife€orÐ ä4 Ðtrying€to€protect€himself,€because€the€victim€had€no€cuts€on€his€hands€or€arms.€€She€explained€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€bruises€on€the€victimððs€knuckles€could€be€consistent€with€hitting€the€windshield€of€a€car€or€hittingÐ ¼  Ða€personððs€face.€€She€also€testified€that€the€fatal€double„thrust€wound€could€have€been€made€moreÐ ¨ø Ðsevere€either€by€the€movement€of€the€victim€or€the€person€with€the€knife.€€On€redirect,€Dr.€HarlanÐ ”ä Ðstated€that€this€mortal€wound€was€caused€by€the€full€extent€of€the€knife€being€placed€in€the€victim.€Ð €Ð ÐShe€acknowledged€that,€if€the€bruising€on€the€victimððs€knuckles€were€from€hitting€someone€in€theÐ l¼ Ðface,€then€the€person€hit€should€also€show€signs€of€being€hit.€€However,€she€also€noted€that€theÐ X ¨ Ðvictimððs€blood€alcohol€level€might€have€altered€his€clotting€factors,€which€would€cause€him€to€bruiseÐ D!” Ðmore€easily€than€other€people.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àThe€State€rested€its€case„in„chief.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€routinely€carried€a€knife,€because€his€work€as€a€woodworkerÐ à%0!$ Ðrequired€him€to€use€a€knife.€€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€know€Alford€and€Christein€very€well,€beforeÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€day€of€this€incident.€€Defendant€explained€that€Alford€was€an€acquaintance,€who€had€helped€himÐ ¸'#& Ðlocate€some€marijuana€on€the€morning€of€the€incident,€and€that€he€had€not€known€or€met€ChristeinÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbefore€that€day.€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that,€during€the€ride€from€Big€Creek,€the€victim€(who€was€intoxicated)Ð ° Ðâ âand€Christein€argued.€€He€testified€that€the€victim€and€Bolling€helped€them€smoke€the€remainder€ofÐ œì Ðthe€marijuana€he€had€bought€earlier,€and€that€as€he€drove€he€began€talking€about€getting€moreÐ ˆØ Ðmarijuana.€€At€this€point,€Christein€said€that€he€could€get€some€marijuana€at€Steeleððs€Creek€Park.€Ð tÄ ÐThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€assumed€Christein€was€planning€to€purchase€the€marijuana€from€aÐ `° Ðdealer€who€lived€near€Steeleððs€Creek€Park,€as€Defendant€had€bought€some€marijuana€from€thereÐ L œ Ðearlier€that€day.€€Defendant€stated€that€he€agreed€to€buy€some€gas€for€the€victim€Bolling,€who€hadÐ 8 ˆ Ðagreed€to€go€to€the€park.€€Defendant€gave€the€victim€ten€dollars€for€gas,€but€the€victim€bought€beerÐ $ t Ðinstead€of€gas.€€The€Defendant€said€that,€while€they€were€at€the€store,€Christein€asked€Bolling€howÐ  ` Ðmuch€money€the€victim€had,€but€Defendant€testified€he€did€not€think€anything€of€the€question.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àWhen€they€arrived€at€the€park,€Christein€asked€the€Defendant€and€the€victim€to€follow€him,Ð Ô$  Ðas€they€walked€through€the€path.€€Defendant€testified€the€he€ð ðwas€kind€of€wondering€what€was€goingÐ À  Ðon.€.€.,€because€[he]€didnððt€know€Mr.€Christein€before€this€day€and€[he]€didnððt€know€either€one€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthem,€but€[he]€just€went€on€with€it.€.€.€.ðð€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€and€the€victim€were€walkingÐ ˜è  Ðclose€to€one€another,€when€the€victim€began€talking€in€an€angry€manner,€and€hit€him€in€the€face€withÐ „Ô  Ða€beer€bottle,€causing€his€nose€to€bleed.€€The€Defendant€and€the€victim€engaged€in€a€fist€fight.€€TheÐ pÀ ÐDefendant€testified€that€he€tried€to€run€from€the€victim,€but€the€victim€caught€him€from€behind,€andÐ \¬ Ðcontinued€to€hit€him€until€he€was€down€on€his€hands€and€knees.€€At€that€point,€Defendant€said€thatÐ H˜ Ðhe€remembered€that€he€had€his€knife,€and€he€grabbed€it€and€stabbed€the€victim,€in€order€to€ð ðget€theÐ 4„ Ðguy€off€of€[him]ðð.€€Defendant€testified€that€the€victim€stopped€hitting€him,€allowing€him€to€get€upÐ  p Ðand€run€away€from€the€victim.€€The€Defendant€explained€Ð  \ ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ°Òà ` àAnd€he€keeps€catching€up€with€me€periodically€through€the€whole€event.€€AndÐ ä4 ÐI€really€donððt€know€where€I€stabbed€him€then€or€how€I€stabbed€him.€€He€just€keptÐ Ð  Ðcoming€up€behind€me.€€I€just€kept€slinging€back€at€him€and€we€wrestled€all€throughÐ ¼  Ðthe€event.€€Then€there€is€one€more€time.€€At€the€very€end€he€kind€of€got€me€downÐ ¨ø Ðagain€and€I€believe€I€stabbed€backwards.€€I€believe€thatððs€when€I€stabbed€him€in€theÐ ”ä Ðhip.€€I€was€kind€of€down€again.€€Kind€of€stabbed€backwards€with€my€knife.€€HeððsÐ €Ð Ðstanding€up€and€Iððm€kind€of€down€and€thatððs€when€we€kind€of€get€separated.€.€.€.Ð l¼ ÐWell,€at€first€I€noticed€blood.€€His€shirt€had€blood€all€over€it.€€And€he€wasnððt€reallyÐ X ¨ Ðholding€himself,€really.€€Kind€of€„„„„€he€had€his€hands€up€but€he€wasnððt€reallyÐ D!” Ðgrabbing€at€nothing.€€He€wasnððt€really€making€no€kind€of€noises€or€anything,Ð 0"€  Ðhollering.€.€.€.€but€he€kind€of€fell€down€on€one€knee€and€fell€over€on€his€elbow€andÐ #l! ÐIððm€standing€there€watching€this€whole€event.€€And€heððs€kind€of€over€on€his€back€andÐ $X" Ðthen€puts€his€knees€up€in€the€air€and€heððs€kind€of€feeling€himself.Ð ô$D # ÐÒ°C¥ÒÒ°Q¥ÒÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that,€at€this€point,€Christein€began€feeling€the€victimððs€pockets€andÐ Ì&"% Ðturned€the€victim€over€ð ðlike€heððs€a€sack€of€potatoes€and€takes€his€wallet€out,ðð€while€the€victim€wasÐ ¸'#& Ðstill€moving.€€Defendant€stated€that€he€began€to€walk€out€of€the€park€with€the€knife€in€his€hand,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðð ðtrying€to€figure€out€what€[he]€should€do€or€why€all€of€this€[was]€going€on.ðð€€The€Defendant€said€thatÐ )à$( Ðâ âhis€nose€continued€to€bleed€as€he€walked.€€He€saw€Christein,€out€of€the€corner€of€his€eye,€roll€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðvictim€towards€the€lake.€€The€Defendant€testified€that,€as€he€walked€out€of€the€park,€Christein€caughtÐ ° Ðup€with€him€and€began€ð ðshooting€off€at€the€mouth€about€certain€things.€.€.€.ðð€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€Defendant€further€testified€that€he€had€not€planned,€with€Christein,€to€rob€the€victim.€Ð tÄ ÐHe€insisted€that€he€had€been€in€fear€for€his€life€during€this€altercation.€€He€stated€that€he€thought€theÐ `° Ðvictim€was€still€alive€and€was€going€to€come€after€him.€€He€said€he€did€not€know€that€the€victim€hadÐ L œ Ðdied€until€the€police€told€him€later€that€day.€€He€asserted€that€the€only€reason€he€had€gone€to€the€parkÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€to€get€marijuana.€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€admitted€that€he€had€lied€to€the€detectives€about€notÐ ü L  Ðbeing€in€Steeleððs€Creek€Park€and€about€the€clothes€he€was€wearing€the€night€of€the€incident.€€HeÐ è 8  Ðfurther€acknowledged€that€he€felt€Christeinððs€statement€about€the€marijuana€in€the€park€was€a€lie,€butÐ Ô$  Ðstated€that€he€was€not€certain€there€was€no€marijuana€nearby.€€The€Defendant€conceded€that€there€wasÐ À  Ðno€blood€on€the€back€of€the€shirt€he€had€worn€on€the€night€of€the€stabbing.€€He€testified€that€he€didÐ ¬ü  Ðnot€mention€the€victim€hitting€him€with€the€beer€bottle,€because€Detective€Smeltzer€did€not€ask€aboutÐ ˜è  Ðit.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àBobby€Lee€Lingerfelt€testified€that€he€had€know€the€Defendant€all€of€his€life,€and€thatÐ \¬ ÐDefendant€had€a€good€reputation€and€was€not€a€violent€person.€Ð H˜ ÐÌÓÚªÓò òÓ  ÓANALYSISó óÐ  p ÐÓR´ÓÌò òÓ  ÓI.€LESSER„INCLUDED€OFFENSESó óÐ øH ÐÓ’´ÓÌÓ  Óà  àIn€his€first€issue,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€charge€the€juryÐ Ð  Ðon€facilitation€to€commit€especially€aggravated€robbery,€facilitation€to€commit€felony€murder,€andÐ ¼  Ðon€second€degree€murder€and€voluntary€manslaughter€as€lesser„included€offenses€of€felony€murder.€Ð ¨ø ÐThe€Defendant€contends€that€there€was€legally€sufficient€evidence€presented€at€trial,€which€wouldÐ ”ä Ðhave€justified€a€charge€on€any€of€the€previously€mentioned€lesser„included€offenses.€€However,€theÐ €Ð ÐDefendant€failed€to€raise€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€new€trial.€€Ô‡ZXñøXXXñøÔGenerally,€this€Court€will€notÐ l¼ Ðconsider€issues€that€are€not€raised€in€the€motion€for€new€trial.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3.€€However,Ð X ¨ Ðunder€plain€error,€an€error€affecting€ð ðthe€substantial€rights€of€an€accused€may€be€noticed€at€any€time€Ð D!” Ð.€.€.€where€necessary€to€do€substantial€justice.ððÔ#†XñøXXZXñø·#ÔÔ‡ZXñøXXXñøÔ€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€Upon€review,€we€find€thereÐ 0"€  Ðis€plain€error€in€this€case.Ô#†XñøXXZXñø3¹#ÔÐ #l! Ðà  à¹Óâ´ÓÓ  Óà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40-18-110(a)€(1997)€provides€that€a€trial€court€mustÐ ô$D # Ðcharge€the€jury€with€all€lesser-included€offenses€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€request€onÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so.€€Under€this€provision,€ð ð€a€trial€court€must€instruct€the€jury€on€allÐ Ì&"% Ðlesser-included€offenses€if€the€evidence€at€trial€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€theÐ ¸'#& Ðlesser€offense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€464€(Tenn.€1999)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Langfordóó,€994Ð ¤(ô#' ÐS.W.2d€126,€128€(Tenn.€1999)).€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àIn€this€case,€the€Defendant€was€indicted€for€first€degree€premeditated€murder€(Count€I),Ð ° Ðâ âfelony€murder€in€perpetration€of€a€robbery€(Count€II),€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€(Count€III).€Ð œì ÐAs€to€the€first€degree€premeditated€murder€count€of€the€indictment,€the€trial€court€charged€the€juryÐ ˆØ Ðon€the€lesser-included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€reckless€homicide,Ð tÄ Ðand€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€The€trial€court€then€instructed€the€jury€on€the€second€count€ofÐ `° Ðthe€indictment€charging€felony€murder,€and€the€third€count€charging€especially€aggravated€robbery.€Ð L œ ÐHowever,€the€trial€court€did€not€charge€the€jury€on€any€lesser-included€offenses€for€felony€murder.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐIn€regards€to€the€robbery€of€the€victim,€the€trial€court€charged€the€jury€on€especially€aggravatedÐ $ t Ðrobbery,€aggravated€robbery,€robbery€and€theft€under€$500.€€The€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€ofÐ  ` Ðsecond€degree€murder€on€the€first€count,€felony€murder€on€the€second€count€and€especiallyÐ ü L  Ðaggravated€robbery€on€the€third€count.€€The€trial€court€merged€the€conviction€for€second€degreeÐ è 8  Ðmurder€with€the€conviction€for€felony€murder.Ð Ô$  ÐÌÓºÓÓ  Óò òA.€Facilitation€of€Especially€Aggravated€Robberyó óÐ ¬ü  ÐÓUÂÓÓÃÓà  àÌà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„Ð „Ô  Ðincluded€offense€of€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ pÀ Ð39-11-403(a).€€He€argues€that€the€proof€presented€could€have€supported€a€finding€that€he€knowinglyÐ \¬ Ðfurnished€substantial€assistance€in€the€robbery€of€the€victim,€but€lacked€the€intent€to€rob€the€victim.€Ð H˜ ÐThe€state€argues€that€an€instruction€on€facilitation€was€unwarranted€because€the€evidence€showedÐ 4„ Ðthat€the€Defendant€and€Christein€intended€to€attack€and€rob€the€victim.Ð  p ÐÌà  àÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔEspecially€aggravated€robbery€is€defined€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„403Ð øH Ðas€ð ðrobbery€as€defined€in€Section€39„13„401:€(1)€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon;€and€(2)€whereÐ ä4 Ðthe€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.ðð€€Robbery€is€defined€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ Ð  Ð39„13„401€as€the€ð ðintentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€the€person€of€another€by€violenceÐ ¼  Ðor€putting€the€person€in€fear.ðð€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„14„103€provides€that€ð ð(a)Ð ¨ø Ðperson€commits€theft€of€property€if,€with€intent€to€deprive€the€owner€of€property,€the€personÐ ”ä Ðknowingly€obtains€or€exercises€control€over€the€property€without€the€ownerððs€effective€consent.ðð€€Ô#†XñøXXXñø£Å#ÔInÐ €Ð Ðaddition,€ð ð[a]€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€facilitation€of€a€felony€if,€knowing€that€anotherÐ l¼ Ðintends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€.€.€.€the€person€knowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistance€in€theÐ X ¨ Ðcommission€of€the€felony.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-403(a)€(1997).Ð D!” ÐÌà  àOur€supreme€court€has€held€that€ð ðvirtually€every€time€one€is€charged€with€a€felony€by€wayÐ #l! Ðof€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another,€facilitation€of€the€felony€would€be€a€lesser„Ð $X" Ðincluded€offense.ðð€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Fowleróó,€23€S.W.3d€285,€288€(Tenn.€2000);€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€470.€Ð ô$D # ÐThe€Defendant€was€charged€and€tried€under€the€theory€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðhis€co„defendant,€and€we€therefore€hold€that€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€a€lesser„Ð Ì&"% Ðincluded€offense€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€in€this€case,€under€part€(c)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€Ð ¸'#& ÐòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W3d€at€466„67.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àNext,€we€examine€whether€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€justified€a€jury€instruction€onÐ |*Ì%) Ðfacilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€òòId.óó€at€469.€€òòóóThis€inquiry€has€two€parts.€€First,€we€mustÐ h+¸&* Ðdetermine€ð ðwhether€any€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser-includedÐ ° Ðoffense.ðð€€òòId.óó€€In€making€this€determination,€we€must€view€the€evidence€ð ðin€the€light€most€favorableÐ œì Ðto€the€existence€of€the€lesser-included€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€the€credibility€ofÐ ˆØ Ðsuch€evidence.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Secondly,€this€Court€ð ðmust€determine€if€the€evidence,€viewed€in€this€light,€isÐ tÄ Ðlegally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser-included€offense.ðð€€òòId.óó€€If€this€Court€findsÐ `° Ðthere€is€error,€we€must€determine€whether€the€erroneous€failure€to€instruct€on€the€lesser-includedÐ L œ Ðoffense€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€€òòId.óó€òòóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àReviewing€the€evidence€in€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€facilitation€of€especiallyÐ  ` Ðaggravated€robbery€without€making€any€judgments€on€the€credibility€of€the€evidence,€we€note€thatÐ ü L  Ðthe€Defendant€testified€that,€while€he€knew€€Christein€intended€to€rob€the€victim,€he€never€had€suchÐ è 8  Ðan€intent.€€The€Defendant€admitted€to€purchasing€the€gas€that€made€it€possible€for€the€victim€and€Ms.Ð Ô$  ÐBolling€to€drive€Defendant€and€Christein€to€Steele€Creek€Park.€€However,€in€the€statement€DefendantÐ À  Ðprovided€to€Detective€Smeltzer,€the€Defendant€stated€that€his€only€purpose€in€going€to€Steele€CreekÐ ¬ü  ÐPark€was€to€get€the€marijuana€Christein€said€he€had€hidden€in€the€park.€€The€Defendant€testified€thatÐ ˜è  Ðhe€did€not€take€any€of€the€money€that€Christein€took€from€the€victimððs€wallet.€€The€Defendant€alsoÐ „Ô  Ðtestified€that€he€stabbed€the€victim€in€an€attempt€to€get€the€victim€off€of€him.€€Ô‡XñøXXXñøÔWe€hold€that€a€juryÐ pÀ Ðcould€accept€this€evidence€and€find€that€the€Defendant€did€not€have€the€intent€to€rob€the€victim,€butÐ \¬ Ðknowingly€furnished€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€the€robbery.€€Therefore,€the€trialÐ H˜ Ðcourt€erred€by€not€charging€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Ð 4„ ÐÓ¼ÂÓÓ  ÓÌà  àWe€further€find€that€the€failure€to€charge€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€wasÐ  \ Ðnot€harmlessÔ#†XñøXXXñøÖ#ÔÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔ€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€€òòÔ#†XñøXXXñøxØ#ÔState€v.€Curtis€J.€Elyóó,€€___S.W.3d€___€(Tenn.€2001),Ð øH ÐNo.€E1998-00099-SC-R11-CD,€2001€WL€605097,€at€*14,€(June€5,€2001)(ð ð.€.€.when€determiningÐ ä4 Ðwhether€an€erroneous€failure€to€instruct€on€a€lesser„included€offense€requires€reversal,€we€hold€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€proper€inquiry€for€an€appellate€court€is€whether€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ¼  Ðdoubt.ðð).€€Here,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€especially€aggravated€robbery,€aggravatedÐ ¨ø Ðrobbery,€robbery€and€theft€under€$500.€€The€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€€a€juryððsÐ ”ä Ðdecision€to€convict€the€Defendant€of€the€highest€offense€charged€is€a€necessary€rejection€of€all€lesser„Ð €Ð Ðincluded€offenses€of€that€higher€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó,€at€*20€(citing€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,Ð l¼ Ð106€(Tenn.€1998))òòóó.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àHowever,€we€conclude€that€facilitation€of€a€crime€involves€an€entirely€different€analysis.€Ð 0"€  ÐFacilitation€addresses€the€Defendantððs€role€as€a€facilitator,€rather€than€a€principal€actor.€€TheÐ #l! ÐDefendantððs€theory€was€that€he€did€not€share€Christeinððs€intent€to€rob€the€victim,€but€that€he€providedÐ $X" Ðassistance€to€Christein€by€purchasing€the€gas€for€them€to€get€to€Steeleððs€Creek€Park.€€The€interveningÐ ô$D # Ðlesser€offenses€charged€by€the€trial€court€addressed€the€theory€that€Defendant€acted€as€a€principal.€Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€jury€was€not€permitted€to€give€consideration€to€a€legally€sufficient€theory€of€liability€profferedÐ Ì&"% Ðby€the€Defendant€(i.e.,€facilitation);€therefore,€we€are€unable€to€find€the€error€to€charge€facilitationÐ ¸'#& Ðwas€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€We,€therefore,€reverse€Defendantððs€conviction€forÐ ¤(ô#' Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€in€Count€III,€and€remand€for€a€new€trial€on€especially€aggravatedÐ )à$( Ðrobbery.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÓ¿×ÓÐ h+¸&* Ðò òÓ  ÓB.€Lesser„Included€Offenses€Of€Felony€Murderó óÐ ° ÐÓEáÓÓÈÓÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€charging€the€jury€on€facilitationÐ ˆØ Ðof€first€degree€felony€€murder,€second€degree€murder,€€and€voluntary€manslaughter€as€lesser„includedÐ tÄ Ðoffenses€of€felony€murder.€€The€State€argues€that€there€are€no€lesser„included€offenses€of€felonyÐ `° Ðmurder.€€However,€our€supreme€courtððs€recent€opinion€in€òòState€v.€Curtis€J.€Elyóó,€òòsupraóó,€which€wasÐ L œ Ðfiled€after€the€filing€of€this€appeal,€held€that€there€are€lesser„included€offenses€of€felony€murder.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔà  àIn€òò€Elyóó,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€held€that€facilitation€of€felony€murder€is€a€lesser„Ð  ` Ðincluded€offense€of€felony€murder,€under€part€(c)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€òòElyóó,€2001€WL€605097,€at€*7;Ð ü L  ÐòòÔ#†XñøXXXñø%ä#ÔBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€at€466-67.Ô‡XñøXXXñøÔ€€To€prove€a€defendant€guilty€of€facilitation€of€felony€murder,€theÐ è 8  Ðstate€must€show€that€the€defendant€knew€his€co-defendant€was€planning€to€commit€the€underlyingÐ Ô$  Ðfelony,€and€the€person€knowingly€furnished€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€that€felonyÔ#†XñøXXXñøå#Ô.€Ð À  ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€919€S.W.2d€62,€68€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(concluding€that€when€a€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðis€charged€with€a€felony€by€way€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another,€facilitationÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€felony€would€be€a€lesser€included€offenseðð),€òòoverruled€on€other€groundsóó€by€òòWilliamsóó,€977Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€at€106€n.€7.€€Additionally,€we€find€that€evidence€does€exist€that€reasonable€minds€couldÐ pÀ Ðaccept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense€of€facilitation€and€the€evidence€is€legally€sufficient€to€supportÐ \¬ Ða€conviction€for€the€lesser„included€offense€of€facilitation€of€felony€first€degree€murder.€€The€juryÐ H˜ Ðcould€well€have€concluded€that€the€Defendant€lacked€the€intent€to€rob€the€victim,€but€that€heÐ 4„ Ðprovided€substantial€assistance€to€Christein.€€€€Thus,€it€was€error€not€to€charge€facilitation€of€felonyÐ  p Ðmurder.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àWe€also€find€that€the€failure€to€charge€facilitation€of€felony€murder€was€not€harmless€beyondÐ ä4 Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€€As€we€have€previously€stated,€facilitation€poses€a€different€theory€of€liabilityÐ Ð  Ð(i.e.,€the€role€of€the€Defendant€as€the€facilitator€of€criminal€activity,€and€not€the€principal€actor).€Ð ¼  ÐTherefore,€the€failure€of€the€trial€court€to€present€the€jury€with€this€option€cannot€be€deemed€harmlessÐ ¨ø Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àNext,€we€must€determine€whether€second€degree€murder€and€voluntary€manslaughter€shouldÐ l¼ Ðhave€been€charged€as€lesser„included€offenses.€€In€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€€our€supreme€court€held€that€secondÐ X ¨ Ðdegree€murder€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€felony€murder€under€part€(b)(1)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test,€whichÐ D!” Ðstates€that,€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€if€the€lesser€offense€fails€part€(a)€only€ð ðin€theÐ 0"€  Ðrespect€that€it€contains€a€statutory€element€or€elements€establishing€.€.€.€a€different€mental€stateÐ #l! Ðindicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability.ðð€€2001€WL€605097,€at€*8;€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466.€€The€CourtÐ $X" Ðdid€not€address€whether€voluntary€manslaughter€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€felony€murder;Ð ô$D # Ðhowever,€we€find€that€it€is.€€òòóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àVoluntary€manslaughter€ð ðis€the€òòintentional€óóor€òòknowingóó€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€aÐ ¸'#& Ðpassion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€anÐ ¤(ô#' Ðirrational€manner.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a)€(1997)€(emphasis€added).€€The€culpableÐ )à$( Ðmental€state€for€voluntary€manslaughter€is€ð ðintentionalðð€or€ð ðknowing,€while€the€mental€state€requiredÐ |*Ì%) Ðfor€first€degree€felony€murder€is€ð ðintentional.ðð€€The€mental€state€of€ððintentionalðð€is€the€highest€levelÐ h+¸&* Ðof€culpability,€which€subsumes€all€other€mental€states.€€The€differing€mental€state€of€ð ðknowing,ððÐ ° Ðclearly€indicates€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability€than€required€for€felony€murder.€€€Moreover,€ourÐ œì Ðsupreme€court€has€held€ð ðthat€the€ððpassionðð€language€in€the€definition€of€voluntary€manslaughterÐ ˆØ Ðsimply€reflects€a€less€culpable€mental€state€than€required€for€first€or€second€degree€murder.ðð€€òòSeeóóÐ tÄ ÐòòState€v.€Dominyóó,€6€S.W.3d€472,€479€n.9€€(Tenn.€1999).€€Therefore,€voluntary€manslaughter€is€alsoÐ `° Ða€lesser„included€offense€under€part€(b)(1)€of€òòBurnsóó.€òòóóÐ L œ ÐÌà  àWe€must€next€determine€whether€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€jury€on€either€ofÐ $ t Ðthese€offenses.€€Regarding€second€degree€murder,€we€find€that€the€proof€suggested€evidence€thatÐ  ` Ðreasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€this€lesser€offense,€which€is€also€evident€from€the€juryÐ ü L  Ðconvicting€the€Defendant€of€second€degree€murder€under€Count€I€of€the€indictment.€€The€DefendantÐ è 8  Ðtestified€that€the€victim€began€to€attack€him,€and€in€an€effort€to€prevent€the€victim€from€hitting€him,Ð Ô$  Ðthe€Defendant€began€stabbing€the€victim.€€Dr.€Harlan€testified€that€none€of€the€wounds€received€byÐ À  Ðthe€victim€appeared€to€be€defensive€wounds,€or€wounds€received€in€the€course€of€protecting€oneselfÐ ¬ü  Ðfrom€an€attack.€€Viewed€in€this€manner,€we€find€that€this€evidence€would€be€sufficient€to€show€thatÐ ˜è  Ðthe€Defendant€was€aware€that€his€conduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€victimððs€death.€€òòSeeóóÐ „Ô  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-302€(1997).€€We€further€conclude€that€these€facts€were€also€sufficientÐ pÀ Ðevidence€of€provocation,€justifying€an€instruction€on€voluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser„includedÐ \¬ Ðoffense€of€felony€murder.Ð H˜ ÐÓ¥áÓÓ  ÓÌà  àFinally,€we€must€analyze€whether€the€failure€to€charge€second€degree€murder€and€voluntaryÐ  p Ðmanslaughter€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Concerning€second€degree€murder,€we€findÐ  \ Ðthat€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error.€€€As€was€the€case€in€òòElyóó,€the€jury€in€this€case€was€notÐ øH Ðgiven€the€option€to€find€the€Defendant€guilty€of€a€lesser€offense€than€felony€murder€in€Count€II€ofÐ ä4 Ðthe€indictment.€€òòElyóó,€2001€WL€605097,€at€*€14.€€With€regard€to€the€first€count€of€the€indictmentÐ Ð  Ðcharging€the€Defendant€with€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€the€jury€determined€that€the€defendantÐ ¼  Ðwas€guilty€of€the€lesser€€offense€of€second€degree€murder.€€Although€Tennessee€does€not€requireÐ ¨ø Ðconsistency€in€the€verdicts€of€a€multiple€count€indictment,òòóó€òòState€v.€Gennoeóó,€851€S.W.2d€833,€836Ð ”ä Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App€.€1992),€we€cannot€conclude€that€had€the€jury€also€been€instructed€on€any€of€theÐ €Ð Ðlesser-included€offenses€of€felony€murder,€it€would€have€still€chosen€to€convict€the€Defendant€of€theÐ l¼ Ðhigher€offense€to€the€exclusion€of€the€lesser€offenses.€€Thus,€we€find€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ X ¨ Ðinstruct€the€jury€on€second€degree€murder€was€not€harmless€error,€and€therefore€reverse€DefendantððsÐ D!” Ðconviction€for€felony€murder€and€remand€for€a€new€trial.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àIt€was€error€for€the€trial€judge€to€not€charge€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Under€the€circumstancesÐ $X" Ðof€this€case,€any€conviction€under€Count€II€(the€felony€murder€count)€must€be€merged€with€theÐ ô$D # Ðconviction€for€second€degree€murder€in€Count€I,€which€we€affirm€and€remand€for€sentencing.€Ð à%0!$ ÐAccordingly,€even€if€the€trial€court€had€charged€voluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser„included€of€theÐ Ì&"% Ðfelony€murder€count,€and€the€jury€had€found€Defendant€guilty€of€voluntary€manslaughter€under€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðcount,€it€would€have€merged€with€the€second€degree€murder€conviction.€€Therefore,€under€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðparticular€facts€of€this€case,€the€error€in€not€charging€voluntary€manslaughter€is€harmless€beyond€aÐ )à$( Ðâ âreasonable€doubt.€€However,€our€affirmance€of€the€conviction€for€second€degree€murder€in€CountÐ |*Ì%) ЀI€is€subject€to€possible€further€appellate€review.€€If€the€Defendant€is€retried€for€felony€murder,€andÐ ° Ðâ âthe€proof€again€requires€the€charging€of€voluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser„included€offense,€the€trialÐ œì Ðcourt€should€so€charge€the€jury.Ð ˆØ ÐÓpûÓÌò òÓ  ÓII.€NATURAL€AND€PROBABLE€CONSEQUENCES€RULEó óÐ `° ÐÓŠÓÓÓÌà  àThe€Defendant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€instructing€the€jury€on€the€ð ðnatural€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðprobable€consequencesðð€rule.€€€Specifically,€Defendant€argues€that,€because€the€State€pursued€aÐ $ t Ðtheory€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€charge,€the€trial€court€shouldÐ  ` Ðhave€given€an€instruction€on€the€ð ðnatural€and€probable€consequencesðð€rule.€€The€Defendant€reliesÐ ü L  Ðupon€the€holding€in€òòState€v.€Howardóó,€30€S.W.3d€271,€277€(Tenn.€2000)€(finding€that€the€natural€andÐ è 8  Ðprobable€consequences€rule€is€an€ð ðan€essential€element€that€the€State€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonableÐ Ô$  Ðdoubt,ðð€when€relying€upon€a€theory€of€criminal€responsibility).€€The€State€contends€that€the€naturalÐ À  Ðand€probable€consequences€rule€is€not€applicable,€or€in€the€alternative,€that€the€Defendant€has€waivedÐ ¬ü  Ðthis€argument€for€failure€to€submit€a€contemporaneous€objection€to€the€jury€instructions.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€ð ðnatural€and€probable€consequencesðð€rule€underlies€the€doctrine€of€criminalÐ pÀ Ðresponsibility€and€is€based€on€the€recognition€that€aiders€and€abettors€should€be€responsible€for€theÐ \¬ Ðcriminal€harms€they€have€naturally,€probably€and€foreseeably€put€into€motion.€€òòState€v.€Carsonóó,€950Ð H˜ ÐS.W.2d€951,€954-55€(Tenn.€1997).€€The€rule€extends€criminal€liability€to€the€crime€intended€by€aÐ 4„ Ðdefendant,€and€also€to€other€crimes€committed€by€a€co„defendant€that€were€the€natural€and€probableÐ  p Ðconsequences€of€the€commission€of€the€original€crime.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó,€at€954-55.€€In€order€for€the€State€toÐ  \ Ðimpose€criminal€liability€€based€on€the€natural€and€probable€consequences€rule,€the€State€must€proveÐ øH Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€the€jury€must€find:€(1)€the€elements€of€the€crime€or€crimes€thatÐ ä4 Ðaccompanied€the€target€crime;€(2)€that€the€defendant€was€criminally€responsible€under€Tenn.€CodeÐ Ð  ÐAnn.€ðð€39-11-402;€and€(3)€that€the€other€crimes€that€were€committed€were€natural€and€probableÐ ¼  Ðconsequences€of€the€target€crime.€€òòId.óóÐ ¨ø ÐÓèÓÓÓÌ€à  àWe€find€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€natural€andÐ €Ð Ðprobable€consequences€rule,€as€the€rule€was€not€applicable€to€this€case.€€In€the€case€at€bar,€the€targetÐ l¼ Ðcrime€was€the€robbery€of€the€victim€and€no€collateral€crimes€were€committed€by€the€DefendantððsÐ X ¨ Ðconfederate,€Jared€Christein.€€Thus,€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€was€not€the€natural€andÐ D!” Ðprobable€consequence€of€some€other€crime.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àIn€order€for€the€rule€to€apply€in€the€present€case,€the€Defendant€would€have€to€have€shownÐ $X" Ðthat€the€murder€was€the€target€crime,€and€that€the€robbery€was€the€natural€and€probable€consequenceÐ ô$D # Ðof€the€murder.€€Then,€this€would€require€the€state€to€prove€all€the€elements€of€the€murder,€theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendantððs€criminal€responsibility€for€the€robbery€and€that€the€robbery€was€the€natural€and€probableÐ Ì&"% Ðconsequence€of€the€murder.€€However,€the€facts€of€this€case€were€not€presented€in€this€manner€andÐ ¸'#& Ðwe€find€no€error€by€the€trial€courtððs€declining€to€charge€the€natural€and€probable€consequences€rule.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThe€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.€€Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* ЇÓQÓò òÓ  ÓIII.€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÐ ° Ðó óÓÔÓÔ‡ XñøXXXñøÔÓ"Óà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  àThe€Defendant€also€contends€that€evidence€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€convict€him€of€firstÐ ˆØ Ðdegree€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€We€disagree.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àWhen€evaluating€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€we€must€determine€whether€ð ðany€rationalÐ L œ Ðtrier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€òòStateÐ 8 ˆ Ðv.€Keoughóó,€18€S.W.3d€175,€180„81€(Tenn.€2000)€(quoting€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,Ð $ t Ð99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979)).€We€afford€the€prosecution€the€strongest€legitimateÐ  ` Ðview€of€the€evidence€in€the€record€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€which€may€beÐ ü L  Ðdrawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Keoughóó,€18€S.W.3d€at€181€(citing€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2dÐ è 8  Ð651,€659€(Tenn.€1997)).€€Questions€regarding€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses;€the€weight€to€be€givenÐ Ô$  Ðthe€evidence;€and€any€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.Ð À  ÐBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).Ô#†XñøXX Xñø(#ÔÔ‡ XñøXXXñøÔÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ#†XñøXX Xñø~#ÔÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔÌà  àTo€convict€the€Defendant€of€first€degree€felony€murder,€the€State€was€required€to€prove€thatÐ „Ô  Ðthe€Defendant€killed€the€victim€in€the€perpetration€of€a€felony,€which€in€this€case€was€robbery.€€òòSeeóóÐ pÀ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-13-202(a)(2).€€The€intent€to€commit€the€underlying€felony€must€exist€priorÐ \¬ Ðto€or€concurrent€with€the€killing€in€order€for€a€defendant€to€be€convicted€of€felony€murderÔ#†XñøXXXñøÕ#Ô.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ H˜ Ðv.€Buggsóó,€995€S.W.2d€102,€107€(Tenn.€1999).€€€Additionally,€Ô‡XñøXXXñøÔespecially€aggravated€robbery€isÐ 4„ Ðð ðrobbery€as€defined€in€Section€39„13„401:€(1)€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon;€and€(2)€whereÐ  p Ðthe€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.ðð€Ô#†XñøXXXñøP#Ô€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„401.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€asserts€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ä4 Ðdoubt€that€he€had€a€prior€intent€to€rob€the€victim.€€He€argues€that€it€is€not€reasonable€to€infer€that€heÐ Ð  Ðagreed€to€rob€the€victim,€when€he€had€known€Christein€less€than€twenty„four€hours€and€had€offeredÐ ¼  Ðto€purchase€gas€for€the€victim,€who€had€little€money.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àTaken€in€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€showed€that€Brandon€Alford€heardÐ €Ð Ðthe€Defendant€and€Christein€talking€about€attacking€and€robbing€the€victim,€while€they€were€ridingÐ l¼ Ðin€the€car€with€the€victim€and€Ms.€Bolling.€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€knew€of€Christeinððs€intentÐ X ¨ Ðto€rob€the€victim.€€The€Defendant€admitted€to€stabbing€and€killing€the€victim.€€Afterwards,€ChristeinÐ D!” Ðturned€the€victim€over€and€took€his€wallet.€€Later,€the€Defendant€helped€Christein€dispose€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðvictimððs€wallet.€€From€the€evidence€presented,€we€conclude€that€a€rational€juror€could€have€foundÐ #l! Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€Defendant€killed€the€victim€during€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery.€Ð $X" ÐThis€evidence€is€also€sufficient€to€sustain€Defendantððs€conviction€for€especially€aggravated€robbery.€Ð ô$D # ÐFurthermore,€we€note€that€it€is€not€the€role€of€this€Court€to€weigh€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€ratherÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€function€belongs€to€the€jury.€€òòÔ‡ZXñøXXXñøÔState€v.€Cribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773,€793€(Tenn.€1998).€€Ô#†XñøXXZXñøÙ%#ÔÔ‡ZXñøXXXñøÔWe€find€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€evidence€was€legally€sufficient€Ô#†XñøXXZXñøR&#Ôto€support€the€Defendantððs€convictions€for€first€degree€felonyÐ ¸'#& Ðmurder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery,€although€these€convictions€must€be€reversed€due€to€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtrial€courtððs€failure€to€allow€the€jury€to€consider€the€options€of€certain€lesser„included€offenses€asÐ )à$( Ðdiscussed€above.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐÓGÓò òÓ  ÓIV.€SENTENCINGÐ ° ÐÓo(ÓÓ  Óó óÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€challenges€the€trial€courtððs€order€requiring€him€to€serve€his€twenty„three„Ð ˆØ Ðyear€especially€aggravated€robbery€sentence€consecutively€to€his€life€sentence€for€felony€murder.€Ð tÄ ÐAlthough€we€have€reversed€Defendantððs€convictions€and€remanded€for€a€new€trial,€we€choose€toÐ `° Ðaddress€the€sentencing€issue€in€the€event€of€further€appellate€review€or€for€guidance€on€remand,€inÐ L œ Ðthe€event€Defendant€is€convicted€following€his€second€trial.€€Ð 8 ˆ Ðò òÌó óà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€him€to€be€a€dangerous€offenderÐ  ` Ðand,€consequently,€imposing€consecutive€sentences.€€He€argues€that€the€sentence€is€excessive€andÐ ü L  Ðeffectively€nullifies€any€possibility€of€parole€eligibility€for€the€life€sentence.€€The€Defendant€alsoÐ è 8  Ðasserts€that€the€sentence€is€excessive,€because€by€the€time€he€is€eligible€for€parole,€he€will€be€overÐ Ô$  Ð70€years€old€and€too€old€to€pose€a€danger€to€the€public.€€Ð À  ÐÓ®(ÓÓ_ÓÌà  àWhen€a€defendant€appeals€the€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court,€thisÐ ˜è  Ðcourt€conducts€a€de€novo€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trial€court's€determinationsÐ „Ô  Ðare€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-401(d).€€The€presumption€of€correctness€is€ð ðconditioned€uponÐ pÀ Ðthe€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allÐ \¬ Ðrelevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€burdenÐ H˜ Ðof€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper€is€upon€the€appealing€party.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ 4„ Ð40-35-401(d),€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€However,€if€the€record€shows€that€the€trial€courtÐ  p Ðfailed€to€consider€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances,€then€review€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€sentence€is€purely€de€novo.€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ð øH ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40-35-115(b)(4)€provides€that€a€trial€court€may€order€sentencesÐ Ð  Ðto€run€consecutively€if€the€court€finds€that€ð ðthe€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorÐ ¼  Ðindicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€theÐ ¨ø Ðrisk€to€human€life€is€high.ðð€€However,€consecutive€sentencing€may€not€be€imposed€on€a€dangerousÐ ”ä Ðoffender,€ð ðunless€the€terms€reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€areÐ €Ð Ðnecessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€further€serious€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.ðð€Ð l¼ ÐòòState€v..€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938€(Tenn.€1995);€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.Ð X ¨ Ð1999).€€The€trial€court€is€required€to€state€on€the€record€its€specific€findings€of€fact€behind,€whichÐ D!” Ðsupport€consecutive€sentencing.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-209(c);€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ð 0"€  ÐÓC-ÓÓ  ÓÌ€à  àHere,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€òòWilkersonóó€factors€existed€and€that€the€Defendant€qualifiedÐ $X" Ðas€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€trial€court€also€stated€its€findings€on€the€record.€€The€trial€court€furtherÐ ô$D # Ðfound€that€the€the€Defendant€had€an€extensive€criminal€history€(Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2)),Ð à%0!$ Ðand€that€the€Defendant€was€on€probation€at€the€time€he€committed€these€offenses€(ðð€40„35„Ð Ì&"% Ð115(b)(6)).€€Either€of€these€additional€factors€is€sufficient€to€support€the€consecutive€sentenceÐ ¸'#& Ðimposed.€€The€record€indicated€that€the€Defendant€had€an€extensive€criminal€background€involvingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€possession€of€drugs,€felony€evading€arrest,€felony€criminal€mischief,€felony€recklessÐ )à$( Ðâ âendangerment€and€other€charges.€€Furthermore,€at€the€time€Defendant€committed€these€offenses,€heÐ |*Ì%) Ðwas€on€probation€for€prior€convictions€in€three€different€jurisdictions.€€Therefore,€the€record€supportsÐ ° Ðthe€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences.Ð œì Ðâ âÌÓà5Óò òÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ tÄ ÐÌó óÓ:ÓÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔÓ  Óà  àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€conclude€that€it€was€reversible€error€for€the€trial€court€not€toÐ L œ Ðcharge€the€jury€onÔ#†XñøXXXñøÎ:#ÔÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔ€facilitation€of€felony€murder,€second€degree€murder€and€voluntary€manslaughterÐ 8 ˆ Ðon€the€€felony€murder€count.€€We€also€find€that€it€was€reversible€errorÔ#†XñøXXXñø­;#ÔÔ‡XñøXXXñøÔ€not€to€charge€facilitation€ofÐ $ t Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€underÐ  ` ÐCount€III.€€Ô#†XñøXXXñøš<#ÔWe€reverse€the€Defendantððs€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€convictions,Ð ü L  Ðand€remand€the€case€for€a€new€trial€on€both€counts.€€The€Defendantððs€conviction€for€second€degreeÐ è 8  Ðmurder,€which€the€trial€court€originally€merged€into€the€felony€murder€conviction,€is€herebyÐ Ô$  Ðreinstated€and€remanded€for€sentencing.Ô‡XñøXXXñøÔ€€Following€retrial€of€the€felony€murder€count,€the€trial€courtÐ À  Ðis€instructed€to€merge€any€resulting€conviction€of€felony€murder€or€of€a€lesser€included€offense€withÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Defendantððs€second€degree€murder€conviction.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð pÀ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGEÔ#†XñøXXXñø?#ÔÐ \¬ ÐÓ  ÓÑ o Ñ