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P   Irespectfullydissentfromthemajority'sholdingthatthetrialcourtserroneousfailureto d instructthejuryonrecklesshomicideandcriminallynegligenthomicideaslesserincludedoffenses P offirstdegreemurderisharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt. <   Themajorityholdsthat,underStatev.Williams,977S.W.2d101(Tenn.1998),anyerror  indecliningtogiveaninstructiononrecklesshomicideisharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt  becausethejurywasinstructedregardingvoluntarymanslaughter,butconvictedtheDefendantof  seconddegreemurder,therebyimplicitlyrejectingalllesserincludedoffensesbelowvoluntary  manslaughter.X2XXX2ԀInWilliams,thedefendantwaschargedwithfirstdegreemurder,andthejurywas t instructedonthelesserincludedoffenseofseconddegreemurder.Id.at106.Thesupremecourt ` reasonedthatbecausethejuryrejectedtheimmediatelylesseroffenseofseconddegreemurder,it L   necessarilyrejectedallotherlesseroffenses,includingvoluntarymanslaughter,whichwasnot 8!  chargedbythetrialcourt.Id.Therefore,thefailuretoinstructthejuryontheoffenseofvoluntary $"t! manslaughterwasharmlesserror.Id. #`"   However,becauseoftheuniquenatureofvoluntarymanslaughteramonghomicideoffenses, $8 $ IcannotagreethatinthepresentcaseastrictWilliamsanalysisisapplicable,andthatthefailureto %$!% chargerecklesshomicidewasharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt.Voluntarymanslaughteris the &"& intentionalorknowingkillingofanotherinastateofpassionproducedbyadequateprovocation '"' sufficienttoleadareasonablepersontoactinanirrationalmanner.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913 (#( 211(a).Therequirementof adequateprovocationtransformswhatmightotherwisebeafirstor )$) seconddegreemurderintothelesserincludedoffenseofvoluntarymanslaughter.Thus,although p*%* voluntarymanslaughterhasthesamestatutorymens_rea_Ԁasfirstorseconddegreemurder" \+&+ intentionalorknowing"therequirementthatthekillingbedoneina stateofpassionproduced H,', byadequateprovocationtakesvoluntarymanslaughteroutsideofthetraditionallineofhomicide 4-(- _culpabilitycategories#X2XXX2z#X2XXX2:intentional,knowing,reckless,andnegligent.Therefore,theuseofvoluntary  manslaughterasa bufferlesserincludedoffenseinaWilliamsanalysisisunreliable.#X2XXX2d#X2XXX2#eMXX2#X2XeM    Furthermore,inWilliamsthejuryfoundthedefendantguiltyoffirstdegreepremeditated t murder.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(1).Aconvictionforfirstdegreepremeditatedmurder ` requiresafindingthatthekillingwasdone aftertheexerciseofreflectionandjudgment.Tenn. L  CodeAnn.3913202(d).Afindingofpremeditationrequiresthejurytodeterminethatthe 8  defendantwas sufficientlyfreefromexcitementandpassionastobecapableofpremeditation. $ t Id.Conversely,voluntarymanslaughterrequiresthattheallegedkillingtakeplace inastateof  ` passionproducedbyadequateprovocationsufficienttoleadareasonablepersontoactinan  L  irrationalmanner.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913211(a).Therefore,becausethejuryinWilliamsfound  8  theDefendantkilledthevictimwhilesufficientlyfreefrompassionastobecapableof $  premeditation,thereisnoreasonablepossibilitythatthesamejurywouldhavefoundthatthe   Defendantkilledthevictimwhileinastateofpassioncausedbyadequateprovocation#X2XXX2q#.Afinding   ofpremeditationsufficienttosupportaconvictionforfirstdegreemurderthusclearlyleadstothe   conclusionthatthejurywouldnothavefoundthestateofpassionrequiredtotransformthecrime   tovoluntarymanslaughter,andthussolidifiesaconclusionthatanyerrorinfailingtochargethejury p withvoluntarymanslaughterisharmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt. \   Inthepresentcase,thejuryconvictedtheDefendantofaknowingkillingbutwasprecluded 4 fromconsideringwhethertheDefendantactedwiththeimmediatelylesserstateofmindof  p recklessness.Thejurywasinstructedregardingfirstdegreemurder,seconddegreemurder,and  \ voluntarymanslaughter.Thejuryreturnedaverdictforseconddegreemurder. H   Inacasewherelittleornoevidenceofprovocationexists,thelogicalimmediatelesser   includedoffenseofseconddegreemurderisrecklesshomicide.Whatdistinguishesvoluntary   manslaughterfromanintentionalorknowingkillingisnotalessermentalstate,butrather,the  extenuatingcircumstanceofadequateprovocation.IntheDefendantscase,failuretochargethejury  astorecklesshomicidedeniedittheopportunitytoconsidertheimmediatelesserincludedoffense  supportedbythefacts.TheDefendanttestifiedthathefiredtheguninordertoscarethevictim,and l thatheneverintendedtoshootthevictim.Hesaidthathewantedtoshoot closetohimandthat X  theshotthathitthevictimwas supposedtobeawarningshot.Viewingthistestimonyinthelight D! mostfavorabletothefindingofthelesserincludedoffenseandwithoutmakingjudgmentson 0"  credibility,Ibelievethatthefactswithintherecordaresufficienttosupportaconviction,and #l! therefore,ajuryinstructiononrecklesshomicide.Accordingly,thetrialcourterredinnotinstructing $X" thejuryregardingrecklesshomicide,andIcannotsaythaterrorwasharmlessbeyondareasonable $D # doubt. %0!$   Fortheaforementionedreasons,Iwouldreversethejudgmentofthetrialcourtandremand '#& thiscaseforanewtrial.#eMXX2# (#' X2XeMX2XXX2  #X2XXX2!# `     h     ___________________________________ *%)    `     h     DAVIDH.WELLES,JUDGE