’WPCé „šĒxĶ˜’F·›V ~8NJ2CY¤·²™F¬ŅCĢ§%1-ģŹØCƒ0I¶™]Š\c ēeՎŠõPLņzź{šĮeŌĄe,ģ vƒ0K'H>(³fk ¾­ØL¢|²ąN4~Œźo1Š;¾%}sŻR›ˆāńJcȔ•Ē'ų2]˜ŗź6JO>Ōę°HMüqŖŁĆūA ČĶ§'9Ļ0Z{ĶhŖ’½!_—|°B\4T•ŒŗįLV`ZLåWƒÉ gtŸ`•Ć/5ü<‹ż„=²Zqˆ2`įÅÆJ(›•JQvæļœ Ī[?ń©}·HUgģ8źÓÜżšČL3.ŻnZ!Š9Ļ¬³Ŗ°ę¤”NŽG—½Oģ€oAńøV . Ęē”cˆĆs$®:&UJ}©É:£åöąg}*čœ|Žæ”ÆŃŠėŠ¼s3ń›»ļö”œƒq»~vŸ¶’Ń]^3Ž¦=Ē˜4uäŗ3IīæŁ87=…^łQŗ•zŻÆcp»fN-Ģc叒± écŠą¦1“x0rRX’¢ķ¤séĪA¤ø¹<‰G³śčśĻ•ä»ŅĢf½ė{G²ń’w+‡Ä½ «ö3XĪĻYłµ”Ķ”Ó³¦<ˆńP#v‡PWķaüF8É$b#É\ %% UN+ 0ˆy UN 0DO )“ z¼ Ņ6 ^ w4l,ʘĘ^Ę$Ęź°NæĮ mĆEŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚŚbÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ 0ėääää BĻĻ 0¤ģ D5 D-Å 0Kņņ AS=ʐ 0¤V 0Dś A«>˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACČČ,,,,ČČ0»(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó Ż ƒRļ\$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō»tņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌFor€reasons€stated€in€footnote€1,€enhancement€factor€(8)€is€now€enhancement€factor€(9)€and€can€be€found€atŠ ° ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(9). ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÜnW/Ļ yö. bŻ ƒRļ\$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō»tņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌThe€Tennessee€Legislature€amended€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114€July€4,€2002€to€add€š š(1)€The€offense€wasŠ ° Šan€act€of€terrorism,€or€was€related€to€an€act€of€terrorism.šš€€Therefore,€the€addition€of€this€subsection,€bumps€all€theŠ qĮ Šenhancement€factor€numbers€up€a€number.€€Therefore,€enhancement€factor€(1),€referred€to€by€the€trial€court,€is€nowŠ 2‚ Šenhancement€factor€(2)€and€can€be€found€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2).Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 53|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ- ł-(|G2ļ\$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€€‰»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ō»tņ»»Ō d(|3?$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€€‰»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV)’’!dxdx)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3?$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€€‰»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€€‰»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼€‰»»»ŌŃ8€ĪWXXdé»»d8Ńą@hhģąŌ‡īhī»¼€‰ŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@ņņ%ģąAT€JACKSONŌ#†¼€‰»īīh#ŌˆŠ Ó# ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąAssigned€on€Briefs€February€4,€2003Š öF ŠŌ‡XĪWX»¼€‰ŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼€‰»XXĪW/#ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEņņóó€v.€WILLIAM€WILSONņņóóŌ‡XĪWX»¼€‰Ōó óŠ ļ? ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyŠ é 9 Šą@@ųųģąNo.€00„05479,€„05480€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeŠ Ó # ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` Aߊ ‘į  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2001„02601„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€22,€Ō_Ō2003Ō_ŌŠ ŠŚ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<]` Aߊ ^®  Šó óĢÓ  ÓŌ‡X'¦XXXĪWŌOn€May€19,€2001,€a€jury€in€Memphis€convicted€the€defendant,€William€Wilson,€of€aggravatedŠ V¦  Šrobbery€and€first€degree€felony€murder.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€him€as€a€Range€I€StandardŠ ? ŠOffender€to€life€in€prison€for€the€first€degree€felony€murder€conviction€and€to€eight€(8)€years€for€theŠ (x Šaggravated€robbery€to€be€served€consecutively.€€The€defendant€appeals€these€convictions.€€He€arguesŠ a Šfour€issues€on€appeal:€(1)€He€was€not€criminally€responsible€for€his€co„defendantššs€actions,€andŠ śJ Štherefore,€not€guilty€of€first€degree€murder;€(2)€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€hisŠ ć3 Šconvictions€for€aggravated€robbery€and€first€degree€murder;€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€toŠ Ģ Šcharge€the€affirmative€defense€of€duress;€and€(4)€the€trial€court€erred€by€sentencing€him€to€eight€(8)Š µ Šyears€consecutive€to€his€life€sentence€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€€We€affirm€the€trial€courtššsŠ žī Šactions€with€regard€to€these€issues.Ō#†XĪWXXX'¦ā#ŌŌ#†¼€‰»XXĪW„#ŌŌ‡XĪWX»¼€‰ŌŠ ‡× ŠÓÖÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óŠ Y© ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼€‰»ąXĪW— #ŌŌ‡XĪWX.¼€‰ŌJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€ņņNormaŠ ,| ŠMcGee€Ogle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š e ŠĢŌ_ŌJuniŌ_Ō€S.€Ō_ŌGanguliŌ_Ō,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€William€Wilson.Š ē 7  ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Helena€Walton€Ō_ŌYarbroughŌ_Ō,€Assistant€AttorneyŠ ¹" " ŠGeneral;€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€Jennifer€Ō_ŌNicholsŌ_Ō€and€Glen€Ō_ŌBaityŌ_Ō,€AssistantŠ ¢#ņ# ŠDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š ‹$Ū$ ŠÓJ ÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼€‰»XXĪWy #ŌŌ‡XĪWX»¼€‰ŌŠ ]&­!& ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼€‰»XXĪWĻ #ŌŌ‡XĪWX»¼€‰ŌÓ  Óņ ņņņŌ‡X'¦XXXĪWŌą@!ģąFactual€BackgroundˆŠ 0(€#( ŠĢó óóóą  ąHubert€Benson€arrived€at€the€Ebony€and€Lace€strip€club€around€1:00€a.m.€€His€wife€workedŠ *T%* Šat€the€club,€so€he€was€known€to€the€bouncers€and€security€guards€at€the€club.€€His€wife€was€notŠ ķ*=&+ Šworking€that€night,€but€the€bouncers€told€him€about€a€dice€game€that€was€in€progress€on€the€side€ofŠ Ö+&', Šthe€club.€€Mr.€Benson€often€gambled€there.€€The€participants€at€the€dice€game€were,€Mr.€Benson,€twoŠ æ,(- Šsecurity€guards,€the€bouncer€and€Chico€McCracken,€the€co„defendant.€€Mr.€Benson€was€winning€asŠ Ø-ų(.ż ŠŌ_Ōthe€game€progressed.€€There€was€$160€in€the€pot,€when€Mr.€Bensonššs€roll,€which€was€in€his€favor,Š ° Šhit€someoneššs€hand€or€foot.€€Mr.€McCracken€became€very€upset€and€told€Mr.€Benson€that€he€did€notŠ ™é Šlose€that€way.€€During€this€exchange,€the€security€guards€and€the€bouncer€returned€to€the€club.€€AtŠ ‚Ņ Šthis€point,€William€Wilson,€the€defendant€and€Mr.€McCrackenššs€half„brother,€walked€out€of€the€clubŠ k» Šand€wandered€around€the€parking€lot€near€the€dice€game.€€Mr.€McCracken€ordered€the€defendant€toŠ T¤ Šgo€get€the€car.€€At€this€point,€Mr.€McCracken€and€Mr.€Benson€were€alone€at€the€side€of€the€club.€€Mr.Š =  ŠMcCracken€then€pulled€out€a€gun€and€pointed€it€at€Mr.€Benson.€€He€told€Mr.€Benson€to€give€up€hisŠ & v Šmoney.€€He€then€fired€a€shot€in€the€air.€€Mr.€Benson€threw€down€what€he€had€in€his€hands,€includingŠ  _ Šhis€winnings.€€Mr.€McCracken€told€him€to€give€him€the€rest€of€his€money.€€Mr.€Benson€had€$1200„Š ų H Š$1300€in€his€pocket€to€pay€his€rent€and€car€note€for€the€month.€€When€Mr.€Benson€refused,€Mr.Š į 1  ŠMcCracken€shot€between€his€feet.€€Mr.€Benson€then€threw€down€the€rest€of€his€money.€€TheŠ Ź   Šdefendant€had€arrived€with€the€car€about€this€time.€€While€holding€the€gun€on€Mr.€Benson,€Mr.Š ³  ŠMcCracken€ordered€the€defendant€to€get€out€of€the€car€and€pick€up€the€money.€€The€defendant€didŠ œģ  Šas€he€was€told€and€returned€to€the€car.€€Mr.€McCracken€jumped€in€the€car,€and€the€two€men€droveŠ …Õ  Šoff.Š n¾  ŠĢą  ąMr.€Benson€then€asked€for€help€from€the€security€guards€and€bouncers.€€When€they€told€himŠ @ Šthey€could€not€help,€he€jumped€in€his€car€to€follow€the€defendant€and€co„defendant.€€He€was€able€toŠ )y Šcatch€up€to€them€and€called€911€to€report€the€robbery€and€where€the€defendants€were.€€TheŠ b Šdefendants€turned€off€their€lights€and€led€Mr.€Benson€on€a€chase€which€reached€speeds€of€up€to€90Š ūK Šmiles€an€hour.€€Mr.€Benson€remained€on€the€line€with€the€911€operator€continually€giving€them€theŠ ä4 Šlocation€of€the€defendants.€€Officer€John€Robinson€was€the€first€Memphis€police€officer€to€catch€upŠ Ķ Što€the€chase.€€He€was€soon€joined€by€Officer€Robert€Wilkie€in€his€patrol€car.€€The€officers€all€hadŠ ¶ Štheir€lights€and€sirens€on.€€Although€the€defendants€slowed€down€to€around€50€or€60€miles€an€hour,Š Ÿļ Šthey€did€not€stop€for€the€police.€€Officer€David€Royal€and€Officer€John€Chevalier,€who€were€ridingŠ ˆŲ Šin€a€two„man€car,€joined€the€chase€from€their€precinct€when€they€heard€on€the€police€radio€that€theŠ qĮ Šdefendants€had€pointed€a€gun€at€Officer€Robinson.€€Officer€Robinson€was€directly€behind€theŠ ZŖ Šdefendants€followed€by€Officer€Wilkie€and€Officers€Royal€and€Chevalier€in€that€order.€€Š C“ ŠĢą  ąWhile€the€defendants€were€in€the€left„hand€lane,€Officer€Robinson€attempted€to€pass€themŠ e Šin€the€right„hand€lane.€€Officer€Wilkie€remained€behind€the€defendants€and€Officers€Royal€andŠ žN ŠChevalier€were€behind€Officer€Robinson.€€When€Officer€Robinson€was€almost€past€the€defendantsššŠ ē 7 Šcar,€they€suddenly€swerved€to€the€right€and€hit€the€left€rear€of€Officer€Robinsonššs€car€with€the€rightŠ Š!   Šfront€of€their€car.€€The€defendantsšš€car€hit€the€guardrail€twice€before€coming€to€a€stop.€€OfficerŠ ¹" ! ŠRobinsonššs€patrol€car€started€going€sideways€and€spun€out€of€control.€€The€car€went€off€of€the€roadŠ ¢#ņ" Šand€hit€two€or€three€trees€before€it€came€to€rest.€€When€the€officers€reached€Officer€Robinsonššs€car,Š ‹$Ū# Šhe€was€pinned€in€the€car,€gasping€for€breath,€with€his€eyes€wide€open€and€unresponsive.€€He€wasŠ t%Ä $ Štaken€to€the€hospital€where€he€died.€€The€defendant€and€co„defendant€were€arrested€at€the€scene.Š ]&­!% ŠĢą  ąThe€Shelby€County€trial€court€tried€the€defendant€and€co„defendant€from€May€14,€2001€toŠ /(#' ŠMay€19,€2001.€€After€deliberating€for€an€hour€and€forty„five€minutes,€the€jury€convicted€both€menŠ )h$( Šof€aggravated€robbery€and€first€degree€felony€murder.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€each€one€to€lifeŠ *Q%) Šimprisonment,€€as€required€by€state€law,€for€the€first€degree€felony€murder€convictions.€€At€a€laterŠ ź*:&* Šsentencing€hearing€on€August€23,€2001,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€eight€(8)€years€toŠ Ó+#'+ Šrun€consecutive€to€his€life€sentence€and€Mr.€McCracken€to€twelve€(12)€years€to€run€consecutive€toŠ ° Šhis€life€sentence€both€as€Range€I€offenders.€€The€defendant€now€appeals€his€conviction€and€sentenceŠ ™é Što€this€Court.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢņ ņņņą@jjģąSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óóóˆŠ T¤ ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€is€obliged€to€reviewŠ ' w Šthat€claim€according€to€certain€well-settled€principles.€A€verdict€of€guilty,€rendered€by€a€jury€andŠ  ` Šš šapproved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€thešš€Stateššs€witnesses€and€resolves€allŠ ł I Šconflicts€in€the€testimony€in€favor€of€the€State.€€€ņņState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€Š ā 2  ŠņņState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€€Thus,€although€the€accused€is€originally€cloakedŠ Ė   Šwith€a€presumption€of€innocence,€the€jury€verdict€of€guilty€removes€this€presumption€š šand€replacesŠ “  Šit€with€one€of€guilt.šš€€ņņState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€Hence,€on€appeal,€theŠ ķ  Šburden€of€proof€rests€with€the€defendant€to€demonstrate€the€insufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€Š †Ö  ŠņņId.óó€€The€relevant€question€the€reviewing€court€must€answer€is€whether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldŠ oæ  Šhave€found€the€accused€guilty€of€every€element€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.Š XØ  ŠR.€App.€P.€13(e);€ņņHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€at€75.€In€making€this€decision,€we€are€to€accord€the€State€š štheŠ A‘ Šstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€mayŠ *z Šbe€drawn€therefrom.šš€ņņSeeóó€ņņTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.€As€such,€this€Court€is€precluded€from€re„Š c Šweighing€or€reconsidering€the€evidence€when€evaluating€the€convicting€proof.€€ņņState€v.€Morganóó,€929Š üL ŠS.W.2d€380,€383€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€ņņState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.Š å5 ŠApp.€1990).€Moreover,€we€may€not€substitute€our€own€š šinferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€ofŠ Ī Šfact€from€circumstantial€evidence.šš€ņņMatthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€at€779.ņ ņŠ · ŠĢó óĢņ ņņņÓ  ÓSufficiency„Aggravated€Robberyóóó óŠ sĆ ŠĢÓR-Óą  ąThe€defendant€first€argues€that€he€should€not€have€been€held€criminally€responsible€for€theŠ F– Šactions€of€Mr.€McCracken€leading€to€a€conviction€of€aggravated€robbery€and,€subsequently,€firstŠ / Šdegree€felony€murder.€€This€issue€is€essentially€a€challenge€of€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€toŠ h Šconvict€the€defendant€of€aggravated€robbery,€so€we€address€it€with€the€defendantššs€challenge€of€theŠ  Q Šsufficiency€of€the€evidence€to€support€his€conviction€for€aggravated€robbery.Š ź : ŠĢą  ąPursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„401,€robbery€is€defined€as€š štheŠ ¼" ! Šintentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€personŠ „#õ" Šin€fear.Š Ž$Ž# ŠAggravated€robbery€is€robbery€that€is€š šaccomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€by€display€of€anyŠ w%Ē $ Šarticle€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€to€reasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadly€weapon.šš€€Tenn.Š `&°!% ŠCode€Ann.€šš€39„13„402.€€An€individual€can€be€held€criminally€responsible€and€charged€with€theŠ I'™"& Šcommission€of€an€offense€š šif€the€offense€is€committed€by€the€personššs€own€conduct,€by€the€conductŠ 2(‚#' Šof€another€for€which€the€person€is€criminally€responsible,€or€by€both.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„Š )k$( Š401.€€There€are€several€ways€an€individual€can€be€found€to€be€criminally€responsible:Š *T%) Šā āŠ ķ*=&* ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓą ` ą(1)€Acting€with€culpability€required€for€the€offense,€the€person€causes€or€aidsŠ ° Šā āan€innocent€or€irresponsible€person€to€engage€in€conduct€prohibited€by€the€definitionŠ ™é Šof€the€offense;Š ‚Ņ Šą ` ą(2)€Acting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€orŠ k» Što€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,Š T¤ Šor€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense;€orŠ =  Šą ` ą(3)€Having€a€duty€imposed€by€law€or€voluntarily€undertaken€to€preventŠ & v Šcommission€of€the€offense€and€acting€with€intent€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€resultsŠ  _ Šof€the€offense,€or€to€promote€or€assist€its€commission,€the€person€fails€to€make€aŠ ų H Šreasonable€effort€to€prevent€commission€of€the€offense.Š į 1  ŠÓ Xļ3ÓÓ Xį3ÓĢTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„402.Š ³  ŠĢą  ąThe€undisputed€facts€at€trial,€testified€to€by€Mr.€Benson,€were€that€the€defendant€appearedŠ …Õ  Šat€the€beginning€of€the€argument€between€Mr.€Benson€and€Mr.€McCracken.€€Mr.€McCracken€toldŠ n¾  Šthe€defendant€to€go€get€the€car.€€When€the€defendant€returned€with€the€car,€Mr.€McCracken€wasŠ W§  Špointing€a€gun€at€Mr.€Benson€and€money€lay€on€the€ground.€€Mr.€McCracken€told€the€defendant€toŠ @ Špick€up€the€money€that€Mr.€Benson€had€thrown€on€the€ground.€€The€defendant€got€out€of€the€car,Š )y Špicked€up€the€money,€and€returned€to€the€car.€€Mr.€McCracken€then€jumped€in€the€car,€and€theŠ b Šdefendant€drove€out€of€the€parking€lot.€€Mr.€Benson€got€in€his€car€and€began€to€pursue€them.€€TheŠ ūK Šdefendant€turned€off€his€headlights€and€led€Mr.€Benson€on€a€high„speed€chase€through€the€streetsŠ ä4 Šof€Memphis.€Š Ķ ŠĢą  ąThe€bouncer€corroborated€some€of€Mr.€Bensonššs€testimony.€€He€testified€that€there€was€aŠ Ÿļ Šdice€game€and€that€a€dispute€occurred€between€Mr.€Benson€and€Mr.€McCracken.€€He€returned€to€theŠ ˆŲ Šclub€and€paged€the€defendant.€€He€stated€when€he€returned€to€the€door€of€the€club,€he€heard€twoŠ qĮ Šshots€coming€from€the€direction€of€Mr.€Benson€and€Mr.€McCracken.€€Then€he€saw€the€defendantŠ ZŖ Špicking€up€money€off€of€the€ground.€€After€the€defendant€returned€to€the€car,€the€bouncer€saw€Mr.Š C“ ŠMcCracken€get€in€the€car,€and€they€drove€away.Š ,| ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€argues€that€he€cannot€be€held€criminally€responsible€for€co„defendantššsŠ žN Šactions,€and€therefore,€guilty€of€aggravated€robbery.€€He€bases€these€arguments€on€the€facts€that€heŠ ē 7 Šdid€not€know€that€Mr.€McCracken€was€planning€to€rob€Mr.€Benson,€he€was€not€present€during€theŠ Š!   Šgambling€between€Mr.€Benson€and€Mr.€McCracken,€and€that€the€only€reason€he€picked€up€theŠ ¹" ! Šmoney€is€because€Mr.€McCracken€told€him€to€do€so.€€However,€as€stated€above,€the€state€can€proveŠ ¢#ņ" Šthat€the€defendant€was€criminally€responsible€despite€these€facts.€€We€have€stated€that€to€proveŠ ‹$Ū# Šcriminal€responsibility:Š t%Ä $ ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓĢIt€is€necessary€that€the€defendant€š šin€some€way€associate€himself€with€the€venture,Š F'–"& Šact€with€knowledge€that€an€offense€is€to€be€committed,€and€share€in€the€criminalŠ /(#' Šintent€of€the€principal€in€the€first€degree.šš€€ņņHembree€v.€Stateóó,€546€S.W.2d€235,€239Š )h$( Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).€The€defendant€must€š šknowingly,€voluntarily€and€withŠ *Q%) Šcommon€intent€unite€with€the€principal€offenders€in€the€commission€of€the€crime.šš€ņņŠ ź*:&* ŠState€v.€Fosteróó,€755€S.W.2d€846,€848€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).Š Ó+#'+ ŠÓ XSAÓÓ XEAÓĢņņState€v.€Maxeyóó,€898€S.W.2d€756,€757€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€In€addition,€our€Supreme€Court€hasŠ ™é Šheld€that€the€criminal€responsibility€statute€is€derived€from€common€law€principles€including€thatŠ ‚Ņ Šof€aiders€and€abettors.€€ņņState€v.€Carsonóó,€950€S.W.2d€951,€954€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€ņņState€v.€Hembreeóó,Š k» Š644€S.W.2d€425,€428„29€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982),€we€stated:Š T¤ ŠĢÓ XÓÓ XÓThe€presence€of€one€at€the€commission€of€a€felony€by€another€is€evidence€to€beŠ & v Šconsidered€in€determining€whether€or€not€he€is€guilty€of€aiding€and€abetting;€and€itŠ  _ Šhas€also€been€held€that€presence,€companionship,€and€conduct€before€and€after€theŠ ų H Šoffense€are€circumstances€from€which€oneššs€participation€in€the€criminal€intent€mayŠ į 1  Šbe€inferred.€€22€C.J.S.€Criminal€Law€šš€88(2)€pages€266„267.Š Ź   ŠÓ XĮEÓÓ X³EÓĢą  ąIt€is€clear€that€the€defendantššs€conduct€meets€the€requirements€of€criminal€intent€as€set€outŠ œģ  Šabove.€€The€defendant€saw€Mr.€McCracken€pointing€a€gun€at€Mr.€Benson.€€He€picked€up€the€moneyŠ …Õ  ŠMr.€Benson€threw€on€the€ground€and€got€into€the€car.€€In€addition,€the€defendant€drove€the€car€inŠ n¾  Šwhich€they€fled€the€scene,€evading€both€Mr.€Benson€and€the€police.€€He€clearly€acted€š šwith€intentŠ W§  Što€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offensešš€and€aided€in€the€completion€of€the€aggravatedŠ @ Šrobbery€by€collecting€the€money€and€driving€the€car.€€It€is€indisputable€that€he€š šknowingly,Š )y Švoluntarily€and€with€common€intent€unite[d]€with€the€principal€offenders€in€the€commission€of€theŠ b Šcrime.šš€€Also,€he€was€present€during€the€commission€of€the€offense€and€drove€the€car€to€evadeŠ ūK Šcapture.€€Under€ņņHembreeóó,€his€intent€to€join€in€the€offense€can€be€inferred€from€these€actions.€Š ä4 ŠTherefore,€he€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€acts€of€Mr.€McCracken.Š Ķ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€also€questions€whether€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€convict€him€ofŠ Ÿļ Šaggravated€robbery.€€We€have€already€decided€the€evidence€was€adequate€to€hold€him€criminallyŠ ˆŲ Šresponsible€due€to€his€assistance€to€Mr.€McCracken€during€the€robbery.€€We€now€turn€to€whetherŠ qĮ Šthere€was€sufficient€evidence€to€prove€aggravated€robbery.Š ZŖ ŠĢą  ąAs€stated€above,€Mr.€Bensonššs€testimony€is€undisputed.€€Mr.€McCracken€pointed€a€gun€atŠ ,| ŠMr.€Benson€and€demanded€his€money.€€Mr.€Benson€threw€his€money€on€the€ground,€and€theŠ e Šdefendant€picked€it€up,€got€in€the€car,€and€he€drove€the€defendant€from€the€scene.Š žN ŠĢą  ąThese€facts€clearly€meet€the€requirements€to€prove€aggravated€robbery.€€The€defendant€andŠ Š!   ŠMr.€McCracken€took€the€money€by€putting€Mr.€Benson€in€fear€by€using€a€deadly€weapon,€the€gun.Š ¹" ! ŠĢą  ąWe€ņņóóconclude€that€the€evidence€when€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state€isŠ ‹$Ū# Šsufficient€for€a€rational€jury€to€find€that€an€aggravated€robbery€occurred€and€that€the€defendant€wasŠ t%Ä $ Šcriminally€responsible€for€the€aggravated€robbery€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Therefore,€this€issueŠ ]&­!% Šis€without€merit.Š F'–"& ŠĢņ ņņņÓ  ÓSufficiency„First€Degree€MurderóóŠ )h$( ŠĢó óÓņQÓą  ąThe€defendantššs€second€issue€is€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€convict€him€of€firstŠ ģ*<&* Šdegree€murder.€€Under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€šš€39„13„202(a)(2),€first€degree€murder€is€definedŠ Õ+%'+ Šas€š ša€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€.€.€.€robbery€.Š ° Š.€.€.šš€€We€have€already€held€above€that€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€find€that€the€defendant€wasŠ ™é Šcriminally€responsible€for€Mr.€McCrackenššs€aggravated€robbery€of€Mr.€Benson.€€We€do€not€needŠ ‚Ņ Što€find€that€the€defendant€intended€to€kill€Officer€Robinson€to€uphold€his€conviction€for€first€degreeŠ k» Šmurder.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„202(b)€states,€š šno€culpable€mental€state€isŠ T¤ Šrequired€for€conviction€under€(a)(2)€.€.€.except€the€intent€to€commit€the€enumerated€offenses€or€actsŠ =  Š.€.€.€.šš€€Therefore,€if€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€prove€that€the€death€of€Officer€Robinson€occurredŠ & v Šduring€the€perpetration€of€the€robbery,€the€defendant€can€also€be€convicted€for€first€degree€murder.Š  _ ŠĢą  ąThe€facts€in€ņņState€v.€Leeóó,€969€S.W.2d€414€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997),€are€very€similar€to€theŠ į 1  Šfacts€in€the€case€ņņsub€judiceóó.€€In€ņņLeeóó,€the€defendant€robbed€a€pharmacy€of€various€narcotics.€€He€leftŠ Ź   Šthe€pharmacy€in€a€white€truck.€€The€driver€of€the€truck€then€let€the€defendant€out€in€a€parking€lotŠ ³  Šwhere€he€got€in€a€brown€Ford.€€The€police€obtained€the€description€of€the€brown€Ford€from€theŠ œģ  Šdriver€of€the€white€truck.€€Twenty„five€minutes€later,€the€police€saw€the€brown€Ford.€€A€high€speedŠ …Õ  Šchase€ensued.€€The€defendant€struck€a€police€car,€erratically€cut€in€front€of€other€motorist€andŠ n¾  Šslammed€on€his€brakes€causing€an€officer€to€run€into€the€back€of€him.€€The€chase€ended€when€theŠ W§  Šdefendant€swerved€into€the€oncoming€lane€of€traffic€and€ran€head„on€into€an€on€coming€vehicle.€€TheŠ @ Šdriver€of€the€vehicle€and€the€defendantššs€passenger€were€both€killed€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€ņņLeeóó,Š )y Š969€S.W.2d€at€416.€€The€defendant€in€ņņLeeóó€argued€that€he€did€not€kill€the€victim€during€theŠ b Šperpetration€of€the€robbery.€€This€Court€held€that€the€killing€happened€during€the€perpetration€of€theŠ ūK Šrobbery.€€ņņId.óó€€The€Court€stated:Š ä4 ŠĢÓ XÓÓ XÓWe€find€that€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€find,€and€indeed€did€find,€that€the€homicideŠ ¶ Šoccurred€in€furtherance€of€the€robbery.€€Nothing€in€the€record€indicates€that€theŠ Ÿļ Šappellant€had€reached€a€place€of€temporary€safety.€€The€homicide€was€clearly€a€resultŠ ˆŲ Šof€the€high„speed€chase€necessitated€by€the€appellantššs€attempt€to€flee€the€area€of€theŠ qĮ Šcrime.€€It€is€a€legitimate€and€logical€assumption€that€one€who€plans€a€robbery€andŠ ZŖ Šcarries€it€out€has€also€planned€to€escape€from€the€scene€of€the€crime.€€His€flight€is€anŠ C“ Šintegral€part€of€the€crime.€€Since€asportation€is€an€element€of€robbery,€the€felony€isŠ ,| Šstill€in€progress€while€the€defendant€is€fleeing€from€the€scene€with€the€stolenŠ e Šproperty.Š žN ŠÓ X˜\ÓÓ XŠ\ÓĢņņId.óó€at€416„17.Š Š!   ŠĢą  ąOur€supreme€court€has€held€that€the€temporary€safety€test€is€one€of€the€most€important€factorsŠ ¢#ņ" Šwhen€deciding€whether€a€death€has€occurred€during€the€perpetration€of€a€felony.€€ņņState€v.€Pierceóó,€23Š ‹$Ū# ŠS.W.3d€289,€295€(Tenn.€2000).€€The€supreme€court€stated:Š t%Ä $ ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓĢOne€of€the€most€important€factors€to€consider€in€determining€whether€there€has€beenŠ F'–"& Ša€break€in€the€chain€of€events€that€would€preclude€application€of€the€felony€murderŠ /(#' Šrule€is€whether€the€felon€has€reached€a€place€of€temporary€safety.€€ņņSeeóó€LaFave€&Š )h$( ŠScott,€ņņSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó,€šš€7.5(f)(1).€€If€the€felon€has€gained€a€place€ofŠ *Q%) Štemporary€safety€after€commission€of€the€felony€and€before€the€killing,€the€felonyŠ ź*:&* Šmurder€rule€generally€does€not€apply.Š Ó+#'+ ŠÓ X»aÓÓ X­aÓĢņņId.óóŠ ™é ŠĢą  ąThere€was€a€great€deal€of€testimony€concerning€the€aftermath€of€the€robbery.€€The€StateŠ k» Špresented€the€owner€of€the€car,€Mr.€Benson,€many€dispatchers€from€the€Memphis€police€department,Š T¤ Šthe€police€officers€that€were€involved€in€the€chase,€various€officers€in€charge€of€collecting€evidence,Š =  Šan€accident€reconstructionist€and€the€medical€examiner€for€Shelby€County.Š & v ŠĢą  ąThe€first€person€to€testify€was€the€owner€of€the€car.€€She€stated€that€Mr.€McCracken€hadŠ ų H Šdriven€her€to€work€that€day.€€After€dropping€her€off,€he€was€to€take€the€car€to€the€shop€because€theŠ į 1  Šcar€pulled€to€the€left.€€However,€she€did€not€have€any€problems€keeping€control€of€the€car.€But,€asŠ Ź   Šthe€car€went€faster,€the€pulling€would€get€worse.€€The€night€of€the€incident,€she€had€gotten€her€carŠ ³  Šfrom€the€shop,€but€returned€it€and€left€the€key€under€the€mat.€€That€is€the€last€time€she€saw€it€untilŠ œģ  Šafter€the€defendants€were€involved€in€the€crash.Š …Õ  ŠĢą  ąMr.€Benson€testified€that€after€the€robbery,€he€asked€the€bouncers€and€security€guards€forŠ W§  Šhelp.€€When€they€told€him€they€were€unable€to€help€him,€he€jumped€into€his€car€and€began€to€followŠ @ Šthe€defendants.€€He€called€911€and€reported€the€robbery.€€He€continued€to€follow€the€defendants,Š )y Šwho€had€now€turned€off€their€lights,€while€remaining€on€the€phone€with€the€police€dispatchers€toŠ b Šreport€the€defendantsšš€location.€€The€chase€reached€speeds€of€up€to€90€miles€an€hour.€€At€some€point,Š ūK ŠMr.€Benson€saw€an€officer€coming€towards€him€and€flagged€him€down.€€That€officer€made€a€u„turnŠ ä4 Šand€began€to€follow€the€defendants.€€The€officer€was€Officer€Robinson.€€Mr.€Benson€continued€toŠ Ķ Šfollow€behind€all€the€police€officers.€€He€followed€them€until€all€the€cars€came€to€a€stop.€€He€did€notŠ ¶ Šsee€the€wreck.Š Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąThe€dispatchers€all€testified€that€they€received€a€call€concerning€a€robbery€and€a€fleeingŠ qĮ Šsuspect.€€They€corroborated€Mr.€Bensonššs€testimony€that€he€was€following€the€defendants€andŠ ZŖ Šrelaying€their€location.€€There€were€several€dispatchers€involved€because€the€dispatchers€each€coverŠ C“ Ša€certain€territory,€and€the€chase€occurred€in€more€than€one€territory.€€One€of€the€dispatchers€testifiedŠ ,| ŠOfficer€Robinson€reported€that€the€defendants€pointed€a€gun€at€him€during€the€chase.Š e ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Robert€Wilkie€testified€that€the€dispatcher€put€out€a€call€about€a€robbery€victimŠ ē 7 Šchasing€a€robbery€suspect.€€He€caught€up€with€the€chase€after€Officer€Robinson€was€already€inŠ Š!   Špursuit.€Officer€Robinson€was€one€or€two€car€lengths€behind€the€defendants,€who€did€not€have€theirŠ ¹" ! Šlights€on,€and€Officer€Wilkie€was€one€or€two€car€lengths€behind€Officer€Robinson.€€He€estimated€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šdefendantsšš€speed€at€around€60€miles€an€hour.€€He€said€that€Officer€Robinson€pulled€into€the€rightŠ ‹$Ū# Šhand€lane€while€the€defendants€were€in€the€left€hand€lane.€€Officer€Wilkie€said€that€the€defendantsŠ t%Ä $ Šsuddenly€braked€and€immediately€jerked€to€the€right,€hitting€Officer€Robinsonššs€car.€€OfficerŠ ]&­!% ŠRobinsonššs€car€went€to€the€right,€then€the€left,€then€spun€out€of€control.€€Officer€Robinsonššs€car€wentŠ F'–"& Šoff€the€road€and€hit€some€trees€before€coming€to€rest.€€The€defendantsšš€car€hit€the€left€guardrail€andŠ /(#' Šcame€to€a€stop.€€Officer€Wilkie€immediately€arrested€the€driver€of€the€car,€the€defendant.€€He€testifiedŠ )h$( Šthat€there€was€money€all€over€the€floorboard€of€the€defendantsšš€car.Š *Q%) Šā āŠ ź*:&* Šą  ąOfficers€David€Royal€and€John€Chevalier€were€in€a€two€man€car€the€night€Officer€RobinsonŠ ° Šā ādied.€€They€both€testified€at€trial.€€They€were€just€finishing€some€paperwork€at€the€precinct€at€the€endŠ ™é Šof€their€shift€when€they€heard€Officer€Robinson€on€the€radio.€€Officer€Robinson€said€he€wasŠ ‚Ņ Šfollowing€the€suspects€from€a€robbery.€€When€they€heard€Officer€Robinson€say€the€defendants€hadŠ k» Špointed€a€gun€at€him,€they€decided€to€join€the€chase€because€the€cars€were€near€the€precinct.€€OfficerŠ T¤ ŠChevalier€threw€the€keys€to€Officer€Royal€who€drove€the€car.€€They€caught€up€to€the€chase€and€gotŠ =  Šbehind€the€second€police€car€driven€by€Office€Wilkie.€€Officer€Chevalier€testified€that€they€wereŠ & v Šgoing€between€50€and€60€miles€an€hour€and€that€the€officers€all€had€on€their€lights€and€sirens.€€WhenŠ  _ ŠOfficer€Robinson€got€into€right€lane,€Officers€Royal€and€Chevalier€got€behind€him.€€Both€officersŠ ų H Šsaw€the€defendants€swerve€into€Officer€Robinsonššs€car.€€The€swerve€appeared€to€be€intentional.€Š į 1  ŠThere€was€no€evidence€that€the€defendants€were€having€trouble€controlling€the€car€up€until€theŠ Ź   Šswerve.€€Officer€Robinsonššs€car€went€out€of€control€and€off€of€the€road.€€The€defendants€hit€the€leftŠ ³  Šguardrail€and€came€to€a€stop.€€Officer€Chevalier€threw€the€shotgun€to€Officer€Royal€who€ran€towardŠ œģ  Šthe€defendantsšš€car€and€held€the€gun€on€the€passenger,€Mr.€McCracken.€€Š …Õ  ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Royal€ran€to€Officer€Robinsonššs€car.€€He€was€the€first€officer€to€the€car.€€He€saidŠ W§  ŠOfficer€Robinsonššs€car€buckled€around€a€tree.€€The€driverššs€side€of€the€car€was€pushed€in€and€theŠ @ Šwindow€was€broken.€€The€car€had€collapsed€around€Officer€Robinson.€€Officer€Chevalier€could€tellŠ )y Šthat€Officer€Robinsonššs€situation€was€very€grave€because€his€head€was€rolled€back,€his€arm€wasŠ b Šbroken,€his€eyes€were€rolled€back€in€his€head€and€he€was€gasping€for€breath.€€Officer€RobinsonššsŠ ūK Šbody€had€movement€in€it,€but€he€was€unresponsive.€€After€other€officers€had€taken€the€defendantsŠ ä4 Šinto€custody,€Officer€Royal€went€to€Officer€Robinsonššs€car.€€Officer€Royal€attempted€to€get€OfficerŠ Ķ ŠRobinsonššs€seatbelt€off€to€help€him€breathe.€€He€testified€that€Officer€Robinson€was€in€bad€conditionŠ ¶ Šand€was€not€conscious.Š Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Kenneth€Frazier€also€participated€in€chase.€€He€was€behind€the€other€officers€and€wasŠ qĮ Šunable€to€get€to€the€crash€scene€because€of€the€other€police€cars€and€the€debris.€€He€reported€thatŠ ZŖ Šthere€was€an€officer€trapped€and€called€for€an€ambulance.€€Š C“ ŠĢą  ąOther€officers€and€police€department€employees€testified€about€taking€photographs€of€theŠ e Šcrash€scene€and€gathering€evidence.€€Officer€Daniel€Parris€testified€that€he€collected€$636€from€theŠ žN Šfloorboard€on€the€driverššs€side,€$220€from€the€floorboard€on€the€passengerššs€side€and€$877€in€theŠ ē 7 Špassengerššs€seat,€but€could€not€locate€a€weapon.€€Officer€Dana€Stine€accompanied€Mr.€Benson€toŠ Š!   Šthe€Ebony€and€Lace€club€and€collected€five€recent€spent€shell€casings€and€3€handgun€cartridges.Š ¹" ! ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Robin€Beach€of€the€Michigan€State€Police€also€testified€at€trial.€€The€Memphis€PoliceŠ ‹$Ū# ŠDepartment€called€him€to€do€an€accident€reconstruction.€€During€his€research€and€testing,€heŠ t%Ä $ Šconcluded€that€the€defendants€did€not€have€their€lights€on€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€€Also,€theŠ ]&­!% Šphysical€evidence€on€the€left€rear€of€the€police€car€and€the€right€front€of€the€defendantššs€car€indicatedŠ F'–"& Ša€purposeful€right€turn€by€the€defendants€into€Officer€Robinsonššs€car.Š /(#' ŠĢą  ąThe€defendants€were€still€committing€the€aggravated€robbery€when€Officer€Robinsonššs€carŠ *Q%) Šran€off€the€road.€€The€defendants€had€not€reached€a€place€of€temporary€safety.€€They€were€still€in€theŠ ź*:&* Šmidst€of€fleeing€the€robbery.€€Immediately€after€they€robbed€Mr.€Benson,€he€began€to€chase€themŠ Ó+#'+ Šthrough€the€streets€of€Memphis.€€They€turned€off€their€lights€and€drove€up€to€90€miles€an€hour.€€ItŠ ° Šcan€be€inferred€from€these€actions€that€they€believed€they€were€being€pursued.€€The€officers€thenŠ ™é Šjoined€the€chase.€€The€officersšš€sirens€and€lights€were€running€the€entire€time,€but€the€defendants€stillŠ ‚Ņ Šdid€not€pull€over.€€The€defendants€did€not€stop€until€they€ran€into€Officer€Robinson€and€hit€theŠ k» Šguardrail.€€There€was€not€a€break€in€the€chain€of€events€between€the€robbery€and€the€incident€thatŠ T¤ Šled€to€Officer€Robinsonššs€death.€€The€defendants€never€reached€a€place€of€temporary€safety.€€TheŠ =  Šdefendants€killed€Officer€Robinson€while€perpetrating€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Mr.€Benson.Š & v ŠĢą  ąFor€these€reasons,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€when€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorableŠ ų H Što€the€State€is€sufficient€for€a€rational€jury€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€first€degree€felony€murder.€Š į 1  ŠTherefore,€this€issue€is€without€merit.Š Ź   ŠĢņņņ ņÓ  ÓDuress€Defenseó óóóŠ œģ  ŠÓnŠÓĢą  ąThe€defendantššs€next€issue€is€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€failed€to€include€the€defenseŠ oæ  Šof€duress€in€the€jury€instruction.€€The€defendant€argues€that€he€was€under€duress€because€if€he€hadŠ XØ  Šnot€followed€Mr.€McCrackenššs€orders€either€he€or€Mr.€Benson€would€have€been€harmed.€€The€StateŠ A‘ Šargues€that€there€was€no€evidence€to€support€this€instruction.€€The€trial€court€has€a€duty€to€š šgive€aŠ *z Šcomplete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€the€facts€of€a€case.šš€€ņņState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,Š c Š319€(Tenn.€1986);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€30.€€š š[The]€defendant€has€a€constitutional€right€to€aŠ üL Šcorrect€and€complete€charge€of€the€law.šš€€ņņState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990).€Š å5 ŠHowever,€the€jury€instruction€must€be€reviewed€in€the€context€of€the€overall€charge€rather€than€inŠ Ī Šisolation.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņSandstrom€v.€Montanaóó,€442€U.S.€510,€99€S.€Ct.€2450€(1979);€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€ņņState€v.€Phippsóó,Š · Š883€S.W.2d€138,€142€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Erroneous€jury€instructions€require€a€reversal,Š  š Šunless€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņWelch€v.€Stateóó,€836€S.W.2d€586€(Tenn.Š ‰Ł ŠCrim.€App.€1992).€€ņ ņŠ rĀ ŠĢó óą  ąThe€standard€to€allow€inclusion€of€a€statutory€defense€in€the€jury€instructions€is€found€in€bothŠ E• Šcaselaw€and€the€statutes.€€The€test€to€determine€whether€a€trial€court€should€have€given€a€specialŠ .~ Šinstruction€is€whether€š šthere€is€any€evidence€which€reasonable€minds€could€acceptšš€to€support€suchŠ g Šan€instruction.€€ņņJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€558,€559€(Tenn.€1975).€€Under€Tennessee€CodeŠ  P ŠAnnotated€section€39„11„203(c),€the€existence€of€the€defense€must€be€fairly€raised€by€the€proof€ifŠ é 9 Šthe€defense€is€to€be€submitted€to€the€jury.€€For€a€statutory€defense€to€be€fairly€raised€by€the€proof€š šaŠ Ņ!"  Šcourt€must,€in€effect,€consider€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€defendant,€includingŠ »" ! Šdrawing€all€reasonable€inferences€flowing€from€that€evidence,šš€because€the€trial€courts€and€appellateŠ ¤#ō" Šcourts€must€avoid€judging€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses€when€making€this€determination.€€ņņStateŠ $Ż# Šv.€Shropshireóó,€874€S.W.2d€634€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Š v%Ę $ ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€stated€the€following€with€regard€to€instructing€on€a€duress€defense:Š H'˜"& ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓ[A]s€I€recall€the€proof,€at€least,€Mr.€Benson€said€that€Mr.€Wilson€had€left€to€get€theŠ 1(#' Šcar€before€Mr.€McCracken€pulled€the€gun€out,€which€would€suggest€that€he€didnšštŠ )j$( Šrealize€that€there€was€robbery€going€on€until€he€had€gotten€back€around€with€the€car.Š *S%) Šą ` ąCertainly,€at€that€point,€he€realized€it.€€Thereššs€his€half€brother,€Mr.Š ģ*<&* ŠMcCracken€standing€there€with€a€gun€pointed€at€Mr.€Benson€and€money€on€theŠ Õ+%'+ Šground€that€wasnššt€there€before€„€„€a€lot€of€money€on€the€ground€that€wasnššt€thereŠ ° Šbefore.€€And€then€heššs€told€to€pick€up€the€money,€and€he€gets€out€and€picks€up€theŠ ™é Šmoney€and€gets€back€in€the€car€before€McCracken€gets€back€in€the€car€and€doesŠ ‚Ņ Šnothing€„€„€I€donššt€remember€any€proof€to€suggest€that€Mr.€Wilson€was€under€anyŠ k» Šduress€„€„€felt€that€he€was€under€any€duress€„€„€made€any€effort€to€extricate€himselfŠ T¤ Šfrom€the€scene€or€from€the€situation€„€„€to€step€on€the€accelerator€when€he€got€backŠ =  Šin€the€car,€knowing€that€Mr.€McCracken€hadnššt€yet€gotten€into€the€car.Š & v Šą ` ąIn€fact,€when€the€car€was€ultimately€stopped€by€that€guardrail€in€NorthŠ  _ ŠMemphis,€there€was€money€on€both€sides€„€„€both€floorboards.€€The€police€foundŠ ų H Šmoney€on€both€floorboards.Š į 1  Šą ` ąIt€wasnššt€as€though€he€then€had€handed€it€all€over€to€McCracken.€€EverythingŠ Ź   Špoints€to€a€joint€effort€from€the€point€that€the€car€was€brought€around€to€the€point€thatŠ ³  Šthe€car€was€ultimately€stopped.€€And€the€suggestion€that€he€was€so€concerned€aboutŠ œģ  ŠMr.€Benson€that€he€„€„€that€the€duress€would€apply€to€the€third€person,€Mr.€Benson€„Š …Õ  Š„€that€he€was€doing€that€only€to€save€Mr.€Bensonššs€neck,€I€think,€is€really€a€stretchŠ n¾  Šand€unsupported€by€any€proof€at€all.Š W§  Šą ` ąI€just€donššt€think€that€thereššs€any€evidence,€at€all,€that€would€support€theŠ @ Šcharge€of€duress€in€this€case€given€the€proof€thatššs€been€presented.€€I€mean€I€guessŠ )y Šthere€are€a€lot€of€ways€that€it€could€have€been€developed,€through€cross€examination,Š b Šhad€Mr.€Benson€said€something€differently;€or€through€defense€proof,€there€had€beenŠ ūK Šproof€to€present€to€support€a€suggestion€that€Mr.€Wilson€was€acting€under€duress.€Š ä4 ŠCertainly,€there€could€have€been€a€lot€of€scenarios€developed€that€would€haveŠ Ķ Šwarranted€the€charging€of€duress,€but€I€just€donššt€think€Iššve€heard€any€in€the€proofŠ ¶ Šthis€week€that€would€warrant€the€charge€of€duress.€€So,€no,€Iššm€not€going€to€chargeŠ Ÿļ Šthat.Š ˆŲ ŠĢÓ Xf•ÓĢÓ Xt•Óą  ąThe€statutory€defense€of€duress€is€found€at€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„504.€Š C“ ŠThis€section€states:Š ,| ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓ(a)€Duress€is€a€defense€to€prosecution€where€the€person€or€a€third€person€isŠ e Šthreatened€with€harm€which€is€present,€imminent,€impending€and€of€such€a€nature€toŠ žN Šinduce€a€well„grounded€apprehension€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€if€the€act€isŠ ē 7 Šnot€done.€€The€threatened€harm€must€be€continuous€throughout€the€time€the€act€isŠ Š!   Šbeing€committed,€and€must€be€one€from€which€the€person€cannot€withdraw€in€safety.€Š ¹" ! ŠFurther,€the€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€must€clearly€outweigh,Š ¢#ņ" Šaccording€to€ordinary€standards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€be€preventedŠ ‹$Ū# Šby€the€law€proscribing€the€conduct.Š t%Ä $ ŠÓ XŽ”ÓÓ Xģ”ÓĢTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„504(a).Š F'–"& ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņState€v.€Robinsonóó,€622€S.W.2d€62€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980),€this€court€stated:Š )h$( ŠĢÓ XÓÓ XÓ[I]n€order€to€constitute€a€defense€to€the€commission€of€other€crimes€the€coercion€orŠ ź*:&* Šduress€must€not€only€be€present,€imminent,€and€impending,€but€also€the€danger€mustŠ Ó+#'+ Šbe€continuous€throughout€the€time€the€act€is€being€committed€and€must€be€such€thatŠ ° Ša€defendant€could€not€withdraw€in€safety.€€The€doctrine€of€coercion€or€duress€cannotŠ ™é Šbe€invoked€as€an€excuse€by€one€who€had€a€reasonable€opportunity€to€avoid€doing€theŠ ‚Ņ Šact€without€undue€exposure€to€death€or€serious€bodily€harm€and€there€must€be€noŠ k» Šreasonable€opportunity€to€escape€the€compulsion€without€committing€the€crime.Š T¤ ŠÓ XŻ„ÓÓ XĻ„ÓĢņņState€v.€Robinsonóó,€622€S.W.2d€62,€73€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).Š & v ŠĢą  ąEven€when€taking€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€defendant,€we€do€notŠ ų H Šconclude€that€a€reasonable€mind€could€accept€that€the€defendant€was€under€duress.€€There€was€noŠ į 1  Ševidence€at€any€time€that€Mr.€McCracken€threatened€the€defendant.€€There€were€no€statements€inŠ Ź   Ševidence€such€as,€š šGo€get€the€car,€or€I€will€shoot€you,šš€or€š šPick€up€the€money,€or€I€will€shoot€you.šš€Š ³  ŠThere€was€no€evidence€that€Mr.€McCracken€even€pointed€the€gun€at€the€defendant.€€There€was€noŠ œģ  Ševidence€that€Mr.€McCracken€threatened€to€kill€the€defendant€if€he€did€not€drive€recklessly€andŠ …Õ  Šrefuse€to€stop€for€the€police.€€The€use€of€a€gun€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€does€notŠ n¾  Šautomatically€make€an€accompliceššs€actions€the€result€of€duress.€Š W§  ŠĢą  ąIn€addition,€we€do€not€find€any€evidence€that€the€defendant€acted€to€prevent€harm€fromŠ )y Šcoming€to€Mr.€Benson.€€The€defendant€led€Mr.€Benson€on€a€high€speed€car€chase€through€the€streetsŠ b Šof€Memphis.€€At€times,€their€speed€reached€up€to€90€miles€an€hour.€€These€are€not€the€actions€ofŠ ūK Šsomeone€trying€to€prevent€harm€to€a€third€person.Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąBecause€we€cannot€find€evidence,€even€when€taken€in€favor€of€the€defendant,€to€support€anŠ ¶ Šinstruction€for€duress,€we€affirm€the€actions€of€the€trial€court.Š Ÿļ ŠĢą  ąThis€issue€is€without€merit.Š qĮ ŠĢņņÓ  Óņ ņConsecutive€Sentencingó óóóŠ C“ ŠÓÆÓĢą  ąThe€defendantššs€final€issue€is€that€he€should€not€have€been€sentenced€to€eight€(8)€years€forŠ f Šaggravated€robbery€consecutive€to€his€life€sentence€for€first€degree€felony€murder.€€š šWhen€reviewingŠ ’O Šsentencing€issues€.€.€.€,€the€appellate€court€shall€conduct€a€de€novo€review€on€the€record€of€suchŠ č 8 Šissues.€€Such€review€shall€be€conducted€with€a€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€theŠ Ń!!  Šcourt€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40-35-401(d).€€š šHowever,€theŠ ŗ" ! Špresumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trial€courtššs€action€is€conditioned€upon€theŠ £#ó" Šaffirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allŠ Œ$Ü# Šrelevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€InŠ u%Å $ Šconducting€our€review,€we€must€consider€the€defendantššs€potential€for€rehabilitation,€the€trial€andŠ ^&®!% Šsentencing€hearing€evidence,€the€pre„sentence€report,€the€sentencing€principles,€sentencingŠ G'—"& Šalternative€arguments,€the€nature€and€character€of€the€offense,€the€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors,Š 0(€#' Šand€the€defendantššs€statements.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40-35-103(5),€-210(b);€€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€atŠ )i$( Š169.ņņóó€We€are€to€also€recognize€that€the€defendant€bears€š šthe€burden€of€demonstrating€that€theŠ *R%) Šsentence€is€improper.šš€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Š ė*;&* ŠŠ Ō+$'+ Šą  ąA€trial€court€may€impose€consecutive€sentencing€upon€a€determination€that€one€or€more€ofŠ ° Šthe€criteria€set€forth€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115(b)€exists.€€This€section€permitsŠ ™é Šthe€trial€court€to€impose€consecutive€sentences€if€the€court€finds,€among€other€criteria,€that€š štheŠ ‚Ņ Šdefendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€andŠ k» Šno€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Š T¤ Ššš€40„35„115(b)(4).€€However,€before€ordering€the€defendant€to€serve€consecutive€sentences€on€theŠ =  Šbasis€that€he€is€a€dangerous€offender,€the€trial€court€must€find€that€the€resulting€sentence€isŠ & v Šreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€crimes,€necessary€to€protect€the€public€against€furtherŠ  _ Šcriminal€conduct,€and€in€accord€with€the€general€sentencing€principles.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Imfeldóó,€70Š ų H ŠS.W.3d€698,€708„09€(Tenn.€2002);€ņņState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938„39€(Tenn.€1995).Š į 1  ŠĢą  ąAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€heard€argument€from€counsel,€but€there€was€noŠ ³  Štestimony.€€The€trial€court€first€applied€enhancement€factors€(1),€the€defendant€has€a€history€ofŠ œģ  Šprevious€criminal€convictions,׃ ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀and€(8),€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€withŠ …Õ  Šprobation.׃”ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€The€trial€court€then€found€a€few€mitigating€factors€and€sentenced€the€defendant€to€eightŠ n¾  Š(8)€years,€the€minimum€sentence€for€aggravated€robbery€as€a€Range€I€Standard€Offender.Š W§  ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€then€stated€the€following€in€regard€to€consecutive€sentencing€of€the€defendant:Š )y ŠÓ XÓÓ XÓ[T]he€most€important€factor€in€both€of€them,€and€the€only€factor€as€to€Mr.€Wilson,Š b Šbut€the€most€important,€clearly,€for€purposes€of€my€evaluation€of€the€consecutiveŠ ūK Šversus€concurrent€issue€is€No.€4,€and€that€is€that€the€defendant€is€a€dangerousŠ ä4 Šoffender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitationŠ Ķ Šabout€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.€€Certainly€thereŠ ¶ Šwas€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€toŠ Ÿļ Šwhich€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.Š ˆŲ Šą ` ąFirst,€with€regard€to€the€robbery,€when€a€gun€was€placed€in€the€face€of€theŠ qĮ Švictim€.€.€.€Mr.€Benson.€€He€testified€to€that€at€some€length€during€the€trial.€€And€[theŠ ZŖ Šdefendantššs€attorney]€made€the€statement€that€his€client,€Mr.€Wilson,€didnšštŠ C“ Šcontemplate€any€injury€to€anyone€when€he€bent€down€to€pick€up€the€money.€€But€ifŠ ,| Šyouššre€in€the€middle€of€an€armed€robbery,€holding€a€man€at€gunpoint,€and€youššreŠ e Š[sic]€partner€has€the€gun,€and€you€go€get€the€car€and€swing€around,€and€then€you€getŠ žN Šout€of€the€car,€and€you€lean€down€and€you€pick€up€the€money,€and€all€of€this€isŠ ē 7 Šunfolding€before€your€eyes,€first€of€all,€heššs€criminally€responsible€for€what€occurs.Š Š!   Šą ` ąBut€secondly,€itššs€obvious€that€youššre€part€and€parcel€of€this€entire€event€thatŠ ¹" ! Šis€creating€a€tremendous€risk€to€the€life€of€Mr.€Benson,€the€victim.€€And€he€didnšštŠ ¢#ņ" Šstop€it,€and€he€didnššt€tell€his€co„defendant,€š šPut€the€gun€down.€€Letššs€go.šš€€He€didnšštŠ ‹$Ū# Šleave€the€money€there.€€He€didnššt€toss€the€keys€to€his€co„defendant€and€say,€š šIššmŠ ° Šwalking€home,€and€its€all€yours.€€Iššm€getting€out€of€here.€€Iššve€got€a€good€job€as€aŠ ™é Šmanager€of€a€gas€station.€€I€donššt€need€to€be€here€robbing€people.šš€€He€didnššt€do€anyŠ ‚Ņ Šof€that.€€He€could€have.€€It€would€have€been€easy.€€Mr.€Benson€would€haveŠ k» Šappreciated€it.Š T¤ ŠÓ X€¾ÓÓ XÓÓ XŽ¾ÓÓ XÓą ` ą.€.€.€.Š =  Šą ` ąBy€participating€in€this€whole€event,€he€showed€absolutely€no€hesitation€inŠ & v Šcommitting€this€crime€in€which€risk€to€human€life€was€high.Š  _ Šą ` ą.€.€.€.Š ų H Š[W]hen€you€get€to€the€issue€of€consecutive€v.€concurrent€time,€I€think€the€murderŠ į 1  Šcase€comes€into€play€as€well,€and€Mr.€Wilson€was€the€driver.€€And€the€testimony,€asŠ Ź   ŠI€recall,€by€the€experts€and€others€was€that,€in€their€expert€opinion,€this€car€actually€„Š ³  Šthis€car€driven€by€the€defendants€pulled€over€and€bumped€the€officerššs€car€withŠ œģ  Šsufficient€force€to€cause€it€to€swerve€off€the€road€and€crash€into€the€tree.Š …Õ  Šą ` ą.€.€.€.Š n¾  ŠAnd€I€think€itššs€unfortunate€that€these€two€men€will€be€as€old€as€they€are€whenŠ W§  Štheyššre€eligible€for€parole,€but€thatššs€„€those€were€the€choices€they€made,€and€theseŠ @ Šare€the€consequences€of€those€choices.€€And€I€think€that€the€law€demands€that€anyŠ )y Šreasonable€application€of€No.€4€would€require€consecutive€sentencing€in€these€casesŠ b Šas€to€both€defendants.Š ūK ŠĢÓ XšĒÓÓ XŠĒÓĢą  ąWe€agree€with€the€trial€courtššs€assessment.€€Clearly,€the€defendant€was€an€active€participantŠ ¶ Šin€both€the€aggravated€robbery€and€the€first€degree€felony€murder.€€When€he€returned€with€the€carŠ Ÿļ Što€pick€up€Mr.€McCracken,€he€saw€the€gun€pointed€at€Mr.€Benson€and€did€nothing€to€prevent€or€stopŠ ˆŲ Šthe€robbery.€€Instead,€he€helped€rob€Mr.€Benson€by€picking€up€the€money.€€Then,€he€drove€the€carŠ qĮ Što€get€away€from€Mr.€Benson.Š ZŖ ŠĢą  ąHis€actions€before€the€police€arrived€clearly€show€that€he€has€no€regard€for€human€life.€€HeŠ ,| Šdrove€without€his€lights€on€at€speeds€up€to€90€miles€an€hour.€€This€chase€occurred€on€public€streetsŠ e Šwhere€innocent€people€could€be€driving.€€He€refused€to€stop€when€the€police€were€following€himŠ žN Šwith€their€lights€on€and€sirens€on€signaling€him€to€stop.€€Most€importantly,€the€officers€who€saw€theŠ ē 7 Šaccident€and€the€accident€reconstructionist€testified€that€is€appeared€as€if€the€defendant€deliberatelyŠ Š!   Šswerved€into€Officer€Robinsonššs€car,€causing€him€to€run€off€the€road.€€The€defendantššs€actions€whileŠ ¹" ! Šdriving€clearly€demonstrate€he€has€little€regard€for€human€life.€€Obviously,€the€public€needs€to€beŠ ¢#ņ" Šprotected€from€such€behavior.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢą  ąWe€conclude€that€an€eight„year€sentence€consecutive€to€life€imprisonment€with€a€possibilityŠ ]&­!% Šof€parole€is€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€aggravated€robbery€and€the€first€degree€felonyŠ F'–"& Šmurder€of€an€officer€of€the€law€while€on€duty.€€This€sentence€is€necessary€to€protect€the€public€fromŠ /(#' Šthe€defendantššs€dangerous€behavior.€€The€trial€courtššs€sentence€is€definitely€in€accord€with€theŠ )h$( Šgeneral€sentencing€principles.€€Therefore,€we€affirm€the€actions€of€the€trial€court.Š *Q%) ŠĢą  ąThis€issue€is€without€merit.Š Ó+#'+ ŠÓ  Óņņņ ņĢĢĢConclusionó óóóŠ n¾ ŠÓXÕÓĢą  ąFor€these€reasons,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ō#†XĪWXXX'¦^#ŌŌ#†¼€‰»XXĪW-#ŌŌ€XĪWX»¼€‰ŌŠ A ‘ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š å 5  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGE