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B*/ D/0 0>0 D/1 01 062 02 0:3 0^74 0<4U64 05U*5626 B7 0D8 0X8 D58 D-19 0K^9^9 AS99 0: 0Df; A;; 1U< 72< 1u= 72= 0c=lQ-s (`$.8dd8    ("  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo)3|x C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt U HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 60Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 56'' 4Body TextXXX&&&\  `&Times New Roman6B 54Heading 1XXX        &&& *+ (_2623  ..*G+M (_25   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *D+M (_24   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *A+M (_23  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *>+M (_22   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *;+M (_21   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *8+M (_20  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *5+M (_19   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *2+M (_18    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  * (_1723  Ԁ*GM (_16   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *DM (_15   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *AM (_14  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *>M (_13   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *;M (_12   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *8M (_11  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *5M (_10   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  (2M &_9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  ( &_823  (GM &_7   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  (DM &_6   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  (AM &_5  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  (>M &_4   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  - -(;M &_3   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  (8M &_2  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  (5M &_1   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  &2M $_    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  0.Normal<:Definition T<AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(''&H1      (&H2  (&H3  (&H4 XXX (&H5  (&H6  20Address8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEKQ<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard KQ<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS <:Preformatted/%  ,Kk %#/KQ<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/<:zBottom of 7H(X7  ?S%2A`Arial?  S\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7&  d dG)1dxd<:zTop of For7J(X7  ?S%2A`Arial?  S\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7G)2dxd0KS.SampleKQ<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterKQ<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  <6X9`(Courier New(|G2W$ !.8=dd8         0  E%2A`Arial e   RW$      1  E  _ThetrialcourtinstructedthejurypursuanttoTennesseePatternInstructionsCriminal8.02,PartsA,C,and  E.TheinstructionforaggravatedkidnappingwherethevictimsuffersbodilyinjuryisPartD.SeeTenn.Pattern t InstructionsCrim.8.02,PartD. d(#$  0  (|3i$ !.8=dd8     VVVV)!dxdx)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  ^_X`YE<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3i$ !.8=dd8     ($$   1  X[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK(CEMU]emu}AutoList1(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)c(1)3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)ei)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  !.8=dd8     _   =8H!XXdd8TO @tt,=INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @%ATJACKSON#=,#Ԉ &    @  @` AssignedonBriefsFebruary5,2002 L XH!X= #=XXH!0#STATEOFTENNESSEEv.MARQUEZWINTERSXH!X=  J @@ DirectAppealfromtheCriminalCourtforShelbyCounty  J @@No.971167475W.FredAxley,Judge  6 @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.W200100740CCAR3CDFiledOctober15,_2002_   AV) ` dE<|` A }     XH!XXXH!TheShelbyCountyGrandJuryindictedtheDefendantfortwocountsofespeciallyaggravated x  kidnappingandforonecountofcriminalattempttocommitfirstdegreemurder.TheDefendantwas d subsequentlyconvictedofonecountofaggravatedkidnappingandofonecountofcriminalattempt P tocommitfirstdegreemurder.ThetrialcourtsentencedtheDefendanttoconsecutivemaximum < sentencestotalingthirtysevenyears.TheDefendantnowappealshissentences,arguingthatthetrial (x courterredinitsapplicationofenhancementfactors,thatthetrialcourtimproperlyimposed d maximumsentencesforbothconvictions,andthatthetrialcourterredinorderingthesentencesto P beservedconsecutively.Althoughthetrialcourterredinitsapplicationofcertainenhancement < factors,weconcludethatitproperlyconsideredotherenhancementfactorswhichwarranted ( sentencingtheDefendanttoconsecutivemaximumterms.Therefore,weaffirmthesentences  imposedbythetrialcourt.  #XH!XXXH!##=XXH!#XH!X= Tenn.R.App.P.3AppealasofRight;JudgmentsoftheCriminalCourtAffirmed     #=XH! #XH!X.=RobertW.Wedemeyer,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichDavidH.Wellesand ` DavidG.Hayes,JJ.,joined. L  GarlandErguden,AssistantPublicDefender,Memphis,Tennessee(onappeal);TimothyJ.Albers $"t! andWilliamYonkowski,AssistantPublicDefenders,Memphis,Tennessee(attrial),forthe #`" appellant,MarquezWinters. #L# PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneralandReporter;ThomasE.Williams,III,AssistantAttorney %$!% General;WilliamL.Gibbons,DistrictAttorneyGeneral;andReginaldHenderson,AssistantDistrict &"& AttorneyGeneral,fortheappellee,StateofTennessee. '"'  @@OO& OPINION #=XXH! #XH!X= )$)  I.PROCEDURALHISTORY  \+&+  #=XXH!.#  XH!X= H,',n XH!XXXH!  OnNovember4,1997,theShelbyCountyGrandJuryreturnedtwoindictmentsagainstthe   Defendant,MarquezWinters.ThefirstindictmentchargedtheDefendantwithonecountof  especiallyaggravatedkidnappinginvolvingseriousbodilyinjurytothevictimandwithonecount  ofespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingbyuseofadeadlyweapon.Thesecondindictmentchargedthe t Defendantwithcriminalattempttocommitfirstdegreemurder.Afterajurytrial,theDefendantwas ` convictedunderthefirstindictmentofthelesserincludedoffenseofaggravatedkidnapping,aClass L  Bfelony,andunderthesecondindictmentofattemptedfirstdegreemurder,aClassAfelony.The 8  trialcourtsentencedtheDefendanttotwelveyearsforaggravatedkidnappingandtotwentyfive $ t yearsforattemptedfirstdegreemurder.Thesentenceswereorderedtobeservedat100%andtorun  ` consecutively.ThetrialcourtlateramendedtheDefendantsreleaseeligibilityontheattempted  L  murdercountfrom100%to30%.Onappeal,theDefendantnowchallengestheproprietyofhis  8  sentences. $  XH!XXXH!       &  i  II.FACTUALBACKGROUNDi  Ԍ   Ќ  XH!XXXH!  XOntheeveningofMay18,1997,VernonEarnest,hissister,andShermanBennettwere   drivingdownElvisPresleyBoulevard,nearRoseHillCemeteryinMemphis,andnoticedanaked p andseverelyinjuredwomanonthesideoftheroad.Whentheystoppedtohelp,thewomantold \ themthat Lowdownandsomeonenamed_Nicki_ԀorNickhadinjuredher.' H  X XInvestigatorslaterquestionedthevictim,NatalieBolton,abouttheincident.Thevictim  p reportedthatshewasamemberoftheGangstersDisciplesandthatothergangmembershadforced  \ theirwayintoherapartmentandassaultedher.Thevictimtestifiedthatthreeblackfemaleskicked H herdoorinanddraggedherfromherhome.Assheresisted,theytoreoffherclothesandhitheron 4 theheadwithabottle.Twoblackmales,oneofwhomthevictimidentifiedastheDefendant,were   alsopresent.Eyewitnessesattheapartmentcomplexconfirmedthevictimsaccountofthe   abduction.   X XThevictimtestifiedthatshewasthenplacedinthebackofatruck,blindfoldedwitha  bandana,anddriventoanunknownlocation.Whenthevictimandherabductorsarrivedatthe l location,thevictimwasseatedinachairinthemiddleofagroupofpeople.Duringthistime,the X  victimwasabletoidentifythevoicesofseveralofherabductors.Thevictimrecognizedthe D! Defendantbyhisdistinctively squeakyvoice,whichwastheresultofagunshotwoundtohis 0"  throat.ThevictimalsorecognizedthevoiceoftheDefendantsgirlfriend,Nadia.Thevictim #l! testifiedthattheDefendanttriedtoforcehertodrinkaglassofbleachandammonia,andwhenshe $X" refused,hepouredtheglassoverherheadandhitherinthefacewiththeemptyglass,knockingout $D # atooth.Thevictimtestifiedthatsheandherabductorsremainedatthislocationforaboutonehour, %0!$ andduringthattime,theDefendantcontinuedtotalktoherandtoassaulther. &"%  X XThevictimwasthenforcedintothetrunkofacaranddriventoRoseHillCemetery.Her (#' blindfoldwassecured,andanotherbandanawasplacedoverhermouth.Afterarrivingatthe )$( cemetery,thevictimwasforcedtoasecludedspot,whereshelistenedtotheDefendantandhis |*%) girlfriendargueaboutwhowasgoingtoshootthevictimfirst.Thevictimwasthenshotseveral h+&* times.Theshotswerenotfiredinsuccession;rather,theDefendantandhisgirlfriendtalkedtoeach  otherbetweenshots.Thevictimtestifiedthatshedidnotknowwhofiredthefirstshot,butshewas  certainthattheDefendantfiredthelastshotbecauseherblindfoldhadslippeddownaroundher  neck.After playingdeadforaboutfifteenminutes,thevictimcrawledtotheroadandwas t discoveredbypassersby. `  X XArecordsclerkattheRegionalMedicalCenterinMemphistestifiedthatthevictimwas 8  admittedonMay18,1997withsixgunshotwoundsinherchest,abdomen,andpelvis.Thevictim $ t hadalsosustainedfacialandnasalfractures,looseteeth,bladderinjuries,andbowelinjuries.  `  X XWhilethevictimwasinthehospital,sheidentifiedtheDefendantasoneofherattackers.  8  InvestigatorstestifiedthattheywereinitiallyunabletolocatetheDefendantforquestioning. $  Eventually,theDefendantwenttothepolicestationandofferedinformationaboutwhathecalled    theNatalieBoltonmurder.OneofficertestifiedthattheDefendanttoldpolicehehadheardabout   theincidentthroughfemalemembersoftheGangsterDisciples,butalsostatedthathehadheard   gunshotsandhadseentheshooter.OncetheDefendantstatedthathehadbeenpresentatthecrime   scene,theofficerinformedhimthatthevictimhadnotinfactdiedandthatshehadidentifiedthe p Defendantasoneofherattackers.Atthatpoint,theDefendantrefusedtofurtherdiscussthe \ incident. H  4 @KK$ III.ANALYSIS   p   \ Onappeal,theDefendantarguesthathissentenceisimproper.Specifically,theDefendant H claimsthatthetrialcourterredinitsapplicationofenhancementfactorsconcerningbothoffenses, 4 thatthetrialcourtimproperlyimposedthemaximumsentencesforeachconviction,andthatthetrial   courterredinorderingthesentencestobeservedconsecutively.    X  A.EnhancementFactors    X  Whenacriminaldefendantchallengesthelength,range,ormannerofserviceofasentence, l thereviewingcourtmustconductadenovoreviewofthesentencewithapresumptionthatthe X  determinationsmadebythetrialcourtarecorrect.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035401(d).This D! presumption,however, isconditionedupontheaffirmativeshowingintherecordthatthetrialcourt 0"  consideredthesentencingprinciplesandallrelevantfactsandcircumstances.Statev.Ashby,823 #l! S.W.2d166,169(Tenn.1991).Intheeventthattherecordfailstoshowsuchconsideration,the $X" reviewofthesentenceispurelydenovo.Id.Ifappellatereviewreflectsthetrialcourtproperly $D # consideredallrelevantfactorsanditsfindingsoffactareadequatelysupportedbytherecord,this %0!$ courtmustaffirmthesentence.Id.TheDefendantbearstheburdenofshowingtheimproprietyof &"% theimposedsentence.Id.#XH!XXXH! #XH!XXXH! '#&  X XThepresumptivesentencetobeimposedbythetrialcourtforaClassB,C,DorEfelonyis )$( theminimumwithintheapplicablerangeunlessthereareenhancementormitigatingfactorspresent. |*%) Tenn.CodeAnn.4035210(c).ThepresumptivesentenceforaClassAfelonyisthemidpoint h+&* ofthesentencingrangeunlessthereareenhancementormitigatingfactorspresent.Id.4035  210(c).Ifthereareenhancementormitigatingfactors,thecourtmuststartatthepresumptive  sentence,enhancethesentenceasappropriatefortheenhancementfactors,andthenreducethe  sentenceintherangeasappropriateforthemitigatingfactors.Id.4035210(e).Theweightto t begiveneachfactorislefttothediscretionofthetrialjudge.Statev.Shelton,854S.W.2d116,123 ` (Tenn.Crim.App.1992).However,thesentencemustbeadequatelysupportedbytherecordand L  complywiththepurposesandprinciplesofthe1989SentencingReformAct.Tenn.CodeAnn. 8  4035210sentencingcommncmts.;Statev.Moss,727S.W.2d229,237(Tenn.1986).Thetrial $ t recordmustcontainspecificfindingsoffactsupportingthesentence,aswellasanyenhancement  ` ormitigatingfactorsusedtoarriveatthatsentence.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035209(c),210(f).Thus,  L  ifthetrialcourtwishestoenhanceasentence,thecourtmuststateitsreasonsontherecord.The  8  purposeofrecordingthecourtsreasoningistoguaranteethepreparationofaproperrecordfor $  appellatereview.Statev.Ervin,939S.W.2d581,584(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).      Thewrongfulapplicationofoneormoreenhancementfactorsbythetrialcourtdoesnot   necessarilyleadtoareductioninthelengthofthesentence.SeeStatev.Winfield,23S.W.3d279,   284(Tenn.2000).Adeterminationthatoneormoreenhancementfactorswereimproperly p consideredrequiresthatwereviewtheevidencesupportinganyremainingenhancementfactors,as \ wellastheevidencesupportinganymitigatingfactors.Statev.Imfeld,70S.W.3d698,707(Tenn. H 2002).Becausethetrialcourtimproperlyappliedenhancementfactorstoeachsentence,ourreview 4 ofthesentencesispurelydenovo.#XH!XXXH!/#XH!XXXH!  p  X   `     h     1.AggravatedKidnapping  H  X  TheDefendantwaschargedwithtwo alternativecountsofespeciallyaggravated   kidnappinginoneindictment.CountOneallegedthatakidnappingofNatalieBoltonoccurredand   thatNatalieBoltonsufferedseriousbodilyinjury.CountTwoallegedthatakidnappingofNatalie  BoltonoccurredandthattheconfinementorremovalofNatalieBoltonwasaccomplishedwitha  deadlyweapon.ThejurychosetoconvicttheDefendantof aggravatedkidnappingasincludedin  thefirstcountoftheindictment. l  X  Onappeal,boththeDefendantandtheStatehaveaddressedthesentencingissuesbasedon D! thelogicalassumptionthatbecausetheaggravatedkidnappingconvictionisalesserincludedoffense 0"  ofCountOne,thejuryconvictedtheDefendantofkidnappingNatalieBoltonandthatshesuffered #l! bodilyinjuryratherthanseriousbodilyinjury.CompareTenn.CodeAnn.3913304(a)(4)with $X" Tenn.CodeAnn.3913305(a)(4).However,aclosereviewofthejuryinstructionsrevealsthat $D # thejurywasinstructedontheelementsofthreealternativeformsofaggravatedkidnapping,none %0!$ ofwhichinvolvesthevictimsufferingbodilyinjury.U W#  1       &"%  '#& Oftheformsofaggravatedkidnappingactuallyinstructedbythetrialcourt,onlyTennessee  PatternInstructionsCriminal8.02,PartC,whichtracksthelanguageofTennesseeCode  Annotated3913304(a)(3),definesaformofaggravatedkidnappingthatcouldproperlybe  consideredasalesserincludedoffenseunderCountOne.Therefore,forthepurposeofanalyzing t thesentencingissuesinthiscase,theelementsoftheoffenseforwhichtheDefendantwasconvicted ` inCountOneareasfollows: L   c(83e"g3"  X8  g3D2(  1  )3  0`     thatthedefendantknowinglyremovedorconfinedanotherunlawfullysoas 8  tointerferesubstantiallywiththeothersliberty;g3DE݌$ t` `  Ќ  8  HH0`     0` ` ` 0 ` ` 0 0h  0h h and `   "g3"  8  g3-G2(  2  )3  0`     thatthedefendantactedwiththeintenttoinflictseriousbodilyinjuryonor  L  toterrorizetheallegedvictimoranother.g3-GfG݌ 8 ` `  Ќ  Tenn.PatternInstructionsCrim.8.02,PartC;seealso#XH!XXXH!:#XH!XXXH!Tenn.CodeAnn.3913304(a)(3). $    Althoughthejurywaserroneouslyinstructedthatitcouldconsideraggravatedkidnapping   asdefinedinTennesseeCodeAnnotated3913304(a)(1)and(5),seeTenn.PatternInstructions   Crim.8.02,PartA,PartE,aslesserincludedoffensesofCountOne,weconcludethatthiserror   washarmlessbeyondareasonabledoubt.SeeTenn.R.Crim.P.52(a);Tenn.R.App.P.36(b).The p evidencethattheDefendantwasguiltyofespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingwasoverwhelming,and \ thejurywasproperlyinstructedtoconsideraggravatedkidnappingasdefinedinTennesseeCode H Annotated3913304(a)(3).Thus,thejurysdecisiontoconvicttheDefendantofthelesser 4 includedoffenseofaggravatedkidnappingbasedonthesameevidencewillnotbedisturbedon  p appeal#XH!XXXH!I#XH!XXXH!.  \   Inthiscase,thetrialcourtappliedthefollowingenhancementfactorsinsentencingthe 4 Defendanttothemaximumallowablesentenceforhisaggravatingkidnappingconviction:   8   ` (1)Thedefendanthasaprevioushistoryofcriminalconvictionsorcriminal   behaviorinadditiontothosenecessarytoestablishtheappropriaterange;   8   ` (2)Thedefendantwasaleaderinthecommissionofanoffenseinvolvingtwo  ormorecriminalactors;   8   ` ....l   8   ` (5)Thedefendanttreatedorallowedavictimtobetreatedwithexceptional X  crueltyduringthecommissionoftheoffense;D!   8   ` (6)Thepersonalinjuriesinflicteduponortheamountofdamagetoproperty 0"  sustainedbyortakenfromthevictimwasparticularlygreat;#l!   8   ` ....$X"   8   ` (8)Thedefendanthasaprevioushistoryofunwillingnesstocomplywiththe $D # conditionsofasentenceinvolvingreleaseinthecommunity;%0!$   8   ` (9)Thedefendantpossessedoremployedafirearm,explosivedevice,orother &"% deadlyweaponduringthecommissionoftheoffense;'#&   8   ` (10)Thedefendanthadnohesitationaboutcommittingacrimewhenriskto (#' humanlifewashigh;)$(    8   ` ....|*%)   8   ` (12)Duringthecommissionofthefelony,thedefendantwillfullyinflicted   bodilyinjuryuponanotherperson,ortheactionsofthedefendantresultedinthe  deathoforseriousbodilyinjurytoavictimorapersonotherthantheintended  victim;t   8   ` ....`   8  [and]L    8   ` (16)Thecrimewascommittedundercircumstancesunderwhichthepotential 8  forbodilyinjurytoavictimwasgreat....$ t   Id.4035114(1),(2),(5),(6),(8),(9),(10),(12),(16).Thecourtfoundnomitigatingfactors.  `   Enhancementfactorsmustbe appropriatefortheoffenseand notthemselvesessential  8  elementsoftheoffense.Id.4035114. $  8  Theobviouspurposeoftheselimitationsistoexcludeenhancementfactorswhich   arenotrelevanttotheoffenseandthosebasedonfactswhichareusedtoprovethe   offense.Factswhichestablishtheelementsoftheoffensechargedmaynotalsobe   thebasisofanenhancementfactorincreasingpunishment.Thelegislature,in   determiningtherangesofpunishmentwithintheclassificationsofoffenses, p necessarilytookintoaccounttheculpabilityinherentineachoffense.\   Statev.Jones,883S.W.2d597,601(Tenn.1994). H  XTheDefendantdoesnotcontesttheapplicationofenhancementfactors(2)and(5).Itis  p uncontrovertedthattheDefendantwastheleaderinanoffenseinvolvingtwoormoreactorsandthat  \ thevictimwastreatedwithexceptionalcruelty.Furthermore,althoughtheDefendantassertsthat H hisjuvenilerecordwasimproperlyconsideredunderenhancementfactor(1),heconcedesthatthis 4 washarmlessgiventhathisjuvenilefeloniescouldhaveproperlybeenconsideredunderfactor(20),   whichallowssentenceenhancementforpriorjuvenileconvictionsthatwouldhavebeenfeloniesif   committedbyanadult.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035114(20).Consequently,theDefendant  concedesthatthetrialcourtproperlyconsideredthreeenhancementfactorswhensentencinghimfor  aggravatedkidnapping.TheDefendantdoesnotarguethatthetrialcourtweighedthesefactors  disproportionatelyorthatthetrialcourtimproperlydeniedtheapplicationofanymitigatingfactors. l  X XTheDefendantfirstarguesthatthetrialcourtimproperlyappliedenhancementfactor(6), D! whichstatesthatthevictimsustainedparticularlygreatinjuries,seeid.4035114(6)#XH!XXXH!dM#XH!XXXH!,because 0"   seriousbodilyinjuryisanelementoftheoffense.While proofofseriousbodilyinjurywill #l! alwaysconstituteproofofparticularlygreatinjury,Jones,883S.W.2dat602;seealsoStatev.Nix, $X" 922S.W.2d894,903(Tenn.Crim.App.1995),#XH!XXXH!Ea#XH!XXXH!theoffenseofwhichtheDefendantwasconvicted $D # didnotinclude seriousbodilyinjuryasanelement.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3913304(a)(3).The %0!$ recordreflectsthatthejuryreturnedaguiltyverdictonCountOneofthelesserincludedaggravated &"% kidnappingcharge.Forthereasonspreviouslystated,thisconvictionincludesafindingbythejury '#& thattheDefendantactedwiththeintenttoinflictseriousbodilyinjuryonthevictimortoterrorize (#' her,buttheactualinflictionofbodilyinjuryorseriousbodilyinjuryisnotanelementoftheoffense. )$( Additionally,therecordsupportsthetrialcourtsfindingthatthepersonalinjuriesinflicteduponthe |*%) victimwereparticularlygreat.EvidencewaspresentedattrialthatNatalieBoltonsufferedabroken h+&* nose,looseteeth,lacerations,andgunshotwoundstoherchest,stomach,bladder,largeintestine,and  smallintestine.Thus,thetrialcourtproperlyconsideredandappliedenhancementfactor(6).  _Next,_ԀtheDefendantcontendsthatthetrialcourtimproperlyconsideredenhancementfactor  (8), aprevioushistoryofunwillingnesstocomplywithconditionsofreleaseintothecommunity, t id.4035114(8),byrelyingontheDefendantsjuvenilerecord.TheDefendantarguesthat ` enhancementfactor(20)istheexclusivemeansforusingjuvenileconvictionsinsentencing L  enhancement.However,oursupremecourthasrecentlyruledthatenhancementfactor(20)isnot 8  theexclusivemeansforenhancingsentencesbyjuvenileconvictionsandthatajuvenilesprobation $ t violationsmaybeconsideredinapplyingfactor(8).SeeStatev.Jackson,60S.W.3d738,743  ` (Tenn.2001).Inthiscase,thetrialcourtproperlyconsideredtheDefendantsjuvenilehistoryof  L  unwillingnesstocomplywithconditionsofreleaseintothecommunity.Thetrialcourtcitedthe  8  DefendantsremovalfromtheYouthServicesBureaus HanoverHouseProgramforfailingto $  complywiththerules.Thus,wefindnoerrorinthetrialcourtsapplicationoffactor(8)toenhance   theDefendantssentence.    X XTheDefendantalsoarguesthatthetrialcourtimproperlyconsideredenhancementfactor(9),   whichprovidesthathepossessedoremployedadeadlyweaponduringthecommissionofthe p offense.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035114(9).#XH!XXXH!b#XH!XXXH!TheDefendantreliesontheSentencingCommission \ CommentsforTennesseeCodeAnnotated3913305,whichstate: Subdivision(a)(1)punishes H akidnappinginwhichadeadlyweaponisactuallyusedtothreatenthevictim.Ifaweaponisinthe 4 defendantspossessionbutisnotused,thekidnappingispunishablepursuantto3913304,  p aggravatedkidnapping.TheDefendantassertsthatthejurysrejectionoftheespeciallyaggravated  \ kidnappingcharge reflectsitsfactualconclusionthattheproofdidnotsupportafindingthat[the H Defendant]usedagunduringthekidnapping.However,enhancementfactor(9)requiresonlythat 4 theDefendantwasinpossessionofadeadlyweaponatthetimeoftheoffense.Further,neitherthe   useorthepossessionofadeadlyweaponisanelementoftheoffenseforwhichtheDefendantwas   convicted.Thetrialcourtproperlyconsideredfactor(9)wheretherecordsupportedafindingthat  theDefendantpossessedadeadlyweaponatthetimeofthekidnapping.   X XNext,theDefendantarguesthattheapplicationoffactor(10),whichstatesthattheDefendant l  hadnohesitationaboutcommittingacrimewhentherisktohumanlifewashigh,id.4035 X  114(10),#XH!XXXH!n#XH!XXXH!wasinappropriatebecausetheStatefailedtoestablishthattheDefendant demonstrated D! aculpabilitydistinctfromandappreciablygreaterthanthatincidenttotheoffenseforwhichhewas 0"  convicted.Jones,883S.W.2dat603.TheDefendantclaimsthattherecorddoesnotsupporta #l! findingthathisactscausedorincreasedtherisktohumanlifeingeneralortothevictimin $X" particular. $D #  %0!$ ThisCourthasconcludedthatenhancementfactor(10)maybeconsidered wherethe &"% conductofthepersonhascausedorincreasedriskeithertohumanlifeingeneralortothevictimin '#& particularandrisktohumanlifeisnotanelementoftheoffense.Statev.TimFox,No. (#' 03C01-9503-CR-00061,1996Tenn.Crim.App.LEXIS371,at**1314(Tenn.Crim.App., )$( Knoxville,June21,1996)(citingJones,883S.W.2dat603604;Statev.Lambert,741S.W.2d127, |*%) 134(Tenn.Crim.App.1987));seealsoStatev.JohnAllenChapman,No.01C01-9604-CC-00137, h+&* 1997Tenn.Crim.App.LEXIS950,at*65n.34(Tenn.Crim.App.,Nashville,Sept.30,1997)#XH!XXXH!t#XH!XXXH!.  Furthermore,theTennesseeSupremeCourthasheldthatenhancementfactor(10)isnotinherentin  offenseswhereseriousbodilyinjuryisanelementoftheoffensecharged.SeeJones,883S.W.2d  at602603;seealsoJohnAllenChapman,1997Tenn.Crim.App.LEXIS950,at*65n.34#XH!XXXH!cz#XH!XXXH!.It t logicallyfollows,then,thatenhancementfactor(10)isnotinherentinoffenseswheretheintentto ` inflictseriousbodilyinjuryisanelementoftheoffensecharged. L   8  Enhancementfactor(10)isnotinherentintheoffenseofaggravatedkidnappinginthiscase, $ t becausetheDefendantsconvictionforaggravatedkidnappingwasbasedupontheDefendants  ` intentiontoinflictseriousbodilyinjuryuponNatalieBolton,ortoterrorizeher,whilekidnapping  L  her.Thus,itwasappropriateforthetrialcourttoconsiderenhancementfactor(10)ifthe  8  Defendantsconductinkidnappingthevictimcausedorincreasedriskeithertohumanlifeingeneral $  ortothevictiminparticular.See#XH!XXXH!|#XH!XXXH!TimFox,1996Tenn.Crim.App.LEXIS371,at**1314#XH!XXXH!#XH!XXXH!.   AlthoughtheDefendantsconductdidnotcauseorincreaserisktoindividualsotherthanthevictim,   itdidresultinahighrisktothevictim distinctfromandappreciablygreaterthanthatincidentto   theoffenseforwhich[theDefendant]wasconvicted.Jones,883S.W.2dat603.#XH!XXXH!c#XH!XXXH!ԀTheDefendants   conductincludedparticipatingintheabductionofthevictim,duringwhichthevictimwashitinthe p headwithabottle.TheDefendanttriedtoforcethevictimtodrinkaglassofbleachandammonia, \ andwhensherefused,theDefendantpouredtheglassoverherheadandhitherinthefacewiththe H emptyglass,knockingoutatooth.Later,theDefendantshotthevictimmultipletimes.Inourview, 4 theevidencesupportsthetrialcourtsapplicationoffactor(10)toenhancetheDefendantssentence.  p   \ TheDefendantnextchallengesthetrialcourtsapplicationofenhancementfactor(12),which H statesasfollows: 4  X8  Duringthecommissionofthefelony,thedefendantwillfullyinflictedbodilyinjury   uponanotherperson,ortheactionsofthedefendantresultedinthedeathofor   seriousbodilyinjurytoavictimorapersonotherthantheintendedvictim....   Tenn.CodeAnn.4035114(12).    CitingStatev.Makoka,885S.W.2d366(Tenn.Crim.App.1994),theDefendantassertsthat l theproofattrial reflectsnothreatorinjurytoanyoneotherthanthevictim,nordoesitshowgreater X  culpabilitythanthelegislatureintendedforaggravatedkidnapping.Seeid.at374.Relyingonthe D! assumptionthattheDefendantwasconvictedofaggravatedkidnappingbyinflictingbodilyinjury 0"  uponthevictim,theDefendantfurtherarguesthattheapplicationofthisfactorconstitutestheuse #l! ofanessentialelementoftheoffensetoenhancethesentence.However,aswehavepreviously $X" stated, bodilyinjuryisnotanelementoftheDefendantsconvictionforaggravatedkidnapping. $D #  X#XH!XXXH!#XH!XXXH!ԀOurcodestatesthat bodilyinjuryincludesacut,abrasion,bruise,burnordisfigurement; &"% physicalpainortemporaryillnessorimpairmentofthefunctionofabodilymember,organ,or '#& mentalfaculty....Tenn.CodeAnn.3911106(a)(2).Incontrast, seriousbodilyinjuryis (#' definedas [a]substantialriskofdeath;...[p]rotractedunconsciousness;...[e]xtremephysical )$( pain;...[p]rotractedorobviousdisfigurement;or...[p]rotractedlossorsubstantialimpairment |*%) ofafunctionofabodilymember,organormentalfaculty....Id.3911106(a)(34).Therecord h+&* revealsthatthevictiminthiscasesufferednumerousseriousbodilyinjuriesinflictedduringher  kidnappingwhichwerenotelementsoftheoffenseofaggravatedkidnappingforwhichthe  Defendantwasconvicted.#XH!XXXH!#XH!XXXH!Evidencepresentedattrialindicatesthatthevictimnearlylostherlife  asaresultofthecrimesinthiscase#XH!XXXH!#XH!XXXH!Ԁandthatshewasbeatentothepointthatsheremained t hospitalizedincriticalconditionforanextendedperiodoftimeafterthecrimes.Evidencepresented ` attrialalsoindicatesthatthevictimsustainedpermanentphysicaldamageafterherinitialrecovery. L  Baseduponthisevidenceofseriousbodilyinjuryinflicteduponthevictim,weconcludethat 8  enhancementfactor(12)wasproperlyusedtoenhancetheDefendantssentenceforaggravated $ t kidnapping.  ` ЀFinally,theDefendantarguesthatfactor(16),whichprovidesforenhancementofasentence  8  if [t]hecrimewascommittedundercircumstancesunderwhichthepotentialforbodilyinjurytoa $  victimwasgreat,id.4035114(16),isanelementofthecrimeandshouldnotbeusedtoenhance   hissentence.#XH!XXXH!#XH!XXXH!Here,weconcludethatthelanguagefoundinenhancementfactor(16), committed   undercircumstancesunderwhichthepotentialforbodilyinjurytoavictimwasgreat,id.,isso   similartotheelementofaggravatedkidnapping,thatthedefendantacted withtheintenttoinflict   seriousbodilyinjury,id.3913304(a)(3),astoessentiallybeanelementoftheoffense.Because p thisfactorissynonymouswithanelementoftheoffense,thetrialcourterredinusingittoenhance \ theDefendantssentenceforaggravatedkidnapping. H  X XTheDefendantconcedesthatthetrialcourtproperlyconsideredthreeenhancementfactors  p whenimposingthemaximumsentenceforhisconvictionforaggravatedkidnapping.Furthermore,  \ theDefendantdoesnotchallengetheweightgiventothesefactors.Inadditiontothethree H enhancementfactorsconcededbytheDefendant,therecordsupportstheapplicationoffactors(8), 4 (9),(10),and(12).Furthermore,theerroneousapplicationofenhancementfactors(1)and(16)does   notnecessarilyleadtoareductioninsentencelength.SeeWinfield,23S.W.3dat284.Ourreview   oftheevidencesupportingtheseenhancementfactorsleadsustoconcludethatthetrialcourt  properlyimposedupontheDefendantthemaximumsentencewithintheapplicablerangefor  aggravatedkidnapping.   l  X  2.CriminalAttempt,FirstDegreeMurder  X   X  Withtheexceptionofenhancementfactornine(9),possessionofafirearm,thetrialcourt 0"  consideredthesamefactorslistedabovewhensentencingtheDefendantforcriminalattemptto #l! commitfirstdegreemurder.Again,nomitigatingfactorswerefound.TheDefendantdoesnot $X" contestapplicationoffactors(2),(5),and(6),andalthoughheassertsthatfactor(1)waserroneously $D # appliedbythetrialcourt,heagainconcedesthathisjuvenilefeloniescouldhavebeenproperly %0!$ consideredunderfactor(20).TheDefendantassertsthatthetrialcourterredinapplyingthe &"% remainingfactors. '#&  X XTheDefendantchallengestheapplicationoffactor(8)assetforthabove.SeeTenn.Code )$( Ann.4035114(8).Wehaveaddressedthisissueanddeterminedthatthetrialcourtmayproperly |*%) considertheDefendantsjuvenileprobationviolationsinapplyingenhancementfactor(8).Wethus h+&* concludethatthetrialcourtproperlyconsideredenhancementfactor(8)whensentencingthe  Defendantforattemptedfirstdegreemurder.  _The_ԀDefendantalsochallengestheapplicationoffactor(10),whichstatesthatheshowedno  hesitationincommittingacrimewhentherisktohumanlifewashigh,seeid.4035114(10)#XH!XXXH!Ó#XH!XXXH!;and t factor(16),whichstatesthatunderthecircumstancesofthecrime,thepotentialforbodilyinjuryto ` thevictimwasgreat.Seeid.4035114(16)#XH!XXXH!V#XH!XXXH!.ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatenhancement L  factors(10)and(16)shouldnotbeappliedtosentencesforattemptedfirstdegreemurderbecause 8   risktohumanlifeandthegreatpotentialforbodilyinjuryalwaysexistwithanattemptedfirst $ t degreemurder.Nix,922S.W.2dat903.Therefore,thetrialcourtimproperlyconsideredthese  ` enhancementfactorswhendeterminingthelengthoftheDefendantssentenceforattemptedfirst  L  degreemurder.  8   X XFinally,theDefendantchallengestheapplicationoffactor(12),thathewillfullyinflicted   bodilyinjuryuponavictimorthathisactionsresultedinthedeathoforseriousbodilyinjurytoa   victim.SeeTenn.Code.Ann.4035114(12).TheDefendantreliesuponStatev.Makoka,885   S.W.2d366(Tenn.Crim.App.1994),insupportofhisargument.InMakoka,thisCourtheldthat   enhancementfactor(12)maynotbeappliedtoasentenceforattemptedmurderbecausethepotential p forseriousbodilyinjuryisinherentintheoffense.Seeid.at374.However,subsequentcasesfrom \ thisCourthavecalledthisholdingfromMakokaintoquestion.InStatev.Freeman,943S.W.2d25 H (Tenn.Crim.App.1996)#XH!XXXH!k#XH!XXXH!,thisCourt,relyinguponlanguagefromaTennesseeSupremeCourtcase, 4 recognizedthatthecrimeofattemptedmurderdoesnotrequirebodilyinjuryandthereforeconcluded  p thattheholdingofMakokaconcerningtheapplicabilityofenhancementfactor(12)wasof  \  questionablevalidity.Id.at32;seealsoStatev.Trusty,919S.W.2d305,308(Tenn.1996).This H Courthassubsequentlyreiterateditsconclusionthatenhancementfactor(12)maybeappliedtoa 4 sentenceofattemptedmurder.SeeStatev.JimmyA.Salyer,No.03C019803CR00093,1999   Tenn.Crim.App.988,at*28(Tenn.Crim.App.,Knoxville,Oct.8,1999).Relyinguponthemost   recentcasesfromourCourt,weconcludethatenhancementfactor(12)wasproperlyappliedtothe  Defendantssentenceforattemptedmurder.Incommittingthecrimeofattemptedmurder,the  Defendantinflictedseriousbodilyinjuryuponthevictim,aspreviouslydiscussed,thusjustifying  applicationofenhancementfactor(12).#XH!XXXH!#XH!XXXH! l  X XAlthoughthetrialcourtimproperlyconsideredenhancementfactors(1),(10)and(16)when D! sentencingtheDefendantforcriminalattempttocommitfirstdegreemurder,therecordsupportsthe 0"  trialcourtsapplicationoftheremainingfactors.Thosesixremainingenhancementfactorsare #l! sufficienttowarrantthemaximumsentenceforthisconviction.Therefore,weaffirmthesentence $X" imposedbythetrialcourt. $D #  X  B.ConsecutiveSentencing  &"%  X  #XH!XXXH!­#XH!XXXH!Whenadefendantisconvictedofoneormoreoffenses,thetrialcourtmustdetermineifthe (#' sentencesshallbeservedconcurrentlyorconsecutively.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035115. )$( Consecutivesentencingmaybeimposedinthediscretionofthetrialcourtuponadeterminationby |*%) apreponderanceoftheevidencethatoneormoreofthefollowingcriteriaexist: h+&* TO  Te T  X8   ` (1)Thedefendantisaprofessionalcriminalwhohasknowinglydevotedsuch e defendantslifetocriminalactsasamajorsourceoflivelihood;Q   8   ` (2)Thedefendantisanoffenderwhoserecordofcriminalactivityis = extensive;)   8   ` (3)Thedefendantisadangerousmentallyabnormalpersonsodeclaredbya  competentpsychiatrist...;    8   ` (4)Thedefendantisadangerousoffenderwhosebehaviorindicateslittleor   noregardforhumanlife,andnohesitationaboutcommittingacrimeinwhichthe  t risktohumanlifeishigh; `   8   ` (5)Thedefendantisconvictedoftwo(2)ormorestatutoryoffensesinvolving  L  sexualabuseofaminor...; 8    8   ` (6)Thedefendantissentencedforanoffensecommittedwhileonprobation; $  oru    8   ` (7)Thedefendantissentencedforcriminalcontempt.a    Tenn.CodeAnn.4035115(b)(1)(7).Inadditiontothesecriteria,consecutivesentencingis M  subjecttothegeneralsentencingprinciplesprovidingthatthelengthofasentenceshouldbe justly 9  deservedinrelationtotheseriousnessoftheoffense,id.4035102(1),and nogreaterthanthat % deservedfortheoffensecommitted.Id.4035103(2);seealsoImfeld,70S.W.3dat708.  Moreover,inStatev.Wilkerson,905S.W.2d933(Tenn.1995),thesupremecourtarticulatedtwo  additionalrequirementsforconsecutivesentencingunderthedangerousoffendercategory;thetrial  courtmustfindconsecutivesentencesarereasonablyrelatedtotheseverityoftheoffenses p committedandarenecessarytoprotectthepublicfromfurthercriminalconduct.Seeid.at938;see \ alsoStatev.Lane,3S.W.3d456,461(Tenn.1999)(statingthattheneedfortheadditional H Wilkersonfindingsarisesinpartbecausethe dangerousoffenderprovision isthemostsubjective 4 andhardesttoapply);Imfeld,70S.W.3dat708.     TheDefendantarguesonappealthatthetrialcourtimproperlyorderedthesentencesimposed ] foraggravatedkidnappingandattemptedfirstdegreemurdertobeservedconsecutively.Indoing I so,thetrialcourtdeterminedbyapreponderanceoftheevidencethattheDefendantisanoffender 5 whoserecordofcriminalactivityisextensive.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035115(b)(2).The ! evidencepresentedatthesentencinghearingrevealedthattheDefendantscriminalhistoryincluded   twelvecomplaintsfiledagainsthimbeforehehadreachedtheageofseventeen.Further,threeof   theDefendantsjuvenileconvictionswouldhavebeenfelonieshadhebeenconvictedasanadult. !  TheevidenceintherecordsupportsthetrialcourtsfindingthattheDefendantisanoffenderwhose "l! recordofcriminalactivityisextensive.Moreover,evenifthetrialcourterredinitsdetermination #X" thattheDefendantsrecordofcriminalactivityisextensive,wehaveconcludedthattheDefendant $D # isclearlyadangerousoffenderwhosebehaviorindicateslittleornoregardforhumanlifeandno %0!$ hesitationaboutcommittingacrimeinwhichtherisktohumanlifeishigh.SeeTenn.CodeAnn. &"% 4035115(b)(4).Thetotallengthoftheconsecutivesentencesforthetwoconvictions,thirty m'#& sevenyears,isjustlydeservedinrelationtotheseriousnessofthesebrutalandviciousoffenses.We Y(#' furtherconcludethattheconsecutivesentencesimposedbythetrialcourtarereasonablyrelatedto E)$( theseverityoftheoffensescommittedandwillservetoprotectthepublicfromfurthercriminal 1*%) conductbythisDefendant.SeeWilkerson,905S.W.2dat938. +&*   ,'+  X e  Q  = Therefore,weAFFIRMthejudgmentsofthetrialcourt. )   XH!XXXH!  X  C݌̌XH!XXXH!  #XH!XXXH!#   `     h     ___________________________________  `    `     h     ROBERTW.WEDEMEYER,JUDGE