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D/" B4"˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 X((mª$¡¡Ò°ÒÒX°ÒÓ  Ó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô(D(3L$¤¤Ý ƒmª!ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔHHÓ€ ƒo!<2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô3|x2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô<à09Z 0Courier (W1) Regular#  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Courier New d€-Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial 4Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÔ€'ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌò òNovemberÏ12,Ï1996ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€'ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó%%%%'ÿÿdxd HÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant€was€convicted€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)(1991)€which€defines€first„degree€murder€as€ð ð[a]nÏintentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another.€.€.Ï.ðð€€In€1995,€the€legislature€amended€this€statute€to€define€theÏoffense€as€ð ð[a]€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another€.Ï.€.€.ðð€€1995€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts,€ch.€460€ðð€1€(effective€July€1,Ï1995).Ì("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝA€heavy,€long„handled€hammer.Ì ËÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝSheriff€Samuel€Davidson€took€a€statement€from€the€defendantÏupon€arrest.€€Davidson€asked€ð ðDo€you€know€why€you€killed€yourÏmother?ðð€€The€defendant€answered€ð ðI€donððt€know.€€Because€of€theÏRuler€job.ðð€€The€record€contains€no€further€reference€to€a€ð ðRulerÏjob.ððÌ <Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThis€facility€is€not€properly€described€in€the€record.€€MostÏprobably,€it€is€the€Western€Mental€Health€Institute€in€Bolivar,ÏTennessee.Ì òÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝAbrams€has€an€IQ€of€71;€below€70€is€mildly€mentally€retarded.Ì :Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝAzimi€testified€that€had€he€been€privy€to€this€information,Ïit€might€have€affected€his€conclusions,€but€he€did€not€state€inÏwhat€way.ÌPtPtHHøHÿöÿòV,(ühhØ hd'0ÿÎÿºF ® Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€$ÔÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °‚X˜XÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€&ÕXXdÈdÈ7ÑÌÌà@ àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OFÏTENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à à)€€€FORÏPUBLICATIONÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€€€FILED:ÏNOVEMBER€12,€1996Ìà àAppelleeà àà àà àà à)€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€€€HARDINÏCOUNTYÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€€€HON.ÏC.€CREED€MCGINLEY,ÌOVID€C.€ABRAMSà àà àà àà àà à)à à€€ÏJUDGEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà à)Ì€€€€€à àAppellantà àà à€€€€€€€à à)€€€NO.Ï02„S„01„9509„CC„00085ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:òòà àà àà àà àà àForÏAppelleeóó:ÌÌRON€E.€HARMON€€€€€€à àà àà àà àCHARLES€W.ÏBURSONÌSavannah,€TNà àà àà àà àà àAttorneyÏGeneral€and€ReporterÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMICHAEL€E.ÏMOOREÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSolicitorÏGeneralÌßD€&(5%!`|¾` ‚- `€DßÌà àà àà àà àà àà àGORDON€W.€SMITHÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssociate€Solicitor€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TNÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJOHN€W.€OVERTON,€JR.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌÙ€€Ùà àà àà àà àà àà àSavannah,€TNÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌÌÌà@ àòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌÌÌóóÌÌAFFIRMEDà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àBIRCH,ÏC.J.ÌÓÓà àOvid€C.€Abrams,€the€defendant,€appeals€the€judgment€ofÏthe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€affirming€his€first„degree€murderÏconviction.× ƒ, ××  ×€€The€State€did€not€seek€the€death€penalty,€and€AbramsÏreceived€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment.€€In€his€appeal,€AbramsÏcontends€that€the€evidence€adduced€against€him€was€insufficient€toÍestablish€the€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€necessaryÏto€sustain€a€conviction€of€first„degree€murder.€€We€affirm.ÌÌà@ àIÌÌà àOn€June€10,€1993,€just€after€dinner,€Abrams€killed€hisÏ94„year„old€mother€by€striking€her€twice€on€the€head€with€a€woodenÏmaul.× ƒ. ××  ×ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Nadene€Abrams€recounted€the€events€of€the€day:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àAt€twelve€or€after€lunch€that€day,Ïwe€had€finished€eating€and€I€wasÏwashing€the€dishes€and€just€all€ofÏsudden€he€comes€dashing€in€the€houseÏwith€a€big€hickory€stick€and€said,Ïð ðWhat€do€you€people€haveðð€„„€said,Ïð ðSomebodyððs€been€up€here€all€dayÏtrying€to€figure€out€some€things,ððÏor€something.€€And€he€was€justÏfurious€and€my€mother€and€I€justÏbegan€talking€to€him€and€told€himÏnobody€had€been€in€and€he€justÏturned€and€walked€out€as€calm€asÏeverything.€.€.€.€€He€said€we€hadÏhad€somebody€up€there€or€some€kindÏof€machine€trying€to€figure€out€someÏthings€he€was€doing.ÌÓÓÌà àSometime€in€the€early€afternoon€on€the€day€of€theÏincident,€Nadene€Abrams,€who€was€in€her€bedroom,€heard€her€motherÏask€the€defendant,€then€in€the€kitchen,€if€he€needed€anything.€ÏThe€defendant€then€returned€to€his€bedroom.€€A€short€time€later,Ïhe€came€down€the€hallway€and€peered€into€Nadene€Abramsððs€room.€ÏJust€a€little€before€3:30€p.m.,€the€defendant€was€sitting€on€theÏporch.€€Nadene€Abrams€took€him€a€snack;€€Abrams€refused€it.ÌÌà àAt€3:30€p.m.,€the€local€paper€was€delivered.€€NadeneÏAbrams€took€Abrams€a€portion€of€the€paper€and€then€joined€herÏmother€on€the€couch€in€the€living€room€to€read€the€paper.€€AtÏabout€4€p.m.,€the€defendant€came€into€the€kitchen€and€looked€intoÏthe€stove.€€He€then€returned€to€the€porch.ÌÌà àAt€about€5€p.m.,€Nadene€Abrams€prepared€her€brotherððsÏsupper.€€Instead€of€eating,€he€returned€to€the€porch.€€NadeneÏAbrams€and€her€mother€then€had€their€supper.€€While€Nadene€AbramsÏwas€washing€the€dishes,€Abrams€came€into€the€kitchen€and€looked€atÏboth€his€mother€and€his€sister.€€He€then€went€down€the€hall€to€hisÏroom.ÌÌà àWhen€she€finished€the€dishes,€Nadene€Abrams€went€out€toÏthe€porch.€€She€noticed€that€there€were€some€limbs€in€the€yardÏthat€had€been€blown€down€during€a€recent€rainstorm;€she€decided€toÏgo€out€and€pick€up€the€limbs.€€She€left€the€house€via€the€livingÏroom€door,€retrieved€a€bucket,€and€began€picking€up€branches.€€ÌÌà àAfter€just€a€few€minutes,€Abrams€came€out€of€the€houseÏby€way€of€the€door€on€the€opposite€end€of€the€house.€€He€asÏcarrying€a€maul.€€Nadene€Abrams€testified€that€the€maul€wasÏcustomarily€kept€by€the€picnic€table€in€the€yard.€€Abrams€put€theÏmaul€on€the€ground€by€the€corner€of€the€house€and€sat€down€on€theÏsteps.€€After€remaining€there€for€just€a€few€moments,€he€retrievedÏthe€maul€and€returned€to€the€house.€€Again,€he€was€gone€only€aÏshort€time€and€then€resumed€his€seat€on€the€steps.€€ÌÌà àNadene€Abrams€finished€picking€up€the€branches€andÏstarted€to€go€back€into€the€house€by€way€of€the€living€room€door.€ÏAs€she€stepped€up€on€the€porch,€Nadene€Abrams€saw€through€theÏwindow€that€something€had€happened€to€their€mother.€She€tried€toÏopen€the€door€but€found€it€locked€from€the€inside.€€She€then€ranÏaround€the€house€to€the€opposite€door€where€her€brother€wasÍsitting.€€When€she€started€up€the€step,€Abrams€said€ð ðDonððt€go€in.€ÏDonððt€go€in.€€I€think€Iððve€killed€my€mother.€€I€think€Iððve€killedÏmomma€[sic].ððÌÌà àIn€his€statement€to€the€sheriff,€Abrams€stated€that€heÏwas€in€the€Hardin€County€jail€because€he€had€killed€his€mother.€ÏAccording€to€his€statement,€Abrams€was€not€angry€with€his€motherÏbut€killed€her€ð ð[b]ecause€of€the€Ruler€job.ðð× ƒ/ ××  ×ÌÌà àPrior€to€trial,€Abrams€notified€the€State€of€hisÏintention€to€rely€on€the€insanity€defense.€€€Testimony€elicited€atÏtrial€indicates€that€Abrams€has€a€long€history€of€substantialÏalcohol€abuse.€€He€was€hospitalized€at€Western€State× ƒ0 ××  ×€on€twelveÏseparate€occasions.€€All€of€these€admissions€were€due€to€hisÏalcohol€abuse€except€for€the€last€admission€in€February€1992.€€ÌÌà àIn€February€1992,€Abrams€was€hospitalized€after€he€heldÏa€gun€on€his€sister€and€threatened€her€life.€€During€thisÏincident,€Abrams€apparently€fired€the€gun€although€the€record€doesÏnot€reflect€that€anyone€was€injured.€€When€he€was€admitted€toÏWestern€State€as€a€result€of€this€behavior,€Abrams€was€diagnosedÏas€delusional€disorder€paranoid.€€€Abrams€has€taken€Librium,€anÏantidepressant,€for€many€years,€and€he€has€a€borderlineÏintelligence.× ƒ1 ××  ×€ÌÌà àAt€trial,€Amin€Azimi,€Ph.D.,€a€psychologist,€and€IokeyaÏFarooque,€M.D.,€a€psychiatrist,€testified€for€the€State.€€EachÏopined€that€Abrams€was€competent€and€sane.€€In€reaching€thisÏconclusion,€neither€doctor€was€aware€that€on€the€day€of€theÏmurder,€Abrams€had€accused€his€mother€and€sister€of€having€someoneÏor€some€machine€checking€up€on€him.€€Farooque€also€testified€thatÏshe€did€not€agree€with€the€1992€diagnosis€of€delusional€disorderÏparanoid€and€that€she€had€not€observed€any€delusional€behavior€byÏAbrams€during€his€evaluation.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€offered€no€evidence.ÌÌà@ àIIÌÌà àThe€issue€on€appeal€is€whether€the€evidence€isÏsufficient€to€sustain€the€conviction.€€The€standard€of€review€isÏwhether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorableÏto€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÏthe€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€ÏòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2782€61€L.ÏEd.2d€560€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);ÏTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€As€an€appellate€court,€we€do€notÏsubstitute€our€evaluation€of€the€evidence€for€that€of€the€jury.ÌÌà àTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)(1991)€definesÏfirst„degree€murder€as€ð ð[a]n€intentional,€premeditated€andÏdeliberate€killing€of€another.€.€.€.ðð€€€Abrams€contends€that€thereÏis€insufficient€evidence€from€which€a€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÏfind€the€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€€In€order€toÏconvict,€the€jury€must€find€that€the€defendant€formed€the€intentÍto€kill€prior€to€the€killing€and€that€the€defendant€killed€withÏcoolness€and€reflection:€ÌÓÓÌà8 àòòà8 àóóòò[t]he€deliberation€and€pre„meditation€must€be€akin€to€theÏdeliberation€and€premeditationÏmanifested€where€the€murder€is€byÏpoison€or€lying€in€wait„„the€coolÏpurpose€must€be€formed€and€theÏdeliberate€intention€conceived€inÏthe€mind,€in€the€absence€of€passion,Ïto€take€the€life€of€the€personÏslainóó.€€Murder€by€poison€or€lying€inÏwait,€are€given€as€instances€of€thisÏsort€of€deliberate€and€premeditatedÏkilling,€and€in€such€cases€no€otherÏevidence€of€the€deliberation€andÏpremeditation€is€required;€but€whereÏthe€murder€is€by€other€means,€proofÏof€deliberation€and€premeditation€isÏrequired.€ÌÌà8 àà8 à.€.€.€.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àThe€obvious€point€to€be€drawnÏfrom€this€discussion€is€that€even€ifÏintent€(or€ð ðpurpose€to€killðð)€andÏpremeditation€(ð ðdesignðð)€may€beÏformed€in€an€instant,€deliberationÏrequires€some€period€of€reflection,Ïduring€which€the€mind€is€ð ðfree€fromÏthe€influence€of€excitement,€orÏpassion.ðð€ÌÓÓÌòòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€539„40€(Tenn.€1992)(citationsÏomitted).ÌÌà àOn€the€record€before€us,€there€is€sufficient€evidenceÏfrom€which€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€conclude€that€AbramsÏpremeditated€and€deliberated€prior€to€killing€his€mother.€€€NadeneÏAbrams€saw€her€brother€come€out€of€the€house€carrying€the€maul.€ÏClearly€then,€Abrams€had€taken€the€murder€weapon€inside€sometimeÏearlier€in€the€day.€€€From€his€sisterððs€description€of€hisÏmovements€within€the€house€during€the€day,€there€is€evidence€fromÏwhich€the€jury€could€have€concluded€that€Abrams€was€monitoring€theÏmovements€of€his€mother€and€sister€in€order€to€find€an€opportuneÏtime€to€commit€the€crime.€€€Thus,€there€is€evidence€from€which€aÏjury€could€conclude€that€Abrams€had€formed€the€intent€to€kill€hisÏmother€earlier€in€the€day€and€calmly€waited€until€his€sister€leftÏthe€house€to€commit€his€crime.ÌÌà àNotwithstanding€our€conclusion€that€the€record€supportsÏthe€juryððs€verdict,€we€are€troubled€by€the€sparseness€of€thatÏrecord.€€The€experts€who€evaluated€Abrams€concluded€that€he€wasÏcompetent€to€stand€trial€and€sane.€€However,€it€is€clear€from€theÏrecord€that€these€experts€were€unaware€that€on€the€day€of€theÏmurder,€Abrams€thought€his€mother€and€sister€had€someone€with€aÏmachine€checking€up€on€him.€€Apparently,€these€experts€were€alsoÍnot€privy€to€the€events€leading€up€to€his€hospitalization€in€1992Ïwhen€Abrams€was€delusional€and€held€a€gun€on€his€sister.× ƒ2 ××  ×€€€ÌÌà àThus,€there€are€indications€that€Abrams€may€suffer€fromÏa€mental€condition€evidence€of€which€might€have€been€relevant€onÏthe€issues€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€In€òòState€v.€Phippsóó,Ï883€S.W.2d€138,€149€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994),€then€Judge€White€heldÏthat€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€mental€state€was€relevant€andÏadmissible€to€negate€the€elements€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àwhen€the€general€law€provides€thatÏð ð[n]o€person€may€be€convicted€of€anÏoffense€unless€.€.€.€[t]he€culpableÏmental€state€required€.€.€.€isÏproven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,ððÏevidence€tending€to€make€theÏexistence€of€that€mental€state€ð ðmoreÏprobable€or€less€probableðð€isÏrelevant.€€As€such,€it€isÏadmissible.€ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àTo€find€otherwise€wouldÏdeprive€a€criminal€defendant€of€theÏright€to€defend€against€one€of€theÏessential€elements€of€every€criminalÏcase.€€In€effect,€then,€such€aÍfinding€would€deprive€the€defendantÏof€the€means€to€challenge€an€aspectÏof€the€prosecutionððs€case€and€removeÏthe€burden€of€proof€on€that€elementÏin€contravention€of€constitutionalÏand€statutory€law.€€While€the€lawÏpresumes€sanity€it€does€not€presumeÏmens€rea.€€Due€process€requires€thatÏthe€government€prove€every€elementÏof€an€offense€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt.ÌÓÓÌòòId.óó€at€149€(citation€omitted).€€We€agree€with€the€general€holdingÏof€òòPhippsóó,€that€evidence€of€a€defendantððs€mental€condition€can€beÏrelevant€and€admissible€in€certain€cases€to€rebut€the€mens€reaÏelement€of€an€offense.€€In€òòAbramsóó,€unlike€òòPhippsóó,€evidence€of€theÏdefendantððs€mental€condition€was€not€proffered,€and€the€juryÏinstructions€at€issue€in€òòPhippsóó€are€not€at€issue€here.€€Ô% € ÔThus,Ïwhatever€further€development€may€be€warranted€for€the€rule€ofÏð ðdiminished€capacity,ðð€we€defer€to€another€day.€€ÌÌà àAfter€considering€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorableÏto€the€prosecution,€we€find€that€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÏhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€this€crime€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€Ô% € Ô443€U.S.€307,€99€S.€Ct.Ï2781,€2782,€61€€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).ÌÓÓÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà à___________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àADOLPHO€A.€BIRCH,€JR.,€Chief€JusticeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:€€Drowota,€Anderson,€Reid,€White,€JJ.Ì