ÿWPCº' …# VUNa %¯ 0 (µU:Ýw@ 4W k 0Dz 0J¾ 0T 0^\ 0hº 0r" 0|” 0† – 0ž 1u. 0d£ BU>$U*bU*ŒB)¶ D3ßDC AMU 0@¢â[ò¢Mbï 0Æ÷̽[‰™äG}v~ÄvÓB AO&Æd& 0D*' D/n' B'˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular U U «  DDÓ€DÒ #3|x(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial< Œ 9p`(Times% Line 7 d$$$$'ÿÿdxd))))7Border 1dd€-+Cþÿ << Gÿÿ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÔ€'ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌJanuary€13,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó QÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÔ€'ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝPlaintiffs€voluntarily€dismissed€by€nonsuit€the€action€against€Dr.€Wayne€Wells.€€Therefore,Ïhe€is€not€a€party€to€this€appeal.Ì ˜Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÔ€'ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€rehabilitation€center€is€operated€by€defendants,€University€Medical€Center€andÏNational€Recovery€Centers€of€America,€both€of€which€are€operated€by€defendant,€National€MedicalÏEnterprises,€Inc.Ì- ù-(v(2–$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ€°ÒÒÀ°ÒÔ€XM XXXÔÔ€ôòÑôXXM Ôà Ø àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÂÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÔ€'ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝIntentional€infliction€of€emotional€distress€and€outrageous€conduct€are€not€two€separateÏtorts,€but€are€simply€different€names€for€the€same€cause€of€action.€òòMoorhead›€v.€œJ.C.›€œPenney›€œCo.,ÏInc.óó,›€555€S.W.2d€713,€717€(Tenn.€1977).Ì QÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÔ€'ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝProof€that€the€plaintiff€actually€contracted€HIV€is€not€necessary€to€recover€emotionalÏdistress€injuries€under€òòCarrollóó.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÔ€'ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€specific€modes€of€documented€HIV€transmission€have€been€cited€and€discussed€inÏcases€from€other€jurisdictions€and€include:€unprotected€sexual€intercourse€with€an€HIV„infectedÏperson;€contact€with€HIV„infected€blood,€blood€components,€or€blood€products€by€parenteralÏmucous€membrane€or€nonintact›€skin;€transplants€of€HIV„infected€organs€and/or€tissues;Ïtransfusions€of€HIV„infected€blood;€artificial€insemination€of€HIV„infected€semen;€and€perinatalÏtransmission€from€mother€to€child€around€the€time€of€birth.€€òòK.A.C.óó,€527€N.W.2d€at€558,€citing€GarryÏG.€œMathiason›€&€Steven€B.€Berlin,€òòAIDS€in€the€œHealthcare›,€Business,€and€Governmental€Workplaceóó,ÏœC902›€œALI›„ABA€731,€737€(1994).Ì =Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÔ€'ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝAdditionally,€we€note€that€Bain€offered€nothing€to€establish€the€defendants€breached€theÏstandard€of€ordinary€reasonable€care€under€the€circumstances.€€In€fact,€the€proof€in€the€record€is€thatÏthe€hospitalððs€patient€housing€policy€complied€with€current€health€care€standards€and€thatÏdefendants€had€no€duty€to€inform€Bain€of€his€roomateððs€HIV€status.€€Customary€conduct,€while€notÏconclusive€or€controlling,€may€be€considered€as€furnishing€a€standardized€gauge€and€as€one€fact€toÏbe€weighed€in€determining€whether€or€not€ordinary€care€has€been€exercised.€€òòHames›€v.€Stateóó,€808ÏS.W.2d€41,€45€(Tenn.€1991).€ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€&ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ , ÑÑ ` ÑÒ € ÒÒ ° ÒÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€'ÔÑ€1ÑÑ7€öGXXdìdÈ7ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ  ÑØ ØÓ&€((X°d&Óœ›à@ àÞ ÞÌIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòòFOR€PUBLICATIONóóÌÌJERRY€BAIN€and€wife€SUE€BAIN,à à)à àœò òFiled:ó ó€January€13,€1997›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiffs/Appellees,à àà à)à àWILSON€CIRCUITÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€Bobby€Capers,̜ـ€ÙßR€,.+A1-j|Ï-` ç `€€@ÿRß›à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJudgeÌœDR›.€WAYNE€WELLS,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendant,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌANDà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌNATIONAL€MEDICAL€ENTERPRISES,à à)à àÌINC.,€NEW€BEGINNINGS€CENTER,à à)ÌUNIVERSITY€MEDICAL€CENTER€andà à)ÌNATIONAL€RECOVERY€CENTERS€OF€)à àSupreme€CourtÌAMERICA,à àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€œ01S01„9603„CV„00049›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendants/Appellants.à àà à)ÌÌÌòòÌÌFOR€PLAINTIFFS/APPELLEESóó:à àòòà àFOR€DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTS:óóÌÌHenry€Clay€Barryà àà àà àà àWilliam€C.€MoodyÌLebanon,€Tennesseeà àà àà àMoody,€Whitfield€&€CastellarinÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€Tennesseeà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àÌÌÌÌÌÔ€'„Ôà@ àò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÔ€'XÔÌÌÌÌTRIAL€COURT€ANDÌCOURT€OF€APPEALS€REVERSED.à àà àà àà àDROWOTA,€J.€ÌÌÓÓà àDefendants,× ƒ/ ××  ×€National€Medical€Enterprises,€Inc.,€New€Beginnings€Center,ÏUniversity€Medical€Center€and€National€Recovery€Centers€of€America,€soughtÏand€obtained€permission€to€appeal€from€the€Court€of€Appealsðð€affirmance€of€theÏtrial€courtððs€denial€of€their€request€for€summary€judgment.€€We€are€asked€toÏdetermine€whether€a€hospitalððs€policy€of€placing€patients€known€to€be€infectedÏwith€the€human€immunodeficiency€virus€(HIV€or€the€AIDS€virus)€in€the€same€roomÏwith€patients€who€are€not€infected€with€the€virus€without€warning€or€obtaining€theÏconsent€of€the€non„infected€patients€constitutes€outrageous€conduct€or€negligentÍinfliction€of€emotional€distress.ÌÌà àWe€have€œdetermined€under€the€proof€in€the€record›€that€the€hospitalððs€non„segregation€placement€policy€is€in€accordance€with€current€health€careÏstandards;€therefore,€as€a€matter€of€law,€it€does€not€constitute€outrageousÏconduct.€€In€addition,€we€conclude€that€the€claim€for€negligent€infliction€ofÏemotional€distress€must€fail€as€a€matter€of€law€because€plaintiff,€Jerry€Bain,€hasÏfailed€to€offer€evidence€that€he€actually€œwas›€exposed€to€HIV€as€a€result€of€theÏhospitalððs€placement€policy.ò ò€€ó óAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€AppealsÏaffirming€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€summary€judgment€is€reversed€and€summaryÏjudgment€is€entered€in€favor€of€the€defendants.€ò òòòÌÌà@ àB€A€C€K€G€R€O€U€N€Dó óóóÌà àIn€September€of€1991,€Jerry€Bain€was€admitted€as€a€patient€in€the€NewÏBeginnings€Center,€an€alcohol€and€drug€rehabilitation€center€on€the€property€ofÍUniversity€Medical€Center× ƒ0 ××  ×€in€Lebanon,€Tennessee.€€Without€his€knowledge€orÏconsent,€Bain€was€placed€in€a€room€with€another€patient€who€had€tested€positiveÏfor€HIV.€€Bain€occupied€the€same€room€with€the€HIV„infected€patient€forÏapproximately€eight€days.€€During€that€time,€they€shared€a€bathroom€and€BainÏhad€an€open€cut€on€his€buttock.€€Additionally,€on€one€occasion,€Bain€mistakenlyÏused€his€roommateððs€disposable€razor.€€Following€that€incident,€Bainððs€œroommateÏtold›€œBain›€that€he€was€infected€with€HIV.€€Bain€left€the€hospital€before€theÏcompletion€of€his€scheduled€treatment€program,€but€later€returned,€completed€theÏprogram,€and€was€discharged€on€October€18,€1991.ÌÌà àThereafter,€Bain€and€his€wife€sued€the€defendants€alleging€that€theÏhospitalððs€policy€of€placing€HIV„infected€patients€in€the€same€room€with€patientsÏnot€infected€with€the€virus,€without€warning€or€obtaining€the€prior€consent€of€theÏnon„infected€patients,€constitutes€outrageous€conduct€and€a€deviation€from€theÏstandard€of€care€in€the€community.€€As€a€result€of€the€defendantsðð€outrageousÍconduct€and€negligence,€Bain€alleged€that€he€had€suffered€great€worry€andÏemotional€distress€because€he€fears€he€may€œpossibly€have›€become€infected€withÏthe€AIDS€virus€and€in€turn,€may€infect€his€wife€and€child.€€Bain€also€alleged€thatÏhe€had€incurred€monetary€damages€in€being€tested€for€HIV€and€in€being€treatedÏfor€emotional€distress.€€Finally,€Bain€and€his€wife€alleged€that€their€normal€maritalÏlife€had€been€ð ðcompromised,ðð€as€a€result€of€the€defendantsðð€outrageous€conductÏand€negligence€and€each€claimed€loss€of€consortium.ÌÌà àThe€defendants€filed€a€motion€for€summary€judgment€in€which€theyÏasserted€that€the€policy€of€housing€patients€infected€with€HIV€together€with€non„infected€patients€was€consistent€with€acceptable€medical€practice€and,€therefore,Ïcould€not€constitute€outrageous€conduct€or€negligence.€€In€addition,€theÏdefendants€maintained€that€Bain€had€failed€to€allege€actual€exposure€to€the€AIDSÏvirus€through€a€medically€recognized€method€of€transmission.€€In€support€of€theirÏmotion,€defendants€submitted€the€affidavit€and€deposition€of€Dr.€WilliamÏSchaffner,€II,€M.D.,€chairman€of€the€Department€of€Preventive€Medicine€andÏprofessor€in€the€Department€of€Preventive€Medicine€and€the€Division€of€InfectiousÍDiseases€at€Vanderbilt€University€Medical€Center.€€Dr.€Schaffner€is€also€aÏmember€of€the€Technical€Panel€on€Infections€within€Hospitals€of€the€AmericanÏHospital€Association€which€publishes€recommendations€for€hospitals€entitledÏð ðManagement€of€HIV€Infection€in€the€Hospital.ðð€€ÌÌà àDr.€Schaffner€stated€that,€in€his€opinion,€the€hospital€did€not€deviate€fromÏaccepted€medical€practice€by€placing€HIV„infected€patients€in€rooms€with€patientsÏnot€infected€with€the€virus.€€As€a€basis€for€his€opinion,€Dr.€Schaffner€cited€œthe›Ïrecommendations€of€the€Technical€Panel€on€Infections€within€Hospitals€of€theÏAmerican€Hospital€Association,€which€suggests€segregation€of€patients€infectedÏwith€HIV€in€the€following€three€limited€circumstances:€(1)€the€patient€has€otherÏairborne€transmissible€infections;€(2)€the€patient€is€violent;€or€(3)€the€patient€is€soÏill€with€AIDS€that€he€or€she€is€unable€to€control€body€fluids.€€€Dr.€Schaffner€alsoÏstated€that€ð ðinformation€about€the€HIV€status€of€a€patient€should€be€available€onlyÏto€individuals€directly€involved€in€the€patientððs€care.ðð€€Revealing€to€Bain€hisÏroommateððs€HIV„infected€status,€in€Dr.€Schaffnerððs€view,€would€have€violated€theÏrecognized€standard€of€care.€€In€addition,€defendants€argued€that€they€wereÍprohibited€by€federal€law€from€disclosing€the€roommateððs€medical€condition€toÏanyone€other€than€qualified€personnel.ÌÌà àAs€to€Bainððs€claim€that€the€hospitalððs€negligence€caused€him€to€sufferÏsevere€emotional€distress,€Dr.€Schaffner€stated€that€based€upon€his€review€ofÏJerry€Bainððs€medical€records€at€the€University€Medical€Center,€it€was€his€opinionÏthat€ð ðJerry€Bain€did€not€suffer€exposure€to€HIV€and,€a€person€experiencingÏcircumstances€set€out€in€the€materials€I€have€reviewed€would€have€noÏreasonable€fear€of€contracting€HIV.ðð€€€€According€to€Dr.€Schaffner,€the€modes€ofÏtransmission€of€the€AIDS€virus€fall€into€three€broad€categories,€sexualÏtransmission,€blood€transmission,€and€transmission€from€a€pregnant€woman€toÏher€unborn€child.€€Dr.€Schaffner€stated€that€a€person€œcannot€contract€the€AIDSÏvirus€by€sharing€a€toilet€seat€or€a€disposable€razor€with€an€HIV„infected€person.€ÏEven€assuming€a€medically€viable€mode€of€transmission,€however,€Dr.€SchaffnerÏsaid€that€99€percent€of€people€infected€with€HIV€test€positive€for€the€virus€withinÏthree€months€of€infection,€and€ð ðvirtually€alwaysðð€within€six€months.ÌÌà àIn€response€to€the€motion€for€summary€judgment,€Bain€submitted€anÏaffidavit€from€the€administrator€of€Carthage€General€Hospital€in€Carthage,ÏTennessee.€€€While€stating€that€Carthage€General€places€patients€with€lifeÏthreatening€contagious€disorders€in€private€rooms,€the€administrator€concededÏthat€ð ðHIV€is€not€specifically€defined€in€our€policy€as€one€of€these€disorders.ððÌÌà àBain€also€submitted€an€affidavit.€€He€said€that€the€defendants€neverÏinformed€him€that€his€roommate€was€HIV€positive€and€advised€his€roommate€toÏnot€disclose€that€fact.€Bain€said€that€he€was€given€neither€verbal€nor€writtenÏwarnings€with€respect€to€appropriate€precautionary€measures.€€During€the€courseÏof€shaving,€Bain€said€he€normally€cuts€or€scapes€himself€several€times€and€hasÏsuffered€emotional€distress€since€discovering€that€he€mistakenly€used€hisÏroommateððs€razor.€€Bainððs€affidavit€contained€no€statement,€however,€as€toÏwhether€the€razor€had€blood€on€it€when€he€began€shaving€or€whether€he€actuallyÏcut€or€scraped€himself€the€day€he€mistakenly€used€the€razor.€€Nonetheless,€BainÏsaid€that€he€suffers€emotional€distress€because€he€fears€that€he€might€possibly€beÏinfected€with€the€ð ðdeadly€disorder€and€that€I€might€have,€in€turn,€infected€my€wifeÍand€child.ðð€€Bain€admitted€that€as€of€March€1,€1994,€two€and€one„half€years€afterÏhis€hospitalization,€he€had€undergone€several€HIV€tests,€all€of€which€had€beenÏnegative.€€ÌÌà àBased€on€the€record€summarized€above,€the€trial€court€denied€theÏdefendants€summary€judgment,€but€granted€them€permission€to€seek€anÏinterlocutory€appeal.€€The€Court€of€Appeals€granted€the€interlocutory€appeal€andÏaffirmed€the€trial€courtððs€denial,€concluding€that€while€the€defendantsðð€roomÏassignment€policy€did€not€constitute€a€deviation€from€accepted€medicalÏstandards,€summary€judgment€was€not€appropriate€on€Bainððs€outrageousÏconduct€claim€relating€to€the€defendantsðð€failure€to€inform€Bain€about€hisÏroommateððs€HIV€positive€status,€since€the€ð ð[d]efendants›€have€offered€no€evidenceÏthat€this€was€not€wrongful.ðð€Ìà àÌà àAs€to€Bainððs€claim€for€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress,€the€Court€ofÏAppeals€found€that€the€defendants€had€proven€by€uncontradicted€andÏunequivocal€evidence€that€Bain€was€not€exposed€to€HIV€by€his€mere€placementÍin€a€room€with€an€HIV„infected€roommate.€€However,€the€Court€of€AppealsÏconcluded€the€defendants€had€ð ðfailed€to€carry€their€burden€of€proving€byÏuncontradicted€and€unequivocal€evidence€that€Mr.€Bain€was€not€exposed€to€theÏHIV€virus€by€use€of€the€razor€or€toilet€facilities.ððÌÌà àThereafter,€we€granted€the€defendants€permission€to€appeal€and€now,€forÏthe€reasons€explained€below,€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€AppealsÏaffirming€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€summary€judgment.ÌÌòòò òÌà@ àSTANDARD€OF€REVIEWó óóóÌà àThe€standards€governing€an€appellate€court's€review€œof›€a€motion€forÏsummary€judgment€are€well€settled.€€Since€our€inquiry€involves€purely€a€questionÏof€law,€no€presumption€of€correctness€attaches€to€the€lower€courtsðð€judgment,€andÏour€task€is€confined€to€reviewing€the€record€to€determine€whether€theÏrequirements€of€Tenn.€R.€œCiv›.€P.€56€have€been€met.€€òòœCowden›€v.€œSovran›ÏBank/Central€Southóó,€816€S.W.2d€741,€744€(Tenn.€1991).€€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56.03Íprovides€that€summary€judgment€is€€appropriate€where:€(1)€there€is€no€genuineÏissue€with€regard€to€the€material€facts€relevant€to€the€claim€or€defense€containedÏin€the€motion,€òòByrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€208,€210€(Tenn.€1993);€and€(2)€theÏmoving€party€is€entitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law€on€the€undisputed€facts.€ÏòòAnderson€v.€Standard€Register€Coóó.,€857€S.W.2d€555,€559€(Tenn.€1993).€€TheÏmoving€party€has€the€burden€of€proving€that€its€motion€satisfies€theseÏrequirements.€€òòœDownen›€v.€Allstate€œIns›.€Coóó.,€811€S.W.2d€523,€524€(Tenn.€1991).€ÏWhen€the€party€seeking€summary€judgment€makes€a€properly€supported€motion,Ïthe€burden€shifts€to€the€nonmoving€party€to€set€forth€specific€facts€establishing€theÏexistence€of€disputed,€material€facts€which€must€be€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€ÏòòByrdóó,€847€S.W.2d€at€215.ÌÌà àThe€standards€governing€the€assessment€of€evidence€in€the€summaryÏjudgment€context€are€also€well€established.€€Courts€must€view€the€evidence€in€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€nonmoving€party€and€must€also€draw€all€reasonableÏinferences€in€the€nonmoving€party's€favor.€€òòByrdóó,€847€S.W.2d€at€210„11.€CourtsÏshould€grant€a€summary€judgment€only€when€both€the€facts€and€the€inferences€toÍbe€drawn€from€the€facts€permit€a€reasonable€person€to€reach€only€oneÏconclusion.€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àAlthough€the€standards€are€strict,€in€this€case€summary€judgment€isÏappropriate.€€Contrary€to€the€Court€of€Appealsðð€conclusion,€once€the€defendantsÏsubmitted€proof€to€negate€the€existence€of€material€facts,€the€burden€shifted€to€theÏplaintiffs€to€offer€countervailing€factual€evidence€to€establish€the€existence€of€aÏmaterial€factual€dispute€requiring€resolution€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€Based€on€our€deÏnovo€review€of€œthe›€œevidence€in€the€record,›€we€conclude€the€plaintiffs€failed€toÏsatisfy€that€œburden.òòò òÌ›Ìà@ à€OUTRAGEOUS€CONDUCT€óóó ó€Ìà àIn€òòœMedlin›€v.€Allied€œInv›.€Co.óó,€217€Tenn.€469,€479,€398€S.W.2d€270,€274Ï(1966),€this€Court€recognized€the€tort€of€outrageous€conduct,œ× ƒ3 ××  ×›€quoting€withÏapproval€ðð€46(1)€of€the€Restatement€(Second)€of€Torts,€which€provides€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àOne€who€by€extreme€and€outrageous€conduct€intentionally€orÏrecklessly€causes€severe€emotional€distress€to€another€is€subject€toÏliability€for€such€emotional€distress,€and€if€bodily€harm€to€the€otherÏresults€from€it,€for€such€bodily€harm.ÌÌÓÓœAccordingly,€under€Tennessee€law,€there€are€three€essential€elements€to€a€causeÏof€action:€(1)€the€conduct€complained€of€must€be€intentional€or€reckless;€(2)€theÏconduct€must€be€so€outrageous€that€it€is€not€tolerated€by€civilized€society;€and€(3)Ïthe€conduct€complained€of€must€result€in€serious€mental€injury.€€òòIdóó.;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóóÏòòJohnson€v.€Womanððs€Hospitalóó,€527€S.W.2d€133,€144€(Tenn.€App.€1975).ÌÌà àWe€emphasized€in€òòMedlin›óó€that€liability€for€mental€distress€damages€clearlyÏð ðdoes€not€extend€to€mere€insults,€indignities,€threats,€annoyances,€pettyÏoppression€or€other€trivialities.ðð€òòId.óó,€398€S.W.2d€at€274€(internal€quotationsÏomitted).€€Although€no€perfect€legal€standard€exists€for€determining€whetherÏparticular€conduct€is€so€intolerable€as€to€be€tortious,€this€Court€has€adopted€andÏapplied€the€high€threshold€standard€described€in€the€Restatement€(Second)€ofÏTorts€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àThe€cases€thus€far€decided€have€found€liability€onlyÏwhere€the€defendantððs€conduct€has€been€extreme€andÍoutrageous.€€It€has€not€been€enough€that€theÏdefendant€has€acted€with€an€intent€which€is€tortious€orÏeven€criminal,€or€that€he€has€intended€to€inflictÏemotional€distress,€or€even€that€his€conduct€has€beenÏcharacterized€by€ððmalice,ðð€or€a€degree€of€aggravationÏwhich€would€entitle€the€plaintiff€to€punitive€damagesÏfor€another€tort.€€Liability€has€been€found€only€whereÏthe€conduct€has€been€so€outrageous€in€character,€andÏso€extreme€in€degree,€as€to€go€beyond€all€bounds€ofÏdecency,€and€to€be€regarded€as€atrocious€and€utterlyÏintolerable€in€a€civilized€community.€€Generally,€theÏcase€is€one€in€which€the€recitation€of€the€facts€to€anÏaverage€member€of€the€community€would€arouse€hisÏresentment€against€the€actor,€and€lead€him€to€exclaim,ÏððOutrageous.ððÌÌÓÓòòœMedlin›óó,€217€Tenn.€at€479,€398€S.W.2d€at€274€quoting,€Restatement€(Second)€ofÏTorts€ðð€46€comment€d€(1965);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòœGoldfarb›€v.€Bakeróó,€547€S.W.2d€567,€568„69€(Tenn.€1977);€òòBlair€v.€Allied€Maintenance€Corp.óó,€756€S.W.2d€267,€273€(Tenn.ÏœApp›.€1988);€òòœHolt›€v.€American€Progressive€Life€œIns›.€Co.óó,€731€S.W.2d€923,€926„27Ï(Tenn.€œApp›.€1987);€òòBryan€v.€Campbellóó,€720€S.W.2d€62,€64„65€(Tenn.€App.€1986).€ÏAs€this€Court€stressed€in€òòMedlinóó,€it€is€the€courtððs€duty€in€the€first€instance€to€applyÏthat€standard€and€determine€ð ðwhether€the€defendantððs€conduct€may€reasonablyÏbe€regarded€as€so€extreme€and€outrageous€as€to€permit€recovery.€.€.€.ðð€€òòId.óó,€217ÏTenn.€at€479,€398€S.W.2d€at€274,€quoting€Restatement€(Second)€of€Torts€ðð€46,Ícomment€h;€òòDunn€v.€œMoto›€Photo,€Inc.óó,€828€S.W.2d€747€(Tenn.€App.€1991);€òòBryanóó,Ï720€S.W.2d€at€64„65.ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€it€is€clear€that€neither€the€defendantsðð€patient€housing€policyÏnor€their€failure€to€inform€Bain€about€his€roommateððs€HIV€positive€statusÏconstitutes€outrageous€conduct.€€The€undisputed€facts€of€record€establish€that€theÏdefendants€complied€with€applicable€health€care€standards€relating€to€patientÏhousing.€€Dr.€Schaffner€stated,€both€in€his€deposition€and€affidavit,€that€placingÏœHIV„infected›€patients€in€the€same€room€with€patients€who€are€not€infected€is€onlyÏprohibited€by€the€recommendations€of€the€American€Hospital€Association€in€threeÏnarrow€circumstances,€none€of€which€existed€in€this€case.€€The€hospitalÏadministratorððs€affidavit€submitted€by€Bain€in€response€did€not€refute€Dr.ÏSchaffnerððs€testimony€since€he€admitted€that€HIV€is€not€defined€by€CarthageÏGeneral€Hospital€as€a€disorder€which€requires€placing€patients€in€private€rooms.ÌÌà àMoreover,€contrary€to€the€Court€of€œAppealsðð›€conclusion,€Dr.€Schaffner€alsoÏstated€that€the€applicable€medical€standard€of€care€œwas€not€violated€by€failing€toÍinform€Bain€of€his€roommateððs€HIV€positive€status.€€The€defendants,€therefore,Ïoffered€factual€proof€to€establish€that€their€conduct€did€not€violate€applicableÏhealth€care€standards€and€was€not€ð ðbeyond€all€bounds€of€decency,€and€to€beÏregarded€as€atrocious€and€utterly€intolerable€in€a€civilized€community.ðð€€BainÏoffered€no€evidence€to€dispute€the€defendantsðð€factual€proof.€€Consequently,€theÏundisputed€facts€establish€that€the€defendants€did€not€violate€applicable€medicalÏstandards€relating€to€in„patient€housing.€€Where€the€proof€does€not€show€that€aÏdefendant€has€violated€applicable€health€care€and€legal€standards,€the€conductÏcannot›€reasonably€be€characterized€as€ð ðso€outrageous€in€character,€and€soÏextreme€in€degree,€as€to€go€beyond€all€bounds€of€decency,€and€to€be€regardedÏas€atrocious€and€utterly€intolerable€in€a€civilized€community.ðð€€Based€on€theÏundisputed€facts€we€conclude,€as€a€matter€of€law,€that€the€defendantsðð€conductÏwas€not€outrageous.€€Having€so€concluded,€we€must€next€consider€Bainððs€claimÏfor€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress.ò òÌÌà@ àòòNEGLIGENT€INFLICTION€OF€EMOTIONAL€DISTRESSóóÌà àó óRelying€upon€òòCarroll€v.€Sisters€of€Saint€Francisóó,€868€S.W.2d€585€(Tenn.Í1993),€defendants€argue€that€they€are€entitled€to€summary€judgment€becauseÏBain€has€failed€to€allege€actual€exposure€to€the€AIDS€virus.ÌÌà àIn€òòCarrollóó,€the€plaintiff€sued€a€hospital€to€recover€for€her€fear€of€contractingÏAIDS€after€pricking€her€fingers€on€discarded€needles€while€trying€to€withdraw€aÏpaper€towel€from€a€container€located€on€the€wall€near€the€sink.€€There€we€heldÏthat€to€recover€emotional€damages€based€on€the€fear€of€contracting€AIDS,€ð ðaÏplaintiff€must€prove,€at€a€minimum,€that€he€or€she€was€actually€exposed€to€HIV.ðð€ÏòòIdóó.,€œ868€S.W.2d›€at€œ594.€€Assuming€that€the€plaintiff€was€actually€exposed€to€HIV,Ïliability€will€attach€only€to€the€extent€that€the€resulting€emotional€distress€wasÏwithin€the€range€of€that€experienced€by€an€ordinary€reasonable€person€under€theÏcircumstances.€€Damages€recoverable€for€emotional€distress€will€be€confined€toÏthe€time€between€discovery€of€the€exposure€and€the€negative€medical€diagnosisÏor€other€information€that€puts€to€rest€the€fear€of€contracting€AIDS.€€òòIdóó.,€868€S.W.2dÏat€594.€€While€we€did€not€abandon€the€common€law€rule€requiring€plaintiffsÏclaiming€emotional€distress€damages€to€allege€and€prove€a€physical€injury€orÏphysical€manifestation,€we€acknowledged€that€our€holding€was€a€relaxation€of€theÍrequirement.ÌÓÓà8 àMany€actions€for€emotional€damages€brought€today€are€radicallyÏdifferent€from€the€cases€which€gave€rise€to€the€[physical€injury]Ïrequirement€in€that€they€involve€an€exposure€to€an€extremelyÏdangerous€agent„„such€as€asbestos,€dioxin,€or€HIV„„which€mayÏhave€serious€adverse€health€consequences€at€some€point€far€intoÏthe€future.€€Given€this€fact,€this€Court€has€realized€that€in€someÏsituations,€whether€the€plaintiff€has€incurred€a€literal€physical€injuryÏhas€little€to€do€with€whether€the€emotional€damages€complained€ofÏare€reasonable.ÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€(footnotes€omitted).ÌÌà àRecently,€in€òòCamper€v.€Minoróó,€915€S.W.2d€437€(Tenn.€1996),›€we€revisitedÏthe€tort€of€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress€to€consider€the€continuingÏviability€of€the€ð ðphysical€manifestationðð€or€ð ðinjuryðð€rule.€€Concluding€that€the€ruleÏhad€proven€to€be€confusing,€rigid,€and€inadequate€in€practice,€we€abandoned€theÏphysical€injury€rule€and€adopted€instead€the€general€negligence€approach.€€òòIdóó.,Ï915€S.W.2d.€at€446.€€To€avoid€summary€judgment€under€the€general€negligenceÏapproach,€a€plaintiff€must€present€material€evidence€as€to€each€of€the€fiveÏelements€of€negligence€„„€duty,€breach€of€duty,€injury€or€loss,€causation€in€fact,Ïand€proximate,€or€legal€cause.€€òòIdóó.€€Moreover,€recovery€is€only€appropriate€forÍð ðseriousðð€or€ð ðsevereðð€emotional€injury€which€is€established€by€expert€medical€orÏscientific€proof.€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àBain€insists€that€our€adoption€of€the€general€negligence€approach€inÏòòCamperóó€negates€our€decision€in€òòCarrollóó€requiring€a€showing€of€actual€exposureÏto€HIV€as€a€part€of€a€prima€facie€case€of€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress.€ÌÌà àWe€disagree.€€In€òòCarrollóó,€we€simply€recognized€that€emotional€distressÏœinjuries›€may€be€reasonable€even€though€the€plaintiff€sustains€no€physical€injuryÏand€experiences€no€physical€manifestation.€€œImplicitly,€however,€we›€held€thatÏœemotional€distress€injuries›€are€not€reasonable,€as€a€matter€of€œlaw,›€œin›€a€fear€ofÏcontracting€AIDS€œcase›€unless€the€plaintiff€actually€has€been€òòexposedœ× ƒ4 ××  ×›óó€to€HIV.ÌÌà àThe€concept€of€reasonableness€underlying€our€decision€in€òòCarrollóó€isÏœcompletely›€consistent€with€the€negligence€approach€adopted€in€òòCamperóó.€€Indeed,Íit€is€well„established€that€to€recover€on€a€claim€of€negligence,€a€plaintiff€mustÏshow€some€òòreasonableóó€connection€between€the€act€or€omission€of€a€defendantÏand€the€injury€which€the€plaintiff€has€suffered.€€òòSeeóó€œProsser›€&€œKeeton›,€œòòThe€Law›€ofÏœTortsóó,€ðð€54€(5th€ed.€1984);€òòMcClenahan›€v.€Cooleyóó,€806€S.W.2d€767,€775€(Tenn.Ï1991).€€œThe€legal€term€of€art€which€describes€that›€ð ðreasonable€connectionðð€œis›Ïproximate€œcause.€€Prosser€&€Keeton,€òòThe€Law€of€Tortsóó,€ðð€41€(5th€ed.€1984).€ÏUnder›€our€decision€in€œòòCarrollóó,€therefore,›€proof€of€actual€exposure€is€œnecessary€toÏestablish€that€reasonable€connection€between€the€act€or€omission€of€a€defendantÏand€the€emotional€distress€of€a€plaintiff€who€fears€contracting€AIDS.€€Therefore,›Ïcontrary€to€Bainððs€insistence,€òòCarrollððsóó€requirement€of€proof€of€actual€exposure€toÏHIV€is€entirely€consistent€with€the€general€negligence€approach€adopted€inÏòòCamperóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€€òòœBrzoska›€v.€Olsonóó,€668€A.œ2d›€1355€(œDel.€›1995);€òòœRussaw›€v.ÏMartinóó,€472€œS.E.2d›€508,€511„12€(Ga.€Ct.€App€1996).ÌÌà àMoreover€sound€public€policy€considerations€support€requiring€proof€ofÏactual€exposure€to€HIV.€€The€Delaware€Supreme€Court€aptly€analyzed€theÏpurpose€and€importance€of€an€actual€exposure€requirement€as€follows:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àAIDS€is€a€disease€that€spawns€widespread€publicÏœmisperception›€based€upon€the€dearth€of€knowledgeÏconcerning€HIV€transmission.€€Indeed,€plaintiffs€relyÏupon€the€degree€of€public€misconception€about€AIDSÏto€support€their€claim€that€their€fear€was€reasonable.€ÏTo€accept€this€argument€is€to€contribute€to€the€phobia.€ÏWere€we€to€recognize€a€claim€for€the€fear€ofÏcontracting€AIDS€based€upon€a€mere€allegation€thatÏone€òòmayóó€have€been€exposed€to€HIV,€totallyÏunsupported€by€any€medical€evidence,€or€factualÏproof,€we€would€open€a€Pandoraððs€Box€of€ð ðAIDS„phobiaðð€claims€by€individuals€whose€ignorance,Ïunreasonable€suspicion€or€general€paranoia€causeÏthem€apprehension€over€the€slightest€of€contact€withÏHIV„infected€individuals€or€objects.€€Such€plaintiffsÏwould€recover€for€their€fear€of€AIDS,€no€matter€howÏirrational.€€We€believe€the€better€approach€is€to€assessÏthe€reasonableness€of€a€plaintiffððs€fear€of€AIDSÏaccording€to€the€plaintiffððs€òòactual„„„óónot€òòpotentialóó„„„exposure€to€HIV.ÌÌòòÓÓBrzoskaóó,€668€A.2d€at€1363€(emphasis€in€original)€(footnotes€omitted);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóóÏòòK.A.C.óó,€527€N.W.2d€553,€559€(Minn.€1995)€(discussing€public€policyÏœconsiderations).ÌÌà àWhile€proximate€cause€is€to€some€extent€associated€with€the€nature€andÏdegree€of€the€connection€in€fact€between€the€defendantððs€acts€and€the€events€ofÍwhich€the€plaintiff€complains,€often€to€a€greater€extent,€however,€the€legalÏlimitation€on€the€scope€of€liability€is€associated€with€policy„„with€our€more€or€lessÏinadequately€expressed€ideas€of€what€justice€demands€or€of€what€isÏadministratively€possible€and€convenient.ðð€€Prosser€&€Keeton,€òòThe€Law€of€Tortsóó,€ððÏ41,€p.€264€(5th€ed.€1984).€€Moreover,€considerations€of€public€policy€are€alsoÏcrucial€in€determining€the€existence€of€a€›separateœ€element€of€negligence€„„€legalÏduty.€€Indeed,€imposition€of€a€legal€duty€reflects€societyððs€contemporary€policiesÏand€social€requirements€concerning€the€right€of€individuals€and€the€generalÏpublic€to€be€protected€from€anotherððs€actions€or€conduct.€€òòBradshaw€v.€Danielóó,Ï854€S.W.2d€865,€870€(Tenn.€1993).€€€Our€decision€in€òòCarrollóó,€therefore,€alsoÏstands€for€the€proposition€that€in€the€absence€of€proof€of€an€actual€exposure€toÏHIV,€public€policy€imposes€no€legal€duty€to€protect€against€the€fear€of€contractingÏAIDS.Ì€Ìà àReviewing€the€facts€of€this€case€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€plaintiff,€itÏis€clear€that€there€are€no€disputed€facts›€as€to€the€issue€of€actual€exposure€to€HIV.ÏThe€òòonlyóó€medical€expert€proof€in€the€record€unequivocally€states€that€œBain›€wasÍnot€actually€exposed€to€HIV€during€his€hospitalization.€€Indeed,€Dr.€Schaffner€saidÏthat€a€person€œòòcannotóó›€contract€the€AIDS€virus€by€sharing€a€toilet€seat€or€aÏdisposable€razor€with€a€person€infected€with€HIV€because€HIV€is€transmitted€onlyÏthrough€fluid€to€fluid€contact€or€exposure.œ× ƒ5 ××  ×›€€Bain€offered€no€evidence€to€refute€Dr.ÏSchaffnerððs€statements€or€show€a€medically€valid€channel€of€transmission.€ÏIndeed,€Bain€conceded€in€his€brief€to€the€Court€of€Appeals€that€it€is€ð ðunknownÏwhether€or€not€the€person€infected€with€HIV€had€cut€himself€or€not€with€the€razorÏor€whether€or€not€the€Appellee€cut€himself€with€it€when€he€used€it.ðð€€œFinally,›€BainÏadmitted€in€his€affidavit€filed€two€and€one„half€years€after€œhis€hospitalization€andÏthe›€alleged€exposure€that€he€has€repeatedly€tested€negative€for€HIV.€€BecauseÏBain€offered€no€evidence€of€actual€exposure€and€no€evidence€of€a€medicallyÏrecognized€channel€of€transmission,€he€has€failed€to€establish€proximate€cause,Ían€essential€element€of€a€claim€for€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress.œ× ƒ6 ××  ×€ÏMoreover,€Bain€has€failed€to€establish€that€defendants€had€a€duty€to€inform€him€ofÏhis€roomateððs€HIV€status.€€The€hospital€owes€no€duty€to€protect€against€theÏirrational€fear€of€contracting€AIDS.€€Therefore,€the€defendants€are€entitled€toÏsummary€judgment.Ìò òÌà@ àòòCONCLUSIONó óóóÌà àFor€the€reasons€explained€above,€the€Court€of€Appealsðð€affirmance€of€theÏtrial€courtððs€denial€of€summary€judgment€is€reversed€and€summary€judgment€isÏgranted€in€favor€of€the€defendants.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€plaintiffs,ÏJerry€and€Sue€Bain,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.ÌÌÓÓÌà àà àà àà àà à_____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àFrank€F.€Drowota,€IIIÌà àà àà àà àà àJusticeÌÌÌÌÌÌConcur:ÌÌBirch,€C.€J.,€ÌAnderson,€Reid,€JJ,ÌOððBrien,€Sp.€J.›