ÿWPCå …# VU:a %› 04¡4Õéøw@ 0x@ 0D¸ 0Jü 0TF 0^š 0hø 0r` 0|Ò 0†N 0Ô 1ud U,Ù 0dU,iU*•B)¿ BèDC AMH•Ï­v~| D3úvÓ- 0@ AO@Æ 0DU D/™ BȘHP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 ,†r‰AZ‹"Arial RegularX( ¤U$¡¡Ó  ÓDÒ tÔôÔô3|x= +{,-U.D/01D23Ó€= (((3ÝÙ$¤¤Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d d####7Border 1dd€-%Cþÿ << Gÿÿ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€"ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€"XÔÌÌJune€24,€1996ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó ÅÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝActs€1992,€ch.€946.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`$$$$'ÿÿdxdStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€!!X„d&ÓÑ#€!!Xd#ÑÔ€"ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÑ , ÑÑ ` ÑÑ7€ªXXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑØ ØÓ&€X°d&Ó›à@ àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLE€ÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà àà àà à)à àà àòòFOR€PUBLICATIONóóÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àà àà àà àà àà àAppellee,à àà àà àà àœ)à àà àFiled:€June€24,€1996›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àà àà àÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àHICKMAN€CRIMINALÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌWILLIAM€ALVIN€CLEMENTS,€JR.à à)à àHon.€Donald€P.€Harris,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àÌà àAppellant.à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€01S01„9510„CC„00173ÌÌÌòòFor€Appelleeóó:à àà àà àà àœòòà àFor›€Appellantóó:ÌÌCharles€W.€Bursonà àà àà àà àœà àDale›€M.€QuillenÌAttorney€General€&€Reporterà àà àœà àMichael›€J.€FlanaganÌà àà àà àà àà àà àœà àNashville,›€TennesseeÌÙ€€ÙœßL€&'%;+'h|yq` ç `€€Lß›Kathy€MoranteÌDeputy€Attorney€GeneralÌNashville,€TennesseeÌÌJoseph€D.€Baugh€ÌDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌRonald€L.€DavisÌAssistant€District€AttorneyÌFranklin,€Tennessee€ÌÌÌÌà@ àÔ€"„ÔÌÌà@ àO€P€I€N€I€O€NÔ€"XÔÌÌÌCOURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALSÌREVERSED;€JUDGMENT€OF€TRIALÌCOURT€REINSTATED.à àà àà àà àà àà àà àDROWOTA,€J.ÌÓÓà àThis€case€presents€the€following€issue€for€our€determination:€whether€aÏcash€bond,€deposited€by€the€parents€of€a€criminal€defendant€to€ensure€theÏdefendantððs€appearance€in€court,€may€be€attached€to€cover€fines€and€costsÏincurred€by€the€œdefendant€in€connection€with€the€prosecution.€€We›€hold€that€theÏbond€may€not€be€so€attached,€and€therefore€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Court€ofÏCriminal€Appeals.ÌÌÓ  Óòòò òFACTS€AND€PROCEDURAL€HISTORYó óóóÌÓ  ÓÌà àThe€facts€of€this€case€are€undisputed.€€In€November€1992€William€AlvinÍClements,€Jr.€was€indicted€by€the€Hickman€County€Grand€Jury€on€three€counts€ofÏaggravated€kidnaping€and€one€count€of€spousal€rape.€€The€trial€court€initially€setÏthe€bond€at€$75,000,€but€reduced€it€to€$40,000€upon€motion€of€the€defendant.ÌÌà àA€cash€bond€was€subsequently€œdeposited€with€the€clerk€of€the€court€by›ÏWilliam€Alvin€Clements,€Sr.,€the€defendantððs€father,€to€secure€the€defendantððsÏrelease.€€This€bond€provides€as€follows:€€ÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓò òà8 àCOURT€APPEARANCE€BOND€Ì€STATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€HICKMAN€COUNTYó óÌÓ  ÓÌà8 àWe,€òòWilliam€A.€Clements€Jróó.,€Principal€and€others€òòWilliam€A.ÏClements,€Sr.€and€Maude€Clementsóó€agree€to€pay€to€the€State€ofÏTennessee€òò$40,000€Cash€Bondóó€Dollars€unless€the€said€principalÏappears€in€the€proper€court€at€Centerville,€Tenn.,€on€the€òò9thóó€day€ofÏòòMarch€1993óó€at€9€oððclock€a.m.€to€answer€the€offense€of€òò3€countsÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapingóó€and€does€not€depart€the€courtÏwithout€leave.€€We€solemnly€swear€that€we€are€worth€the€amount€ofÏthis€bond,€above€our€exemptions€and€indebtedness,€so€help€usÏGod.€€This€bond€is€good€from€term€to€term€in€General€Sessions,€city,Ïand€Circuit€Court€until€the€case€is€finally€terminated€or€stricken€fromÏthe€docket€and€the€defendant€discharged€by€the€Court.ÌÌà8 àà àà àà àà àà àòòWilliam€A.€Clements,€Jróó.€€PrincipalÌÌà8 àà àà àà àà àà àòòWilliam€A.€Clements,€Sróó.€SecurityÌà8 àà àà àà àà àà àòòMaude€Clementsóó€à à€€€€€€€€Securityà àÌ€ÌÌÌÓÓ€œà àThe›€jury€subsequently€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€each€count€in€theÏindictment,€and€the€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€25€years€on€each€aggravatedÏkidnaping€count€and€six€years€on€the€spousal€rape€charge.€€The€court€also€finedÏthe€defendant€a€total€of€$85,000.€Ìà àÌà àOn€the€day€of€the€juryððs€verdict,€the€defendant€and€his€father€assignedÏ$12,500€to€attorneys€Dale€Quillen€and€Michael€Flanagan€for€their€legal€servicesÏin€the€case;€the€assignment€provided€specifically€that€the€funds€were€to€be€takenÏout€of€the€$40,000€cash€bond€on€deposit€with€the€clerk€of€the€court.€€Before€theseÏfunds€were€disbursed,€however,€the€State€filed€a€motion€to€attach€the€cash€bondÏand€apply€it€toward€the€fines€and€court€costs€incurred€by€the€defendant.€€The€trialÏcourt€denied€this€motion,€ordering€that€$12,500€be€paid€to€the€attorneys€and€thatÏthe€remaining€$27,500€be€returned€to€William€Clements,€Sr.€ÌÌà àThe€State€appealed€from€this€ruling€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,Ïwhich€reversed€the€trial€courtððs€judgment,€holding€that€the€document€signed€byÏthe€defendantððs€father€was€a€cash€or€deposit€bond€and€thus€could€be€appliedÏagainst€the€fines€and€court€costs.€€Because€recent€additions€to€the€statutesÏgoverning€bail€bonds€has€caused€some€uncertainty€in€the€law,€and€because€thisÏarea€of€the€law€has€not€been€addressed€in€some€time,€we€granted€theÏdefendantððs€Rule€11€application.€€ÌÌÓ  Óòòò òANALYSISó óóóÌÓ  ÓÌà àThere€are€four€different€types€of€bail€a€defendant€may€post€to€obtain€his€orÏher€release€pending€trial.€€The€most€basic€of€these€ð ðappearance€bondsðð€is€a€cashÏor€deposit€bond,€which€is€controlled€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„11„118.€€ThatÏsection€provides,€in€pertinent€part:ÌÌÓÓà8 àAny€defendant€for€whom€bail€has€been€set€may€execute€the€bailÏbond€and€deposit€with€the€clerk€of€the€court€before€which€theÏproceeding€is€pending€a€sum€of€money€in€cash€equal€to€the€amountÍof€the€bail.€€Upon€depositing€this€sum€the€defendant€shall€beÏreleased€from€custody€subject€to€the€conditions€of€the€bail€bond.€ÏSuch€bail€shall€be€set€as€low€as€the€court€determines€is€necessaryÏto€reasonably€assure€the€appearance€of€the€defendant€as€required.ÌÌÌÌÓÓMore€common€than€the€cash€bond€are€the€ð ðsecuredðð€appearance€bonds,€whichÏare€controlled€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„11„122.€€That€section€provides,€inÏpertinent€part:ÌÌÓÓà8 àIn€lieu€of€the€bail€deposit€provided€for€in€ðð€40„11„118,€any€defendantÏfor€whom€bail€has€been€set€may€execute€a€bail€bond€which€may€beÏsecured€as€provided€in€this€section.€€The€bail€bond€may€be€securedÏby:ÌÌà8 à(1)€real€estate€situated€in€this€state€...;ÌÌà8 à(2)€A€written€undertaking€signed€by€the€defendant€and€at€least€twoÏ(2)€sufficient€sureties,€and€approved€by€the€magistrate€or€officer.€ÏSuch€sureties€under€this€section€shall€not€be€professionalÏbondsmen€or€attorneys;€orÌÌà8 à(3)€A€solvent€corporate€surety€or€sureties€or€a€professional€bailÏbondsman€as€approved,€qualified€or€regulated€by€ðð€ðð€40„11„101€„„Ï40„11„144€and€part€3€of€this€chapter.ÌÌÌÓÓÌà àThe€State€argues€that€the€bail€bond€executed€in€this€case€was€a€cash€bondÏand€that,€as€such,€it€may€be€applied€to€the€fines€and€court€costs€incurred€by€theÏdefendant.€€€In€support€of€this€assertion,€the€State€relies€upon€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„11„121,€which€provides€that€ð ðif€a€judgment€for€fine€and€court€costs€or€either€isÏentered€in€the€prosecution€of€a€cause€in€which€a€deposit€had€been€made€by€theÏdefendant,€the€deposit€shall€be€applied€to€the€payment€of€the€judgment.ðð€€TheÏState€also€acknowledges€that€the€cash€actually€belonged€to€the€defendantððsÏfather.€However,€it€argues€that€this€fact€is€of€no€legal€consequence,€as€the€fundsÏwere€deposited€on€the€defendantððs€behalf€and€are€treated€as€his€property.€€TheÏState€cites€òòKasper€v.€Stateóó,€206€Tenn.€434,€333€S.W.2d€934€(1960)€and€òòState€v.ÏRossóó,€100€Tenn.€303,€45€S.W.€673€(1898)€in€support€of€this€proposition.ÌÌà àIn€response,€the€defendantððs€father€first€argues€that€the€document€heÏsigned€is€not€a€cash€bond,€but€rather€a€secured€bond.€€In€support€of€this€assertion,Ïthe€father€points€out€that€he€is€listed€as€a€œð ðsecurityðð›€on€the€bond,€whereas€his€sonÏis€listed€as€ð ðprincipal.ðð€€The€father€then€contends€that€because€sureties€onÏsecured€bonds€are€not€liable€for€fines€and€costs€incurred€by€the€defendant€unlessÍthey€specifically€agree€to€be€bound,€the€deposit€should€be€returned€to€him.€€InÏsupport€of€this€contention€he€cites€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„11„118(c),€anÏamendment€which€was€added€to€the€statute€in€1992.× ƒ( ××  ×€€That€subsection€providesÏas€follows:€€ÌÓÓà8 àÌà8 à(c)(1)Whenever€a€courtððs€judgment€includes€the€requirement€thatÏthe€defendant€pay€a€fine€or€cost,€the€court€may€require€that€theÏpayment€of€the€fine€or€cost€be€secured€by€surety€bond€or€otherÏappropriate€undertaking€if€such€defendant€has€a€history€of€past€dueÏfines€and€costs.€€A€parent,€guardian,€or€other€responsible€party€mayÏbe€permitted€to€act€as€surety€in€order€to€guarantee€the€payment€ofÏthe€fine€or€cost.ÌÌà8 à(c)(2)€Notwithstanding€any€other€provision€of€law€to€the€contrary,Ïunless€the€surety€executes€a€bond€or€agreement€which€specificallyÏmakes€the€surety€liable€for€the€fine,€cost,€or€restitution,€no€suretyÏshall€be€held€liable€therefor€without€the€suretyððs€consent.ÌÌÌà àÌÓÓà àAlthough€ðð€40„11„118(c)€is€included€in€the€section€dealing€withÏappearance€bonds,€and€therefore€might€be€thought€to€apply€to€the€case€beforeÏus,€it€actually€has€no€such€applicability.€€In€fact,€the€subsection€does€not€concernÍappearance€bonds€at€all€in€the€basic€sense€of€that€term.€€During€discussion€of€theÏamendment€in€the€spring€of€1992,€the€billððs€sponsor,€Representative€Frank€Buck,Ïstated€as€follows€when€asked€to€describe€the€billððs€contents:ÌÌÓÓà8 àWhat€you€have€frequently€is€a€situation€where€the€defendant€appliesÏfor€probation€for€instance,€a€suspended€sentence€or€whatever,€andÏthere€are€substantial€doubts€as€to€whether€this€character€is€going€toÏabide€by€the€conditions€of€the€probation.€€What€this€bill€permits€is,€forÏinstance,€for€him€to€bring€in€some€responsible€member€of€thatÏcommunity€...€and€that€they€will€issue€the€bond€to€guarantee€that€heÏdoes€provide€the€restitution€or€do€what€heððs€agreed€to€do.€€The€lawÏdoes€not€provide€for€that€now.€€So€what€the€bill€does€is€that€theÏjudge€then€releases€the€individual€on€probation,€and€if€theÏindividual€doesnððt€do€what€heððs€supposed€to€then€the€court€can€goÏafter€the€surety€to€make€sure€the€restitution€is€there.ÌÌÌÌWhen€asked€to€further€explain€the€bill,€Buck€stated:ÌÌÌÌà8 àThe€court€can€release€the€individual€without€any€surety€whatever€ifÏhe€chooses€to€do€so,€thatððs€up€to€the€judge.€€However,€thereððsÏcertain€circumstances,€whereby,€for€instance,€if€a€relative€wouldÏguarantee€restitution€„„€suppose€the€kid€robs€somebody,€steals€fromÏthem€„„€if€a€parent€or€guardian€would€guarantee€that€the€restitution€isÏmade€the€judge€would€be€more€likely€to€let€the€fellow€out.ÌÌDiscussion€of€House€Bill€1889,€Tape€H„35€(March€19,€1992).ÌÌÓÓà àÌà àTherefore,€the€amendment€seeks€to€make€it€easier€for€trial€courts€to€offerÏprobation€or€suspended€sentences€by€enabling€them€to€require€that€fines€and/orÏcosts€incurred€in€the€prosecution€be€secured;€and€it€enables€parents€or€otherÏresponsible€parties€to€have€the€probation€or€suspended€sentence€granted€byÏagreeing€to€act€as€a€surety€for€the€fines€or€costs.€€€Because€the€amendmentÏaddresses€post„€and€not€pre„judgment€proceedings,€the€undertaking€referencedÏtherein€cannot€be€classified€as€an€appearance€bond,€notwithstanding€itsÏconfusing€inclusion€in€the€statute€governing€cash€appearance€bonds.€Thus,Ïbecause€the€document€the€defendantððs€father€signed€is€certainly€an€appearanceÏbond,€the€amendment€does€not€apply€to€this€case.ÌÌà àThat€the€specific€argument€advanced€by€the€father€affords€him€no€reliefÏdoes€not,€however,€necessarily€mean€that€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÏAppeals€must€be€affirmed.€€In€fact,€because€a€bail€bond€is€nothing€more€than€aÏtype€of€contract,€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€40€Tenn.€259€(1859),€we€believe€that€a€properÍresolution€of€this€dispute€depends€upon€œan€application›€of€the€pertinent€principlesÏof€contract€law€to€the€facts€at€hand€„„€an€analysis€not€undertaken€by€the€courtÏbelow.€€€ÌÌà àIt€is€fundamental€that€a€contract€is€enforceable€only€to€the€extent€that€it€isÏassented€to€by€the€parties.€€òòPrice€v.€Mercury€Supply€Coóó.,€682€S.W.2d€924€(Tenn.ÏApp.€1984);€òòRoy€McAmis€Disposal€Service,€Inc.€v.€Hiwassee€Systems,€Incóó.€613ÏS.W.2d€226€(Tenn.€App.€1979);€òòIn€re€Ruddóó,€28€B.R.€591€(Bankr.€M.D.Tenn.€1983).€ÏTherefore,€the€funds€deposited€by€the€father€can€be€attached€to€cover€fines€andÏcosts€incurred€by€the€defendant€only€if€it€can€be€determined,€from€an€objectiveÏstandpoint,€that€the€father€assented€to€this€possibility,€either€by€signing€theÏdocument€or€by€some€subsequent€act.€€òòMoore€v.€New€Amsterdam€Cas.€Ins.€Coóó.,Ï199€F.€Supp.€941€(E.D.€Tenn.€1961)€(for€contract€to€be€valid€there€must€beÏmeeting€of€minds€at€time€of€execution€or€by€later€acquiescence€or€adoption).ÌÌà àWe€conclude€that€no€objective€assent€on€the€fatherððs€part€is€present€here.€€ÏThe€bond€signed€by€the€father,€entitled€a€ð ðcourt€appearance€bond,ðð€purported€toÍsimply€require€payment€of€$40,000€to€the€State€of€Tennessee€if€the€defendant€didÏnot€appear€in€court€at€a€specified€date€and€time.€€There€is€absolutely€no€indicationÏin€the€document€that€the€father€could€be€held€liable€for€any€fines€and/or€costsÏassociated€with€the€prosecution€of€his€son.€€œThus,›€the€father€did€not€assent€to€payÏfines€and/or€costs€at€the€time€the€bond€was€executed.€€Moreover,€the€fatherÏcannot€be€said€to€have€subsequently€acquiesced€to€or€adopted€this€liability,€as€heÏhas€steadfastly€maintained€throughout€this€litigation€that€he€is€not€liable€for€theÏfines€and€costs€incurred€by€his€son.€€€Ìà àÌà àBecause€the€father€did€not€agree€to€be€liable€for€the€fines€and€costs,€eitherÏat€the€time€the€bond€was€signed€or€at€any€later€time,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€ofÏCriminal€Appeals€is€reversed,€and€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€reinstated.€€€ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àœà à________________________________________›Ìà àà àà àà àœà àFRANK›€F.€DROWOTA€IIIÌà àà àà àà àœà àJUSTICE›à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌœÌConcur:ÌÌBirch,€C.€J.ÌAnderson€and›€Reid,€œJJ.ÌÌWhite,€J.€„€Not€participating.