ÿWPC . A˜7…¢ ÂB ïštW3É—˜•Œ† ô%1q¹1¨K¢Ä¬õVp¶u}8Ã¥\®îq^Ú8g£íŸ¢ØнvKîõÉ [Pøóc)›)å¶¶lɨY°˜£p½À¤jQ +è®6`3^õ¼&Ø"É¢Cº[]ìL«»ô½¾X8Û«)Ê©ú8Ë]¸nÍþrÝ>±ÔÓóɵ՞*¨ …OÒy÷O‚Q™^Ö&mUÜNÞl}“œèøÃ0{Q$QB–¾Ðùø¬öŸ&FŠTÙ'ê‹q)ZÛG±´Îˆd€\Ðgø§eÏ4ûKËþBy;6}7(ÙmdSMï›5ï›ÊJØ2äè X³ØN¢ZÒïðl® ø™‰^r—}wÛ¨;s¡.RúKÃfR˜¼¯1˜¨#ýµlÉÉÂûn‹íÑâ]㜯!dåiÃy­à+®~µ™´êYÀÇï2¤0ÿQ5Ò“¶•ƒ»\Óóh¦_\„p ä£+/…à_Ÿ|jk,öýlmAÉK>«i#á¹(SMµêÓGþ6-S)¬ÕÍ b“ï¤ØÜŸ8l¨h;§«6£ë…7bÂsËù;㨓 ö*# LU:W %‘ 0D—w@Û4/UH>† 0 ˆ™ 0 D! |e !á  œ ⦈œ-É%ÞSVU:Y“V¡!m÷%d*U:g+g+ B¡+ AQ¾+Æ, 0DÕ, 0D- 0D]-]- D/¡-¡- BÐ- D3í-˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(ñÄ$¡¡Ò€°ÒÒX°Ò :{;<[=>D?@ A DBÓ€L%sŒ&3|xP( € Z ‹0BernhardMod BT Roman Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔThe€right€to€be€free€from€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures€is€provided€in€the€FourthÐ  ÐAmendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€TheÏFourth€Amendment€is€applicable€to€the€states€through€the€Fourteenth€Amendment.€€òòMapp€v.€Ohioóó,€367Ð „| ÐU.S.€643,€655,€81€S.Ct.€1684,€1691,€6€L.Ed.2d€1081€(1961).€(8(3Åå$¤¤Ý ƒñÄ!ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°ÒÝ  Ýà Ø àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó rÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô•ïôXXÔOral€argument€was€heard€in€this€case€on€October€15,€1998€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee,€as€part€ofÐ  Ðthis€Courtððs€S.C.A.L.E.S.€(ò òSó óupreme€ò òCó óourt€ò òAó ódvancing€ò òLó óegal€ò òEó óducation€for€ò òSó ótudents)€project.€ Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔOfficer€Evans€testified€that€he€searched€the€contents€of€the€motorcycle€based€upon€a€policy€ofÐ  Ðthe€Gallatin€Police€Department€which€required€an€inventory€search€before€releasing€personal€property€toÏthird€parties.€€The€motorcycle€was€approximately€twenty€feet€from€the€roadside€when€the€search€wasÏconducted.€€The€record€is€unclear€whether€the€appellee€was€still€at€the€scene€at€that€time. ’Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔThere€was€some€evidence€that€Officer€Moniz€also€planned€to€charge€the€appellee€with€D.U.I.€Ð  ÐApparently€while€at€the€hospital,€the€appellee€submitted€to€a€blood„alcohol€test.€€The€results€showed€thatÏhis€blood/alcohol€level€was€less€than€0.10€percent.€€€€€€ ØÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô¥ÇôXXÔThe€Gallatin€police€impounded€appelleeððs€motorcycle€upon€finding€the€cocaine€substance. …Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔòòSeeóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Shololaóó,€124€F.3d€803,€817€(7th€Cir.€1997);€òòUnited€States€v.€Francoóó,€981Ð  ÐF.2d€470,€472€(10th€Cir.€1992);€òòUnited€States€v.€Whiteóó,€871€F.2d€41,€44€(6th€Cir.€1989),€òòaffirmed€afterРƾ Ðremandóó€892€F.2d€1044€(6th€Cir.€1989);€òòUnited€States€v.€Karlinóó,€852€F.2d€968,€971„72€(7th€Cir.€1988);Ð †~ ÐòòState€v.€Pittmanóó,€556€N.W.2d€276,€282„83€(Neb.€Ct.€App.€1996);€òòState€v.€Haughtóó,€831€P.2d€946,€948Ð F > Ð(Idaho€Ct.€App.€1992);€òòState€v.€Garciaóó,€801€S.W.2d€137,€141„42€(Tex.€App.€1990).€€òòButóó€òòseeóó€òòUnitedÐ  ü ÐStates€v.€Vaseyóó,€834€F.2d€782,€787€(9th€Cir.€1987);€òòState€v.€Greenwaldóó,€858€P.2d€36,€37€(Nev.€1993).€€€ Ñ  Ñ ’Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔThe€State€originally€tried€to€justify€the€search€of€the€motorcycle€and€its€contents€as€an€inventoryÐ  Ðsearch.€€It€was€only€after€it€became€apparent€that€this€argument€would€fail€under€the€principles€ofÏòòDrinkard€v.€Stateóó,€584€S.W.2d€at€653„54,€(because€of€the€offer€by€appelleeððs€friend€Jeff€Crook€to€takeÐ „| Ðcontrol€of€the€motorcycle)€that€the€State€tried€to€justify€this€search€as€ð ðincident€to€arrest.ðð€€It€is€clear€thatÏOfficer€Moniz€did€not€believe€he€had€arrested€the€appellee. Ñ  Ñ Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔThe€dissent€seems€to€infer€that€because€Officer€Moniz€had€probable€cause€to€arrest€theÐ  Ðappellee€for€evading€arrest€and€reckless€driving,€the€appellee€was€necessarily€ð ðarrestable;ðð€andÏtherefore,€whether€or€not€an€arrest€had€actually€been€effectuated,€a€search€incident€to€arrest€wasÏjustified.€€We€decline€to€hold€that€a€search€may€be€upheld€as€a€search€incident€to€arrest€merely€becauseÏa€lawful€custodial€arrest€ð ðcould€haveðð€been€made.€€òòState€v.€Mooreóó,€949€S.W.2d€704,€706€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð  ø ÐApp.€1997),€òòno€app.€filedóó,€which€appears€to€hold€to€the€contrary,€is€hereby€overruled.€€òòAccordóó,€òòLayland€v.Ð ¾ ¶ ÐStateóó,€535€P.2d€1043€(Alaska€1975),€òòoverruled€on€other€groundsóó;€òòState€v.€Greenwaldóó,€109€Nev.€808,€858Ð | t ÐP.2d€36€(1993);€òòPeople€v.€Evansóó,€43€N.Y.2d€160,€371€N.E.2d€528,€400€N.Y.S.2d€810€(N.Y.€1977).€ IÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔAn€inventory€search€of€a€vehicle€will€be€upheld,€however,€only€when€there€is€no€reasonableÐ  Ðalternative€to€seizure€of€the€vehicle.€òòDrinkard€v.€Stateóó,€584€S.W.2d€650,€653€(1979).€ ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XJ‚XXXÔÔ€@* XXJ‚ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XJ‚X @*ÔÐ  ÐÌApril€26,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô¥ÇôXXÔThe€ð ðsearch€incident€to€arrestðð€exception€from€òòChimelóó€is€based€upon€the€need€to€protect€policeÐ  Ðofficers€and€to€preserve€evidence€at€the€time€of€arrest.€€The€dissent€relies€on€the€Supreme€Courtððs€laterÏdecision€in€òòRawlings€v.€Kentuckyóó,€448€U.S.€98,€111,€100€S.Ct.€2556,€2564,€65€L.Ed.2d€633€(1980),€toÐ „| Ðargue€that€a€search€may€be€upheld€under€òòChimelóó€where€it€occurs€before€the€arrest.€€We€do€not€readÐ B : ÐòòRawlingsóó€to€broaden€the€scope€of€searches€incident€to€lawful€arrests.€€In€òòRawlingsóó,€the€police€arrestedÐ  ø Ðthe€suspect€immediately€after,€and€contemporaneous€to,€the€search€of€his€person.€€The€Supreme€CourtÏupheld€the€search€as€incident€to€arrest€based€upon€the€circumstances€in€that€case.€€448€U.S.€at€111,€100ÏS.Ct.€at€2564.€€In€appelleeððs€case,€the€police€did€not€take€custody€of€the€appellee€until€several€hours€afterÏthe€search,€when€the€appellee€was€first€released€from€the€medical€center.€€Moreover,€the€formal€arrestÏwas€not€made€until€approximately€four€days€later.€€The€search€exceeded€the€scope€and€rationale€ofÏòòChimelóó.€€€ LÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô¥ÇôXXÔòòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó,€òòCupp€v.€Murphyóó,€412€U.S.€291,€93€S.Ct.€2000,€36€L.Ed.2d€900€(1973)(warrantlessÐ  Ðsearch€of€evidence€beneath€suspectððs€fingernails€reasonable€in€strangulation€murder€case€even€in€theÏabsence€of€a€contemporaneous€arrest,€because€of€ð ðevanescent€natureðð€of€such€evidence);€òòUnited€StatesÐ „| Ðv.€Chapelóó,€55€F.3d€1416,€1419€(9th€Cir.€1995)(warrantless€seizure€of€DUI€suspectððs€blood€reasonableÐ B : Ðeven€without€contemporaneous€arrest€because€the€accuracy€of€blood„alcohol€evidence€diminishesÏquickly€over€time);€òòUnited€States€v.€Berryóó,€866€F.2d€887,€891€(6th€Cir.€1989)(same€factual€scenario€andÐ ¾ ¶ Ðrationale€as€in€òòChapelóó).€€For€an€excellent€discussion€of€the€narrow€òòCuppóó€exception€see€3€Wayne€R.Ð | t ÐLaFave,€òòSearch€and€Seizureóó€ðð€5.4(b)€at€155„163€(1996€ed.).Ô#†X ÉXôô¥Ç_#ÔÔ‡ô¥ÇôXX ÉÔ cÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÇôXXÔThe€dissent€opines€that€the€definition€of€ð ðarrestðð€adopted€in€òòRobertsonóó€and€reaffirmed€in€òòWestóóÐ  Ðis€no€longer€accurate.€€Cited€are€a€series€of€United€States€Supreme€Court€cases€and€Tennessee€casesÏthat€the€dissent€claims€establish€a€new€definition€of€arrest,€to€wit:€ð ðan€arrest€occurs€if,€in€view€of€all€theÏcircumstances€surrounding€the€incident,€a€reasonable€person€would€have€understood€that€he€or€she€wasÏnot€free€to€leave.ðð€€This€definition,€however,€fails€to€recognize€the€distinction€between€ð ðseizureðð€andÏð ðarrest,ðð€discussed€above.€€A€person€may€be€seized€without€being€placed€under€custodial€arrest.€€NoneÏof€the€cases€cited€by€the€dissent€deal€with€this€precise€issue.€€While€we€agree€that€the€ð ðreasonableÏpersonðð€standard€is€a€factor€in€determining€whether€an€arrest€has€occurred,€just€as€it€would€be€for€anyÏseizure,€we€believe€more€is€required€to€establish€a€custodial€arrest€for€purposes€of€a€search€incident€toÏan€arrest. ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XJ‚XXXÔÔ€@* XXJ‚ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XJ‚X @*ÔÐ  ÐÌApril€12,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d!"#$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒñÄ!ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°ÒÝ  ݛѰÑÑ€°ÑÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ  ÑÑ7€J‚XXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÔ‡ŠjìŠXXÔÑ€LÑÓ=€J‚XÐXdÐd=ӜрP¨ ÑñBñ›ñBññLññBñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rßñBññLññLñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rßñLññBñ›ñBñà@ê ê €àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌà@……*€àAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†XJ‚XŠŠjìø#ԈРø Ðà@ÛÛ%€à(Heard€at€Clarksville)ˆÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àò òFOR€PUBLICATIONó óÐ v n Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àà 0 àAppellantà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àœñ;ñòòñ;ñò òñ;ñóóó óò òñ;ññ=ñòòóóñ=ñFILED:ñ=ñ€ñ=ñó ó€ò òòòñ:ññ9ñAprilñ9ññ:ññ:ñAprilñ:ñ€ñ;ñ12,€1999óóñ;ññ<ñó óñ<ññ;ññ5ñóóñ5ññ;ññ<ññ4ñó óñ4ññ<ñ€›Ð H@  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìv.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àSUMNER€CRIMINALÐ   Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌBOBBY€CRUTCHERà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àHon.€Jane€Wheatcraft,€JudgeÐ æÞ  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àà 0 àAppellee.à à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àNO.€01S01„9804„CR„00081Ð ²ª  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ à(Search€and€Seizure)Ð ~v Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð üô ÐÌJohn€Knox€Walkupà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àBryce€C.€Ruth,€Jr.Ð ÈÀ ÐAttorney€General€&€Reporterà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àWhite€House,€TennesseeÐ ®¦ ÐÌMichael€E.€MooreÌSolicitor€GeneralÌÌKaren€M.€YacuzzoÌAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà Ø àà 0 àò òÌó óÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ‡RLhRXXJ‚ÔÔ‡R®ÉRRRLhÔà@ää-€àò òOPINIONó óÔ#†RLhRRR®Éõ #ÔÔ#†XJ‚XRRLhÖ #ԈРD3<,1 ÐÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð à€€€€€€BARKER,€J.Ð 48,16 ÐÐ 927 Їà@ÙÙ-€àò òOPINIONó óˆÐ  ÐÌÓÓÌà Ø àThis€is€an€appeal€by€the€State€of€Tennessee€from€the€judgment€of€theÏintermediate€appellate€court€affirming€the€suppression€of€evidence€in€the€trial€courtÏbelow.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€sole€issue€is€whether€the€warrantless€police€search€of€the€appelleeððsÐ >6 Ðmotorcycle€violated€his€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Fourth€Amendment€of€the€UnitedÏStates€Constitution€and€Article€I,€section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€State€contends€that€the€suppression€of€evidence€was€improper€becauseÏthe€search€in€question€was€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest.€€For€the€reasons€that€follow,€weÏconclude€that€the€appellee,€Bobby€Crutcher,€was€not€under€arrest€at€the€time€of€theÏpolice€search.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€both€the€trial€court€and€the€Court€of€CriminalÏAppealððs€determination€that€the€search€was€not€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest.€€TheÏevidence€obtained€from€the€search€was€properly€suppressed.€€€ÌÌà@77)€àò òBACKGROUNDó ó€€€€ˆà @ àÐ "ú ÐÌà Ø àOn€October€19,€1995,€Officer€Frank€Moniz€of€the€Gallatin€Police€DepartmentÏobserved€three€motorcyclists€drive€away€from€a€traffic€light€at€an€excessive€rate€ofÏspeed.€€The€officer€activated€his€emergency€flashing€equipment€and€pulled€over€two€ofÏthe€speeding€motorcyclists.€€However,€the€third€motorcycle,€driven€by€the€appellee,Ïaccelerated€even€more€in€an€attempt€to€flee€from€the€pursuing€officer.€€Officer€MonizÏgave€chase€to€the€appellee€and€the€two€vehicles€reached€speeds€of€one€hundredÏ(100)€miles€per€hour.€€The€officer€radioed€for€assistance€and€eventually€slowed€hisÏâ âvehicle€down€upon€entering€a€residential€area.€€Ð :22+0 Ðà Ø àAs€Officer€Moniz€crested€a€hill€in€his€patrol€car,€he€observed€the€appellee€driveÏâ âup€an€embankment€and€wreck€into€a€storm€drain.€€The€appellee€had€been€thrownÏapproximately€twenty€feet€away€from€his€motorcycle€and€was€crawling€out€of€theÏroadside€brush€when€the€officer€drove€up€to€apprehend€him.€€Officer€Moniz€testifiedÏthat€upon€reaching€the€appellee,€he€placed€one€arm€behind€the€appelleeððs€back€andÏintended€to€arrest€him€for€reckless€endangerment€and€evading€arrest.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€However,Ð ü  Ðwhen€the€appellee€complained€of€injuries,€Officer€Moniz€ceased€handcuffing€him€andÏcalled€for€an€ambulance.ÌÌà Ø àOfficer€Moniz€testified€that€he€made€no€additional€effort€to€arrest€the€appellee€atÏthe€accident€scene.€€While€waiting€for€the€ambulance,€Officer€Moniz€and€other€policeÏofficers€stayed€with€the€appellee€and€made€him€œlñ>ñayñ>ññ?ñieñ?ñ›€still€for€his€safety.€€The€appelleeÏquestioned€Officer€Rich€Evans€about€what€was€going€to€happen€to€him.€€Officer€EvansÏtold€the€appellee€that€he€would€be€taken€to€a€nearby€hospital€for€medical€treatment.€ÏThe€officers€did€not€discuss€criminal€charges€or€arrest€proceedings€with€the€appelleeÏand€they€did€not€give€him€a€òòMirandaóó€warning€at€the€scene.Ð ü!ô ÐÌà Ø àOfficer€Moniz€testified€that€an€ambulance€arrived€only€minutes€after€he€radioedÏfor€medical€assistance.€€As€the€appellee€was€being€loaded€into€the€ambulance,€hisÏfriend,€Jeff€Crook,€asked€if€he€could€take€control€of€the€wrecked€motorcycle.€€TheÏappellee€agreed€and€requested€that€Mr.€Crook€also€take€possession€of€the€gold€chainsÏthat€the€appellee€had€around€his€neck.€€ÌÌà Ø àOfficer€Evans€testified€that€he€and€the€other€officers€agreed€to€let€Mr.€CrookÏremove€the€motorcycle€from€the€scene.€€However,€before€releasing€the€bike,€OfficerÐ (2 +0 ÐEvans€inventoried€the€contents€of€a€backpack€and€jacket€that€were€located€on€it.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€TheÐ  Ðofficer€found€a€loaded€.38€caliber€handgun€located€inside€the€backpack€and€found€aÏpill€bottle€inside€the€upper€left€pocket€of€the€jacket.׃ˆ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€An€examination€of€the€pill€bottleÐ   ˜ Ðrevealed€several€small€packets€of€a€white€powder,€which€later€tested€positive€forÏcocaine.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à ˆ àÐ 80 ÐÌà Ø àThe€appellant€was€taken€directly€to€Sumner€Regional€Medical€Center€from€theÏscene€of€the€accident.€€He€spent€several€hours€there€receiving€medical€x„rays€andÏtreatment.€€The€record€reflects€that€during€that€time,€Officer€Evans€obtained€an€arrestÏwarrant€for€the€appellee€based€upon€the€evidence€of€the€cocaine€and€firearmÏpossession.€€The€appellee€was€released€from€the€medical€center€that€same€eveningÏand€was€taken€to€the€Drug€Task€Force€Center€in€Sumner€County.€€The€record€is€silentÏas€to€what€transpired€at€the€Drug€Task€Force€Center.€€However,€the€evidence€showsÏthat€on€the€following€day,€the€appellee€was€transported€back€to€Sumner€RegionalÏMedical€Center€after€hospital€officials€notified€police€that€the€appellee€had€a€brokenÏneck.ÌÌà Ø àThe€appellee€stayed€at€Sumner€Regional€Medical€Center€for€approximately€fourÏdays.€€The€record€reflects€that€Officer€Moniz€obtained€an€arrest€warrant€for€theÏappellee€on€October€24,€1995,€based€upon€the€charges€of€evading€arrest€and€recklessÏendangerment.€€Officer€Moniz€testified€that€the€appellee€was€arrested€after€his€releaseÏfrom€the€medical€center,€and€was€charged€with:€€(1)€possession€of€a€controlledÏâ âsubstance,€to€wit:€€cocaine€over€0.5€grams,€with€intent€to€sell;€(2)€possession€of€aÐ .ˆ', Ðhandgun€during€the€commission€of€a€felony;€(3)€reckless€endangerment;€and€(4)Ïevading€arrest.Ìâ âÌà Ø àThe€appellee€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€the€cocaine€substance€and€theÏhandgun€on€the€ground€that€they€were€obtained€through€an€improper€search€andÏseizure.€€Following€an€evidentiary€hearing,€the€trial€court€granted€the€motion€toÏsuppress€finding€that€the€search€was€without€probable€cause€and€did€not€fall€within€anÏexception€to€the€warrant€requirement.€€The€trial€court€determined€that€there€were€noÏgrounds€for€an€inventory€search€since€a€third€party,€Jeff€Crook,€was€available€toÏremove€the€motorcycle€from€the€scene.€€In€addition,€the€court€found€that€the€searchÏwas€not€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest€because€the€appellee€was€not€under€arrest€whenÏthe€search€was€conducted.ÌÌà Ø àOn€interlocutory€appeal,€the€intermediate€appellate€court€affirmed€theÏsuppression€order.€€The€State€of€Tennessee€appeals€to€this€Court€contending€that€theÏsearch€was€proper€as€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest.€€The€State€concedes€that€the€policeÏofficers€were€not€entitled€to€conduct€an€inventory€search.€€òòSeeóó€òòDrinkard€v.€Stateóó,€584Ð È#À  ÐS.W.2d€650,€653„54€(Tenn.€1979).€€Our€inquiry,€therefore,€is€whether€the€appellee€wasÏunder€arrest€when€the€police€officers€conducted€the€search.€€€ÌÌà@'€àò òSTANDARD€OF€REVIEWó óˆÐ ø*ð#( ÐÌà Ø àThis€case€involves€a€review€of€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€and€law€inÏgranting€the€motion€to€suppress.€€In€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€22„23€(Tenn.Ð h0`). Ð1996),€this€Court€clarified€the€standard€to€be€used€by€appellate€courts€when€reviewingÏthose€findings:€€Ìâ âÓÁ ÓÐ Ì5Ä.4 Ðà8 Ø àà 0 àQuestions€of€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€ofÏâ âthe€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€mattersÏentrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€The€party€prevailing€in€theÏtrial€court€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÏadduced€at€the€suppression€hearing,€including€all€reasonable€andÏlegitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.€€So€long€asÏthe€greater€weight€of€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtððs€findings,Ïthose€findings€shall€be€upheld.€€In€other€words,€a€trial€courtððs€findings€ofÏfact€in€a€suppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€otherwise.€€à  àÐ Ø (#Ø (# ÐÌÓÓÌòòId.óó€at€23.€€The€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€found€by€the€trial€court,€however,€is€aÐ ¶®  Ðquestion€of€law€which€this€Court€reviews€òòde€novoóó.€€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,Ð ‚z  Ð629€(Tenn.€1997);€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€We€apply€these€standards€to€addressÐ RJ Ðthe€issue€in€this€case.€€Contrary€to€the€position€taken€by€the€dissent,€we€consider€theÏissue€of€whether€an€arrest€was€made€for€Fourth€Amendment€purposes€to€be€oneÏprimarily€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòChilds€v.€Stateóó,€584€S.W.2d€783,€786„87€(Tenn.€1979)Ð ¶® Ð(reviewing€whether€an€accused€was€in€custody€for€purposes€of€giving€the€òòMirandaóóÐ ‚z Ðwarnings€as€primarily€a€question€of€fact).ÌÓS,Óò òÓÓÌà@+€àDISCUSSIONó óˆÐ ò"ê ÐÌà Ø àThe€fundamental€principle€of€search€and€seizure€jurisprudence€is€that€the€policeÏmay€not€conduct€a€search€unless€they€first€show€probable€cause€and€obtain€a€warrantÏfrom€a€neutral€magistrate.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Under€both€the€federal€and€state€constitutions,€ð ðaÐ .*&#' Ðwarrantless€search€or€seizure€is€presumed€unreasonable,€and€evidence€discovered€asÏa€result€thereof€is€subject€to€suppression,€unless€the€State€demonstrates€that€theÏsearch€or€seizure€was€conducted€pursuant€to€one€of€the€narrowly€defined€exceptionsÏto€the€warrant€requirement.ðð€€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€487,€490€(Tenn.€1997).€€Ð ^1V*/ ÐÑLÑÑ€ÑÑ  ÑÌà Ø àOne€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement€is€a€contemporaneous€police€searchÏthat€follows€a€lawful€arrest.€€òòChimel€v.€Californiaóó,€395€U.S.€752,€762„63,€89€S.Ct.€2034,Ð   ˜ Ð2040,€23€L.Ed.2d€685€(1969);€òòState€v.€Watkinsóó,€827€S.W.2d€293,€295€(Tenn.€1992).€Ð l d ÐWhen€police€officers€make€a€lawful€custodial€arrest,€they€are€permitted,€as€incident€toÏthe€arrest,€to€search€the€person€arrested€and€the€immediately€surrounding€area.€ÏòòChimelóó,€395€U.S.€at€763,€89€S.Ct.€at€2040.€€The€rationale€for€those€searches€is€theÐ ÐÈ  Ðneed€to€disarm€the€arrestee€in€order€to€safely€take€him€into€custody,€and€the€need€toÏpreserve€evidence€for€later€use€at€trial.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Robinsonóó,€414€U.S.€218,€234,Ð h` Ð94€S.Ct.€467,€476,€38€L.Ed.2d€427€(1973).€€€€ÌÌà Ø àIn€cases€where€the€arrestee€is€an€occupant€of€a€vehicle,€police€officers€mayÏconduct€searches,€contemporaneous€to€the€arrest,€of€the€passenger€compartmentsÏinside€the€vehicle.€€òòNew€York€v.€Beltonóó,€453€U.S.€454,€457,€101€S.Ct.€2860,€2862,€69Ð d\ ÐL.Ed.2d€768€(1981).€€Following€òòBeltonóó,€this€Court€has€joined€several€jurisdictions׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€inÐ 0 ( Ðupholding€the€validity€of€those€searches€even€where€the€arrestee€is€neutralized€in€theÏback€seat€of€a€police€car€when€the€search€is€conducted.€€òòWatkinsóó,€827€S.W.2d€at€295„Ð È#À  Ð96.€€€€€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€State€contends€that€the€appellee€was€under€arrest€at€the€accident€sceneÏand€that€the€search€was€proper€under€òòBeltonóó€and€òòWatkinsóó.€€We€need€not€addressÐ ø*ð#( Ðwhether€the€search€fell€within€the€scope€of€òòBeltonóó€and€òòWatkinsóó€because€we€affirm€theÐ Ä,¼%* Ðtrial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€appellee€was€not€under€arrest€when€the€search€wasÏconducted.€€Ð \0T). Їà Ø à€ð ðThe€standards€for€reviewing€police€conduct€become€more€stringent€as€theÏdegree€of€invasion€of€the€citizen's€privacy€increases.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hawkinsóó,€969€S.W.2dÐ ÔÌ Ð936,€938€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€There€are€three€tiers€of€law€enforcement€actionÏinvolving€ð ðseizuresðð€of€the€person€under€the€Fourth€Amendment.€€These€situationsÏinclude€a€wide€range€of€invasive€actions,€ranging€from€the€ð ðstop€and€friskðð€underÏreasonable€suspicion,€to€the€ð ðcustodial€arrestðð€based€on€probable€cause,€toÏincarceration€of€an€offender€following€a€custodial€arrest.ÌÌà Ø àNot€all€lawful€seizures€justify€the€same€degree€of€search.€€For€instance,€a€policeÏofficer€who€has€no€reasonable€suspicion€that€criminal€activity€has€taken€place€may€stillÏmake€a€casual,€investigatory€stop;€but€the€officerððs€law€enforcement€authority€underÏsuch€circumstances€is€limited€to€informal€questioning€of€the€persons€involved.€€òòFloridaÐ ÌÄ Ðv.€Bostickóó,€501€U.S.€429,€433,€111€S.Ct.€2382,€2386,€115€L.Ed.2d€389€(1991);€òòState€v.Ð ˜ ÐButleróó,€795€S.W.2d€680,€685€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Where,€on€the€other€hand,€theÐ d\ Ðofficer€has€a€reasonable,€articulable€suspicion€that€a€person€has€engaged€in,€or€isÏpreparing€to€engage€in,€criminal€behavior,€the€level€of€permissible€law€enforcementÏauthority€is€raised€to€the€stop€and€frisk€of€the€person€under€the€principles€of€òòTerry€v.Ð È#À  ÐOhioóó,€392€U.S.€1,€88€S.Ct.€1868,€20€L.Ed.2d€889€(1968).€€In€such€cases,€a€limited€pat„Ð ”%Œ" Ðdown€search€of€the€person€and€a€limited€search€of€the€passenger€compartment€of€theÏvehicle€in€which€the€person€was€riding€are€permissible€upon€a€showing€that€suchÏaction€is€justified€to€protect€the€officer.€€òòId.óó,€392€U.S.€at€27,€88€S.Ct.€at€1883;€òòState€v.Ð ø*ð#( ÐSimpsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€776,€780€(Tenn.€1998).€€Ð Ä,¼%* ÐÌà Ø àBy€comparison,€the€next€level€of€law€enforcement€authority,€the€custodial€arrest,Ïis€justified€upon€a€showing€of€probable€cause€to€believe€that€a€crime€has€beenÏcommitted,€and€that€the€suspect€of€the€investigation€committed€that€crime.€€AsÏdiscussed€above,€a€lawful€custodial€arrest€carries€with€it€the€power€to€perform€a€searchÏð ðincident€to€arrest,ðð€which€is€a€contemporaneous€search€of€both€the€person€arrested,Ð Œ7„06 Ðand€the€area€into€which€the€arrestee€might€reach€for€a€weapon€or€destroy€evidence,Ïincluding€the€passenger€area€of€any€vehicle€in€which€the€arrestee€was€riding.€€òòChimelóó,Ð ÔÌ Ð395€U.S.€at€763,€89€S.Ct.€at€2040;€òòBeltonóó,€453€U.S.€at€457,€101€S.Ct.€at€2862.€€Ð   ˜ ÐÌà Ø àThe€most€invasive€law€enforcement€seizure€is€incarceration.€€Law€enforcementÏauthority€in€such€cases€extends€to€performing€a€detailed€ð ðinventory€searchðð€of€allÏpersonal€effects€in€the€arresteeððs€possession,€and€possibly€of€the€vehicle€in€which€heÏwas€riding€at€the€time€of€arrest,€if€that€vehicle€is€also€seized.€€òòIllinois€v.€Lafayetteóó,€462Ð œ”  ÐU.S.€640,€648,€103€S.Ct.€2605,€2611,€77€L.Ed.2d€65€(1983);€òòSouth€Dakota€v.Ð h` ÐOppermanóó,€428€U.S.€364,€372,€96€S.Ct.€3092,€3099,€49€L.E.2d€1000€(1976).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р4, ÐÌà Ø àThe€bottom€line€is€this:€€when€the€police€conduct€a€full€search€under€òòChimelóó,€theÐ ÌÄ Ðseizure€of€the€suspect€must€rise€to€the€level€of€a€custodial€arrest.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€only€possibleÐ ˜ Ðexception€to€this€rule€might€be€a€limited€search€in€cases€where€there€is€probable€causeÏto€believe€that€a€crime€has€been€committed,€probable€cause€to€believe€that€evidenceÏof€òòthe€crime€in€questionóó€will€be€found,€and€the€necessity€for€an€immediate,€warrantlessÐ ü!ô Ðsearch€to€prevent€the€destruction€or€loss€of€evidence.×ƒÄ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€this€case,€however,€theÐ Ì#Ä  Ðâ âsearch€of€the€appelleeððs€motorcycle€was€wholly€unrelated€to€the€crime€for€which€policeÐ ˜%" Ðhad€probable€cause€to€arrest.€€In€order€to€justify€a€full€òòChimelóó€search€incident€to€arrest,Ð  Ðthe€critical€question€remains€whether€the€appellee€was,€in€fact,€arrested€at€the€scene.Ìâ âÌò òà Ø àó óIn€Tennessee,€an€arrest€is€more€specifically€defined€as€ð ðthe€taking,€seizing,€orÐ l d Ðdetaining€of€the€person€of€another,€either€by€touching€or€putting€hands€on€him,€or€byÏany€act€which€indicates€an€intention€to€take€him€into€custody€and€subjects€the€personÏarrested€to€the€actual€control€and€will€of€the€person€making€the€arrest.ðð€€òòWest€v.€Stateóó,Ð ÐÈ  Ð221€Tenn.€178,€184,€€425€S.W.2d€602,€605€(1968)€(citations€omitted);€òòRobertson€v.Ð œ”  ÐStateóó,€184€Tenn.€277,€284,€198€S.W.2d€633,€635„36€(1947)€(citations€omitted);ò ò€òòó óStateÐ h` Ðv.€Williamsóó,€914€940,€947€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€An€arrest€may€be€affectedÐ 4, Ðwithout€formal€words€or€a€station€house€booking.€€5€Am.€Jur.€2d€òòArrestóó€ðð€2€(1995).€Ð ø ÐHowever,€there€must€be€actual€restraint€on€the€arresteeððs€freedom€of€movement€underÏlegal€authority€of€the€arresting€officer.€€òòId.óó€€€€€€€Ð œ” ÐÌà Ø àRelying€on€that€definition,€we€acknowledge€that€the€facts€in€this€case€are€closeÏas€to€whether€the€appellee€was€under€arrest€at€the€accident€scene.€€The€trial€courtÏfound€that€Officer€Moniz€apprehended€the€appellee€and€intended€to€place€him€underÏarrest€following€the€wreck.€€The€officer€testified,€however,€that€he€did€not€arrest€theÏappellee€due€to€the€appelleeððs€injuries.€€Although€Officer€Moniz€had€probable€cause€toÏmake€an€arrest€at€the€scene,€neither€he€nor€Officer€Evans€discussed€criminal€chargesÏor€arrest€procedures€with€the€appellee.€€The€appellee€questioned€the€officers€and€wasÏâ âtold€only€that€he€would€be€taken€to€a€nearby€hospital€for€medical€treatment.€€TheÐ È,À%* Ðofficers€did€not€take€the€appellee€into€custody€until€several€hours€later€when€he€wasÏfirst€released€from€the€medical€center.€Ìâ âÌà Ø àGiving€deference€to€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact,€we€agree€with€the€trialÏcourtððs€ultimate€conclusion€that€the€appellee€was€not€under€arrest€at€the€time€of€theÏsearch.€€The€evidence€reflects€that€the€appellee€was€kept€at€the€accident€scene€forÏonly€a€few€minutes€while€waiting€on€the€arrival€of€an€ambulance.€€Without€more,€thereÏis€no€showing€that€the€appellee€was€being€detained€by€police€for€any€reason€otherÏthan€medical€treatment.€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà Ø àIf€law€enforcement€officers€intend€to€justify€a€search€as€incident€to€an€arrest,€it€isÏincumbent€upon€them€to€take€some€action€that€would€indicate€to€a€reasonable€personÏthat€he€or€she€is€under€arrest.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Although€formal€words€of€arrest€are€not€required,€òòseeóóÐ ˜ Ð5€Am.€Jur.€2d€òòArrestóó€ðð€2€(1995),€some€words€or€actions€should€be€used€that€make€itÐ d\ Ðclear€to€the€arrestee€that€he€or€she€is€under€the€control€and€legal€authority€of€theÏarresting€officer,€and€not€free€to€leave.€€In€this€case,€actions€that€would€haveÏaccomplished€this€included,€but€were€not€limited€to,€accompanying€the€appellee€to€theÏhospital€until€the€arrest€warrant€could€be€obtained€and€served,€telling€the€appellee€thatÏhe€should€consider€himself€in€custody€pending€actual€service€of€the€arrest€warrant,€orÏany€other€words€or€actions€that€would€have€conveyed€the€same€message.ÌÌà@àà+€àò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ È,À%* ÐÌà Ø àIt€is€axiomatic€that€a€warrantless€police€search€may€not€precede€an€arrest€andÏserve€as€part€of€its€justification.€€òòSmith€v.€Ohioóó,€494€U.S.€541,€543,€110€S.Ct.€1288,Ð 820+0 Ð1290,€108€L.Ed.2d€464€(1990)€(per€curiam);€òòSibron€v.€New€Yorkóó,€392€U.S.€40,€63,€88Ð  ÐS.Ct.€1889,€1902,€20€L.Ed.2d€917€(1968).€€Moreover,€we€are€not€prepared€to€hold€thatÏthe€police€may€conduct€a€warrantless€search€merely€because€they€have€probableÏcause€to€arrestò ò€ó óthe€suspect.€€Having€determined€that€the€appellee€was€not€underÐ l d Ðarrest€at€the€time€of€the€search,€we€conclude€that€the€search€was€not€incident€to€aÏlawful€arrest.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ü  ÐÌà Ø àThe€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€affirmed€with€costs€taxed€toÏthe€State€of€Tennessee.ÌÓÓÌà Ø àà 0 àÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è à_______________________________Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUSTICEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌAnderson,€C.J.,ÌBirch,€J.ÌÌÌDISSENT:ÌÌDrowota,€Holder,€œJJ.ñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌñAñ›œñAñÌ›ñAññ@ñÑP¨ ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÌÔ‡Šš´ŠXX ÉÔÌà@>>$€àSUPREME€COURT,€NASHVILLEÔ#†X ÉXŠŠš´¨^#ԈРæÞ Ðà@€€0€àˆÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àÐ v n Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àà 0 àAppellantà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àœñ@ññ?ñò òó óñ?ññ@ñNo.›€01S01„9804„CR„00081Ð B:  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìv.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àSUMNER€CRIMINALÐ   Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àNo.€9565,€BelowÐ ôì  ÐBOBBY€CRUTCHERà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àÐ ÚÒ  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àHon.€Jane€Wheatcraft,€JudgeÐ À¸  Ðà Ø àà 0 àAppellee.à à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àÐ ¦ž  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ à(Search€and€Seizure)Ð Œ„ Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àÐ rj Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àò òAFFIRMEDó óÐ XP ÐÌÌà@TT,€àòòJUDGMENTóóˆà @ àà ˜ àÐ  ÐÓÓÌà Ø àThis€cause€came€to€be€heard€upon€the€record€on€appeal€from€the€Court€ofÏCriminal€Appeals,€briefs€and€argument€of€counsel€as€part€of€the€ð ðSCALESðð€Project€inÏClarksville,€Tennessee;€and€upon€consideration€thereof,€a€majority€of€this€Court€is€ofÏthe€opinion€that€the€cocaine€and€the€handgun€evidence€were€unlawfully€obtained€byÏpolice€and€were€properly€suppressed€by€the€trial€court.ÌÌà Ø àIn€accordance€with€the€opinion€filed€herein,€it€is,€therefore,€ordered€andÏadjudged€that€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€and€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€areÏaffirmed,€and€the€case€is€remanded€to€the€Criminal€Court€of€Sumner€County€for€furtherÏproceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion€and€for€the€collection€of€costs€accrued€below.ÌÌà Ø àCosts€of€this€appeal€will€be€paid€by€the€State€of€Tennessee.ÌÓeÓÌÌ04/12/99à 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àÐ 4-2 Ðà Ø à€€€ñ@ñ›