ÿWPC;   Ë`v¸¼©g.ÓÞªcv¥Ïfëgq,_m¼Þ¬ß=ÂÁuª_Ô?Ê îè«Ü[©ãŠÂ§n£Ø oÙ%ƒ ƒiyÍ&L‰æ˜§§#åÿX ŠØö ½U¤)‰±ÏzÛ[ äÒ¡E;×5xÓ5/¢ý%ñ€ÊGº¬n†…šo(£Š3p)¸Ô’ EŒWBÊAªlÉ8® ¬ú}úrÍäË8eWÌŒµX7l¾j;Þ7µJvp­“ïªõyK¨ÉX›åvµ­Ù‚'¢¾Èt03Î^dR^ŸÑ Z~MQƒýp„ŠßHÛ³ø$'LA±‡T¡ê§%÷/eã˜èÁe¢#ò9Dó;´`ï³jWðwªñ—ol²MŽàs‚³¬È2Ÿw¹÷>ïø¬v®ÇÍ-ÚìNVÔ—èÙêQ/„××Å8­X\± "òϬ·™EJ Åb;—–1Br앇àrRØ6>aEÈ9ªp­?Ï×rÝB_´-(JNknDð‘½cîKäêž>Lrp2VåõÞ¿>ßîß/ÛîYÃAµUB*oê™ ŒQÏ&ÐrÅì“ÌïÔmleIÏ}c>“}Ÿ¸!T4ÌD@ùé°ˆ|šnK}¡¦°¨<¢/QÄIJû¿Xm¥ÃÑ®*# LU:W %‘ 0D—w@Û4/UH>†"Ž 0 ˆ° 0 D8P|åÌ é± š߯ðŽs~nñU:_™U:œœœœœæÖÖÖ B¼ AQÙÆ* 0Dð 0D4 0Dxx D/¼¼ Bë D3 ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(ñÄ$¡¡Ò€°ÒÒX°Ò õDöd÷DøUùeúDûüýeþÓ€Ö~-&3|x( € Z ‹0BernhardMod BT Roman Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô%ßôXXÔIn€denying€Mr.€Helmsðð€claim,€the€Court€of€Appeals€relied€upon€its€prior€decision€in€òòJones€v.Ð  ÐGreeneóó,€946€S.W.2d€at€824„25.€€€(8(3Åå$¤¤Ý ƒñÄ!ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°ÒÝ  Ýà Ø àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó FÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô%ßôXXÔIf€no€claim€were€filed€to€contest€the€forfeiture,€as€in€this€case,€then€the€property€was€forfeitedÐ  Ðwithout€an€administrative€hearing.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„203€(Supp.€1992).€ ÛÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô%ßôXXÔAt€the€time€the€forfeiture€warrants€were€issued€in€this€case,€the€administrative€proceedings€wereÐ  Ðprovided€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201€(Supp.€1992).€€In€1994,€the€General€Assembly€amended€thoseÏproceedings€by€enacting€a€uniform€procedure€governing€the€forfeiture€of€personal€property.€€òòSeeóó€1994Ð „| ÐPub.€Acts€Ch.€925,€ðð€1€(codified€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„33„201€„„€214).€€The€new€provisions€supplantÏthe€procedures€contained€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201.€€Both€provisions€follow€an€administrativeÏmodel€without€the€use€of€jury€trials.€€€€€€€ ßÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô%ßôXXÔThe€General€Assembly€has€provided€the€right€to€trial€by€jury€in€cases€involving€forfeiture€of€realÐ  Ðproperty.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„452(c)(4)€(Supp.€1998).€€Those€cases€are€tried€in€the€circuit€orРƾ Ðchancery€court€of€the€county€where€the€property€is€located.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„452(c)(1).€€€ Ñ  Ñ ÕÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô%ßôXXÔòòSeeóó€òòSmethwick€v.€Williamsonóó,€5€Colonial€Records€385€(General€Court€1723).€€ æÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô%ßôXXÔòòSeeóó€òòUnited€State€v.€One€1976€Mercedes€Benz€280S›óó,€618€F.œ2d›€453,€469€(œ7th›€Cir.€1980);€òòIdahoÐ  ÐDept.€Of€Law€Enforcement€v.€Freeóó,€126€Idaho€422,€425„26,€885€P.œ2d›€381,€384„85€(1994);€òòPeople€ex€rel.Рƾ МOððMalley›€v.€6323€North€LaCrosse€Avenueóó,€158€Ill.œ2d›€453,€458,€199€Ill.€Dec.€690,€693,€634€œN.E.2d›€743,Ð „| Ð746€(1994);€òòCommonwealth€v.€1984€Z„28€œCamaro›€Coupeóó,€530€Pa.€523,€532,€610€A.œ2d›€36,€41€(1992);Ð B : ÐòòœMedlock›€v.€1985€Ford€F„150€Pick€Upóó,€308€S.C.€68,€72„73,€417€œS.E.2d›€85,€87€(1992);€òòIn€re€Forfeiture€ofÐ  ø Ð1978€Chevrolet€Vanóó,€493€So.œ2d›€433,€436„37€(Fla.€1986);€òòCommonwealth€v.€One€1972€Chevrolet€Vanóó,Ð ¾ ¶ Ð385€Mass.€198,€201„02,€431€œN.E.2d›€209,€211€(1982);€òòPeople€v.€One€1941€Chevrolet€Coupeóó,€37€Cal.€œ2d›Ð | t Ð283,€299„300,€231€P.œ2d›€832,€844€(1951);€òòState€v.€1920€Studebaker€Touring€Caróó,€120€Or.€254,€271,€251Ð : 2 ÐP.€701,€706€(1926);€òòColon€v.€œLisk›óó,€153€N.Y.€188,€198,€47€œN.E.›€302,€305€(1897).€€€€€€€ iÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¥ÿôXXÔThe€North€Carolina€Court€of€Appeals€has€upheld€a€state€forfeiture€statute€that€omits€the€use€ofÐ  Ðjury€trials€in€drug„related€forfeiture€cases.€€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€103€N.C.€App›.€246,€250,€405€œS.E.2d›€351,€353Рƾ Ð(N.C.€Ct.€œApp›.€1991).€€The€court€based€its€decision€in€part€upon€finding€that€the€right€to€trial€by€jury€inÏalcohol„related€forfeiture€cases€did€not€exist€at€common€law€or€by€statute€in€1868.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ dÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô%ßôXXÔThe€North€Carolina€Court€of€Appeals€has€upheld€a€state€forfeiture€statute€that€omits€the€use€ofÐ  Ðjury€trials€in€drug„related€forfeiture€cases.€€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€103€N.C.€App.€246,€250,€405€S.E.2d€351,€353Рƾ Ð(N.C.€Ct.€App.€1991).€€The€court€based€its€decision€in€part€upon€finding€that€the€right€to€trial€by€jury€inÏalcohol„related€forfeiture€cases€did€not€exist€at€common€law€or€by€statute€in€1868.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XÚ¼XXXÔÔ€XXXÚ¼ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XÚ¼XXÔÐ  ÐÌJanuary€25,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ÜÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô%ßôXXÔThe€record€reflects€that€Mr.€Helms€did€not€contest€the€forfeiture€until€after€the€administrativeÐ  Ðproceedings.€€Nevertheless,€his€untimeliness€during€those€proceedings€does€not€affect€this€CourtððsÏjurisdiction€on€appeal.€€The€administrative€proceedings€were€not€a€proper€forum€for€his€constitutionalÏclaims.€€òòSeeóó€òòRichardson€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€Of€Dentistryóó,€913€S.W.2d€446,€456€(Tenn.€1995).€€Moreover,Ð B : Ðonce€those€proceedings€were€finalized,€he€sought€judicial€review€in€the€chancery€court€and€preserved€theÏconstitutional€issues€for€appellate€review.€€€€ d!"#$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒñÄ!ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°ÒÝ  Ýñýñ›ñýññýññùñ›ñùññýññ÷ñ›ñ÷ñѰÑÑ€°ÑÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€Ú¼XXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ‡Šú™ŠXXÔÓ=€Ú¼XÐXdÐd=ÓñöñÑ€P¨ Ññöññùñ›ñùññþñœßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rß›ñþñà@ê ê €àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÔ#†XÚ¼XŠŠú™"#ԈР ÐÔ‡Šú™ŠXXÚ¼Ôà@……*€àAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†XÚ¼XŠŠú™Ž#ԈРø ÐÌÌñùñœñùñÌÌñùñ›ñùñÌTHURSTON€ANDREW€HELMSà 8 àà  à)à è àÐ v n Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àÐ \T Ðà Ø àPlaintiff/Appellantà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àò òFOR€PUBLICATIONó óÐ B:  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìv.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àñùñœñùñò òFILED:òò€€JANUARY€25,€1999€óóó óñùñ›ñùñÐ   Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌTENNESSEE€DEPARTMENTà 8 àà  à)à è àDAVIDSON€CHANCERYÐ æÞ  ÐOF€SAFETYà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ð ÌÄ  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àHon.€Irvin€H.€ñùñœñùñKilcreaseñùñ›ñùñ,€Jr.,€ChancellorÐ ²ª  Ðà Ø àDefendant/Appellee.à 8 àà  à)Ð ˜ Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àNo.€ñùñœñùñ01S01ñùñ›ñùñ„9709„CH„00185Ð ~v Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è à(Civil€Forfeiture)Ð JB Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð ÈÀ ÐÌE.E.€Edwards,€III€&à ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ ”Œ ÐJames€A.€ñùñœñùñSimmonsñùñ›ñùñà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ zr ÐEdwards€&€ñùñœñùñSimmonsñùñ›ñùñÌNashville,€Tennesseeà à àà 8 àà  àà è àMichael€E.€MooreÐ F!> Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àSolicitor€GeneralÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àAlbert€T.€ñùñœñùñParteeñùñ›ñùñ,€IIIÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àSenior€CounselÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àPaula€D.€ñùñœñùñGodseyñùñ›ñùñÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ‡X•ÈXXXÚ¼ÔÔ‡R>‚RXX•ÈÔà@ää-€àò òOPINIONó óˆÐ >36,1 ÐÔ#†X•ÈXRR>‚±#ÔÔ#†XÚ¼XXX•È’#ÔÌÌÌCourt€of€Appealsà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð à€€€€€€€€Barker,€J.Ð H7@05 ÐAffirmedÌÐ 9 27 Їà@ÙÙ-€àò òOPINIONó óˆÐ  ÐÌÌÌÓÓà Ø àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€if€Article€I,€section€6€of€the€TennesseeÏConstitution€affords€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€cases€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„¼451€(Supp.€1992),€involving€the€forfeiture€of€personal€property.€€The€Court€of€AppealsÏheld€that€Thurston€Andrew€Helms,€the€appellant€and€owner€of€the€forfeited€property€inÏthis€action,€was€not€entitled€to€a€jury€trial.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€court€belowÏand€conclude€that€in€Tennessee€there€is€no€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€statutory€proceedingsÏinvolving€the€forfeiture€of€personal€property.€€€€€€€ÌÌà@§§+€àò òBACKGROUNDó óˆà @ àÐ þ ÐÌà Ø àOn€May€4,€1992,€Nashville€police€officers€seized€seven€packets€of€cocaine€andÏother€drug€paraphernalia€from€Mr.€Helmsðð€residence€at€3447€Golf€Club€Lane.€€TheÏDavidson€County€Criminal€Court€issued€an€ex€parte€order€of€seizure,€pursuant€toÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€45„2„706€(Supp.€1992),€requiring€NationsBank€to€freezeÏ$30,808.09€in€three€of€Mr.€Helmsðð€bank€accounts.€€The€trial€court€found€probableÏcause€to€believe€that€the€money€was€traceable€to€Mr.€Helmsðð€alleged€illegal€drug€trade.ÌÌà Ø àFollowing€two€hearings€attended€by€Mr.€Helms€and€his€lawyer,€the€trial€courtÏdetermined€that€the€money€was€subject€to€forfeiture€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„¼451€(Supp.€1992).€€The€trial€court€directed€NationsBank€to€surrender€the€money€to€theÏpolice€at€which€point€the€police€were€to€prepare€and€deliver€the€required€notices€ofÏseizure.€€NationsBank€complied€with€the€court€order€by€sending€the€police€twoÏcashierððs€checks,€one€for€$30,808.09€and€a€second€for€$215.06.€€The€police€preparedÏâ âa€notice€of€seizure€for€each€check€identifying€Mr.€Helms€as€the€owner€of€the€seizedÐ 4þ,2 Ðmoney€and€listing€his€address€as€3447€Golf€Club€Lane.€€The€two€notices€were€sent€toÏthe€post€office€to€be€delivered€by€certified€mail€to€the€Golf€Club€Lane€address.€Ìâ âÌà Ø àDuring€that€time,€Mr.€Helms€filed€a€change€of€address€with€the€post€office,Ïlisting€his€new€residence€as€286€April€Lane.€€The€post€office€delivered€the€two€noticesÏof€seizure€to€the€April€Lane€address€on€separate€dates.€€Mr.€Helms€signed€for€theÏnotice€concerning€the€$215.06;€however,€no€one€was€available€at€his€residence€to€signÏfor€the€notice€concerning€the€$30,808.09.€€The€post€office€left€a€note€at€the€April€LaneÏaddress€stating€that€the€certified€letter€could€be€picked€up€at€the€local€post€office.€ÏApproximately€one€week€later,€the€post€office€left€a€second€notice€at€the€residence€andÏthereafter€returned€the€certified€letter€to€the€police€when€Mr.€Helms€failed€to€retrieve€it.ÌÌà Ø àMr.€Helms€did€not€file€a€timely€claim€for€the€money,€and€consequently,€the€entireÏ$31,023.15€was€forfeited€without€an€administrative€hearing.€€Mr.€Helmsðð€lawyerÏrequested€the€Commissioner€of€Safety€to€reconsider€the€forfeiture€order€and€to€provideÏa€hearing€on€the€merits.€€When€the€request€was€denied,€Mr.€Helms€filed€a€petition€forÏreview€in€the€Davidson€County€Chancery€Court€alleging€that€the€forfeiture€statutesÏwere€unconstitutional€on€their€face€and€as€applied€to€him.€€He€challenged€the€forfeitureÏon€grounds€that€he€did€not€receive€adequate€notice€and€that€he€was€denied€the€right€toÏa€jury€trial€as€guaranteed€by€Article€I,€section€6€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ÌÌà Ø àIn€a€bench€trial,€the€chancery€court€upheld€the€forfeiture€and€determined€thatÏMr.€Helms€had€received€adequate€notice€of€the€forfeiture€proceedings€and€that€he€didÏnot€have€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€under€the€forfeiture€statutes.€€The€Court€of€AppealsÏaffirmed€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà Ø àOn€appeal,€Mr.€Helms€contends€that€the€statutes€governing€the€forfeiture€ofÏpersonal€property€denied€his€right€to€a€jury€trial€under€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€Ð Œ7„06 ÐThe€Department€of€Safety,€(ñùñœñùñD.O.S.ñùñ›ñùñ),€argues€for€the€first€time€that€this€Court€is€withoutÏjurisdiction€to€determine€the€merits€of€Mr.€Helmsðð€claim€because€Mr.€Helms€failed€toÏraise€it€in€a€contested€case€hearing€before€the€D.O.S.€€Mr.€Helms€filed€a€claim€for€theÏmoney€approximately€twelve€days€after€the€Commissioner€of€Safety€issued€the€orderÏof€forfeiture.€€Mr.€Helms€raised€the€constitutional€issue€of€the€right€to€aò ò€ó ójury€trial€in€hisÐ 80 Ðpetition€for€judicial€review€in€the€chancery€court€and€in€the€Court€of€Appeals.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð ü  ÐÌà Ø àAlthough€it€appears€from€the€record€that€Mr.€Helms€was€untimely€in€both€hisÏclaim€for€the€money€and€his€petition€for€judicial€review,€the€D.O.S.€waited€throughoutÏthe€proceedings€in€chancery€court€and€the€Court€of€Appeals€to€raise€any€objectionÏconcerning€timeliness.€€We,€therefore,€conclude€that€the€D.O.S.€has€waived€anyÏdefense€that€it€might€otherwise€have€had€in€that€regard.Ìò òÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€à@+€àDISCUSSIONó óˆÐ ph ÐÌà Ø àIn€this€case,€we€must€determine€whether€the€statutory€forfeitures€of€personalÏproperty€may€be€conducted€without€jury€trials.€€The€forfeiture€of€personal€property€inÏdrug„related€cases€is€governed€by€the€Drug€Control€Act.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„Ð ¬%¤" Ð11„451€(Supp.€1992).€€Forfeitures€under€that€statute€are€conducted€by€administrativeÏagencies€under€the€procedures€contained€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201€(Supp.Ï1992),€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„33„201€to€„214€(1997).€€Those€statutes€provideÏpublic€hearings€when€persons€claim€an€interest€in€the€seized€property.€€Neither€statuteÏâ âallows€for€a€jury€trial.€€Although€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„33„201€to€„214€did€not€yetÐ ¨. ', Ðexist€at€the€time€of€the€forfeiture€in€this€case,׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€we€shall€review€it€together€with€Tenn.Ð  Ðâ âCode€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201€in€addressing€Mr.€Helmsðð€constitutional€claim.€€€€€ÌÌà Ø àDuring€the€times€relevant€in€this€case,€the€forfeiture€proceedings€were€providedÏin€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201€(Supp.€1992).€€Mr.€Helms€was€required€to€file€a€timelyÏclaim€with€the€Commissioner€of€Safety€if€he€wished€to€claim€an€interest€in€the€seizedÏproperty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201(c)(1).׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Claimants€were€entitled€to€a€publicÐ ÐÈ  Ðhearing€before€the€Commissioner€of€Safety€in€which€the€State€had€the€burden€ofÏproving€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€property€should€be€forfeited.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„201(d)(1)(A)€„€(2).€€Any€party€aggrieved€by€theÏCommissionerððs€decision€had€the€right€to€seek€judicial€review€in€the€Chancery€Court€ofÏDavidson€County,€with€review€limited€to€the€administrative€record€and€conductedÏwithout€a€jury€in€accordance€with€the€Uniform€Administrative€Procedures€Act.€€òòSeeóóÐ ˜ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€4„5„322(a)(1),€(b)(1),€(g)€(Supp.€1992).€€€€€€€ÌÌà Ø àSimilar€to€those€proceedings,€the€new€procedure€codified€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðððð€40„33„201€„„€214€(Supp.€1994),€follows€an€administrative€model€for€the€forfeiture€ofÏproperty.€€Persons€seeking€to€contest€forfeiture€of€personal€property€under€the€DrugÏControl€Act€must€file€a€timely€claim€with€the€Commissioner€of€Safety.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„33„206€(1997).€€Claimants€are€then€entitled€to€a€contested€case€hearingÏunder€the€Uniform€Administrative€Procedures€Act€in€which€the€State€must€prove€by€aÏpreponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€property€at€issue€is€subject€to€forfeiture.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„33„209(d),€210(a).€€The€party€dissatisfied€with€theÐ .ˆ', ÐCommissionerððs€final€order€may€seek€judicial€review€by€filing€a€written€notice€in€eitherÏthe€circuit€or€chancery€court€of€Davidson€County.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„33„213(c)Ï(1997).€€Judicial€review€is€conducted€without€a€jury€and€is€limited€to€the€administrativeÏrecord,€except€to€the€extent€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€4„5„322(e)€and€322(g)€permit€theÏintroduction€of€additional€evidence.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà Ø àMr.€Helms€contends€that€the€forfeiture€statutes€violate€Article€I,€section€6€of€theÏTennessee€Constitution€because€they€do€not€provide€for€jury€trials€in€the€publicÏhearings€or€judicial€review.€€We€disagree.€€ÌÌà Ø àArticle€I,€section€6€of€our€Constitution€does€not€guarantee€the€right€to€a€jury€trialÏin€every€case.€€The€text€of€that€provision€reads,€ð ð[t]hat€the€right€of€trial€by€jury€shallÏremain€inviolate,€and€no€religious€or€political€test€shall€ever€be€required€as€aÏqualification€for€jurors.ðð€€This€right€has€been€interpreted€to€be€a€trial€by€jury€as€it€existedÏat€common€law,€òòMarler€v.€Wearóó,€117€Tenn.€244,€246,€96€S.W.€447,€448€(1906),€orÐ 0 ( Ðmore€specifically,€ð ðthe€common€law€under€the€laws€and€constitution€of€North€CarolinaÏat€the€time€of€the€adoption€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€of€1796.ðð€€òòPatten€v.€Stateóó,Ð È#À  Ð221€Tenn.€337,€344,€426€S.W.2d€503€506€(Tenn.€1968),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€400€U.S.€844,Ð ”%Œ" Ð91€S.Ct.€88,€27€L.€Ed.2d€80€(1970).€€For€rights€and€remedies€created€after€theÏformation€of€our€Constitution,€the€legislature€is€free€to€enact€procedures€that€do€notÏinclude€jury€trials.€€òòNewport€Housing€Authority€v.€Ballardóó,€839€S.W.2d€86,€88€(Tenn.Ð ü*ô#( Ð1992).€ÌÌà Ø àThe€Court€of€Appeals€has€previously€addressed€whether€Article€I,€section€6Ïaffords€the€right€to€a€jury€trial€in€forfeitures€of€personal€property.€€òòSeeóó€òòJones€v.€Greeneóó,Ð ,2$+0 Ð946€S.W.2d€817,€823„24€(Tenn.€App.€1996).׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€an€opinion€by€Judge€Koch,€the€courtÐ ø3ð,2 Ðdetailed€the€history€of€Tennesseeððs€civil€forfeiture€law,€beginning€with€the€UniformÏNarcotic€Act€of€1937.€€òòId.óó€at€820.€€That€statute€established€a€judicial€forfeitureÐ ÔÌ Ðproceeding€in€which€a€judge€or€magistrate€presided€without€a€jury€on€the€forfeiture€ofÏvarious€narcotic€drugs.€€òòId.óó€(citing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€52„1315).€€Ð l d ÐÌà Ø àAs€the€court€in€òòGreeneóó€noted,€Tennesseeððs€forfeiture€laws€followed€a€judicialÐ ü  Ðmodel€until€1955.€€òòId.óó€at€820.€€In€that€year,€the€General€Assembly€adopted€anÐ ÐÈ  Ðadministrative€proceeding€in€which€the€Commissioner€of€Safety€was€authorized€toÏdecide€forfeiture€claims.€€òòId.óó€at€820„21€(citing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€52„1404).€€JudicialÐ h` Ðreview€was€available€by€filing€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorari€in€the€Circuit€Court€ofÏDavidson€County.€€òòId.óó€at€821€(citing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€52„1405).€€However,€in€bothÐ ø Ðthe€initial€hearings€and€judicial€review,€there€was€no€allowance€for€jury€trials.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà Ø àTennessee€statutes€governing€the€forfeiture€of€drugs€and€other€personalÏproperty€have€consistently€omitted€the€use€of€jury€trials.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€Court€of€Appeals€inÐ 0 ( ÐòòGreeneóó€upheld€those€provisions€as€ð ðnew€remediesðð€created€by€the€legislature€after€theÐ ü!ô Ðformation€of€our€Constitution.€€946€S.W.2d€at€825.€€The€court,€however,€did€notÏaddress€whether€similar€forfeiture€procedures€existed€under€the€common€law€of€NorthÏCarolina.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.ó󀀀Р`'X $ ÐÌà Ø àOur€inquiry€is€whether€at€the€time€of€1796,€North€Carolina€recognized€civilÏforfeiture€proceedings€with€the€right€to€jury€trials.€€Mr.€Helms€relies€upon€early€EnglishÏcommon€law€and€colonial€records€to€argue€that€forfeiture€proceedings€both€existed€inÏâ âNorth€Carolina€and€were€tried€by€juries.€€In€a€well„researched€brief,€Mr.€Helms€refers€toÐ \0T). Ðhistorical€òòqui€tamóó€actions€and€executive€orders€sent€by€the€English€Crown€to€theÐ  Ðgovernor„in„chief€of€the€North€Carolina€province.€Ìâ âÌà Ø àòòQui€tamóó€actions€originated€by€statute€in€England,€allowing€individual€informantsÐ p h Ðto€sue€other€citizens€for€particular€acts€of€commission€or€omission€against€the€Crown.€ÏThe€suits€were€filed€in€the€Courts€of€Exchequer€and€if€the€informant€won,€he€dividedÏthe€penalty€with€the€Crown.€€òòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó€òòMitchell,€who€Prosecutes€for€the€King€andÐ ØÐ  Ð[himself]€v.€Torupóó,€Parker€227,€145€Eng.€Rep.€764€(F.x.€1766).€€Although€this€practiceÐ ¤œ  Ðinvolved€jury€trials€and€was€adopted€in€colonial€North€Carolina,׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€it€is€significantlyÐ ph Ðdifferent€from€civil€forfeiture€and€is€unpersuasive€in€this€case.ÌÌà Ø àMr.€Helms€also€relies€on€two€executive€orders€sent€by€King€George€II€to€theÏgovernor„in„chief€of€the€North€Carolina€province.€€In€two€orders€sent€by€the€king€inÏ1754,€Governor€Arthur€Dobbs€was€directed€to€establish€a€Court€of€Exchequer€and€wasÏgiven€a€procedure€for€the€selection€of€jurors.€€òòInstructions€to€Governor€in€Chiefóó,€8Ð 8 0 ÐColonial€Records€of€North€Carolina:€Records€of€the€Executive€Council,€1735„1754,ÏR.J.€Cain,€ed.€490,€520,€531€(1988).€€The€colonial€records€show€that€the€NorthÏCarolina€province€had€jury€proceedings€in€courts€similar€to€the€common€law€Court€ofÏExchequer.€€The€records,€however,€are€sparse€and€do€not€show€evidence€of€forfeitureÏproceedings€in€the€North€Carolina€province€or€in€early€North€Carolina€statehood.€€€€€€€€€€€ÏÌà Ø àFrom€other€American€colonies,€it€is€well„documented€that€jurisdiction€over€theÏforfeiture€of€property,€as€exercised€by€the€Court€of€Exchequer€in€England,€wasÏadopted€by€colonial€courts€in€common€law€proceedings.€€òòSeeóó€òòUnited€States€v.€OneÐ h0`). Ð1976€Mercedes€Benz€280Sóó,€618€F.2d€453,€466€(7th€Cir.€1980).€€Forfeiture€in€those€Ð 42,+0 Ðcourts€was€òòin€remóó€against€the€property€in€question€and€was€tried€by€a€jury,€similar€toÐ 4ø,2 Ðthe€traditional€procedure€in€Exchequer.€€òòC.J.€Hendry€Co.€v.€Mooreóó,€318€U.S.€133,€139„Ð  Ð40,€63€S.Ct.€499,€502,€503,€87€L.Ed.€663€(1943).€€ÌÌà Ø àSeveral€jurisdictions€in€the€United€States€have€borrowed€from€the€early€colonialÏpractice€and€have€incorporated€the€use€of€jury€trials€into€modern€forfeitureÏproceedings.€€If€not€prescribed€by€statute,€those€states€have€recognized€the€right€to€aÏjury€trial€in€forfeiture€cases€based€upon€their€respective€constitutions€and€the€commonÏlaw€in€both€England€and€colonial€America.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€à è àÐ œ”  ÐÌà Ø àTennessee,€however,€differs€from€all€other€states€in€focusing€upon€the€commonÏlaw€of€North€Carolina€to€interpret€the€jury€trial€guarantee€under€the€State€Constitution.€ÏòòPatten€v.€Stateóó,€221€Tenn.€at€344,€426€S.W.2d€at€506.€€From€our€review€of€the€law€inÐ ÌÄ ÐNorth€Carolina€and€Tennessee,€we€find€no€evidence€that€those€states€followed€orÏadopted€the€forfeiture€proceedings€from€English€common€law.€€Moreover,€even€ifÏforfeiture€existed€in€North€Carolina€and€the€Tennessee€territory€before€1796,€there€isÏno€evidence€that€jury€trials€were€the€mode€for€resolving€those€types€of€cases.ñùñœñùññùñ׃>×ñùññùñ׃>×ñùñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñùñ›ñùñ€€Ð ü!ô ÐÌà Ø àWhen€addressing€the€constitutionality€of€a€statute,€we€afford€considerableÏdiscretion€to€the€General€Assembly€and€resolve€any€reasonable€doubt€in€favor€of€theÏlegislative€action.€€òòIn€re€Bursonóó,€909€S.W.2d€768,€775€(Tenn.€1995);€òòGreat€Atlantic€&Ð ,)$"& ÐPacific€Tea€Co.€v.€McCanlessóó,€178€Tenn.€354,€355,€157€S.W.2d€843,€844€(1942).€€WeÐ ø*ð#( Ðfind€reasonable€doubt€in€this€case€and€uphold€the€constitutionality€of€the€forfeitureÏprovisions.€€ÌÌà@àà+€àò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ l d ÐÌà Ø àThe€General€Assembly€enacted€forfeiture€statutes€and€amended€them€overÏtime€to€combat€the€rise€of€drug„related€crimes€in€Tennessee.€€The€modern€proceduresÏfor€the€forfeiture€of€personal€property€are€administrative,€except€for€judicial€review,€andÏare€intended€to€afford€due€process€to€the€interested€claimants.€€In€addition,€theÏprocedures€provide€an€efficient€means€of€enforcing€anti„drug€and€contrabandÏregulations,€with€all€the€rights€and€remedies€created€by€statute.€€€€ÌÌà Ø àHaving€found€no€evidence€that€those€or€similar€proceedings€existed€underÏNorth€Carolina€common€law€in€1796,€we€conclude€that€the€statutes€for€the€forfeiture€ofÏpersonal€property€are€valid€under€Article€I,€section€6.€€The€judgment€of€the€Court€ofÏAppeals€is€affirmed€with€costs€assessed€against€the€appellant,€Mr.€Helms.ÌÌÓÌÓà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è à_____________________________ÌÓcÓà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUSTICEÌÌñùñœñùñCONCUR:ñùñ›ñùñÌÓóRÓAnderson,€C.J.ÌÓ;JÓDrowota,€Birch,€Holder,€JJ.Ó¼SÓñùñœñùñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÐ ²6ª/5 ÐÑP¨ ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ññöñ›ñöñÌÔ‡ŠZ¸ŠXXºƒÔÌà@>>$€àSUPREME€COURT,€Ô#†XºƒXŠŠZ¸ÛT#ÔÔ‡ŠZ¸ŠXXºƒÔNASHVILLEÔ#†XºƒXŠŠZ¸?U#ÔÔ‡ŠZ¸ŠXXºƒÔˆÐ æÞ Ðñ÷ñÌñ÷ñÌÌÌTHURSTON€ANDREW€HELMSà  à)à è àÐ Æ ¾ Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àÐ ¾ ¶ Ðà Ø àPlaintiff/Appellantà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àDAVIDSON€CHANCERYñöñò òó óñöñÐ ¶® Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àNO.€ñýñœñýññüñ92„3515„Iñüññýñ›ñýññýññýñÐ ®¦  Ðv.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ò òñöñòòóóñöñó óÐ ¦ž  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àNO.€01S01„9709„CH„00185Ð ž–  ÐTENNESSEE€DEPARTMENTà 8 àà  à)à è àÐ –Ž  ÐOF€SAFETYà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àCourt€of€Appeals€AffirmedÐ Ž†  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àÐ †~  Ðà Ø àDefendant/Appellee.à 8 àà  à)Ð ~v Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àÐ vn ÐÔ#†XºƒXŠŠZ¸kU#Ôñùñ›ñùñÌñùñœñùññøñÌñøñÌñöñ›ñöñà@TT,€àòòJUDGMENTóóñöñ›ñöñˆÐ   Ðñöñ›ñöñÌñöñ›ñöñÓÓà Ø àThis€case€was€heard€upon€the€record€on€appeal€from€the€Court€of€ñóñCriminal€ñóñAppeals,Ïapplication€for€permission€to€appeal€having€heretofore€been€granted,€briefs€andÏargument€of€counsel;€and€upon€consideration€thereof,€this€Court€is€of€the€opinion€thatÏthere€is€no€right€to€a€jury€trial€inñôñ€theñôñ€civil€forfeiture€of€personal€property.ÌÌà Ø àIn€accordance€with€the€opinion€filed€herein,€it€is,€therefore,€ordered€andÏadjudged€that€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Appeals€is€affirmed,€and€the€case€isÏremanded€to€the€Chancery€Court€of€Davidson€County€for€the€collection€of€costsÏaccrued€below.ÌÌà Ø àCosts€of€appeal€will€be€paid€by€the€appellant,€Thurstñúñeñúññûñoñûñn€Andrew€Helms.ÌÓçZÓÌÌÌ01/25/99ñõññíñ€€ñíññîñÌÌñîñ€€ñõññùñ›ñùñ