WPCM oY^XǢ<ò&\kHltX}YTJ.Ebx'n>{>1 ~9 Ix='<,"36  k`p.>J᭣*'pCt;v&Wlt]IW~P|5c? k@vp!Bw0n_'d+BҲC(?ٸ ~uV 6}GBu7`܇PQg Z՛xC'pn! ǪL{Wd?N +и_G4֎Sk%0:T*# UEb&ͪC]qվs3F"=mQ=r;% \9O<(q:\Sm ď("6wShiO 5~/,"]oʅߪPqDQ^rq!@Wn2 F^Ά: SqZ+R<Ze99M%LcdP# `U:k % 0w3 4  0! U : 1 0 D  ?,kWU:UU:1U:!)"U:*$d$U:U&& B))U:F))U:<*v*U:|,?,U:-/.U://U:11U:e33U:85r5U:7U7U:8139U:d;;U:==U:?@U:BBU:zCCU:E?EU:GSGU:H AQIcI 0D)J 0DmJ 0DJ D/J B$KAK D3BLU:uLLU:MHP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,,,,,,0nLh,  AZ"Arial RegularX(`zZ$TRY,3' Letter3'3' Letter3'T     E [  D H H  D    D  I       Ӏ  F&3|x ((2\$ zZ!TRX3' Letter3'3'*Avery 5165 Full Sheet3'T   40XX   0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular z  $  4XX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennesseeinwrongfuldeathcases.SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc.,880S.W.2d938,  943(Tenn.1994).(#$  0     $  4XX   3    "[W]henanypersonmaydepartthislife,byoragainstwhom...anycivilaction,  whetherthesamebefoundedonwrongsorcontracts,exceptactionsforwrongsaffectingthepersonorcharacteroftheplaintiff,mayhavecommenced,itshallbelawfultorenewsuchsuitbyoragainstthepersonalrepresentativeofsuchdecedent..."1836Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.77.  $  4XX   1    OralargumentwasheardinthiscaseonApril2,1998,inShelbyville,BedfordCounty,  Tennessee,aspartofthisCourtsS.C.A.L.E.S.( S upreme C ourt A dvancing L egal E ducationfor   S tudents)project.   $  4XX   4    "[I]nallandeverycasewhereanypersonshallcometohisdeath,byinjuriesreceived  fromanother...forwhichinjuries,incasedeathhadnotresulted,anactionofdamageswouldlieatlaw,thepersonalrepresentativeofthepersonthuskilledshallhavetherighttoinstituteanactionfordamages..."1850Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.58.   $  4XX   5    "[W]henthedeathofoneiscausedbythewrongfulactoromissionofanother,the  personalrepresentativesoftheformermaymaintainanactionagainstthelatter,iftheformermighthavemaintainedanactionhadhelived,againstthelatterforaninjurycausedbythesameactoromission..."1851Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.17. v  $  4XX   6    "[T]herightofactionwhichaperson,whodiesfrominjuriesreceivedfromanother,or  whosedeathiscausedbythewrongfulact,omission,orkillingbyanother,wouldhavehadagainstthewrongdoerincasedeathhadnotensued,shallnotabateorbeextinguishedbyhisdeath,butshallpasstohiswidow,andincasethereisnowidow,tohischildren,ortohispersonalrepresentative,forthebenefitofhiswidowornextofkin..."1877Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.78. 5  $  4XX   9    Allcasesprecludingrecoveryofspousalconsortiumlossesinwrongfuldeathcasesare  overruledtotheextenttheyareinconsistentwiththisopinion.   $  4XX   8    "Itisthusapparentfromtheauthoritiesthatthereare...twoclassesofdamages  recoverableinthesameaction.First,damagespurelyfortheinjurytothedeceasedhimself;second,theincidentaldamagessufferedbythewidowandchildren,ornextofkin,fromhisdeath."DavidsonBenedictCo.,72S.W.at977.  $  4XX   7    See1883Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.186.,  AZ"Arial Regular   $  4XX   1    OralargumentwasheardinthiscaseonApril2,1998,inShelbyville,BedfordCounty,  Tennessee,aspartofthisCourtsS.C.A.L.E.S.( S upreme C ourt A dvancing L egal E ducationfor   S tudents)project. | $  4XX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennesseei nnegligencecases .SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc.,880S.W.2d938,943  (Tenn.1994).,  AZ"Arial Regular '    $  4XX   3    "[W]henanypersonmaydepartthislife,byoragainstwhom...anycivilaction,whether  thesamebefoundedonwrongsorcontracts,exceptactionsforwrongsaffectingthepersonorcharacteroftheplaintiff,mayhavecommenced,itshallbelawfultorenewsuchsuitbyoragainstthepersonalrepresentativeofsuchdecedent..."1836Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.77.,  AZ"Arial Regular  $  4XX   4    "[I]nallandeverycasewhereanypersonshallcometohisdeath,byinjuriesreceived  fromanother...forwhichinjuries,incasedeathhadnotresulted,anactionofdamageswouldlieatlaw,thepersonalrepresentativeofthepersonthuskilledshallhavetherighttoinstituteanactionfordamages..."1850Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.58.,  AZ"Arial Regular  $  4XX   5    "[W]henthedeathofoneiscausedbythewrongfulactoromissionofanother,the  personalrepresentativesoftheformermaymaintainanactionagainstthelatter,iftheformermighthavemaintainedanactionhadhelived,againstthelatterforaninjurycausedbythesameactoromission..."1851Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.17.,  AZ"Arial Regular  $  4!XX   6    "[T]herightofactionwhichaperson,whodiesfrominjuriesreceivedfromanother,or  whosedeathiscausedbythewrongfulact,omission,orkillingbyanother,wouldhavehadagainstthewrongdoerincasedeathhadnotensued,shallnotabateorbeextinguishedbyhisdeath,butshallpasstohiswidow,andincasethereisnowidow,tohischildren,ortohispersonalrepresentative,forthebenefitofhiswidowornextofkin..." 1877Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch. (  78.  d,  AZ"Arial Regular $  4#XX   7    See1883Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.186.,  AZ"Arial Regular  $  4%XX   8    "Itisthusapparentfromtheauthoritiesthatthereare...twoclassesofdamages  recoverableinthesameaction.First,damagespurelyfortheinjurytothedeceasedhimself;second,theincidentaldamagessufferedby the widowandchildren,ornextofkin,fromhis  death."DavidsonBenedictCo.,72S.W.at977.,  AZ"Arial Regular 5 $  4'XX   9    Allcasesprecludingrecoveryofspousalconsortiumlossesinwrongfuldeathcasesare  overruledtotheextenttheyareinconsistentwiththisopinion.,  AZ"Arial Regular v j:$  4)`XX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennesseeinnegligencecases.SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc.,880S.W.2d938,943 |t (Tenn.1994).,  AZ"Arial Regular  j:$  4+`XX   1    OralargumentwasheardinthiscaseonApril2,1998,inShelbyville,BedfordCounty,  Tennessee,aspartofthisCourtsS.C.A.L.E.S.( S upreme C ourt A dvancing L egal E ducationfor |t  S tudents)project.,  AZ"Arial Regular  j:$  4-`XX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennesseeinnegligencecases resultingindeath .SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc.,880  S.W.2d938,943(Tenn.1994).,  AZ"Arial Regular  j:$  4/XX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennesseeinnegligencecases resultingindeath .SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc.,880  S.W.2d938,943(Tenn.1994).,  AZ"Arial Regular   $  41XX   1    OralargumentwasheardinthiscaseonApril2,1998,inShelbyville,BedfordCounty,  Tennessee,aspartofthisCourtsS.C.A.L.E.S.( S upreme C ourt A dvancing L egal E ducationfor xp  S tudents)project.,  AZ"Arial Regular   $  43XX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennessee innegligencecases inwrongfuldeathcases .SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc., xp 880S.W.2d938,943(Tenn.1994).,  AZ"Arial Regular '     $  45XX   3    "[W]henanypersonmaydepartthislife,byoragainstwhom...anycivilaction,  whetherthesamebefoundedonwrongsorcontracts,exceptactionsforwrongsaffectingthepersonorcharacteroftheplaintiff,mayhavecommenced,itshallbelawfultorenewsuchsuitbyoragainstthepersonalrepresentativeofsuchdecedent..."1836Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.77.,  AZ"Arial Regular   $  47XX   4    "[I]nallandeverycasewhereanypersonshallcometohisdeath,byinjuriesreceived  fromanother...forwhichinjuries,incasedeathhadnotresulted,anactionofdamageswouldlieatlaw,thepersonalrepresentativeofthepersonthuskilledshallhavetherighttoinstituteanactionfordamages..."1850Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.58.,  AZ"Arial Regular   $  49XX   5    "[W]henthedeathofoneiscausedbythewrongfulactoromissionofanother,the  personalrepresentativesoftheformermaymaintainanactionagainstthelatter,iftheformermighthavemaintainedanactionhadhelived,againstthelatterforaninjurycausedbythesameactoromission..."1851Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.17.,  AZ"Arial Regular v  $  4;XX   6    "[T]herightofactionwhichaperson,whodiesfrominjuriesreceivedfromanother,or  whosedeathiscausedbythewrongfulact,omission,orkillingbyanother,wouldhavehadagainstthewrongdoerincasedeathhadnotensued,shallnotabateorbeextinguishedbyhisdeath,butshallpasstohiswidow,andincasethereisnowidow,tohischildren,ortohispersonalrepresentative,forthebenefitofhiswidowornextofkin..."1877Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.78.,  AZ"Arial Regular  $  4=XX   7    See1883Tenn.Pub.Acts,ch.186.,  AZ"Arial Regular   $  4?XX   8    "Itisthusapparentfromtheauthoritiesthatthereare...twoclassesofdamages  recoverableinthesameaction.First,damagespurelyfortheinjurytothedeceasedhimself;second,theincidentaldamagessufferedbythewidowandchildren,ornextofkin,fromhisdeath."DavidsonBenedictCo.,72S.W.at977.,  AZ"Arial Regular 5  $  4AXX   9    Allcasesprecludingrecoveryofspousalconsortiumlossesinwrongfuldeathcasesare  overruledtotheextenttheyareinconsistentwiththisopinion.,  AZ"Arial Regular {  $  4CXX   2    ThisCourthaspreviouslyheldthatclaimsforhedonicdamagesarenotviablein  Tennesseeinwrongfuldeathcases.SeeSpencerv.A1CraneServ.,Inc.,880S.W.2d938,  943(Tenn.1994).,  AZ"Arial RegularEFGHIC<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !  (3$ !  ($$   1  JJ' dxdP Pd F"  MXXXXM XMX   Ad FILEDMXX M  May10,1999CecilCrowson,Jr.AppellateCourtClerkdAh  'dxd,cAZ"Arial Regular  F"  OXXXXO XOX   Ad FILEDOXX O  January25 @ ,1999CecilCrowson,Jr.AppellateCourtClerkdAh ,cAZ"Arial Regular zZ!TRX3' Letter3'3'*Avery 5165 Full Sheet3'T   4TR[A'Legal RedX3' LetterA' Legal3'*Avery 5165 Full SheetT  7XXdd7   XX "*US \\ (:!&)* #X~XU# &&XX  rDKL<,(j 8` `@E ` 8ttxP,  r   rDNL<,(j 8` `@E ` 8ttxP,  r    @DINTHESUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEE tDNL>.*jx` `@E` 8ttxP"  t @)DATNASHVILLE@$D(HEARDATSHELBYVILLE)̛   <      D   FORPUBLICATION    <      D   Filed: 򀀀January25,1999T$T$MT$   MARTHAP.JORDAN,Administratrix@&&/D)   oftheEstateofMarySueDouglas,@&&/D) XP  Deceased,@&&/D) (  @&&/D) PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,@&&/D)  HUMPHREYSCIRCUIT   @&&/D)v.@&&/D)  Hon.RobertE.Burch h`  @&&/D)BAPTISTTHREERIVERSHOSPITAL,@&&/D)  No.01S019706CV00142  MARKW.ANDERSON,M.D.,@&&/D)  NOELDOMINGUEZ,M.D.,AND@&&/D)  PATRICKJ.MURPHY,M.D.,@&&/D) xp @&&/D) DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES.@&&/D)    (X4T$4T$(&  FORPLAINTIFF/APPELLANT: XP DAVIDRANDOLPHSMITHROBERTBLAKEMENZELNashville'X &  FORDEFENDANT/APPELLEE, "! BAPTISTTHREERIVERSHOSPITAL: "" GAYLEMALONE,JR.KATHRYNJ.LADDKARAE.SHEANashville'" &  FORDEFENDANT/APPELLEE, (!) MARKW.ANDERSON,M.D.:   X)P"* DANL.NOLANSUZANNEM.PEARSONClarksville'( &  FORDEFENDANT/APPELLEE, 8.0'0 NOELDOMINGUEZ,M.D.: /(1 THOMASF.RAINEYJackson'8.  x1p*4 Ї&  FORDEFENDANT/APPELLEE, XP4 PATRICKJ.MURPHY,M.D.: ( 5 ROBERTE.HOENJOHNR.CALLCOTTNashville'XH &   FORAMICUSCURIAE, "< STEFFONEMcCLENDON: #= H.NAILLFALLSJR.JAMESB.JOHNSONNashville'" &   FORAMICUSCURIAE, X)P"D TENNESSEETRIALLAWYERSASSOCIATION: *#F JOHNA.DAYDONALDCAPPARELLANashvilleSTEVENW.TERRYMorristown' X) 0)M (X@44(Ҝ̛@ss)D J&&OPINION #&&J#Ԉ 5.P ̛̜TRIALCOURTREVERSED     D      L HOLDER,J.  |9t2Td XX&& @,D OPINION    Wegrantedthisappealtodeterminewhether  spousalandparentalϜ  consortiumlossesshouldbepermissibleinwrongfuldeathactions.Tennesseelawpreviouslypermittedtheanomalousresultofallowing  spousal  consortiumlossesinpersonalinjurycasesbutnotincasesofwrongfuldeath.Uponreviewofthemoderntrendofauthorityandcarefulscrutinyofourstatutoryscheme,weholdthatlossofconsortiumclaimsshouldnotbelimitedtopersonalinjurysuits.Weholdthatthepecuniaryvalueofadeceased'slifeinclude  stheelementofdamagescommonlyreferredtoaslossofconsortium.   X XXXԛ @8     BACKGROUND   " #XX X X#ThiscauseofactionarisesoutofthedeathofMarySueDouglas  ("decedent").Theplaintiff,MarthaP.Jordan,isasurvivingchildofthedecedentandtheadministratrixofthedecedent'sestate.Theplaintiff,onbehalfofthedecedent'sestate,filedamedicalmalpracticeactionagainstthedefendants,BaptistThreeRiversHospital,MarkW.Anderson,M.D.,Noel  Dominguez  ,M.D.,andPatrickMurphy,M.D.Theplaintiffhasallegedthatthedefendants'negligencecausedthedecedent'sdeath. Theplaintiff'scomplaintsoughtdamagesforlossofconsortiumandforthedecedent'slossofenjoymentoflifeorhedonicdamages.ThedefendantsfiledamotiontostrikeandamotionforjudgmentonthepleadingsassertingthatTennesseelawdoesnotpermitrecoveryforlossofparentalconsortiumandforhedonicdamages. Thetrialcourtgrantedthedefendants'motiontostrikeandgrantedtheplaintiffpermissiontofileaninterlocutoryappeal.TheCourtofAppealsfound 928 thattheplaintiff'sapplicationforappellatereviewwasuntimely.Nevertheless,theappellatecourt"reviewedtheplaintiff'sapplicationandtheresponsesofthedefendantsand[found]thatthis[was]notanappropriatecaseforaninterlocutoryappeal."Theplaintiff'sapplicationforaninterlocutoryappealwasdenied.Wegrantedappeal    0  *     #  1      ׀todeterminewhether a  claim  s  forlossof  spousaland   М  parentalconsortium  inwrongfuldeathcasesare  viableinTennesseeunderTenn.CodeAnn.205113.        B  2  .  ,  (    #  2      כ  Weexpressnoopinionastowhetherthelossof  parentalconsortiummayberecoveredinpersonalinjuryactionsinwhichtheparentorparentssurvive.Thatissuewillbeaddressedinanappropriatecase.      ANALYSIS (     DevelopmentofWrongfulDeathStatute   & Awrongfuldeathcauseofactiondidnotexistatcommonlaw.See $  Annotation,ModernStatusofRuleDenyingaCommonLawRecoveryfor &x" WrongfulDeath,61A.L.R.3d906(1975).Pursuanttothecommonlaw,actions X(P!$ forpersonalinjuriesthatresultedindeathterminatedatthevictim'sdeathbecause"inacivilcourtthedeathofahumanbeingcouldnotbecomplainedofasaninjury."W.PageKeetonetal.,ProsserandKeetonontheLawofTorts -&* М𛁜127,at945(5thed.1984)("Prosser")."The[legal]resultwasthatitwas /(, cheaperforthedefendanttokilltheplaintiffthantoinjurehim,andthatthemostgrievousofallinjuriesleftthebereavedfamilyofthevictim...withouta h3`,0 Мremedy."  Id.  񛀀Thisruleofnonliabilityforwrongfuldeathwaspreviouslythe  prevailingviewinbothEnglandandintheUnitedStates.EastTennesseeV.&  G.Ry.Co.v.Lilly,18S.W.243,244(Tenn1891);Hallv.Nashville&C.R.Co.,   1Shan.141(Tenn.1859). In1846,theBritishParliamentenactedawrongfuldeathstatutedesignedtoabrogatethecommonlawrule'sharsheffectofdenyingrecoveryforpersonalinjuriesresultingindeath.TheEnglishstatutewasreferredtoas"LordCampbell'sAct"andcreatedacauseofactionfordesignatedsurvivorsthataccrueduponthetortvictim'sdeath.SeeMalone,TheGenesisofWrongful  Death,17Stan.L.Rev.1043,1051(1965);Prosser,127,at945. xp  JurisdictionsintheUnitedStateswerequicktofollowEngland'slead.Id. (  In1847,NewYorkbecamethefirstAmericanjurisdictiontoenactawrongfuldeathstatute.Speiser,RecoveryforWrongfulDeathandInjury,1:9(3ded.   1992).Presently,everyjurisdictionintheUnitedStateshasawrongfuldeathstatute.Id.;seealsoProsser,127,at945.Thesestatutes,including  thatof $  Tennessee, Tennessee's,  embodythesubstantiveprovisionsofLordCampbell'sActandpermitdesignatedbeneficiariestorecoverlossessustainedasaresultofthetortvictim'sdeath.DixieOhioExp.Co.v.Butler,166S.W.2d614,615(Tenn. *#& 1942);EastTennessee,18S.W.at244. +$(  Tennesseewasoneoftheearlieststatestoabrogatejudicially"[t]heartificialruleofthecommonlawthateveryrightofactionforpersonalinjurydiedwiththepersoninjured."EastTennessee,18S.W.at244.Asearlyas1836, H3@,0  theTennesseelegislatureenactedastatuteprovidingforthesurvivalofallcivil  5.2 actionsforwhichsuithadbeencommencedpriortothevictim'sdeath.    4    #  3      ׀In1850,   ourlegislaturemadeitsinitialattempttopermitrecoveryinwrongfuldeathcases.Thelegislationpermitteda personal  recoveryforwrongfuldeathbyenactinglegislationthatpermittedapersonalrepresentativetobringanactiononbehalfofawidowornextofkinforthewrongfuldeathofthevictimregardlessofwhethersuithadbeencommencedpriortothedeath.   6    #  4      כThisstatuteunderwent @8  revisionsin1851  X 8X    #  5      כand1877    :      #  6      כwhichmovedthelawclosertoitspresentform.   Thus,priorto1850,Tennesseeadheredtothecommonlawrulethat,uponthedeathofthevictim,nocauseofactionfordamagescouldbebroughtbytheestateofthedeceasedforthebenefitofthirdparties,suchasfamilymembers,whosustainedlossesasaresultofthedeath.SeeDanielv.EastTenn.Coal xp МCo.,58S.W.859,860(Tenn.1900);Chambersv.Porter,45Tenn.273,276 PH (1868). Aftermorethanacenturyofpiecemealrevisionbythelegislatureandinterpretationbythecourts,Tennessee'smodernwrongfuldeathlawhastakenshape.Seegenerally,T.A.Smedley,WrongfulDeathActionsinTennessee,27 $   Tenn.L.Rev.447(1960).Ourpresentwrongfuldeathstatutesaresubstantially `&X" similartotheearlycodificationsabandoningtheruleofnonliabilityforwrongfuldeath.  Specifically,Tenn.CodeAnn.205102,thedirectdescendentofthe1836statute,providesthat8 [n]ocivilactioncommenced,whetherfoundedonwrongsorcontracts,exceptactionsforwrongsaffectingthecharacteroftheplaintiff,shallabatebythedeathofeitherparty...;norshallanyrightofactionarisinghereafterbasedonthewrongfulactoromissionofanother,exceptactionsforwrongsaffectingthecharacter,beabatedbythedeathofthepartywronged;buttherightofactionshallpassinlikemanneras[describedinTenn.CodeAnn.205106].  ! ! u2 Moreover,TennCodeAnn.205106,themodernversionofthe1877statute,providesinpart:8 Therightofactionwhichaperson,whodiesfrominjuriesreceivedfromanother,orwhosedeathiscausedbythewrongfulact,omission,orkillingbyanother,wouldhavehadagainstthewrongdoer,incasedeathhadnotbeenensued,shallnotabateorbeextinguishedbytheperson'sdeathbutshallpasstotheperson'ssurvivingspouseand,incasethereisnosurvivingspouse,totheperson'schildrenornextofkin;ortotheperson'spersonalrepresentative,forthebenefitoftheperson'ssurvivingspouseornextofkin.5  ! ! ̜Tenn.CodeAnn.205106(a).Thus,anexaminationofthedevelopmentofTennessee'swrongfuldeathlaw,fromitsinceptiontothepresent,establishesthattherightofrecoveryinawrongfuldeathcaseisstrictlyacreationofstatute.SeeHoganv.McDaniel,319S.W.2d221,22223(Tenn.1958);Jamisonv. \2T+/ MemphisTransitManagementCo.,381F.2d670,673(6thCir.1967). 44,-1  Becauseacauseofactionforwrongfuldeathisacreationofstatute,recoverabledamagesmustbedeterminedbyreferencetotheparticularstatute 927 involved.Althoughallstateshaveabolishedtheruleofnonliabilitywhenpersonalinjuryresultsindeath,thestatutorymethodsofdoingsofallintotwodistinctcategorieswrongfuldeathstatutesandsurvivalstatutes.SeeSea   LandServ.,Inc.v.Gaudet,414U.S.573,575n.2(1974).    Themajorityofstateshaveenacted"survival  statutes  ."Thesestatutespermitthevictim'scauseofactiontosurvivethedeath,sothatthevictim,throughthevictim'sestate,recoversdamagesthatwouldhavebeenrecoveredbythevictimhadthevictimsurvived.SeaLand,414U.S.at575n.2;Recovery  forWrongfulDeathat1:15;Prosser,126,at94243.Survival  statutes  donot  createanewcauseofaction;rather,thecauseofactionvestedinthevictimatthetimeofdeathistransferredtothepersondesignatedinthestatutoryschemetopursueit,andtheactionisenlargedtoincludedamagesforthedeathitself.ϜProsser,126,at94243."[T]herecoveryisthesameonethedecedentwould  havebeenentitledtoatdeath,andthusincludedsuchitemsaswageslostafterinjuryandbeforedeath,medicalexpensesincurred,andpainandsuffering,"andotherappropriatecompensatorydamagessufferedbythevictimfromthetimeofinjurytothetimeofdeath.Id.at943. `&X"  Incontrasttosurvival  statutes  ,"purewrongfuldeathstatutes"createanewcauseofactioninfavorofthesurvivorsofthevictimfortheirloss +$( occasionedbythedeath.RecoveryforWrongfulDeathat1:13;WilliamT. -&* Gamble,ActionsforWrongfulDeathinTennessee,4Vand.L.Rev.289,290 /(, (1950).Thesestatutesproceed"onthetheoryofcompensatingtheindividualbeneficiariesforthelossoftheeconomicbenefitwhichtheymightreasonablyhaveexpectedtoreceivefromthedecedentintheformofsupport,servicesorcontributionsduringtheremainderof[thedecedent's]lifetimeif[thedecedent]hadnotbeenkilled."Prosser,127,at949.Hence,mostwrongfuldeath 816 jurisdictionshaveadopteda"pecuniaryloss"standardofrecovery,allowingdamagesforeconomiccontributionsthedeceasedwouldhavemadetothesurvivorshaddeathnotoccurredandfortheeconomicvalueoftheservicesthedeceasedwouldhaverenderedtothesurvivorsbutforthedeath.Recoveryfor   WrongfulDeathat3:1. h`  Tennessee'sapproachtoprovidingaremedyfordeathresultingfrompersonalinjuryisahybridbetweensurvivalandwrongfuldeath  statutes  ,resultinginastatutoryschemewitha"splitpersonality."27Tenn.L.Rev.at454.Thepertinentdamagesstatute,Tenn.CodeAnn.205113,hasbeeninexistenceinoneformoranothersince1883.   <  "  #  7      ׀Itprovides: xp 8 Whereaperson'sdeathiscausedbythewrongfulact,fault,oromissionofanother,andsuitisbroughtfordamages...thepartysuingshall,ifentitledtodamages,havetherighttorecoverthementalandphysicalsuffering,lossoftime,andnecessaryexpensesresultingtothedeceasedfromthepersonalinjuries, and   alsothedamagesresultingtothepartiesforwhoseuseandbenefittherightofactionsurvivesfromthedeathconsequentupontheinjuriesreceived .G# ! ! Tenn.CodeAnn.205113(emphasisadded). TheplainlanguageofTenn.CodeAnn.205113revealsthatitmaybeclassifiedasasurvivalstatutebecauseitpreserveswhatevercauseofactionwasvestedinthevictimatthetimeofdeath.Jonesv.Black,539S.W.2d123 .'+ (Tenn.1976);Milliganv.AmericanHoist&DerrickCo.,622F.Supp.56,59 0)- (W.D.Tenn.1985).Thesurvivalcharacterofthestatuteisevidencedbythelanguage"thepartysuingshallhavetherighttorecover[damages]resulting to \4T-1 thedeceasedfromthepersonalinjuries ."Thrailkillv.Patterson,879S.W.2d D6  $  #  8      כIncidentaldamageshavebeenjudiciallydefined  toincludethepecuniaryvalueofthedecedent'slife.Spencerv.A1Crane   Serv.,Inc.,880S.W.2d938,943(Tenn.1994).Pecuniaryvaluehasbeen   judiciallydefinedtoinclude"theexpectancyoflife,theage,conditionofhealthandstrength,capacityforlaborandearningmoneythroughskill,anyart,trade,professionandoccupationorbusiness,andpersonalhabitsastosobrietyandindustry."Id .  . 񛀀  Pecuniaryvaluealsotakesintoaccountthedecedent'sprobable   livingexpenseshadthedecedentlived.Wallacev.Couch,642S.W.2d141  (Tenn.1982);Huttonv.CityofSavannah,968S.W.2d808,81112(Tenn.Ct.  App.1997).   Thewrongfuldeathstatuteneitherexplicitlyprecludesconsortiumdamagesnorreflectsanintentiontoprecludeconsortiumdamages.Thestatute'slanguagedoesnotlimitrecoverytopurelyeconomiclosses.Tothecontrary,thestatute'splainlanguageappearstoencompassconsortiumdamages. Indeed,thisCourthasrecognizedthatpecuniaryvaluecannotbedefinedtoamathematicalcertaintyassuchadefinition"wouldoverlookthevalueofthe[spouse's]personalinterestintheaffairsofthehomeandtheeconomyincidentto[thespouse's]services."Thrailkill,879S.W.2dat841.Wefurtherbelieve -&* thatthepecuniaryvalueofahumanlifeisacompoundofmanyelements.Anindividualfamilymemberhasvaluetoothersaspartofafunctioningsocialandeconomicunit.Thisvaluenecessarilyincludesthevalueofmutualsocietyandprotection,i.e,humancompanionship.Humancompanionshiphasadefinite,  5.2 substantialandascertainablepecuniaryvalue , anditslossformsapartofthevalueofthelifeweseektoascertain.Whileuncertaintiesmayariseinproofwhendefiningthevalueofhumancompanionship,theonecommittingthewrongfulactcausingthedeathofahumanbeingshouldnotbepermittedtoseekprotectionbehindtheuncertaintiesinherentintheverysituationhiswrongfulacthascreated.Moreover,itseemsillogicalandabsurdtobelievethatthelegislaturewouldintendtheanomalyofpermitting  recoveryof  consortiumlosseswhenaspouseisinjuredandsurvivesbutnot recoverconsortiumlosses  whentheverysameactcausesaspouse'sdeath.#XLXX XLj# XLXXXL   Weareconstrainedtointerpret#XLXX XL/z#Ԁstatutessothatnopartorphraseofa xp statutewillberenderedinoperative,superfluous,void , orinsignificant.Tidwellv. PH Collins,522S.W.2d674,676(Tenn.1975).Accordingly,wereverseDavidson (  Benedictv.Severson,72S.W.2d967(Tenn.1902),totheextentthatDavidson  Benedictprohibitsconsiderationof  spousal  consortiumlosseswhencalculating   thepecuniaryvalueofadeceased'slifeunderthewrongfuldeathstatute.   @  &  #  9      ׀ "     LOSSOFPARENTALCONSORTIUM  `&X" } Thewrongfuldeathstatuteprecludesneitheraminorchildnoranadultchildfromseekingcompensationforthechildsconsortiumlosses.Moreover,Tenn.CodeAnn.205110providesthat"asuitforthewrongfulkillingofthespousemaybebroughtinthenameofthesurvivingspouseforthebenefitofthesurvivingspouseandthechildrenofthedeceased."Thisprovisionwhen whenconstruedliberallyand  readinparimateriawithTenn.CodeAnn.205113seeminglypermitsconsideration ofparentalconsortiumdamages.SeeFosterv.Jeffers,813S.W.2d449,451 05(.2 (Tenn.Ct.App.1991)(holdingallwrongfuldeathstatutesmustbeconstruedwithreferencetooneanother).  Areviewofcaselawinotherjurisdictionsindicatesatrendtoexpandconsortiumclaimstoincludetheimpairmentofachild'srelationshipwithaparent.Comment, Belcherv.Goins:       Belcherv.Goins:    WestVirginiaJoinstheDistinctMinorityof @8  JurisdictioninRecognizingaClaimforLossofParentalConsortium,94W.Va.   L.Rev.261,262(1991).Incasesinvolvingaparent'sdeath,"[t]hegeneralrule...followedisthatachild'slossofnurture,educationandmoraltrainingwhichitprobablywouldhavereceivedfromaparentwrongfullykilledisapecuniarylosstobeconsideredasanelementofthedamagessufferedbythechild."Recovery xp forWrongfulDeathat3:47(listingthirtyfourjurisdictionssoholding).See PH also94Va.L.Rev.at266("Moststates...allowasurviving...child...to (  recoverforlossofconsortiumwhereaparentistortiouslykilled.");Prosser,  127,at952("Evenjurisdictionsthathaverejectedthelossofsocietyorconsortiumclaim,assuch,havepermittedoneformofit,namelyalossofguidanceandadvicethatthedecedentwouldhaveprovided[tothechild]."). Abasisforplacinganeconomicvalueonparentalconsortiumisthattheeducationandtrainingwhichachildmayreasonablyexpecttoreceivefromaparentareofactualandcommercialvaluetothechild.Accordingly,achildsustainsapecuniaryinjuryforthelossofparentaleducationandtrainingwhenadefendanttortiouslycausesthedeathofthechild'sparent.  Moreover,werecognizethat:8 "normalhomelifeforachildconsistsofcomplexincidencesinwhichthesumsconstituteanurturingenvironment.Whenthevitallyimportantparentchildrelationshipisimpairedandthechildlosesthelove,guidanceandclosecompanionshipofaparent,thechildisdeprivedofsomethingthatisindeedvaluableandprecious.Noonecouldseriouslycontendotherwise.E927 ! ! ЇStillbyErlandsonv.BaptistHosp.,755S.W.2d807,812(Tenn.App.1988)  (quotingHoffmanv.Dautel,368P.2d57,59(Kan.1962)).     Accordingly,  T t headditionalconsiderationsemployedforspousalconsortiummaybeapplicabletoparentalconsortiumclaims.  Weagreewiththeobservationofonecourtthat"companionship,comfort,society,guidance,solace,andprotection...gointothevaseoffamilyhappiness[and]arethethingsforwhichawrongdoermustpaywhenheshattersthevase."Spanglerv.Helm'sNewYorkPittsburgh   MotorExp.,153A.2d490(Penn.1959).     Adultchildrenmaybetooattenuatedfromtheirparentsinsomecasestoproffersufficientevidenceofconsortiumlosses.Similarly,ifthedeceaseddidnothaveacloserelationshipwithanyofthestatutorybeneficiaries,thestatutorybeneficiarieswillnotlikelysustaincompensableconsortiumlossesortheirconsortiumlosseswillbenominal. T Accordingly, t heageofthechilddoesnot,inandofitself,precludeconsiderationofparentalconsortiumdamages.Theadultchildinquiryshalltakeintoconsiderationfactorssuchasclosenessoftherelationshipanddependence(i.e.,ofahandicappedadultchild,assistancewithdaycare,etc.).̛    CONCLUSION  *#&  Weholdthatconsortiumtypedamagesmaybeconsideredwhencalculatingthepecuniaryvalueofadeceased'slife.Thisholdingdoesnotcreateanewcauseofactionbutmerelyrefinestheterm " pecuniaryvalue. " 񛀜Consortiumlossesarenottolimitedtospousalclaimsbutalsonecessarilyencompassachild'sloss,whetherminororadult.  Lossofconsortiumconsistsofseveralelements,encompassingnotonlytangibleservicesprovidedbyafamilymember,butalsointangiblebenefitseachfamilymemberreceivesfromthe 816 continuedexistenceofotherfamilymembers.Suchbenefitsincludeattention,guidance,care,protection,training,companionship,cooperation,affection,love,andinthecaseofaspouse,sexualrelations.   XLXXXLԛ  Our  holdingconformswiththe   plainlanguageofthewrongfuldeathstatutes, the trendofmodernauthority,andthesocialandeconomicrealityofmodernsociety. Thedecisionoftheofthetrialcourtgranting  thedefendants'motiontostrikeisreversed.  Costs  ofthisappealshallbetaxedtothedefendantsforwhichexecutionmayissueifnecessary.#XLXX XLZ#   <      D T$T$MT$ PH    <      D JANICEM.HOLDER,JUSTICE̜  Concurring: Panel:     Anderson,C.J.Drowota,andBirch,J.J.Russell,Sp.J.