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ÐÌSeptember€1,€1999ÌÌCecil€Ô_ÔCrowsonÔ_Ô,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAÂÔó ó-kû¤AZ‹"Arial Regular‘!' ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀZ[\]_Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(f3Ùý$¢¢Ý ƒkö!ÝÔ€ôKÊõõôÔÔ€ôKÊõõôKÊÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý(f3Ùý$££Ý ƒkö!ÝÔ€ôKÊõõôÔÔ€ôKÊõõôKÊÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó````'ÿÿdxd dÝ ƒkö!ÝÔ€ôKÊõõôÔÔ€ôKÊõõôKÊÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTR[° AØ'3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÒ¼°ÒÒ„°ÒÓ  ÓÓ<(¼ ¼ l ÄtœÔ,„!Ü#°œX<ÓÔ€¼½f»õôKÊÔÔ  ÔÑ€!jFÑÔ_ÔLINDA€LAYNE,€individually€andà  à)Ð ° Ðas€the€surviving€spouse€ofà t àà  à)Ð Â Ðßx€Y#_B2.jz‰˜`  `€€@ÿE}l` 8ttxPµÔð ˜ xßJAMES€T.€LAYNE,à  àà t àà  à)Ð Ô$ Ðà  àà l àà Ä àà  àà t àà  à)ÌÓ<¼¼ ,„!Ü#¼¼…XœÔƒX<Óà  àPlaintiff/Appellant,à  à)à  àAppeal€No.Ð øH Ðà  àà  à)à  à01„A„01„9809„CH„00457Ð  Z Ðv.à  àà  à)à  àà  àÐ  l Ðà  àà  à)à  àRutherford€ChanceryÐ . ~ ÐPIONEER€LIFE€INSURANCEà  à)à  àNo.€95CV771Ð @  ÐCOMPANY€OF€ILLINOIS,à  à)Ð R¢  Ðà  àà  à)Ìà  àDefendant/Appellee.à  à)Ð vÆ  ÐÌÌÓ  ÓCOURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌÌAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CHANCERY€COURT€FOR€ÌRUTHERFORD€COUNTYÌAT€MURFREESBORO,€TENNESSEEÌÌÌTHE€HONORABLE€JAMES€L.€WEATHERFORD,€CHANCELLORÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÌROGER€W.€HUDSONÌ16€Public€Square€NorthÌP.€O.€Box€884ÌMurfreesboro,€Tennessee€€37133„0884Ìà  àATTORNEY€FOR€PLAINTIFF/APPELLANTÌÌÌÌMALCOLM€L.€McCUNEÌBlackburn,€Slobey,€FreemanÌ€€&€HappellÌ414€Union€Street,€Suite€2050ÌNationsBank€PlazaÌNashville,€Tennessee€€37219Ìà  àATTORNEY€FOR€DEFENDANT/APPELLEEÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓWILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€JUDGEÐ F;–63 ÐÑ!jFÑâ !âÑ#€»ÿÿd#Ñâ !âÑ  ÑÑ€ÑÓ  ÓÔ€„˜¤„»¼_aÔòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÐ È ÐÓ€ÓÓ  ÓÔ€¼_a»„„˜¤ÔÌà  àThis€is€a€suit€in€chancery€for€declaratory€judgment€relative€to€a€policy€ofÐ Ô$ Ðinsurance.€€The€primary€question€presented€is€whether€or€not€participation€by€theÐ x È Ðinsured€in€a€motorbike€event€known€as€an€"enduro"€constitutes€"racing"€withinÐ  l Ðthe€meaning€of€an€exclusion€in€the€policy.€€After€the€insured€died€from€injuriesÐ À   Ðhe€received€while€participating€in€an€"enduro,"€the€defendant€insurance€companyÐ d´  Ðdenied€coverage.€€The€lower€court€found€that€the€particular€loss€in€this€case€wasÐ X  Ðexcluded€from€coverage.€€We€affirm€the€decision€of€the€trial€court.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ  ÓI.€€à @ àFACTS€Ð ôD ÐÓÓà  àJames€T.€Layne€purchased€the€policy€in€issue€in€December€of€1989€andÐ ˜è Ðthe€policy€was€in€full€force€and€effect€at€all€times€material€in€this€case.€€TheÐ <Œ Ðpolicy€provided€"catastrophic€hospital€expense€coverage"€and€contained€anÐ à0 Ðexclusion€providing:Ð „Ô ÐÓ€ÓÓ?¼¼ ¸ ,„!Ü#¼¼ ,‚X?Óà8  àà ¼ àà  àAà ¸ àClaims€will€not€be€paid€for€any€loss€resulting€from:Ð(x ü! ü! Ðà  àà ¸ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€.€.Ð @ Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  à15.à ¸ àRacing€of€any€land€or€water€vehicle€in€an€organized€event€....ÐX ¨  ü! ü! ÐÓ€ÓÌà  àOn€June€12,€1994,€James€T.€Layne€was€operating€his€Honda€motorcycleÐ #d# Ðin€an€"enduro"€in€Jackson€County,€Ohio€when€he€lost€control€of€the€motorcycleÐ ¸$ % Ðand€suffered€severe€injuries€which€resulted€in€his€death€on€June€21,€1994.€Ð \&¬!' ÐExtensive€medical€and€hospital€expenses€were€incurred€at€Ohio€State€UniversityÐ (P#) ÐHospital€in€the€treatment€of€Mr.€Layne€prior€to€his€death.€€After€payingÐ ¤)ô$+ Ð$8,863.34€in€benefits€to€the€hospital,€the€defendant€Pioneer€Life€InsuranceÐ H+˜&- ÐCompany€of€Illinois€determined€that€the€claim€was€barred€by€exclusion€NumberÐ ì,<(/ Ð15€in€the€insurance€policy€and€thereupon€discontinued€payments€leaving€anÐ .à)1 Ðadditional€$65,288.91€in€medical€bills€outstanding.€Ð 40„+3 ÐÌà  àAfter€trial€on€the€merits€the€trial€judge€held€that€the€exclusion€applied€andÐ |3Ì.7 Ðrendered€judgment€for€the€defendant€insurance€company.€€Plaintiff,€LindaÐ  5p09 ÐLayne,€individually€and€as€surviving€spouse€of€James€T.€Layne,€appealsÐ Ä62; Ðasserting:Ð h8¸3= ÐÑÑâ âÖ€ÿÿÖâ âÑ  Ñà  à1.à ¸ àThat€the€policy€exclusion€did€not€apply.Ð ° Ðà  à2.à ¸ àThat€the€defendant€had€waived€any€right€to€rely€upon€the€policyÐ T¤ Ðexclusion.Ð øH Ðà  à3.à ¸ àThat€the€defendant€was€estopped€from€asserting€the€exclusion.Ð œ ì Ðà  à4.à ¸ àThat€regardless€of€the€exclusion€the€defendant€was€liable€for€familyÐ @  Ðsecurity€benefits€and€return€of€premium€for€accidental€death€under€theÐ ä 4  Ðprovisions€of€the€contract.Ð ˆØ  Ðà  à5.à ¸ àThat€the€defendant€was€guilty€of€bad€faith€under€Tennessee€CodeÐ ,|  ÐAnnotated€section€56„7„105.Ð Ð  ÐÌÓ  ÓII.€€à @ àTHE€EXCLUSIONÐ h ÐÓIÓà  àFor€the€exclusion€to€apply,€the€insured€must€have€been:Ð ¼  Ðà  à1.à ¸ àRacing.Ð `° Ðà  à2.à ¸ àAny€land€or€water€vehicle.Ð T Ðà  à3.à ¸ àIn€an€organized€event.Ð ¨ø ÐA€motorcycle€is€obviously€a€land€vehicle.€€The€proof€is€undisputed€in€the€recordÐ Lœ Ðthat€this€enduro€was€organized€by€the€Little€Raccoon€Dirt€Riders€Club€andÐ ð@  Ðsanctioned€by€the€American€Motorcycle€Association.€€This€leaves€forÐ ” ä" Ðdetermination€whether€or€not€the€insured€was€"racing"€which€requires€aÐ 8"ˆ$ Ðdetermination€of€whether€or€not€the€June€12,€1994€"enduro"€was€in€fact€a€"race."Ð Ü#,& ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€held€that€an€"enduro"€was€a€race.€€To€the€extent€that€thisÐ $'t"* Ðholding€represents€finding€of€fact,€it€is€reviewable€in€this€court€under€Rule€13(d)Ð È($, Ðof€the€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure€with€the€trial€court€finding€presumed€to€beÐ l*¼%. Ðcorrect€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€The€trial€court'sÐ ,`'0 Ðfindings€of€law€are€reviewed€de€novo€without€such€a€presumption.€€òòHawks€v.Ð ´-)2 ÐCity€of€Westmorelandóó,€960€S.W.2d€10,€15€(Tenn.€1997).Ð X/¨*4 ÐÌà  àAn€"enduro,"€as€established€by€the€testimony€of€witnesses€familiar€withÐ  2ð-8 Ðsuch€an€event,€is€a€cross€country€ride€some€75€to€100€miles€long,€over€publicÐ D4”/: Ðroads,€logging€roads,€or€just€trails€through€the€woods.€€The€particular€route€to€beÐ è581< Ðfollowed€is€laid€out€by€the€organizers€and€there€are€various€check€points€alongÐ Œ7Ü2> Ðthe€route.€€Average€speed€ranges€from€18€to€30€miles€per€hour€with€the€greatestÐ ° Ðpercentage€of€enduros€set€up€on€a€projected€24€mile€per€hour€average.€€TheÐ T¤ Ðobject€is€to€arrive€at€given€check€points€on€time€with€penalty€points€occurringÐ øH Ðfor€arriving€too€early€or€arriving€too€late.€€All€traffic€signals€and€traffic€lawsÐ œ ì Ðalong€the€route€must€be€obeyed€and€the€motorcycle€is€required€to€be€street€legalÐ @  Ðwith€a€license€plate,€a€burning€headlight€and€taillight,€and€a€forester€approvedÐ ä 4  Ðspark€arrester€or€muffler.€€If€for€any€reason€a€rider€is€delayed€between€checkÐ ˆØ  Ðpoints,€he€necessarily€must€increase€speed€to€try€to€catch€up€before€the€checkÐ ,|  Ðpoint.€€Conversely,€if€he€gets€ahead€of€average€he€must€slow€down€in€order€toÐ Ð  Ðreach€the€check€point€at€the€projected€time.€€The€ultimate€object€at€the€end€of€theÐ tÄ Ð75€to€100€mile€course€is€to€arrive€with€no€penalty€points€for€being€either€tooÐ h Ðslow€or€too€fast.€€An€enduro€is€generally€divided€into€approximately€20€classesÐ ¼  Ðwith€a€winner€in€each€class€and€trophies€given€to€those€finishing€in€the€higherÐ `° Ðechelons€of€each€class.Ð T ÐÌà  àThe€plaintiff's€witness€John€Giles,€an€experienced€enduro€participant,Ð Lœ Ðtestified:Ð ð@  ÐÓ€ÓÓ?¼¼ ¸ z ,„!Ü#¼¼ ¸ ,‚X?Óà8  àà ¸ àQ.à z à.€.€.€[T]hey€give€you,€let's€take€a€hypo„thetical.€€To€getÐ ” ä" Ðfrom€Point€A€to€Point€B€the€people€that€organize€the€enduro€tellÐ ¬!ü# Ðyou€you've€got€to€get€there€in€ten€minutes,€right,€and€if€you€getÐ Ä"$ Ðthere€longer€than€ten€minutes€you€lose€points,€and€if€you€get€thereÐ Ü#,% Ðin€less€than€ten€minutes€you€lose€points?Ðô$D & ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àA.à z àThey€have€flip€cards€at€each€check€point€and€you€areÐ  &\!' Ðassigned€a€number.€€When€you€get€to€that€check€point,€if€you€areÐ $'t"( Ðaveraging€the€speed€average€that's€set€up,€your€number€will€be€up.Ð<(Œ#) ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àQ.à z àSo€you've€got€to€maintain€a€particular€speed?ÐT)¤$* ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àA.à z àRight.Ðl*¼%+ ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àQ.à z àSo€speed€is€important,€but€the€highest€speed€doesn'tÐ „+Ô&, Ðdetermine€the€winner,€it's€the€one€that€maintains€the€appropriateÐ œ,ì'- Ðspeed?д-). ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àA.à z àIt's€the€one€that€has€the€less€amount€of€points,€whether€it'sÐ Ì.*/ Ðearlier€or€late.Ðä/4+0 ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àQ.à z àAnd€that's€determined€based€upon€the€speed?Ðü0L,1 ü! ü! Ðà  àà ¸ àA.à z àRight.Ð 2d-2 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€.€.à  àà , à€€Ð ,3|.3 Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àQ.à z àWhat€is€the€highest€score€in€an€enduro?ÐD4”/4 ü! ü! Ðà  àà ¸ àA.à z àZero.Ð \5¬05 Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àQ.à z àIs€an€enduro€in€any€way€a€contest€of€speed?Ðt6Ä16 ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àA.à z àNo,€it's,€you're€riding€against€the€course.€€Your€objectiveÐ Œ7Ü27 Ðis€to€ride,€to€maintain€the€same€speed.€€Of€course€if€you€have€to€goÐ ° Ðover€an€object€or€around€an€object€and€you€lose€time,€you€are€goingÐ È Ðto€have€to€ride€as€quick€as€you€can€to€make€up€that€time.€€And€ifÐ à0 Ðyou€get€out€on€a€logging€road,€you've€got€to€slow€down€to€maintainÐ øH Ðthe€speed.€€The€object€is€to€go€at€the€speed€average€that's€set.Ð ` ü! ü! ÐÓ€ÓÌÌÌà  àIn€addition€to€testimony€by€experienced€enduro€contestants,€the€partiesÐ d  Ðengaged€in€a€battle€of€dictionaries€with€the€plaintiff€relying€on€variousÐ ¸  Ðdictionary€definitions€of€"racing"€and€the€defendant€relying€on€variousÐ \¬  Ðdictionary€definitions€of€"enduro."€€By€examination€and€cross„examination€ofÐ P Ðthe€defendant's€expert,€Janet€Erickson,€it€was€established€that€the€AmericanÐ ¤ô ÐHeritage€Dictionary€defines€racing€as€follows:€€"to€compete€in€a€contest€ofÐ H˜ Ðspeed,€to€move€rapidly€or€at€top€speed."€€Webster's€Ninth€Collegiate€DictionaryÐ ì< Ðprovides€the€following€definition€of€"racing":€€"to€compete€in€a€race,€to€go€orÐ à Ðmove€at€top€speed€or€out€of€control."€€It€was€further€established€that€theÐ 4„ ÐAmerican€Edition€of€Oxford€University€Press€Dictionary€defines€"enduro"€as€"aÐ Ø( Ðlong„distance€race€of€motor€vehicles,€designed€to€test€endurance."€€TheÐ |Ì ÐAmerican€Heritage€College€Dictionary€defines€"enduro"€as€"a€race,€as€ofÐ  !p! Ðmotorcycles€or€runners,€that€test€endurance."€€Finally,€Merriam€Webster'sÐ Ä"# ÐCollegiate€Dictionary€defines€"enduro"€as€"a€long€race€(as€for€automobiles€orÐ h$¸% Ðmotorcycles),€stressing€endurance€rather€than€speed."Ð  &\!' ÐÌà  àMore€important€than€dictionary€definitions€are€reported€cases€directly€onÐ T)¤$+ Ðpoint€or€helpful€by€analogy.€€Except€for€the€specific€wording€of€the€policyÐ ø*H&- Ðexclusion,€the€following€case€from€the€Michigan€Court€of€Appeals€is€almostÐ œ,ì'/ Ðidentical€to€the€case€at€bar.Ð @.)1 ÐÓ€Óà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àOn€September€25,€1966,€[the€insured]€participated€in€anÐ ä/4+3 Ð"enduro"€motorcycle€event€sponsored€by€an€Alma,€Michigan,Ð ü0L,4 Ðmotorcycle€club€and€sanctioned€by€the€American€MotorcycleÐ 2d-5 ÐAssociation.€€While€the€Court€lacks€technical€expertise€on€thisÐ ,3|.6 Ðgrowing€sport,€it€is€our€understanding€that€an€"enduro"€is€aÐ D4”/7 Ðcompetitive€event€between€motorcycle€riders€in€which€the€machineÐ \5¬08 Ðis€driven€over€a€predetermined€course€past€several€time„checks,€theÐ t6Ä19 Ðobject€of€which€is€to€arrive€at€the€time„checks€precisely€onÐ Œ7Ü2: Ðschedule.€€The€rider€loses€points€if€he€arrives€too€early€or€too€late.€Ð ° ÐThe€average€speed€in€which€this€could€be€accomplished€for€theÐ È Ðparticular€event€in€question€was€24€miles€per€hour.€€Ðà0 ü! ü! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€.€.Ð øH Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àMost€succinctly€stated,€the€decisive€query€is€whether€anÐ  ` Ð"enduro"€motorcycle€competition€is€a€"race€or€speed€contest"Ð ( x Ðwithin€the€terms€of€the€exclusionary€clause€of€the€insurance€policyÐ @  Ðsold€by€the€plaintiff€to€[the€insured€defendant].ÐX ¨ ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àÐ  ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àThe€issue€raised€in€the€instant€case€is€one€of€first€impressionÐ ˆØ  Ðin€the€State€of€Michigan€and€requires€an€evaluation€and€definitionÐ  ð  Ðof€the€term€"race€or€speed€contest."€€Defendant€.€.€.€concedes€thatÐ ¸  Ðhe€was€engaged€in€an€organized€and€prearranged€contestÐ Ð  Ðrecognized€as€an€"enduro."€€While€plaintiff€contends€that€anÐ è8  Ð"enduro"€is€a€"race€or€speed€contest"€and€that€coverage€under€theÐ P Ðpolicy€is€thus€excluded,€defendants€argue€that€such€a€contest€is€notÐ h Ða€race,€but€rather€a€contest€in€skill,€endurance,€precision,€andÐ 0€ Ðperformance.ÐH˜ ü! ü! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€.€.€.Ð `° Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àDefendants€here€argue€that€in€light€of€the€nature€of€anÐ xÈ Ð"enduro,"€in€that€machines€cannot€be€operated€at€their€peakÐ à Ðcapabilities,€and€that,€in€order€to€win,€a€contestant€must€travel€at€anÐ ¨ø Ðaverage€speed€of€24€miles€per€hour,€then€an€"enduro"€cannot€beÐ À Ðconsidered€a€race,€since€a€race€requires€high€speed.€€Such€logic€isÐ Ø( Ðunconvincing€by€virtue€of€the€fact€that,€in€order€to€win,€the€riderÐ ð@ Ðmust€maintain€a€precise€speed€over€the€course.€€Undoubtedly,€if€heÐ  X Ðgoes€too€fast€and€gets€too€far€ahead€of€the€clock,€he€must€go€slowlyÐ  !p Ðto€average€out€his€speed.Ð8"ˆ ü! ü! Ðà8  àà ¼ àà  àà ¸ àIt€is€equally€true,€however,€that€if€the€rider€in€some€way€fallsÐ P#  Ðbehind€the€time€alotted€[òòsicóó]€for€each€checkpoint,€he€must€increaseÐ h$¸ Ðhis€speed,€which€in€some€instances€may€be€to€the€maximum€of€theÐ €%Ð  Ðmotorcycle.€€Hence,€high€speed€could€conceivably€become€aÐ ˜&è! Ðcrucial€factor€in€determining€outcome.€€Furthermore,€in€light€of€theÐ °'#  Ðaveraging€factor,€it€is€difficult€to€imagine€any€other€motor€vehicleÐ È($! Ðcontest€where€speed€and€speed„control€play€a€more€important€part.€Ð à)0%" ÐThis€Court€finds€it€most€difficult,€if€not€impossible,€to€distinguishÐ ø*H&# Ðthe€"enduro"€as€a€race€or€speed€contest€from€such€events€as€"hill„Ð ,`'$ Ðclimbing,€T.T.€race,€hare€and€hound€chase€and€corner€pulling."€Ð (-x(% ÐThe€competitive€phase€of€locomotion€characteristic€of€the€enduroÐ @.)& Ðin€which€defendant€.€.€.€competed€was€no€less€a€race€or€speedÐ X/¨*' Ðcontest€than€that€participated€in€by€Dick€Mann€this€year,€when€heÐ p0À+( Ðstreaked€across€the€finish€line€at€Daytona€Beach;€both€contestsÐ ˆ1Ø,) Ðbeing€extreme€tests€of€skill,€endurance,€precision,€as€well€asÐ  2ð-* Ðperformance.и3/+ ü! ü! ÐÌòòUniversal€Underwriters€Co.€v.€Semigóó,€182€N.W.2d€354,€356„57€(Mich.€App.Ð è581- Ð1970)€(footnote€omitted).Ð 7P2. ÐÓ€ÓÌÓ€ÓÌÓ€Óà  àWhile€the€exclusion€in€òòSemigóó€is€more€detailed€than€the€exclusion€in€theÐ l¼ ÐPioneer€Life€Policy,€the€same€prerequisites€for€the€application€of€the€exclusionÐ  ` Ðare€evident.€€While€a€motorcycle€is€specifically€named€in€òòSemigóó,€it€cannot€beÐ ´  Ðdoubted€that€a€motorcycle€is€a€"land€vehicle"€within€the€meaning€of€the€PioneerÐ X ¨  Ðpolicy.€€In€òòSemigóó,€the€motorcycle€was€being€used€in€a€"pre„arranged€or€organizedÐ ü L  Ðrace€or€speed€contest"€and€in€the€Pioneer€exclusion€the€motorcycle€was€beingÐ  ð  Ðused€in€"an€organized€event."€€The€third€factor€of€the€òòSemigóó€exclusion€involvedÐ D”  Ða€"race€or€speed€contest."€€The€Pioneer€exclusion€requires€that€the€motorcycleÐ è8 Ðwas€being€used€in€"racing."€€The€reasoning€in€òòSemigóó,€while€not€controlling,€isÐ ŒÜ Ðanalogous€and€persuasive.Ð 0€ ÐÌòòà  àSemigóó€relied€on€òòCity€of€Madison€v.€Geieróó,€135€N.W.2d€761€(Wis.€1965),Ð xÈ Ðwherein€the€Wisconsin€court€observed€that€"[a]€race€is€an€intentionalÐ l Ðcompetition€in€respect€to€some€phase€of€locomotion.€€The€dominateÐ À Ðcharacteristic€of€a€race€is€the€awareness€or€intent€of€competition€in€respect€toÐ d´ Ðspeed€and€distance€to€prove€superiority€in€performance€in€some€respect."€€All€ofÐ  X! Ðthe€proof€in€this€case€indicates€that€the€enduro€described€in€òòSemigóó€is€preciselyÐ ¬!ü# Ðthe€same€kind€of€enduro€in€which€James€Layne€was€participating€when€he€wasÐ P# % Ðfatally€injured.Ð ô$D ' ÐÌà  àFurther€support€for€our€case€is€found€in€an€opinion€from€the€SupremeÐ <(Œ#+ ÐCourt€of€Tennessee,€which€defines€the€term€"race"€in€the€context€of€a€statuteÐ à)0%- Ðpurporting€to€prohibit€gambling€on€races.€€The€court€observed€as€follows:€€Ð „+Ô&/ ÐÓ€Óà8  àà ¼ àà  àThe€term€was€used€by€the€framer€of€the€statute€to€accomplish€aÐ (-x(1 Ðpractical€purpose€and€in€a€popular€and€well„defined€sense;€that€is,Ð @.)2 Ðin€a€sense€which€involves€the€idea€of€competitive€locomotion.€€InÐ X/¨*3 Ðother€words,€it€here€embraces€every€contest€or€trial€of€progression,Ð p0À+4 Ðincluding€speed€and€endurance,€one€or€both,€whether€in€running,Ð ˆ1Ø,5 Ðtrotting,€walking,€driving,€riding,€sailing,€rowing,€etc.€€It€thereforeÐ  2ð-6 Ðincludes€a€foot€race,€a€horse€race€of€any€kind,€an€automobile€race,Ð ¸3/7 Ða€steam€boat€or€yacht€race,€or€any€other€form€of€competitiveÐ Ð4 08 Ðmovement€or€progression.Ðè5819 ü! ü! ÐÐ 7P2: ÐòòState€v.€Hayesóó,€116€Tenn.€40,€93€S.W.€98,€99€(1906).Ð ° ÐÌÌÓ€Óà  àWe€are€cognizant€of€the€time€honored€rule€that€ambiguous€exclusionsÐ øH Ðshould€be€strictly€construed€against€the€insurer.€€This€is,€however,€a€rule€ofÐ œ ì Ðcontract€construction€and€is€uniformly€adhered€to€"but€must€yield€to€the€primaryÐ @  Ðrule€that€policies€of€insurance,€like€other€contacts,€are€to€be€construed€so€as€toÐ ä 4  Ðgive€effect€to€the€intention€and€express€language€of€the€policy."€€òòTravelers€Ins.Ð ˆØ  ÐCo.€v.€Ansleyóó,€22€Tenn.€App.€456,€124€S.W.2d€37,€42€(1938).Ð ,|  ÐÌà  àBefore€entering€the€June€12,€1994€enduro,€James€Layne€signed€a€releaseÐ tÄ Ðand€waiver€of€liability€and€indemnity€agreement€with€the€sponsoringÐ h Ðorganization€wherein€he€expressly€acknowledged€and€agreed€"that€the€activitiesÐ ¼  Ðof€the€event€are€very€dangerous€and€involve€the€risk€of€serious€injury€and/orÐ `° Ðdeath€and/or€property€damage."€€While€this€was€a€general€form,€applicable€to€allÐ T Ðracing€events,€it€is€nonetheless€revealing€as€relates€to€an€enduro.€€"Ordinarily,Ð ¨ø Ðan€exclusion€in€a€policy€of€insurance€is€a€means€employed€by€the€insurer€toÐ Lœ Ðprotect€itself€from€an€additional€risk€or€hazard€against€which€it€does€not€wish€toÐ ð@ Ðinsure€without€the€payment€of€an€additional€premium."€€òòJarman€v.€Export€Ins.Ð ” ä! ÐCo.óó,€59€Tenn.€App.€245,€439€S.W.2d€785,€789€(1968).€€The€trial€court€correctlyÐ 8"ˆ# Ðheld€that€the€"racing"€exclusion€was€applicable€and€the€Pioneer€policy€providedÐ Ü#,% Ðno€coverage€for€the€tragic€events€of€June€12,€1994.Ð €%Ð ' ÐÌÔ&  ÔÓ€ÓÓN+¼ ¼ l ÄtÌ$|Ô,„!Ü#¼¼ ¸ z ,‚XNÓÔ  ÔÓ  ÓIII.€€WAIVER€AND€ESTOPPELÔ Ý )^ÔÐ È($+ ÐÓ6^ÓÓ  ÓÔ€XJÆX»¼_aÔÔ'È(½]ÔÌÓ€ÓÓ  ÓÔ€¼_a»XXJÆÔà  àAppellant€asserts€that€Pioneer€Life€has€waived€its€right€to€rely€upon€theÐ Ð* &- Ðexclusion€or€is€estopped€to€do€so.€€The€proof€shows€that€prior€to€invoking€theÐ t,Ä'/ Ðexclusion,€€Pioneer€Life€had€paid€$8,864.34€in€medical€bills€under€the€policy.€Ð .h)1 ÐPioneer€Life€does€not€seek€reimbursement€for€these€payments.€€It€is€obviouslyÐ ¼/ +3 Ðto€the€great€disappointment€and€disadvantage€of€the€plaintiff€that€she€isÐ `1°,5 Ðcompelled€to€pay€the€substantial€medical€expenses€not€recoverable€from€PioneerÐ 3T.7 ÐLife€because€of€the€racing€exclusion.€€Before€one€may€invoke€waiver€andÐ ¨4ø/9 Ðestoppel,€however,€that€party€must€have€taken€a€position€to€the€detriment€of€thatÐ L6œ1; Ðparty€because€of€the€action€or€inaction€of€the€insurance€company.€€òòHenry€v.Ð ° ÐSouthern€Fire€&€Cas.€Co.óó,€46€Tenn.€App.€335,€330€S.W.2d€18€(1958).€€TheÐ T¤ Ðrecord€contains€no€proof€of€such€detriment.€€It€is€encumbent€upon€the€partyÐ øH Ðalleging€a€waiver€to€establish,€by€competent€proof,€that€such€party€has€beenÐ œ ì Ðprejudiced€by€any€change€of€position€by€the€other€party.€€òòSpears€v.€CommercialÐ @  ÐIns.€Co.óó,€866€S.W.2d€544,€549€(Tenn.€App.€1993),€òòoverruled€on€other€groundsÐ ä 4  Ðbyóó€òòHarrell€v.€Minnesota€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€937€S.W.2d€809€(Tenn.€1996).€€TheÐ ˆØ  Ðrecord€contains€no€evidence€to€support€detriment€or€prejudice€to€the€plaintiff€andÐ ,|  Ðthe€defenses€of€waiver€and€estoppel€must€fail.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð tÄ ÐÓ€ÓÓ  ÓIV.€€FAMILY€SECURITY€BENEFIT€AND€RETURN€Ð h ÐOF€PREMIUM€FOR€ACCIDENTAL€DEATHÐ 0€ ÐÌÓ)fÓÓ€Óà  àThe€plaintiff€asserts€that€these€benefits€are€payable€under€the€policyÐ `° Ðregardless€of€the€racing€exclusion.€€She€relies€upon€the€following€provisions€ofÐ T Ðthe€insurance€policy:Ð ¨ø ÐÔ& H Ôà0  àà ¼ àà8  T$ T$àÔ  ÔI.à l àFAMILY€SECURITY€BENEFITÔ Ý ÷gÔÐLœ T$ T$ ÐÔ'HL¿gÔÓ€Óà8  àUpon€due€proof€of€your€death€occurring€while€your€coverage€is€inÐ ð@ Ðforce,we€will€waive€further€premium€for€any€of€your€eligibleÐ  X  Ðdependents€who€were€insured€under€the€group€policy€as€yourÐ  !p! Ðdependents€on€the€date€of€your€death.€€The€waived€premium€willÐ 8"ˆ" Ðbegin€on€the€monthly€anniversary€date€and€continue€to€be€waivedÐ P# # Ðfor€twelve€months.€€During€this€period,€we€will€provide€all€of€theÐ h$¸$ Ðbenefits€for€which€your€eligible€dependents€were€insured€at€theÐ €%Ð % Ðtime€of€your€death;€provided€that€coverage€will€terminate€if€theÐ ˜&è!& Ðgroup€policy€terminates.а'#' ü! ü! ÐÓ?+¼ ¼ l ÄtÌ$|Ô,„!Ü#¼¼ŒX?ÓÓXÓà0 @ àà @¼ àà @ àÌÓžkÓà8  àJ.à l àRETURN€OF€PREMIUM€FOR€ACCIDENTAL€DEATHÐà)0%) ü! ü! Ðà0  àà ¼ àà  àÐ  T$ T$ ÐÓ  Óà8  àIf,€while€this€coverage€is€in€force,€an€insured€person€suffers€anÐ ,`'+ Ðinjury€and,€within€90€days€of€such€injury,€dies€solely€as€a€result€ofÐ (-x(, Ðsuch€injury,€the€company€will€pay€to€the€insuredððs€estate,€anÐ @.)- Ðamount€equal€to€all€premiums€paid€under€the€policy€prior€to€theÐ X/¨*. Ðdate€of€the€insuredððs€death.Ðp0À+/ ü! ü! ÐÌà , àà ¼ àà8  àNo€payment€will€be€made€under€this€section€if€death€results€from:Р2ð-1 ü! ü! ÐÓB.¼¼ô l ä ÄtÌ$|Ô,„!Ü#¼¼ŒXBÓà8 ô à1.€€ptomaines€or€bacterial€infection€except€whenÐ ¸3/2 Ðresulting€from€accidental€ingestion€of€poisonous€foodÐ Ð4 03 Ðsubstances,€and€except€pyogenic€infection€which€occursÐ è5814 Ðwith€and€as€a€result€of€an€accidental€cut€or€wound;€or€Ð7P25ô  ô   Ðà8 ô à2.€€bodily€or€mental€disease€or€disorder,€or€medical€orÐ ° Ðsurgical€treatment€therefor;€or€ÐÈô  ô   Ðà8 ô à3.€€voluntary€inhalation€of€gas.Ðà0ô  ô   ÐÓH+¼ ¼ l ÄtÌ$|Ô,„!Ü#¼¼ô ‚xĉXHÓà0  àà l àÐ  T$ T$ Ðà0  àà l àÐ  T$ T$ ÐÔ&  ÔÔ€ÔÓ€Óà  àÔ  ÔÔ€ÔThe€ð ðbenefitsðð€of€this€policy€are€specifically€set€forth€in€Part€IIÔ€Ô€Ô Ý ñqÔÔ€Ôof€theÐ ( x Ðpolicy€entitled€ð ðBenefits.ðð€€These€benefits€are€then€listed€in€sections€A€throughÐ Ì  ÐP.€€The€charges€for€hospital€expenses€are€listed€under€the€benefits€section€asÐ p À  Ðð ðA.ðð€€Ô'( ·qÔà ¼ àà  àPart€III€of€the€policy€is€titled€ð ðExclusions€and€Limitations.ðð€€The€openingÐ d  Ðsentence€of€this€section,€prior€to€the€numerical€listing€of€exclusions,€states€that:€Ð ¸  Ðòò[c]laimsóó€will€not€be€paid€for€any€loss€resulting€from"€the€specific€exclusions.Ð \¬  Ð(emphasis€added).€€Since€the€ð ðaccidental€deathðð€of€Mr.€Layne€itself€resultedÐ P Ðfrom€ð ðracingðð€within€the€meaning€of€the€exclusion,€it€is€difficult€to€see€how€theÐ ¤ô ÐPart€II€benefits€can€be€divided€into€component€parts.€Ð H˜ Ðà0  àà ¼ àà  àÐ  T$ T$ Ðà  àà ¼ àà  àThe€meaning€of€the€Pioneer€Life€policy€is€plain.€€The€exclusions€listed€inÐ à ÐPart€III€are€applicable€to€all€claims€under€the€policy€and€once€it€is€establishedÐ 4„ Ðunder€the€facts€that€the€exclusion€is€effective,€an€insured€is€not€entitled€toÐ Ø( Ðrecover€benefits€of€any€kind€under€the€policy.€€This€court€has€held€as€follows:€Ð |Ì ÐÌÓB.¼¼ Œ l ÄtÌ$|Ô,„!Ü#¼¼ŒXBÓÓ€Óà8  àà8Œ  ü! ü!àà0l Œ „!Œ „!àà Œ àà  àà ¼ àà  àà Œ àà l àThe€partiesðð€respective€rights€and€obligations€are€governedÐ Ä"# Ðby€their€contract€of€insurance€whose€terms€are€embodied€inÐ Ü#,$ Ðthe€policy.€As€with€any€other€contract,€our€responsibility€isÐ ô$D % Ðto€give€effect€to€the€expressed€intention€of€the€parties€byÐ  &\!& Ðconstruing€the€policy€fairly€and€reasonably,€and€by€givingÐ $'t"' Ðthe€policyððs€language€its€common€and€ordinary€meaning.€Ð <(Œ#( ÐWe€are€not€at€liberty€to€rewrite€an€insurance€policy€simplyÐ T)¤$) Ðbecause€we€do€not€favor€its€terms€or€because€its€provisionsÐ l*¼%* Ðproduce€harsh€results.€€In€the€absence€of€fraud,€over„Ð „+Ô&+ Ðreaching,€or€unconscionability,€the€courts€must€give€effectÐ œ,ì', Ðto€an€insurance€policy€if€its€language€is€clear€and€its€intentÐ ´-)- Ðcertain.€€ÐÌ.*.l „!l „! ÐÓH+¼ ¼ l ÄtÌ$|Ô,„!Ü#¼¼ Œ l ŠXHÓà0  àà ¼ àà  àÐ  T$ T$ Ðà0  àà ¼ àòòà  àBlack€v.€Aetna€Ins.€Co.óó,€909€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€App.€1995)€(citationsÐ ü0L,0 Ðomitted).Ð2d-1 T$ T$ Ðà0  àà ¼ àà  àÐ  T$ T$ ÐÌÓ€Óà , àà ¼ àà  àThe€final€claim€of€the€plaintiff€is€for€recovery€of€the€penalty€provided€byÐ \5¬04 ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€56„7„105€to€be€predicated€upon€a€findingÐ 7P26 Ðthat€the€defendant€was€guilty€of€bad€faith.€€In€view€of€the€disposition€madeÐ ° Ðherein€the€statutory€penalty€is€not€recoverable.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€courtÐ T¤ Ðis€in€all€respects€affirmed€with€costs€assessed€against€the€plaintiff.Ð øH ÐÌÌÓ€Óà  àà l àà Ä àà  àà t à_____________________________________Ð ä 4  Ðà  àà l àà Ä àà  àà t àWILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€JUDGEÐ ü L  ÐÌÌÌCONCUR:Ð \¬  ÐÌÌ____________________________________Ð ¤ô ÐBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€P.J.,€M.S.Ð ¼  ÐÌÌ____________________________________Ð T ÐWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGE