ÿWPCüP „Ò'\26õ¤çƒÖÝ3›n“c, @¿%_wU;·çZ@¥ ´tøîÜüw×kË• @TVtÎ 52¸(Q±áóÀûÓf"ÔØãbî§-˜Lié›Ò"gh§£2Z¤¬ºu<Ô.ý_Ü'q;î¶æQ[ ãn&Þ—”µuàØÎY:m† Ë]™ÌåÒ@Sù@ZpÇ’g2”ô1TmÂÐLy!Eýæ 4àÀW.M 'VwÁ,å\™­šÇ JyBÂújBÒ¬æä> ·Gûî!1ûêÕ–T»HPè¨Éüè.Vd9H+|iÓ9_±Lr Åø®Ó´}uÔC£y@U´(«É„v5ék.‡¾ÚîU¬ÍjX(LÕm®UÚaùy˜‘…©&fnA`X”F *+gÿK¿Z!]x0³aª±á4WsV1UWÏÁ7Ñßxq¯í.3:¤»$¿ GÔ#R»Àçn±œwU N‚ %Ð 0§Ö#Á} Œ> ÚÊ ^ ¤ z° Ò* * ü mþ wÆÆßÆ¥Æk41NEU5@G¢‡E)+ :1BB sf{{ 0Uá 6 > F N V ^ 0éf 0æO 0ã5 0à ^ø  V 0D` 0ݤ 0Úb[ 0×c 0Ô: 0C! 0×Q! 0Ô(" 0Ñü" 0ÎÍ# 0Ë›$ 0Èf% 0Å.& 0Àó& 0@³' 0Ôó' 0ÑÇ( 0Θ) 0Ëf* 0È1+ 0Åù+ 0¾, 0½€- 00=. 0<m. 0¾©. 0>g/ 0v¥/ 0`0 0`{0 0`Û0 0`;1 0`›1 08û1 0Ò32 023 0ü73 0:34 0 m4 0Yy5 0_Ò5 0 16 B;7 0jX7 0ÃÂ8 D5…9 D-º9 0Kç9 0„2: AS¶;Æ < 0ÃÏ< 0D’= A«Ö= B*> D/«> 0„Ú> D/^@ 0Î@ 06[A 0‘A 0:™B 0^ÓB 0<1CU6mCU>£CU*áCáCáCáCÏ DUNÚH?(I›gKúO(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular»(ðš$¡¡Ô€»Ì »»»ÔÑ€..ÑÑ8€í»»d »»d 8ÑÑ ýý ÑÓ  Ó˜\\IB27S11T\stats1ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\CUSTOM~1\OPINION3.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\Custom WP Templates\opinion3.wpt „a-s  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5$w%-´¥¡(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman  ˜Ô_Ôà  àÔ€€ »»Ô2€€Ô€ôòÁ ò € ÔAt€the€time€of€the€offenses,€Locke€was€seventeen€years€old.3|x1 'Ý ƒRzø$ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòÁ ò»»IÔÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔUnder€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis,€an€offense€is€considered€a€lesser„included€if:€(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€areÐ ° Ðincluded€within€the€statutory€elements€of€the€offense€charged;€or€(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€theÐ tÄ Ðrespect€that€it€contains€a€statutory€element€or€elements€establishing€(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kindÐ 8ˆ Ðof€culpability;€and/or€(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€or€public€interest;€or€Ð üL Ð(c)€it€consists€of€(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser„Ð À Ðincluded€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€or€(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwise€meetsÐ „Ô Ðthe€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€or€(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offenseÐ H ˜ Ðthat€otherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b).€òòIdóó.€at€467.€€€€€€€€€€Ó SÓÐ  \ ÐÓ XÓ2 \Ý ƒRzø$ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòÁ ò»»IÔÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThough€the€defendant€and€Graves€were€charged€with€the€same€crimes,€they€were€tried€separately.€€Any€claimsÐ ° Ðfor€relief€by€Jerry€Graves€are€not€currently€before€the€Court.*+ ÿÿ(_26Ô2ÔÔ3  Ôà..à456789*G+M ÿÿ(_25Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*D+M ÿÿ(_24Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ 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`‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7Ób)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡l<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡mô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡l<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡mô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Roman%ä2¼A`‹Arial ÅÝ ƒRzø$ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòÁ ò»»IÔÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔIn€its€brief,€the€State€claims€that€this€case€is€distinguishable€from€òòElyóó€because€"the€State€offered€no€proof€thatÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€herself€beat€or€stabbed€the€victim."€€Brief€of€Appellee€at€13.€€However,€in€closing€argument,€the€prosecutorÐ tÄ Ðargued:€"If€Bam€Graves€has€a€pistol€in€his€hand,€which€everybody€says€he€did,€including€[Locke],€and€is€pistol„whippingÐ 8ˆ ÐChuck€Newman,€what€reason€does€he€have€to€go€get€a€knife,€if€he€is€going€to€finish€him€off?€Conversely,€if€there€isÐ üL Ðsomeone€there€who€is€trying€to€get€the€money€and€just€isn't€having€a€whole€lot€of€success€while€that€pistol€repeatedlyÐ À Ðstrikes€him€in€the€head€and€face,€they€are€going€to€be€the€ones€in€position€to€walk€into€the€kitchen€and€come€back€andÐ „Ô Ðdo€the€work."€€[R.€271].€€Very€clearly,€this€demonstrates€that€the€State€was€willing€to€let€the€jury€choose€between€findingÐ H ˜ ÐLocke€guilty€under€either€a€principal€òòoróó€a€criminal€responsibility€theory.(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular 5Ý ƒRzø$ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòÁ ò»»IÔÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔTakeitaÔ_Ô€Bell€and€Ô_ÔTakeitaÔ_Ô€Locke€are€the€same€person.€€The€defendant's€legal€name€is€"Locke,"€but€sheÐ ° Ðsometimes€uses€her€mother's€last€name€"Bell."€€Additionally,€consistent€with€the€presentment,€the€defendant's€first€nameÐ tÄ Ðwill€be€spelled€"Ô_ÔTakeitaÔ_Ô,"€rather€than€"Takieta." ‘Ý ƒRzø$ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòÁ ò»»IÔÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔIn€òòFlemmingóó,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€by€a€jury€that€was€not€instructedÐ ° Ðon€either€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€or€facilitation€of€aggravated€robbery.€€19€S.W.3d€at€200.€€However,Ð tÄ Ðin€òòFlemmingóó,€the€jury€never€had€the€opportunity€to€examine€the€defendant's€role€as€a€facilitator.€€This€was€despite€the€factÐ 8ˆ  Ðthat€the€evidence€in€that€case€supported€an€instruction€on€facilitation€offenses.€€òòIdóó.€€Because€we€could€not€find€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt's€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€we€affirmed€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeal's€decision€to€reverseÐ tÄ ÐFlemming's€conviction.€€òòIdóó.€ ðÝ ƒRzø$ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòÁ ò»»IÔÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_Ô€In€òòAllenóó,€we€held€that€the€failure€to€charge€facilitation€of€robbery€was€reversible€error€on€the€facts€of€that€caseÐ ° Ðbecause€we€could€not€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€the€offense€did€not€affectÐ tÄ Ðthe€outcome€of€the€trial.€€69€S.W.3d€at€191„92.€Ý ƒðš!ÝÔ€»IÔ»»»ÔÑ€.ÑÑ8€IÔ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ=€IÔлdÐd=ÓÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼IÔ»»»IÔÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8Ñà@ååìàÔ‡îD@IÔÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEE€à@@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼IÔ»îîD@h#ԈР° ÐÓ  ÓSeptember€4,€2002€SessionÐ Ö& ÐÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÌÔ#†¼IÔ»XX:#Ôò òÔ% ‡ ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€Ô%†€Ôv.€Ô_ÔTAKEITAÔ_Ô€M.€LOCKEÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†äÔó óÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÐ Ô$ Ðò òAppeal€by€permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,Ð è8 ЀÔ#†¼IÔ»XX#ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÔ% ‡ ÔCriminal€Court€Ô%†ÌÔÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%† ùÔof€Knox€CountyÐ Ô $ Ðà@@øøìàNo.€Ô% ‡! Ô67739BÔ%†!PÔ€€Hon.€Ô% ‡" ÔRichard€B.€Ô_ÔBaumgardnerÔ_ÔÔ%†"{ÔÐ À  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<ƒ ` AßÐ „ Ô  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€Ô% ‡# ÔE2000„00923„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€November€1,€2002Ð Ï  ÐÌÔ%†#eÔÔ#†¼IÔ»XX­#ÔòòóóÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔßA€V) °°` dE<V` Aßó óÐ W§  ÐÓ  ÓÌÔ#†¼IÔ»XXð#ÔÓÓÓÓÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔThe€defendant,€Ô_ÔTakeitaÔ_Ô€M.€Locke,€was€tried€and€convicted€in€the€Knox€County€Criminal€Court€ofÐ R¢  Ðfelony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€in€the€death€of€Chuck€Newman.€The€Court€ofÐ >Ž  ÐCriminal€Appeals€unanimously€affirmed€both€convictions.€€We€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€ifÐ *z Ðthe€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€certain€lesser„includedÐ f Ðoffenses€of€felony€murder,€namely:€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminallyÐ R Ðnegligent€homicide.€€Additionally,€with€respect€to€her€conviction€for€especially€aggravated€robbery,Ð î> Ðthe€defendant€maintains€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€by€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÐ Ú* Ðon€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€facilitation€of€a€felony€(especially€aggravated€robbery),€aggravatedÐ Æ Ðrobbery,€and€robbery.€€After€examining€the€facts€and€the€law€relevant€to€these€issues,€we€hold€thatÐ ² Ðthe€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,Ð žî Ðreckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€was€reversible€error.€€We€also€hold€that€theÐ ŠÚ Ðtrial€court's€failure€to€instruct€on€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€facilitation€of€especially€aggravatedÐ vÆ Ðrobbery,€aggravated€robbery,€and€robbery€was€erroneous,€but€such€errors€were€harmless€beyond€aÐ b² Ðreasonable€doubt.Ô#†¼IÔ»XX¼#ÔÐ Nž ÐÌÓhÓÓªÓò òÔ% ‡$ ÔÔ%†$y ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÓÓTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Application€for€Permission€to€Appeal;€Ð Lœ ÐJudgment€of€the€Ô% ‡* ÔÔ%†*'ÔCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmed€in€Part€and€Reversed€in€Part€andÐ 8 ˆ ÐRemanded€to€the€Criminal€Court€of€Knox€County.Ô#†¼IÔ»XX— #ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔó óÐ $!t  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼IÔ»àXî#ÔÔ‡XX.¼IÔÔWilliam€M.€Barker,€Jóó.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€the€panel€of€which€consisted€ofòò€FrankÐ ü"L" ÐF.€Ô_ÔDrowotaÔ_ÔÔ#†¼IÔ»àXX#ÔÔ‡XX.¼IÔÔ,€III,€C.J.,€óóand€òòE.€Riley€AndersonÔ#†¼IÔ»àX?#ÔÔ‡XX.¼IÔÔ,€Ô_ÔAdolphoÔ_Ô€A.€Birchóó,€òòJróó.,€and€òòJanice€M.€Holderóó,Ð è#8# ÐJJ.Ð Ô$$ $ ÐÌWade€V.€Davies€(on€appeal)€and€Gerald€Lee€Ô_ÔGulleyÔ_Ô,€Jr.€(at€trial),€Knoxville,€Tennessee€for€theÐ ¬&ü!& Ðappellant,€Ô_ÔTakeitaÔ_Ô€M.€Locke.Ô#†¼IÔ»XX©#ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÐ ˜'è"' ÐÌÔ% ‡) ÔÔ%†)zÔPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Elizabeth€B.€Ô_ÔMarneyÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð p)À$) ÐRandall€E.€Ô_ÔNicholsÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General;€and€G.€Scott€Green,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ \*¬%* ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ô#†¼IÔ»XXE#ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÐ H+˜&+ ÐÔ#†¼IÔ»XX#ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔÌÓ)Óà@@OO&ìàò òÔ#†¼IÔ»XXh#ÔÔ‡XX»¼IÔÔOPINIONÐ  -p(-ý ÐÔ_Ô‡FACTSÔ‡sXXXXÔÐ ° ÐÌó óÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€In€the€early€morning€hours€of€October€17,€1998,€the€defendant,€Takeita€M.€Locke,€was€ridingÐ ˆØ Ðin€a€car€with€her€boyfriend,€Jerry€"Bam"€Graves,€Adam€Faw€(the€driver),€and€Christina€Martin.€Ð tÄ ÐDuring€the€ride,€the€members€of€the€group€decided€to€rob€someone€and€proceeded€to€theÐ `° ÐMontgomery€Village€Housing€Project€in€Knoxville,€Tennessee.€€Upon€arriving€in€the€parking€lot,€atÐ L œ Ðaround€5:00€a.m.,€Graves€spotted€Chuck€Newman€walking€toward€one€of€the€apartments.€€Mr.Ð 8 ˆ ÐNewman€knocked€on€the€door€of€Karen€Verklas'€apartment€and€proceeded€inside€when€she€openedÐ $ t Ðthe€door.€€Before€Ms.€Verklas€could€close€the€door,€Graves€barged€inside€and€demanded€Mr.Ð  ` ÐNewman's€money.€€When€Newman€refused,€a€struggle€ensued.Ð ü L  ÐÌØ ?Øà  àMs.€Verklas€had€been€inside€with€her€boyfriend,€Roberts€Richards,€and€both€watched€asÐ Ô$  ÐGraves€forced€Mr.€Newman€onto€the€couch€and€began€beating€him€with€a€gun€around€the€head.€€TheyÐ À  Ðalso€both€observed,€during€the€struggle,€the€defendant€enter€the€apartment€and€attempt€to€pry€Mr.Ð ¬ü  ÐNewman's€hand€open€while€he€was€being€pistol„whipped€by€Graves.€€After€Ms.€Verklas€and€Mr.Ð ˜è  ÐRichards€fled€the€apartment€to€summon€help,€Mr.€Newman€was€fatally€stabbed€with€a€kitchen€knifeÐ „Ô  Ðby€either€Graves€or€the€defendant.€€€€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àÔ#†XXXsX%#ÔInvestigator€Samuel€Brown€of€the€Knoxville€Police€Department€responded€to€the€incidentÐ H˜ Ðand€interviewed€both€Ms.€Verklas€and€Mr.€Richards.€€Investigator€Brown€determined€that€theÐ 4„ Ðnicknames€used€by€the€suspects€were€"Sherry€or€Cherry"€and€"Bam."€€Subsequently,€InvestigatorÐ  p ÐBrown€spoke€to€other€personnel€at€the€Knoxville€Police€Department€who€informed€him€that€a€youngÐ  \ Ðwoman€named€Takeita€Bell׃t×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€may€use€the€nickname€"Cherry."€€As€a€result,€Investigator€Brown€had€Ð øH ÐLocke€arrested€and€taken€into€juvenile€custody.׃Ü×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€October€18,€1998€and€the€following€day,Ð ä4 ÐInvestigator€Brown€interviewed€the€defendant€at€the€Juvenile€Detention€Facility€after€informing€herÐ Ð  Ðof€her€rights.€€She€was€later€charged€in€Juvenile€Court€which€issued€an€order€on€December€9,€1998Ð ¼  Ðtransferring€her€to€Knox€County€Criminal€Court€for€prosecution€as€an€adult.€€Subsequently,€aÐ ¨ø Ðpresentment€charged€the€defendant€and€Graves׃h×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€with€the€offenses€of€felony€murder€and€especiallyÐ ”ä Ðaggravated€robbery.Ô‡sXXXXÔÐ €Ð Ѐ€Ô#†XXXsX!#ÔÐ l¼ Ðà  àThe€trial€began€on€October€13,€1999,€with€the€State€calling€Dr.€Sandra€Elkins,€who€isÐ X ¨ Ðemployed€as€the€Knox€County€Medical€Examiner€and€Director€of€Autopsy€Services€at€the€UniversityÐ D!” Ðof€Tennessee€Medical€Center.€€Dr.€Elkins€performed€the€autopsy€on€Mr.€Newman€and€testified€thatÐ 0"€  Ðâ âthe€stab€wound€was€approximately€3.55€inches€deep€and€was€the€cause€of€death.€€Dr.€Elkins€alsoÐ #l! Ðnoted€that€the€curved€lacerations€on€Mr.€Newman's€skull€were€consistent€with€someone€who€hadÐ ° Ðbeen€struck€in€the€head€with€an€object€such€as€the€butt€of€a€pistol.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€State€then€called€several€witnesses€who€linked€the€defendant€to€the€murder€of€Mr.Ð tÄ ÐNewman.Ô‡sXXXXÔ€€Both€Ms.€Verklas€and€Mr.€Richards€testified€that€Locke€entered€the€apartment€during€theÐ `° Ðstruggle€and€attempted€to€pry€open€the€victim's€hand€while€he€was€being€beaten€with€the€gun€byÐ L œ ÐGraves.€€Mr.€Richards€also€stated€that€the€defendant€asked€Graves,€"How€much€does€he€have€onÐ 8 ˆ Ðhim?"€as€she€was€attempting€to€pry€open€the€victim's€hand.€€Both€Ms.€Verklas€and€Mr.€Richards€alsoÐ $ t Ðtestified€that€they€witnessed€Graves€and€Locke€leave€the€apartment€together.€€Additionally,€AdamÐ  ` ÐFaw€testified€that€after€providing€Graves€with€a€gun,€he€watched€from€the€car€as€Locke€stood€look„Ð ü L  Ðout€at€a€garbage€dumpster€and€then€ran€inside€the€apartment€after€the€commotion€began.€€The€StateÐ è 8  Ðthen€called€Investigator€Brown€and€Officer€Lawrence€Libscombe€to€detail€the€conflicting€statementsÐ Ô$  Ðthat€had€been€offered€by€the€defendant€concerning€the€robbery€and€homicide€of€Chuck€Newman.Ð À  ÐÌà  àFor€the€defense,€Ô#†XXXsX¬$#ÔMelvina€Terry€testified€that€she€was€a€resident€of€Montgomery€Village€andÐ ˜è  Ðthat€she€was€outside€in€the€parking€lot€when€Mr.€Newman€was€beaten€and€stabbed.€€Ms.€TerryÐ „Ô  Ðclaimed€that€she€witnessed€Mr.€Newman€walk€inside€the€Verklas€apartment€followed€by€two€males.€Ð pÀ ÐMs.€Terry€further€claimed€that€she€and€the€defendant€were€standing€outside€talking€while€the€attackÐ \¬ Ðoccurred.€€Ms.€Terry€testified€that€after€hearing€some€yelling€and€commotion€coming€from€theÐ H˜ ÐVerklas€apartment,€Locke€ran€over€to€the€apartment€and€came€out€five€minutes€later€shaking.€€AfterÐ 4„ Ðthis,€Ms.€Terry€claimed€that€Graves€emerged€from€the€apartment€with€the€gun€and€forced€Locke€toÐ  p Ðget€in€the€car.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant's€mother,€Mary€Ann€Bell,€also€testified€on€the€defendant's€behalf.€Ms.€BellÐ ä4 Ðtestified€that€Graves€had€routinely€beaten€Locke€during€their€relationship;€had€stabbed€Locke€withÐ Ð  Ða€pair€of€scissors;€and€had€once€shot€a€gun€at€Ms.€Bell€herself.€€On€cross„examination,€Ms.€BellÐ ¼  Ðadmitted€that€Ms.€Terry€was€a€personal€friend€of€hers€and€that€Ms.€Terry€routinely€smoked€crackÐ ¨ø Ðcocaine.€€Lastly,€the€defendant€took€the€stand€in€her€own€defense.€€She€claimed€that€on€the€day€inÐ ”ä Ðquestion,€she€sat€on€some€steps€with€Ms.€Terry€while€Graves€and€Faw€committed€the€robbery€andÐ €Ð Ðmurder€of€Chuck€Newman.€€Locke€further€testified€that€she€did€not€enter€the€apartment€at€any€time.€Ô‡sXXXXÔÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àÔ#†XXXsX~/#ÔAt€the€conclusion€of€the€proof,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€offenses€of€felonyÐ D!” Ðmurder€and€facilitation€of€felony€murder.€€Additionally,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€onÐ 0"€  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery.€€Following€deliberation,€the€jury€returned€guilty€verdicts€on€bothÐ #l! Ðfelony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€On€appeal,€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ $X" Ðunanimously€affirmed€both€convictions€and€concluded€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€charge€theÐ ô$D # Ðlesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€criminally€negligent€homicide,Ð à%0!$ Ðaggravated€robbery,€robbery,€and€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€was€not€reversibleÐ Ì&"% Ðerror.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àFor€the€reasons€stated€herein,€we€reverse€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€inÐ )à$( Ðpart€and€affirm€it€in€part€and€conclude€that€it€was€reversible€error€not€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðlesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligentÐ h+¸&* Ðhomicide.€€Additionally,€we€holdò ò€ò òó óó óthat€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€aggravatedÐ ° Ðrobbery,€robbery,€and€facilitation€of€especiallyò ò€ó óaggravated€robbery€on€the€charge€of€especiallyÐ  ð Ðaggravated€robbery€was€harmless€error€in€this€case.€Accordingly,€defendant€Locke's€case€is€remandedÐ à Ðto€the€Criminal€Court€of€Knox€County€for€a€new€trial€on€the€felony€murder€charge.ò òó ó€€The€defendant'sÐ |Ì Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€conviction€is€affirmed.Ð h¸ ÐÌà  àà@òò&ìàò òANALYSISˆÐ @  ÐÌó óà  àAs€we€recently€stated€in€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€187€(Tenn.€2002),€when€courts€applyÐ  h Ðthe€lesser„included€offense€doctrine,€"three€questions€arise:€1)€whether€an€offense€is€a€lesser„includedÐ  T  Ðoffense;€2)€whether€the€evidence€supports€a€lesser„included€offense€instruction;€and€3)€whether€anÐ ð @  Ðinstructional€error€is€harmless."€€Locke€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€because€it€failed€to€instructÐ Ü,  Ðthe€jury€on€a€variety€of€lesser„included€offenses€to€the€charges€of€first€degree€felony€murder€andÐ È  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery.€€Accordingly,€an€examination€of€the€three€lesser„included€offenseÐ ´  Ðquestions€is€warranted.Ð  ð  ÐÌà@¨ ¨ ìàòòLESSER„INCLUDED€OFFENSES€OF€FELONY€MURDERˆÐ xÈ ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àA.€€Lesser€„Included€OffensesÐ P  ÐÌóóà  àAt€trial,€the€presiding€judge€only€instructed€the€jury€on€felony€murder€and€facilitation€ofÐ (x Ðfelony€murder€on€count€one€of€the€presentment.€€It€is€a€well„settled€principal€that€"a€trial€court€mustÐ d Ðinstruct€the€jury€on€all€lesser„included€offenses€if€the€evidence€introduced€at€trial€is€legally€sufficientÐ P Ðto€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€offense."€€òòState€v€.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€464€(Tenn.€1999)Ð ì< Ð(quoting€òòState€v.€Langfordóó,€994€S.W.2d€126,€128€(Tenn.€1999)).€€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àUnder€the€test€we€announced€in€òòBurnsóó,׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€defendant€Locke€maintains€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ ° Ðin€failing€to€charge€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€onÐ œì Ðthe€charge€of€felony€murder.€€We€agree.€€Recently,€in€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€721„22€(Tenn.Ð ˆØ Ð2002),€we€held€that€"because€the€mental€states€required€for€[second€degree€murder,€recklessÐ tÄ Ðhomicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide]€differ€only€in€terms€of€seriousness€and€punishment,Ð ` ° Ðthe€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€areÐ L!œ Ðlesser„included€offenses€of€felony€murder€under€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test."€€We€reiterate€that€holdingÐ 8"ˆ  Ðtoday.Ð $#t! Ðà@D D ìàòòB.€€Evidence€Supporting€Lesser„Included€Offense€InstructionsˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àóóHaving€determined€that€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligentÐ ˆØ Ðhomicide€are€lesser„included€offenses,€the€next€inquiry€is€whether€the€evidence€produced€at€trialÐ tÄ Ðwarranted€instructions€on€these€offenses.€€The€test€for€determining€whether€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„Ð `° Ðincluded€offense€should€be€given€in€a€case€was€also€articulated€in€òòBurnsóó:Ð L œ ÐÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒFirst,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðreasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense.€€InÐ $ t Ðmaking€this€determination,€the€trial€court€must€view€the€evidenceÐ  ` Ðliberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„Ð ü L  Ðincluded€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€the€credibility€ofÐ è 8  Ðsuch€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€must€determine€if€the€evidence,Ð Ô$  Ðviewed€in€this€light,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€forÐ À  Ðthe€lesser„included€offense.Ð ¬ü  ÐÒ°` ÒÒ°` Òòòóó6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€In€making€this€determination,€reviewing€courts€must€be€mindful€that€simplyÐ ˜è  Ðbecause€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€greater€offense€does€not€excuse€theÐ „Ô  Ðfailure€to€instruct€on€a€valid€lesser„included€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòò òó óAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€atò ò€ó ó187€ò òó ó(citing€òòState€v.Ð pÀ ÐBowlesóó,€52€S.W.3d€69,€75€(Tenn.€2001)).€€Moreover,€"[a]€defendant€need€not€demonstrate€a€basisÐ `° Ðfor€acquittal€on€the€greater€offense€to€be€entitled€to€an€instruction€on€the€lesser€offense."€€òòIdóó.€€òòÐ Lœ ÐÌà  àóóOur€review€of€the€record€in€this€case€leads€us€to€the€conclusion€that€there€was€sufficientÐ $t Ðevidence€from€which€a€reasonable€jury€could€have€found€Locke€guilty€of€criminally€negligentÐ ` Ðhomicide,€reckless€homicide,€or€second€degree€murder.€€As€previously€summarized,€the€record€in€thisÐ üL Ðcase€shows€that€Locke€and€Graves€were€inside€the€Verklas€apartment€at€the€time€that€Chuck€NewmanÐ è8 Ðwas€robbed€and€fatally€stabbed.€€Though€the€State€had€several€witnesses€that€placed€the€defendantÐ Ô$ Ðinside€the€apartment,€there€was€no€witness€who€testified€as€to€all€the€events€inside€the€apartment€thatÐ À Ðmorning.€€Locke,€on€the€other€hand,€testified€that€she€did€not€enter€the€apartment.€€Her€testimony€wasÐ ¬ü Ðpartially€corroborated€by€a€witness,€Ms.€Terry,€who€claimed€that€Locke€entered€the€apartment€afterÐ ˜è Ðall€the€commotion€had€taken€place€and€emerged€from€the€apartment€"shaking."€€The€fact€that€noÐ „Ô Ðwitness€claimed€to€be€inside€the€apartment€when€Mr.€Newman€was€stabbed€enabled€the€State€toÐ pÀ Ðargue€to€the€jury€that€perhaps€it€was€Locke€herself€who€actually€stabbed€Mr.€Newman€during€theÐ \ ¬ Ðstruggle.׃r×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð H!˜ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€if€the€jury€believed€that€the€defendant€was€present,€it€may€have€reasonablyÐ  #p! Ðconcluded€that€she€either€stabbed€Mr.€Newman€or€assisted€Graves€as€he€stabbed€Mr.€Newman.€Ð  $\" ÐAdditionally,€the€jury€may€have€concluded€that€Locke€assisted€Graves€as€he€repeatedly€struck€Mr.Ð ° ÐNewman€in€the€head€with€the€gunòò.€€óóEither€participating€in€stabbing€someone€in€the€chest€with€a€knifeÐ œì Ðor€participating€in€beating€someone€in€the€head€with€a€gun€is€conduct€"reasonably€certain€to€causeÐ ˆØ Ð[death]."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(b)€(1997).€€Consequently,€if€the€jury€believed€that€LockeÐ tÄ Ðwas€"aware€.€.€.€that€[her]€conduct€[was]€reasonably€certain€to€cause€[death],"€òòi.e.óó€a€knowing€killing,Ð `° Ðit€could€have€convicted€her€of€second€degree€murder.òòÐ L œ ЀòòóóÐ 8 ˆ Ðà  àóóLikewise,€an€average€person€participating€in€such€conduct€would€be€aware€of€the€"substantialÐ $ t Ðand€unjustifiable€risk€that€[death]€will€occur."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„302(c)€(1997).€€If€the€juryÐ  ` Ðbelieved€that€the€defendant€was€aware€of,€but€consciously€disregarded€such€a€risk,€it€could€haveÐ ü L  Ðconvicted€her€of€reckless€homicide.€€Similarly,€an€ordinary€person€participating€in€such€conductÐ è 8  Ð"ought€to€be€aware€of€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€[death]€will€occur."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„Ð Ô$  Ð11„302(d)€(1997).€€If€the€jury€believed€that€Locke€was€not€aware€but€should€have€been€aware€of€thisÐ À  Ðrisk,€it€could€have€convicted€her€of€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€Thus,€òòóóa€conviction€for€any€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthese€offenses€would€have€been€supported€by€the€evidence€offered€at€trial,€and€failure€to€instruct€onÐ ˜è  Ðthese€offenses€was€error.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà@ìàòòC.€Harmless€Error€AnalysisˆÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àóóHaving€determined€that€it€was€error€for€the€trial€court€to€fail€to€instruct€on€these€lesser„Ð 4„ Ðincluded€offenses,€we€must€now€resolve€whether€such€error€was€harmless€or€prejudicial.€€The€CourtÐ  p Ðof€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€any€error€in€this€case€"was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,Ð  \ Ðbecause€it€òòmore€probably€than€notóó€did€not€affect€the€judgment€to€the€prejudice€of€the€defendant."€Ð øH ÐOpinion€at€14€(emphasis€added).€€Both€the€defendant€and€the€State€agree€that€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ ä4 ÐAppeals€articulated€an€incorrect€harmless€error€standard.€€Nevertheless,€the€State€contends€that€theÐ Ð  ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€did€correctly€òòapplyóó€the€proper€standard€to€the€facts€and€evidence€in€thisÐ ¼  Ðcase.€€We€disagree.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àAlthough€there€was€some€confusion€concerning€the€source€of€the€right€to€receive€lesser„Ð €Ð Ðincluded€offense€instructions€following€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101€(Tenn.€1998),€we€clearlyÐ l¼ Ðiterated€in€òòElyóó€that€this€right€was€constitutional€in€nature€as€part€of€the€right€to€trial€by€jury€and€"isÐ X ¨ Ðviolated€when€the€jury€is€not€permitted€to€consider€òòallóó€offenses€supported€by€the€evidence."€€òòElyóó,€48Ð D!” ÐS.W.3d€at€€727€(emphasis€in€original).€€That€the€source€of€this€right€is€constitutional€in€nature€isÐ 0"€  Ðmeaningful;€"the€State€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€a€deprivation€of€this€right€is€harmless€beyondÐ #l! Ða€reasonable€doubt."€€òòId.óó€at€725€(quoting€òòChapman€v.€Californiaóó,€386€U.S.€18,€24,€87€S.Ct.€824,€17Ð $X" ÐL.Ed.€705€(1967)).€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àWe€have€previously€explained€that€"nonconstitutional€errors€will€òònotóó€result€in€reversal€unlessÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€error€affirmatively€appears€to€have€affected€the€result€of€the€trial€on€the€merits,€or€consideringÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€whole€record,€the€error€involves€a€substantial€right€which€more€probably€than€not€affected€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðjudgment€or€would€result€in€prejudice€to€the€judicial€process."€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€989€S.W.2d€307,€315Ð )à$( Ð(Tenn.€1999)€(citing€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a))€(emphasis€in€original).€€By€including€the€words€"moreÐ |*Ì%) Ðprobablyò ò€ó óthan€not,"€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€lessened€the€constitutional€harmless€error€standardÐ h+¸&* Ðand€co„mingled€it€with€the€non„constitutional€harmless€error€standard.€€Various€courts,€including€theÐ ° ÐUnited€States€Supreme€Court,€have€noted€the€significant€difference€between€the€two€standards€andÐ œì Ðthat€cases€may€be€decided€differently€based€upon€which€standard€is€applied.€€òòBrecht€v.€Abrahamsonóó,Ð ˆØ Ð507€U.S.€619,€113€S.Ct.€1710,€123€L.€Ed.€2d€353€(1993)òòóó.€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€diluted€standard€used€by€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€in€this€case€was€a€reversion€toÐ L œ Ðthe€standard€we€articulated€in€òòState€v.€Swindleóó,€30€S.W.3d€289€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€òòSwindleóó,€we€heldÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€under€lesser„included€offense€harmless€error€analysis,€"[r]eversal€is€required€if€the€errorÐ $ t Ðaffirmatively€affected€the€result€of€the€trial,€or€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€to€theÐ  ` Ðdefendant's€prejudice."€€òòId.óó€at€293.€€Although€we€noted€in€òòElyóó€that€òòSwindleóó€did€not€reference€theÐ ü L  ÐòòChapmanóó€standard€for€constitutional€harmless€error€analysis,€we€did€not€òòexpresslyóó€overrule€òòSwindleóóÐ è 8  Ðat€that€time.€€òòElyóó,€48€S.W3d€at€726.€€However,€the€standard€used€in€òòSwindleóó€does€not€comport€withÐ Ô$  Ðthe€constitutional€harmless€error€standard€articulated€in€òòElyóó.€€Therefore,€to€the€extent€that€òòSwindleóóÐ À  Ðis€inconsistent€with€òòElyóó€and€this€decision,€it€is€overruled.€Furthermore,€in€spite€of€the€State'sÐ ¬ü  Ðargument,€we€cannot€agree€that€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€applied€the€proper€harmless€errorÐ ˜è  Ðstandard€in€this€case.€€Because€the€intermediate€court€articulated€an€incorrect€standard,€we€mustÐ „Ô  Ðassume€that€it€applied€the€same€incorrect€standard€in€its€analysis.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àNevertheless,€the€State€additionally€contends€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€on€theseÐ H˜ Ðlesser„included€offenses€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€jury€rejected€the€lesser„Ð 4„ Ðincluded€offense€of€facilitation€of€felony€murder€and€convicted€Locke€of€the€highest€offenseÐ  p Ðinstructed€on:€felony€murder.€€In€this€argument,€the€State€relies€upon€the€reasoning€of€òòWilliamsóó.€€InÐ  \ ÐòòWilliamsóó,€we€held€that€a€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€voluntary€manslaughter€wasÐ øH Ðharmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€jury€had€considered€both€first€and€second€degreeÐ ä4 Ðmurder€and€had€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder.€€We€held€that€"the€jury's€verdictÐ Ð  Ðof€guilt€on€the€greater€offense€of€first€degree€murder€and€its€disinclination€to€consider€the€lesser„Ð ¼  Ðincluded€offense€of€second€degree€murder€clearly€demonstrates€that€it€certainly€would€not€haveÐ ¨ø Ðreturned€a€verdict€on€voluntary€manslaughter."€€977€S.W.2dò ò€ó óat€106€(citing€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€S.W.2dÐ ”ä Ð589,€593€(Tenn.€1990)).€€Ð „Ô ÐÌà  àApplying€òòWilliamsóó€in€this€case,€the€determination€of€whether€the€trial€court's€error€wasÐ \ ¬ Ðharmless€necessarily€turns€on€the€relationship€between€facilitation€and€the€other€lesser„includedÐ H!˜ Ðhomicide€offenses.€€In€determining€this€relationship,€we€are€mindful€that€in€òòWilliamsóó€we€stated€thatÐ 4"„  Ð"by€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€highest€offense€to€the€exclusion€of€the€immediately€lesserÐ  #p! Ðoffense,€second€degree€murder,€the€jury€òònecessarily€rejectedóó€all€other€lesser€offenses,€includingÐ  $\" Ðvoluntary€manslaughter."€òòóó977€S.W.2d€at€106€(emphasis€added).€€Facilitation,€however,€unlike€lesserÐ ø$H # Ðdegrees€of€homicide€is€not€an€immediately€lesser€offense€of€felony€murder€under€part€(b)€of€theÐ ä%4!$ ÐòòBurnsóó€test.€€In€fact,€facilitation€is€a€separate€and€distinct€theory€of€liability€from€that€of€a€principalÐ Ð& "% Ðoffender€or€someone€who€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€conduct€of€another.€€The€Tennessee€CodeÐ ¼' #& Ðdefines€facilitation€as€follows:Ð ¨(ø#' ÐÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€facilitation€of€a€felony,€if,Ð ”)ä$( Ðknowing€that€another€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€but€òòwithoutÐ €*Ð%) Ðthe€intent€required€for€criminal€responsibilityóó€under€[Tennessee€CodeÐ l+¼&* ÐAnnotated]€ðð€39„11„402(2),€the€person€knowingly€furnishesÐ ° Ðsubstantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€a€felony.Ð œì ÐÒ°` ÒÒ°` ÒòòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„403(a)€(1997)€(emphasis€added).€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThere€are€several€reasons€why€the€jury€may€have€rejected€facilitation€in€this€case.€€AÐ `° Ðfacilitation€instruction€addresses€Locke's€role€in€the€crime€as€a€facilitator€rather€than€a€party€to€theÐ L œ Ðoffense.€€First,€the€jury€could€have€found€that€the€defendant's€intent€was€such€as€to€cause€her€to€beÐ 8 ˆ Ðcriminally€responsible€for€the€death€of€Chuck€Newman.€€Additionally,€based€on€the€evidence,€theÐ $ t Ðjury€could€have€concluded€that€Locke€was€principally€responsible€for€the€death€of€Mr.€Newman€toÐ  ` Ðsome€degree.€€Regardless,€the€rejection€of€facilitation€did€not€necessarily€mean€that€the€jury€wouldÐ ü L  Ðhave€rejected€all€lesser€degrees€of€homicide;€it€could€merely€have€meant€that€the€jury€found€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendant€played€a€role€in€the€crime€that€was€not€that€of€a€facilitator.€€However,€upon€finding€thatÐ Ô$  Ðfacilitation€was€inapplicable,€the€jury€was€left€with€only€two€options,€it€could€acquit€Locke€outrightÐ À  Ðor€find€her€guilty€of€first€degree€felony€murder.€€We€have€previously€observed€that€when€a€jury€isÐ ¬ü  Ðforced€into€an€"all€or€nothing"€decision,€the€dilemma€is€likely€going€to€be€"resolved€against€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant,€who€is€clearly€guilty€of€'something.'"€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466.€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àMindful€of€these€principals,€we€are€unable€to€conclude€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instructÐ \¬ Ðthe€jury€on€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€did€notÐ H˜ Ðaffect€the€trial€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòWilliamsóó€is€not€controlling€here€given€the€differentÐ 4„ Ðmental€state€required€for€facilitation.€€In€òòAllenóó,€we€held€that€when€a€reviewing€court€is€determiningÐ  p Ðwhether€a€lesser„included€instruction€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€"reviewingÐ  \ Ðcourt€should€conduct€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record,€including€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,Ð øH Ðthe€defendant's€theory€of€the€defense,€and€the€verdict€returned€by€the€jury.€€69€S.W.€3d€at€191.€GivenÐ ä4 Ðthe€conflicting€evidence€in€this€case€involving€Locke's€intent€and€actions€on€the€morning€of€OctoberÐ Ð  Ð17,€1998,€we€conclude€that€the€jury€could€have€convicted€the€defendant€of€second€degree€murder,Ð ¼  Ðreckless€homicide,€or€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€The€evidence€in€this€case€would€haveÐ ¨ø Ðsupported€any€of€those€verdicts.€€Because€we€cannot€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ ”ä Ðfailure€of€the€trial€court€to€instruct€on€these€lesser„included€offenses€did€not€affect€the€outcome€ofÐ €Ð Ðthe€defendant's€trial,€we€hold€that€the€error€was€not€harmless.Ð l¼ ÐÌà@<<ìàòòLESSER„INCLUDED€OFFENSES€OF€ESPECIALLY€AGGRAVATED€ROBBERYˆÐ D!” ÐÌà  àóóà@‰‰ìàòòA.€Lesser„Included€OffensesˆÐ #l! ÐÌóóà  àIn€addition€to€felony€murder,€the€State€charged€Locke€with€especially€aggravated€robbery.€Ð ô$D # ÐAt€the€conclusion€of€the€proof,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€only€on€the€offense€of€especiallyÐ à%0!$ Ðaggravated€robbery.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€by€failingÐ Ì&"% Ðto€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offenses€of€aggravated€robbery,€robbery,€and€facilitation€of€especiallyÐ ¸'#& Ðaggravated€robbery.€€The€State€counters€that€any€error€on€the€part€of€the€trial€court€was€"harmlessÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€proof€was€uncontroverted€and€overwhelming€òòòòóóóóthat€GravesÐ )à$( Ðused€a€deadly€weapon€to€inflict€serious€bodily€injury€that€led€to€the€victim's€death."€€Brief€of€AppelleeÐ |*Ì%) Ðat€15.€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àClearly,€aggravated€robbery€and€robbery€are€lesser„included€offenses€of€especially€aggravatedÐ ° Ðrobbery€under€part€(a)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€Part€(a)€is€satisfied€because€all€of€the€elements€of€aggravatedÐ œì Ðrobbery€and€robbery€are€elements€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€In€other€words,€aggravatedÐ ˆØ Ðrobbery€and€robbery€are€lesser„included€offenses€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€because€oneÐ tÄ Ðcannot€commit€an€especially€aggravated€robbery€without€satisfying€all€the€elements€of€the€two€lesserÐ `° Ðoffenses.€€Likewise,€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€is€also€a€lesser„included€offense€ofÐ L œ Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€under€part€(c)(1)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€Accordingly,€we€agree€with€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€that€aggravated€robbery,€robbery,€and€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€are€allÐ $ t Ðlesser„included€offenses€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.Ð  ` ÐÌ€à@] ] ìàòòB.€Evidence€Supporting€Lesser„Included€Offense€InstructionsˆÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àóóHaving€determined€that€aggravated€robbery,€robbery,€and€facilitation€of€especially€aggravatedÐ À  Ðrobbery€are€all€lesser„included€offenses,€we€must€now€decide€whether€instructions€on€these€offensesÐ ¬ü  Ðwere€warranted€under€the€evidence€produced€at€trial.€€The€evidence€in€this€case€has€already€beenÐ ˜è  Ðsummarized.€€The€jury€found€the€evidence€sufficient€to€convict€the€defendant€of€especiallyÐ „Ô  Ðaggravated€robbery.€€As€we€noted€in€òòAllenóó:Ð pÀ ÐÒ` °ÒÒ` °ÒEvidence€sufficient€to€warrant€an€instruction€on€the€greater€offenseÐ \¬ Ðalso€will€support€an€instruction€on€a€lesser€offense€under€part€(a)€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€òòBurnsóó€test.€€In€proving€the€greater€offense€the€State€necessarily€hasÐ 4„ Ðproven€the€lesser€offense€because€all€of€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ  p Ðlesser€offense€are€included€in€the€greater.òòóóÐ  \ ÐÒ°` ÒÒ°` Ò69€S.W.3d€at€188€(citing€òòò òó óBowlesóó,€52€S.W.3d€at€80).€€Because€reasonable€minds€may€accept€identicalÐ øH Ðevidence€as€supporting€the€existence€of€both€the€lesser€and€greater€offense,€we€conclude€that€in€theÐ ä4 Ðinstant€case,€evidence€existed€such€that€the€jury€could€reasonably€have€found€aggravated€robbery€andÐ Ð  Ðrobbery.€€Moreover,€the€evidence€was€legally€sufficient€to€support€convictions€on€either€of€theseÐ ¼  Ðoffenses.€€Accordingly,€we€hold€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€aggravatedÐ ¨ø Ðrobbery€and€robbery.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€based€upon€the€proof€at€trial,€evidence€was€produced€such€that€facilitation€ofÐ l¼ Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€could€have€been€instructed€to€the€jury€on€the€charge€of€especiallyÐ X ¨ Ðaggravated€robbery.€€As€we€have€previously€noted,€facilitation€is€established€by€proof€that€"knowingÐ D!” Ðthat€another€person€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€but€without€the€intent€required€for€criminalÐ 0"€  Ðresponsibility€under€[Tennessee€Code€Annotated]€ðð€39„11„402(2),€the€person€knowingly€furnishesÐ #l! Ðsubstantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€the€felony."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„403€(1997).€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àTo€reiterate,€the€evidence€in€this€case€was€highly€contestedò ò.€€ó óWitnesses€for€the€State€testifiedÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€Locke€was€present€during€the€robbery,€but€the€proof€regarding€the€extent€of€her€participation€wasÐ Ð& "% Ðnot€clear.€€The€defendant€countered€by€claiming€she€never€participated€in€the€event,€and€herÐ ¼' #& Ðtestimony€was€partially€corroborated€by€at€least€one€eyewitness.€€€Therefore,€the€jury€would€have€hadÐ ¨(ø#' Ða€factual€basis,€predicated€on€the€evidence,€to€determine€that€Locke's€role€in€the€crime€was€that€ofÐ ”)ä$( Ða€facilitator,€rather€than€a€criminally€responsible€party.€€Furthermore,€the€judge€instructed€the€juryÐ €*Ð%) Ðon€facilitation€of€felony€murder.€€Clearly,€if€the€evidence€supported€instructing€the€jury€on€facilitationÐ l+¼&* Ðof€the€felony€murder,€then€the€evidence€would€support€instructing€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€theÐ ° Ðunderlying€felony.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€we€find€that€there€was€evidence€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€on€theÐ tÄ Ðoffense€of€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Moreover,€the€evidence€was€legallyÐ `° Ðsufficient€to€support€such€a€conviction.€We€are€left€with€no€choice€but€to€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÐ L œ Ðerred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà@ìàòòC.€Harmless€Error€AnalysisˆÐ  ` ÐÌà  àóóHaving€decided€that€the€trial€court€committed€error€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€onÐ è 8  Ðaggravated€robbery,€robbery,€and€facilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€we€must€nowÐ Ô$  Ðdetermine€whether€that€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòElyóó,€48€S.W.3d€at€727.€€Clearly,Ð À  Ðthere€is€more€than€one€way€for€an€instructional€error€to€be€harmless.€€We€have€already€discussedÐ ¬ü  Ðtoday€the€òòWilliamsóó€situation€where€a€jury€rejects€an€intermediate€lesser„included€offense€as€a€basisÐ ˜è  Ðfor€harmless€error.€€However,€we€have€also€noted€that€harmless€error€is€not€limited€to€òòWilliamsóó„typeÐ „Ô  Ðcases,€and€the€proper€inquiry€is€"whether€it€appears€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€error€did€notÐ pÀ Ðaffect€the€outcome€of€the€trial."€€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€191€(Tenn.€2002).€€€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€State€argues€that€while€it€was€error€for€the€trial€court€to€fail€to€instruct€the€jury€onÐ 4„ Ðaggravated€robbery€and€robbery,€any€such€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€ò òó ótheÐ  p Ðevidence€was€"uncontroverted€and€overwhelming€that€Graves€used€a€deadly€weapon€to€inflict€seriousÐ  \ Ðbodily€injury€that€led€to€the€victim's€death."€€Brief€of€Appellee€at€15.€€While€we€are€aware€that€theÐ øH Ðjury€òòcouldóó€conceivably€have€convicted€Locke€of€aggravated€robbery€or€robbery€had€it€been€instructedÐ ä4 Ðon€those€offenses,€we€€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€because€the€evidence€was€totallyÐ Ð  Ðuncontroverted€and€overwhelming€that€a€deadly€weapon€was€used€in€the€robbery€and€the€victimÐ ¼  Ðsuffered€serious€bodily€injury€resulting€in€his€death,€no€reasonable€jury€òòwouldóó€have€convicted€on€theÐ ¨ø Ðlesser€offenses€instead€of€the€charged€offense€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Therefore,€the€trialÐ ”ä Ðcourt's€failure€to€instruct€aggravated€robbery€and€robbery€did€not€affect€the€outcome€of€the€trialÐ €Ð Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€these€lesser„includedÐ l¼ Ðoffenses€was€harmless.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€the€defendant€maintains€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€onÐ 0"€  Ðfacilitation€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€was€reversible€error€under€the€authority€of€òòAllenóó,€69Ð #l! ÐS.W.3d€at€191„92,׃v×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€òòState€v.€Flemmingóó,€19€S.W.3d€195,€200€(Tenn.€2000).׃uÜ×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€While€it€is€true€thatÐ $X" Ðboth€òòAllenóó€and€òòFlemmingóó€stand€for€the€proposition€that€failure€to€instruct€on€facilitation€of€an€offenseÐ ° Ðis€reversible€error€where€the€evidence€supports€the€instruction,€ò òó óthe€erroneous€failure€to€instruct€onÐ œì Ðfacilitation€is€not€always€reversible.€€This€case€is€similar€to€òòAllenóó€in€that€there€was€evidence€thatÐ ˆØ Ðsupported€the€defendant€as€being€merely€a€facilitator.€€The€key€distinction€between€òòAllenóó,€òòFlemmingóó,Ð tÄ Ðand€the€instant€case€is€that€in€determining€that€Locke€was€criminally€responsible€for€Mr.€Newman'sÐ `° Ðdeath€and€rejecting€facilitation€of€felony€murder,€the€jury€necessarily€rejected€the€theory€that€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€was€merely€a€facilitator€in€this€crime.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àAs€we€held€in€òòAllenóó,€in€determining€whether€a€lesser„included€instruction€error€is€harmlessÐ  ` Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€a€"reviewing€court€should€conduct€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record,Ð ü L  Ðincluding€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€the€defendant's€theory€of€the€defense,€òòand€the€verdictÐ è 8  Ðreturned€by€the€juryóó.ò ò"ó ó€69€S.W.€3d€at€191€(emphasis€added).€€The€fact€that€the€defendant's€felonyÐ Ô$  Ðmurder€conviction€is€being€overturned€by€this€Court€does€not€change€the€fact€that€the€jury€consideredÐ Ä  Ðand€rejected€Locke's€role€in€the€crime€as€being€that€of€a€facilitator.€€It€would€be€anomalous€andÐ °  Ðcontrary€to€common€sense€for€this€Court€to€conclude€that€a€jury€would€have€found€the€defendantÐ œì  Ðcriminally€responsible€for€the€felony€murder,€but€only€guilty€as€a€facilitator€in€the€underlying€felony.€Ð ˆØ  ÐAccordingly,€we€hold€that€any€error€on€the€part€of€the€trial€court€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitationÐ tÄ Ðof€especially€aggravated€robbery€was€harmless€because€it€did€not€affect€the€trial€beyond€a€reasonableÐ `° Ðdoubt.Ð Lœ ÐÌ€à@FF%ìàò òCONCLUSIONˆÐ $t ÐÌó óà  àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€lesser„includedÐ P Ðoffenses€of€second€degree€murder,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€on€theÐ ì< Ðfelony€murder€charge€and€that€the€error€was€not€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Furthermore,Ð Ø( Ðwe€conclude€that€although€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€charge€aggravated€robbery,€robbery,€andÐ Ä Ðfacilitation€of€especiallyò ò€ó óaggravated€robbery€on€the€charge€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€suchÐ ° Ðerror€was€harmless€because€of€the€uncontroverted€evidence€of€the€victim's€death€and€the€use€of€aÐ  ð Ðdeadly€weapon€and€because€the€jury€rejected€the€notion€that€the€defendant€was€a€facilitator€in€thisÐ ŒÜ Ðcase€by€rejecting€facilitation€of€felony€murder.€€Accordingly,€Locke's€conviction€for€felony€murderÐ xÈ Ðis€reversed,€and€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€reversed€in€part€and€affirmed€inÐ d ´ Ðpart.€We€now€remand€this€case€to€the€Criminal€Court€of€Knox€County€so€that€the€defendant€mayÐ P!  Ðreceive€a€new€trial€on€the€charge€of€felony€murder.€€The€defendant's€especially€aggravated€robberyÐ <"Œ  Ðconviction€is€affirmed.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€State€of€Tennessee.à x àÐ (#x! ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à______________________________Ð ì%