ÿWPCÖ  …# VUNa %¯ 0(µbÝw@å4% 9 H 0DP 0J” U:Þ 0T 0^l 0hÊ 0r2 0|¤ 0† 0¦ 1u6 0d« BU>,U*jU*”B)¾DCç D3* AM]ª 0@Åé î!ùv~ 0ƘvÓ^ AO1Æ€ 0DF D/Š B¹ ˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù- DI !E"#Ó€/ƒo!úÿÿú, ú3|x2(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial< Œ 9p`(Times% Line 7 d((((7Border 1dd$$$$'ÿÿdxd€-)Cþÿ << Gÿÿ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔÔ€&ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€&XÔÌÌò òNovember€12,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€&ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò ßÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€&ÔÔ€&ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThat€statute€provides€as€follows:€€ð ðExcept€as€provided€in€ðð€62„18„120(g),€all€prosecutionsÏfor€misdemeanors€shall€be€commenced€within€twelve€(12)€months€next€after€the€offense€has€beenÏcommitted,€except€gaming,€which€shall€be€commenced€within€six(6)€months.ððÌ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€&ÔÔ€&ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€State€urges€this€Court€to€overrule€existing€precedent€requiring€that€€ð ðtolling€factsðð€beÏpleaded€and€proven€in€an€indictment€which€is€brought€outside€the€limitations€period€to€commenceÏprosecution.€€We€decline€and€reserve€decision€on€that€issue€for€a€case€in€which€it€is€squarelyÏpresented.€Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ2$ÝÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÔ€&ÔÔ€&ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÒ ž ÒÒ À ÒSupport€for€the€defendantsðð€position€can€be€found,€however,€in€òòState€v.€Hix›óó,€696€œS.W.2d›Ï22€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1984)€and€other€unreported€decisions€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€ToÏthe€extent€those€decisions€can€be€read€to€require€pleading€of€commencing€facts,€they€areÏoverruled.ÌPtPtHHøHÿöÿòV,(ühhØ hd'0ÿÎÿºF ® (v(2Ø$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ€°ÒÒÀ°ÒÔ€XÞXXXÔÔ€ô±íôXXÞÔà Ø àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Geneva ÒÒ  BA Op Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€%ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ À ÒÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€&ÔÑ€ÑÑ7€ÅXXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  Ñò òØ ØÓ&€''XÐd&Ó›à@ àÔ€&¼ÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEó óÔ€&XÔÌò òà@ àÔ€&¼ÔSITTING€AT€NASHVILLEÔ€&XÔó óÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòòà àFOR€PUBLICATIONóóÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà àà à)à àœò òFiled:€November€12,Ï1996ó ó›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiff/Appellant,à àà àà àà à)à àJEFFERSON€CRIMINALÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€William€R.€œHolt›,€Jr.,€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJudgeÌJACKIE€HAROLD€œMESSAMORE›,à àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€03„œS01›„9603„CV„00033Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendant/Appellee.à àà àà à)Ì_________________________________________________________________ÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiff/Appellant,à àà àà àà à)à àHENRY€CRIMINALÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHon.€€Julian€P.€œGuinn›,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àJudgeÌÙ€€ÙœßL€+,);+'h|kþ¼` Å `€€Lß›à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌBILLY€GENE€POWELL,à àà àà àà à)à àNo.€Ï02„œS01›„9604„CC„00033Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendant/Appellee.à àà àà à)à àÌÌòòÌÌÌÌFOR€PLAINTIFFS/APPELLANTSóó:òòà àà àFOR€DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:óóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌCharles€W.€œBurson›à àà àà àà àà àJohn€E.€œHerbison›ÌAttorney€General€&€Reporterà àà àà àAttorney€for€Appellee€œMessamore›ÌNashville,€Tennesseeà àà àà àà àNashville,€Tennesseeà àÌÌGordon€W.€Smithà àà àà àà àà àBarton€F.€œRobison›ÌAssociate€Solicitor€Generalà àà àà àAttorney€for€Appellee€PowellÌNashville,€Tennesseeà àà àà àà àParis,€TennesseeÌÌAlfred€C.€œSchmutzer›,€Jr.ÌDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌœSevierville›,€TennesseeÌÌJames€œGass›ÌAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌœSevierville›,€TennesseeÌÌRobert€œRadford›ÌDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌHuntingdon,€TennesseeÌÌÔ€&„Ôà@ àò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÔ€&XÔÌœCOURT›€OF€œCRIMINAL€APPEALS›€REVERSED;à àà àà àà àÌœJUDGMENT›€OF€TRIAL€œCOURTS›€REINSTATED.à àà àDROWOTA,€œJ.›€ÇÒ € ÒÒ À ÒÑ , ÑÑ ` ÑÓÓà àThis€consolidated€appeal€presents€a€single€issue€for€our€determination:€isÏan€indictment€issued€beyond€the€statutory€limitations€period€subject€to€dismissal€ifÏit€fails€to€allege€that€the€prosecution€was€timely€commenced€within€the€applicableÏlimitations€period€by€another€method.€€For€the€reasons€that€follow,€we€hold€thatÏsuch€indictments€are€not€subject€to€dismissal.€Accordingly,€the€judgments€of€theÏCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€dismissing€the€indictments€are€reversed€and€theÏjudgments€of€the€œrespective€trial›€courts€are€reinstated.ÌÌà@ àòòò òB€A€C€K€G€R€O€U€N€Dóóó óÌà@ àòòò òMessamoreóó€ó óÌà àOn€December€17,€1992,€following€an€accident€in€which€he€was€injured,ÏJackie€Harold€Messamore€was€arrested€for€the€misdemeanor€offense€of€drivingÏwhile€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant.€€€On€three€separate€occasionsÏthereafter,€Messamore€appeared€in€general€sessions€court€to€obtain€aÏcontinuance€of€the€case.€€However,€on€October€13,€1993,€less€than€twelveÏmonths€after€the€offense€occurred,€Messamore€was€bound€over€to€the€grand€jury.€ÏThe€grand€jury€did€not€indict€Messamore€until€January€3,€1994,€more€than€twelveÍmonths€œafter›€the€offense€occurred.€€The€indictment€did€not€allege€that€theÏprosecution€had€been€timely€commenced€by€other€means€within€the€applicableÏone€year€misdemeanor€statute€of€limitations.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„2„102€(1990ÏRepl.)œ× ƒ. ××  ×›ÌÌà àThe€case€was€tried€to€a€jury€in€April€of€1994,€and€Messamore€wasÏconvicted€of€the€offense€charged.€€Messamore€appealed,€and€for€the€first€time,Ïchallenged€the€sufficiency€of€the€indictment.€€In€a€split€decision,€the€Court€ofÏCriminal€Appeals€concluded€that€the€prosecution€had€been€timely€commenced,Ïbut€nevertheless€ordered€the€indictment€dismissed,€stating€that€ð ð[œi]f›€an€indictmentÏon€its€face€indicates€that€the€statute€[of€limitations]€has€expired,€the€state€mustÏallege€the€specific€facts€relied€upon€in€order€to€avoid€the€statutory€bar€whether€theÏstatute€is€ð ðtolledðð€or€whether€prosecution€was€commenced€within€the€statutoryÏperiod.ðð€ÌÌà@ àòòò òPowellóóó óÌà àOn€August€16,€1993,€Billy€Gene€Powell€was€arrested€for€the€misdemeanorÏoffenses€of€speeding€and€driving€on€a€revoked€license.€€On€November€9,€1993,Ïless€than€one€year€after€his€arrest,€Powell€appeared€in€general€sessions€court€onÏboth€charges,€waived€a€preliminary€hearing,€and€agreed€to€have€the€casesÏbound€over€to€the€grand€jury.€€For€various€reasons€not€pertinent€to€the€issue€onÏappeal,€the€grand€jury€did€not€act€on€the€cases€until€November€7,€1994,€almostÏfifteen€months€after€the€offenses€occurred,€when€it€returned€a€two€countÏindictment€against€€Powell€for€speeding€and€driving€on€a€revoked€license.€ÏNeither€count€of€the€indictment€recited€facts€to€establish€that€the€prosecution€hadÏbeen€timely€commenced€by€another€method€within€the€applicable€one€yearÏmisdemeanor€statute€of€limitations.€ÌÌà àOn€November€10,€1994,€Powell€moved€to€dismiss€the€indictment€as€time„barred.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€motion.€€Powell€later€entered€a€guilty€plea,€butÏappealed€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€to€dismiss€the€indictment€pursuantÏto€Tenn.€R.€œCrim›.€P.€37.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€reversed€the€trial€courtððsÍdecision€and€dismissed€the€indictment€because€the€State€had€failed€to€allegeÏfacts€in€the€indictment€to€show€that€it€had€been€timely€commenced€within€the€oneÏyear€limitations€period.ÌÌà àThereafter,€we€granted€the€œStateððs›€œapplications›€to€œappeal€Messamore€andÏPowell›€and€consolidated€the€cases€for€review€to€clarify€this€area€of€the€law€ofÏcriminal€procedure.€€For€the€reasons€that€follow,€the€judgments€of€the€Court€ofÏCriminal€Appeals€dismissing€the€indictments€are€reversed€and€the€judgments€ofÏthe€respective€trial€courts€are€reinstated.ÌÌà àÌà@ àòòò òSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€INDICTMENTSÌóóó óÌà àWe€begin€our€analysis€by€reviewing€basic€rules€of€criminal€procedure.€€InÏTennessee,€a€prosecution€is€commenced€by€ð ðfinding€an€indictment€orÏpresentment,€the€issuing€of€a€warrant,€binding€over€of€the€offender,€by€the€filing€ofÏan€information...,€or€by€making€an€appearance€in€person€or€through€counsel€inÍgeneral€sessions€or€any€municipal€court€for€the€purpose€of€continuing€the€matterÏor€any€other€appearance€in€either€court€for€any€purpose€involving€the€offense.ðð€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€40„2„104€(1990€Repl.).€€To€avoid€the€bar€of€the€statute€ofÏlimitations,€the€State€must€ð ðcommenceðð€a€misdemeanor€prosecution€within€twelveÏmonths€of€the€commission€of€the€offense€by€one€of€the€methods€enumerated€inÏthe€statute€quoted€above.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€40„2„102€(1990€Repl.).ÌÌà àHere,€the€record€reflects,€and€the€defendants€conceded€at€oral€argument,Ïthat€prosecution€had€been€timely€commenced€in€each€case.€€Indeed,€bothÏMessamore€and€Powell€were€bound€over€to€the€grand€jury€well€within€one€year€ofÏthe€commission€of€the€misdemeanor€offenses.€€Therefore,€the€only€question€isÏwhether€the€Stateððs€failure€to€allege€timely€commencement€renders€theÏindictments€issued€beyond€the€limitations€period€subject€to€dismissal.ÌÌà àWhile€conceding€that€some€prior€opinions€of€this€Court€contain€languageÏwhich€can€be€interpreted€to€allow€dismissal€of€indictments€under€suchÏcircumstances,€the€State€contends€that€such€an€interpretation€ignores€theÍdistinction,€drawn€in€the€cases,€between€facts€showing€that€the€statute€ofÏlimitations€has€been€tolled,€ð ðtolling€facts,ðð€and€facts€showing€that€the€prosecutionÏactually€has€been€commenced€œwithin›€the€statutory€period,€ð ðcommencing€facts.ðð€€ÏAccording€to€the€State,€existing€precedent€only€requires€that€òòtolling€factsóó€beÏpleaded€and€proven.€€Therefore,€dismissal€is€only€appropriate,€the€StateÏcontends,€when€prosecution€is€òòcommencedóó€by€issuance€of€a€facially€lateÏindictment€which€fails€to€allege€sufficient€facts€to€establish€that€the€statute€ofÏlimitations€has€been€ð ðtolled.ðð€œ× ƒ/ ××  ×›€€ÌÌà àRelying€upon€the€same€existing€precedent€as€the€State,€the€defendantsÏargue€that€regardless€of€the€method€used€to€commence€prosecution,€a€faciallyÏlate€indictment€is€subject€to€dismissal€if€it€fails€to€recite€facts€to€establish€either€thatÏprosecution€has€been€timely€commenced€by€another€method€òòoróó€that€the€statuteÏhas€been€tolled.€€We€disagree.ÌÌà àAlthough€this€Court€previously€has€stated€the€broad€rule€that€ð ð[œw]here›€thereÏis€a€statute€of€limitations€that€bars€prosecution€of€the€offense€charged,€thereÏshould€be€a€sufficiently€definite€averment€of€time€in€the€indictment€to€show€thatÏthe€offense€was€committed€within€the€statutory€limit,ðð€a€close€reading€of€theÏauthorities€cited€to€support€the€rule€reveals€the€existence€of€the€distinctionÏbetween€tolling€and€commencing€facts€upon€which€the€State€relies€in€this€appeal.€ÏIn€none€of€the€relevant€decisions€from€this€Court€had€prosecution€been€timelyÏcommenced€by€another€method€prior€to€issuance€of€the€facially€late€indictments.ÌÌà àFor€example,€in€the€early€case€of€€òòState€v.€Houseóó,€2€œTenn.€(Shannons)›€œ610›Ï(Tenn.€1877),€prosecution€for€a€misdemeanor€offense€was€commenced€byÏissuance€of€an€indictment€beyond€the€limitations€period.€€Apparently€relying€uponÏthe€defendantððs€absence€from€the€jurisdiction,€the€State€argued€that€the€œstatute›€ofÏlimitations€had€been€tolled,€but€failed€to€allege€tolling€facts€in€the€indictment.€€TheÏòòHouseóó€Court€held€that€ð ð[œi]f›€.€.€.€the€state€claims€the€prosecution€òòmay€beÏcommencedóó€more€than€12€months€after€the€commission€of€the€offense,€the€factsÍmaking€such€cause€must€be€averred.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€610„11€(emphasis€added).€ÌÌà àLikewise,€in€òòState€v.€œComstock›óó,€205€Tenn.€389,€326€œS.W.2d›€669€(1959),€aÏsecond€indictment€was€brought€against€the€defendant€after€the€statutoryÏlimitations€period€had€expired,€but€while€another€timely€filed€indictment€was€stillÏpending.€€Later,€the€initial€indictment€was€quashed€and€this€Court€ruled€thatÏbecause€the€only€timely€filed€indictment€had€been€quashed,€the€prosecution€wasÏbarred€by€the€statute€of€limitations.€€òòId.óóÌÌà àMost€recently,€in€òòState€v.€Davidsonóó,€€816€œS.W.2d›€316€(Tenn.€1991),Ïprosecution€against€the€defendant€was€commenced€by€an€indictment€issuedÏoutside€the€limitations€period.€€The€State€relied€upon€concealment€of€the€crime€toÏtoll€the€running€of€the€statute.€€While€acknowledging€that€concealment€can€toll€theÏstatute€of€limitations,€this€Court€reversed€the€conviction€and€dismissed€theÏindictment€because€the€State€had€not€pleaded€facts€in€the€indictment€to€establishÏits€reliance€on€concealment.ÌÌà àIn€each€of€the€preceding€cases,€the€State€was€claiming€an€exception€to€theÏbar€of€the€statute€of€limitations,€tolling,€for€commencing€the€prosecution€outsideÏthe€statutory€period.€€This€Court€refused€to€allow€the€State€to€rely€upon€anÏexception€without€a€specific€averment€in€the€indictment.€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.ÏœTidwell›óó,€775€œS.W.2d›€379€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1989);€òòState€v.€œThorpe›óó,€614€œS.W.2d›Ï60€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1980).€€€Accordingly,€despite€the€contentions€of€theÏdefendants€in€this€case,€this€Courtððs€prior€decisionsœ× ƒ0 ××  ×›€have€only€required€recitationÏof€facts€to€establish€tolling€when€a€facially€late€indictment€is€used€to€commenceÏprosecution.ÌÌà àIn€the€cases€under€consideration,€the€State€did€not€rely€upon€tolling€or€anyÏother€exception€to€the€statute€of€limitations.€€Indeed,€all€agree€that€theÏprosecutions€against€Messamore€and€Powell€were€timely€commenced€within€oneÏyear€of€the€commission€of€the€misdemeanor€offenses€by€means€other€than€theÍindictments.€€Tolling€of€the€statute€of€limitations€was€not€required.€€Furthermore,Ïas€counsel€for€Messamore€conceded€at€oral€argument,€no€clear€rationaleÏsupports€applying€the€pleading€requirement€to€commencing€facts,€nor€would€itsÏapplication€provide€a€benefit€to€defendants.€€In€Tennessee,€a€defendant€has€aÏprocedural€vehicle€through€which€to€litigate€a€claim€that€the€prosecution€is€time„barred.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€œCrim›.€P.€12(b).€ÌÌÌà@ àòòò òCONCLUSIONóóó óÌà àœWe€hold€that€an€indictment€issued€beyond€the€statutory€limitations€periodÏneed€not€allege€commencing€facts€to€establish€that€the€prosecution€was€timelyÏinitiated€within€the€applicable€limitations€period€by€another€method.€€Accordingly,›Ïthe€judgments€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€dismissing€the€indictments€areÏreversed€and€the€judgments€of€the€respective€trial€courts€are€reinstated.€€Costs€ofÏthis€appeal€are€taxed€equally€to€the€defendants,€Jackie€Harold€Messamore€andÏBilly€Gene€œPowell,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.›ÌÌÌà àà àà àà àÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à_________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àFRANK€F.€DROWOTA€IIIÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJUSTICEÌÌœConcur:ÌÌBirch,€C.€J.ÌReid›,€œJ.›