WPC. )ٛjbW%t4/UhdK,VN(lhmGJ@8?jݍ 9+̡~*&Ë́wJ3|4b$z(;b%\{#JLˉSU4ҍN^0{{3`+ wAg߄kj+[%وd,kɹ+@xV fJD"0R~tI[ ]O5>ۀ:n o|GM.X lǣJ%r eǚMMK, p< `F]hΨYx7A`u2R/W&!(# 3N|ݴ2cy&,fQ<:*X%o:,crG Rln_ކ*+'6e=A6&Wo,կn*v6m(L/W/X[l4I!,# hUNs % 0(U:w@)4i}U : 0 z 0D@U:U./U:!O2pU:U:bU:XU:#U:Q# B## D3$ B$ AQ$L% 0D& 0DV& 0D&U:& D/'G'U:* +U:- 0D-HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,,,,,,0nLh(9 Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($,rAZ"Arial Regular ;D<D=>{?@{ABECӀM%s&+,,--../3|xM,rAZ"Arial Regular   $XX?XXX:XX? `   5    ݀:Itappearsthatotherjurisdictionslikewisehavefoundsupportforthetransferredintentdoctrine  withintheapplicablestatutorylanguagegoverningfirstdegreemurderanditselements.See,e.g.,Ala.  Code13A62(a)(1994)( [a]personcommitsthecrimeofmurderif...[w]ithintenttocausethedeathofanotherperson,hecausesthedeathofthatpersonorofanotherperson);Ariz.Rev.Stat.13203 b Z (1997)( [i]fintentionallycausingaparticularresultisanelementofanoffense,andtheactualresultisnotwithintheintentionorcontemplationoftheperson,thatelementisestablishedif...[t]heactualresultdiffersfromthatintendedorcontemplatedonlyintherespectthatadifferentperson...isinjuredor   affected);Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann.507.020(Michie1990)( [a]personisguiltyofmurderwhen...[w]ithintenttocausethedeathofanotherperson,hecausesthedeathofsuchpersonorofathirdperson);720 J B Ill.Comp.Stat.5/91(a)(1993)( [a]person...commitsfirstdegreemurderif,inperformingtheactswhichcausethedeath...heeitherintendstokillordogreatbodilyharmtothatindividualoranother);39   N.Y.PenalLaw125.27(McKinney1998)( [w]ithintenttocausethedeathofanotherpersonhecausesthedeathofsuchpersonorofathirdperson).SeealsoModelPenalCode2.03(2)(a)(1962).Other jb  jurisdictionssimplyappeartoretainthecommonlawdoctrine.See,e.g.,Poev.State,671A.2d501(Md. 2*  1996).(v(2$ !  XXbXXXgXXb `   0  (#$  0  +K AZ"Arial Regular   $XXXXX_"XX `   1    ݀uP_"OralargumentwasheardinthiscaseonMay12,1998,inMemphis,ShelbyCounty,  Tennessee,aspartofthisCourtsS.C.A.L.E.S.( S upreme C ourt A dvancing L egal E ducationfor S tudents)  project.#_"uP#%2A`ArialTT %  $XX?XXX:XX? `   4    ::ԀAlthoughthisCourthasneverexpresslyheldthatthedoctrineoftransferredintentappliesto  firstdegreemurder,wenotethatCourtofCriminalAppealscaseshaveupheldafirstdegreemurderconvictionunderthedoctrine.Statev.Fair,No.02C019403CR00055(Tenn.Crim.App.,Nov.15, | 1995).Othercaseshaveaffirmedseconddegreemurderconvictionsunderthedoctrine.SeeHarperv. B : State,206Tenn.509,334S.W.2d933(1960);Statev.Summerall,926S.W.2d272,275(Tenn.Crim.   App.1995).,rAZ"Arial Regular   $XX?XXX:XX? `   6    ݀Theonlyremainingelementunderthestatuteapplicabletothiscaseisthatthekillingbe  reckless,anelementthatisvirtuallycertaintobesatisfiediftheunderlyingpredicatefelonyisattemptedfirstdegreemurder.Moreover,therecklesselementisnolongercontainedinfirstdegreefelonymurder.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(2)(1997). (  $XXGXXX XXG `   4      ԀAlthoughthisCourthasneverexpresslyheldthatthedoctrineoftransferredintentappliesto  firstdegreemurder,wenotethatCourtofCriminalAppealscaseshaveupheldafirstdegreemurderconvictionunderthedoctrine.Statev.Fair,No.02C019403CR00055(Tenn.Crim.App.,Nov.15, | 1995).Othercaseshaveaffirmedseconddegreemurderconvictionsunderthedoctrine.SeeHarperv. B : State,206Tenn.509,334S.W.2d933(1960);Statev.Summerall,926S.W.2d272,275(Tenn.Crim.   App.1995).,yAZ"Arial Regular,yAZ"Arial Regular- -,rAZ"Arial Regular   $XXGXXX XXG `   5    ݀L  Itappearsthatotherjurisdictionslikewisehavefoundsupportforthetransferredintentdoctrine  withintheapplicablestatutorylanguagegoverningfirstdegreemurderanditselements.See,e.g.,Ala.  Code13A62(a)(1994)( [a]personcommitsthecrimeofmurderif...[w]ithintenttocausethedeathofanotherperson,hecausesthedeathofthatpersonorofanotherperson);Ariz.Rev.Stat.13203 V N (1997)( [i]fintentionallycausingaparticularresultisanelementofanoffense,andtheactualresultisnotwithintheintentionorcontemplationoftheperson,thatelementisestablishedif...[t]heactualresultdiffersfromthatintendedorcontemplatedonlyintherespectthatadifferentperson...isinjuredor   affected);Ky.Rev.Stat.Ann.507.020(Michie1990)( [a]personisguiltyofmurderwhen...[w]ithintenttocausethedeathofanotherperson,hecausesthedeathofsuchpersonorofathirdperson);720 > 6 Ill.Comp.Stat.5/91(a)(1993)( [a]person...commitsfirstdegreemurderif,inperformingtheactswhichcausethedeath...heeitherintendstokillordogreatbodilyharmtothatindividualoranother);39   N.Y.PenalLaw125.27(McKinney1998)( [w]ithintenttocausethedeathofanotherpersonhecausesthedeathofsuchpersonorofathirdperson).SeealsoModelPenalCode2.03(2)(a)(1962).Other ^V  jurisdictionssimplyappeartoretainthecommonlawdoctrine.See,e.g.,Poev.State,671A.2d501(Md. &  1996).,yAZ"Arial Regular+K AZ"Arial RegularP Pd ""  %XXXX%` X%X   Ad FILED%XX %`  April26,1999CecilCrowson,Jr.AppellateCourtClerkdAh 'dxd d!"#$&C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !  (3$ !  ($$   1  ,cAZ"Arial Regular' dxd   $XXXXX_"XX `   2    (_"_"ԀAtthetimeofthisoffense,firstdegreemurderwasdefinedasthe intentional,premeditatedand  deliberatekillingofanother.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(1)(1991)(nowcodifiedinTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(1)(1997),theoffensenolongercontainstheelementof deliberation).Theculpablementalstateofintentional referstoapersonwhoactsintentionallywithrespecttothenatureoftheconductortoaresultoftheconductwhenitisthepersonsconsciousobjectiveordesiretoengageintheconductorcausetheresult.Tenn.CodeAnn.3911302(a)(1991)(nowcodifiedinTenn.CodeAnn.3911302(a)(1)(1997)).,rAZ"Arial Regular   $XXXXX_"XX `   3    *_"_"ԀAtthetimeofthisoffense,firstdegreefelonymurderwasdefinedas [a]recklesskillingof  anothercommittedintheperpetrationof,orattempttoperpetrateanyfirstdegreemurder,arson,rape,robbery,burglary,theft,kidnappingoraircraftpiracy.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(2)(1991)(nowcodifiedinTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(2)(1997),theoffensenolongerincludestheelementof reckless).,rAZ"Arial Regular(3$ !  !  CCXTR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T XXXX  =vTXXdd=MCr <,(j 8` `@E  ` 8ttxPX  rCMMMCC@MMDINTHESUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEEMM@*DATJACKSONMt >.*jxP` `@Ep ` 8ttxP tߛM@&D(HEARDATMEMPHIS) `     h      p  FORPUBLICATION  l d BRYANTDEWAYNEMILLEN,  )XXX X p 򀀜Filed:>>񛀜@=A=?pril?@@April@??A26ABA5AB=February16=,1999 # XXXXe# >6  `     h     ) `  Appellant,<<) p     `     h     ) p     `     h     ) p SHELBYCRIMINAL   Vs. `     h     ) p     `     h     ) `     h     )XXX X p HON.L.T.LAFFERTYJUDGE# XXXX#   STATEOFTENNESSEE,) `     h     ) `  Appellee. h   )XXX X p No.02S019711CR00106# XXXX@ # @8  `     h      p    ForAppellant:     h      p ForAppellee:  x     LeslieI.BallinJohnKnoxWalkupMarkA.Mesler   h      p AttorneyGeneral&Reporter \T BALLIN,BALLIN&FISHMAN,P.C.Memphis,Tennessee h      p MichaelE.Moore (!   `     h      p SolicitorGeneral̀DarylJ.Brand `     h      p SeniorCounsel `     h      p CriminalJusticeDivision `     h      p Nashville,Tennessee  &#  `     h      p  `     h      p AtTrial: >)6"&  `     h      p JohnW.Pierotti `     h      p DistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h      p ThomasD.Henderson `     h      p AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h      p Memphis,Tennessee .X X @)DOPINION # XX .5#Ԉ 4-3 COURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSAFFIRMED.    h      p      x ANDERSON,C.J.  ;4: 7XAXXdXXd7 ` Wegrantedthisappealtodeterminewhetheronewhointendstokillaspecific  personbutinsteadkillsaninnocentbystandermaybeconvictedofpremeditatedanddeliberatefirstdegreemurderunderthecommonlawdoctrineof transferredintent.  #  1      ׀    ` Thedefendant,whointentionallyfiredseveralgunshotsataspecificpersonbutinadvertentlykilledarandomvictimnearthescene,wasconvictedofpremeditatedanddeliberatefirstdegreemurder.TheauthoroftheCourtofCriminalAppealsopinionconcludedthatthetrialcourtproperlyinstructedthejuryonthedoctrineoftransferredintentunderTennesseelaw;however,onejudgeonthethreejudgepanelconcurredinresultsonly,andtheotherjudgewroteaconcurringopinionquestioningtheapplicationoftransferredintent. ` Weconcludethatitisunnecessarytoresorttothecommonlawdoctrineoftransferredintentunderourfirstdegreemurderstatutes.Thedefinitionof intentionalinthestatutedoesnotrequiretheStatetoprovethatthedefendantkilledtheintendedvictim.InsteaditrequirestheStatetoprovethatthedefendantintendedtokilla ! person,i.e.,thatthedefendanthada consciousobjectiveordesireto...causethe #  result.Asinthepresentcase,whereadefendant,actingwithpremeditationanddeliberation,killsonepersonwhileintendingto engageintheconductorcausethe `'X $ result,firstdegreemurderisproven.XXX X'  #  2      # XXXX#ԀMoreover,whereaninnocentbystanderiskilled ,)$"&  duringadefendantsattempttoperpetratefirstdegreemurder,firstdegreefelony *#( murderisproven.)  #  3      ׀Accordingly,althoughthetrialcourterredininstructingthejuryon  transferredintent,weaffirmthejudgmentofconvictionoffirstdegreemurder. @kk*D BACKGROUND  l d  ` InJuneof1994,thedefendant,BryantDewayneMillen,toldfriendsthathewastiredofharassmentfromTonyGrayandthatifhesawGrayagain,hewas goingtoblastonhim.Accordingtotheevidence,Millenwasamemberofagangknownasthe Bloods,andGraywasamemberofarivalgangcalledthe Crips.Laterthatday,Millenobtainedahandgunandammunitionfromafriend.HeproceededtothecornerofGracelandandDavidinMemphisandplacedaredbandanaaroundhisheadandanotheroverhismouth. ` WhenacarcontainingTonyGrayandotherpassengersproceededslowlyalongGraceland,Millendrewhisweaponandrantowardthecarfiringseveralshots.OneoftheshotsstruckandkilledfourteenyearoldLanettaKing,whohadbeenwalkinghomefromschool.Millenfledfromthesceneandwaslaterfoundathisfathershome.Thehandgunhehadusedwasfoundburiedinthebackyard.Millenlaterconfessedtotheshooting. ` Thetrialcourtinstructedthejuryontheelementsofpremeditatedanddeliberatemurderandfelonymurder,bothofwhichhadbeenchargedintheindictment.Thetrialcourtalsochargedthejurythat [u]nderadoctrineknownastransferredintent,acrimemaybemurderalthoughthepersonkilledwasnottheonewhomtheaccusedintendedtokillsuchaswhereoneshootingatanotherkillsabystanderorthirdpersoncomingwithinranges.ThejuryconvictedMillenofpremeditatedanddeliberatefirstdegreemurder. 4,2 Ї ` Onappeal,theauthoroftheCourtofCriminalAppealsopinionobservedthatthetransferredintentdoctrine,pursuanttowhichadefendantisnolessculpableforkillinganunintendedvictim,presented aninterestingandnovelissue.Heconcluded:8 ` Tennesseesmurderstatutedefinesfirstdegreemurderasthe intentional,premeditatedanddeliberatekillingofanother.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913202(1991).TheCodedoesnotlimitthekillingtotheintendedvictimorthatperson.Accordingly,wefindthatTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(1991)incorporatesthedoctrineoftransferredintent.Theappellantsconvictioncanbesustainedprovidedheintended,withpremeditationanddeliberation,tokillhisintendedvictim. ` (#` (# Althoughthepanelofjudgesappearedtodifferontheapplicationofthetransferredintentdoctrine,theappellatecourtfoundthattheevidencewassufficienttosupporttheelementsofpremeditatedanddeliberatefirstdegreemurderandaffirmedtheconviction. ` WegrantedthisappealtoconsidertheviabilityofthecommonlawdoctrineoftransferredintentunderTennesseelaw.@QQ+D ANALYSIS  #  @*D CommonLaw  %"  ` Underthesocalled transferredintentdoctrine,adefendantwhointendstokillaspecificvictimbutinsteadstrikesandkillsabystanderisdeemedguiltyoftheoffensethatwouldhavebeencommittedhadthedefendantkilledtheintendedvictim.2CharlesE.66Torcia66,WhartonsCriminalLaw146(6615th66ed.1994);1WayneR.LaFave ,%* &AustinW.ScottJr.,SubstantiveCriminalLaw3.12(d)(1986).Thedoctrinehas .', beenwidelyappliedtoallformsofhomicidebythemajorityofcourts.SeeLaFave& |0t). Scott,X?XX X?3.12(d)# X?XXX?ٙ*#Ԁat399.AsoneCourthassaid: H2@+0 8 ` ThecommonlawdoctrineoftransferredintentwasappliedinEnglandasearlyasthe16thcentury.ThedoctrinebecamepartofthecommonlawinmanyAmericanjurisdictions...andistypicallyinvokedinthecriminallawcontextwhenassigningcriminalliabilitytoadefendantwhoattemptstokillonepersonbutaccidentallykillsanotherinstead.Undersuchcircumstances,theaccusedisdeemedasculpable,andsocietyisharmed x9p28 asmuch,asifthedefendanthadaccomplishedwhathehadinitiallyintended,andjusticeisachievedbypunishingthedefendantforacrimeofthesameseriousnessastheonehetriedtocommitagainsthisintendedvictim. ` (#` (# Peoplev.Scott,59Cal.66Rptr66.662d66178,14Cal.4th544,927P.2d288,291(1996) l d (citationsomitted). `  ` Althoughtransferredintenthasbeenandcontinuestobeappliedbythemajorityofcourts,thehistoryofthedoctrineaspartofthecommonlawofTennesseeis,atbest,unclear,atleastwithregardtofirstdegreemurder.666666  #  4      66 h`  ` InthefirstcaseinwhichtheTennesseeSupremeCourtconsideredthedoctrine,Brattonv.State,29Tenn.103(1849),therewasaquestionastothedefendantsintent  toshootandkillthevictimwhileattemptingtokillthevictimshusband.Thejurywasinstructedonthetransferredintentdoctrineandconvictedthedefendantoffirstdegreemurder.Onappeal,thisCourtheldthattransferredintentdidnotapplyunderTennesseesfirstdegreemurderstatute,whichthenread:8  ! (# (# 8 ` [66A]ll66murderwhichshallbeperpetratedbymeansofpoison,lyinginwait,oranyotherkindofwillful,deliberate,maliciousandpremeditatedkilling;orwhichshallbecommittedintheperpetrationof,orattempttoperpetrateanyarson,rape,robbery,burglary,orlarceny,shallbedeemedmurderinthefirstdegree. ` (#` (# Id.at106.TheCourtreasonedthattoprovemurderinthefirstdegree, itmustbe +$) established,thatthereexistedinthemindoftheagent,atthetimeoftheact,a -&+ specifiedintentiontotakethelifeoftheparticularpersonslain.Id.at10708 v/n(- (emphasisadded);accordSandersv.State,151Tenn.454,270S.W.627(1925); B1:*/ Kannonv.State,78Tenn.386(1882).   3,1 Ї ` ThenextsignificantdevelopmentinthecommonlawandthestatutorylawoftransferredintentinthisstateoccurredinSullivanv.State,173Tenn.475,121S.W.2d  535(1938).TheCourtupheldtheconvictionfordeliberateandpremeditatedmurderwherethedefendantattemptedtoshoothisbrotherandaccidentallyshotandkilledhisbrotherswifewhowasstandingnearby.TheCourt,however,distinguishedBrattonby 80 notingthatthelegislaturehadamendedthefirstdegreemurderstatutetostatethat [66e]very66murderperpetratedbymeansofpoison,lyinginwait,orbyanyotherkindofwillful,deliberate,malicious,andpremeditatedkilling,orcommittedintheperpetrationof,orattempttoperpetrate,anymurderinthefirstdegree,arson,rape,robbery, h` burglary,orlarceny,ismurderinthefirstdegree.Id.at537.TheCourtconcludedthat 4, thisamendmenttothefirstdegreemurderstatutefixedthe curiousanomalycreatedbyBratton,andheld:  8 ` Itfollowsthat,underthestatuteasthusamended,whenthedefendantshotandkilled[thedeceased]whilehewasattemptingtoperpetrateorcommitmurderinthefirstdegreeuponthebodyof[hisbrother]hecommittedmurderinthefirstdegree.Andtheattempttocommitmurderinthefirstdegreeupon[hisbrother]suppliestheelementsofdeliberationandpremeditation;sothattheStatedidnothavetoshowdeliberationandpremeditationonthepartofdefendanttotakethelifeofdeceased. ` (#` (# ̀Id. %"  ` Finally,inHarperv.State,206Tenn.509,334S.W.2d933(1960),theCourt ,)$"& indirectlycommentedonthetransferredintentdoctrine,statingthat [66t]he66lawisthatifanunlawfulactdirectedataparticularpersonforthepurposeoftakinghislifeaccidentallybringsaboutthedeathofathirdpersonagainstwhomnoinjurywasintendedthepartyinflictingtheactisguiltytothesameextentasifhehadaspecificintentiontotakethelifeofthepersonwhowaskilled.Id.at936.Thislanguageis (2 +0 citedbytheconcurringjudgeintheCourtofCriminalAppealsopinioninthiscase.TheHarpercase,however,involvedseconddegreemurder.Id.at934. 5.4   706  ` Inourview,thecommonlawhistoryofthetransferredintentrulehaslittle applicationunderourmodernstatutorylaw.AtthetimeoftheoffensecommittedbyMillen,firstdegreemurderincluded:66668 ` 66(a)(1)66Anintentional,premeditatedanddeliberatekillingofanother;or66 ` (#` (# 668 ` (2)Arecklesskillingofanothercommittedintheperpetrationof,orattempttoperpetrateanyfirstdegreemurder,arson,rape,robbery,burglary,theft,kidnappingoraircraftpiracy.66 ` (#` (# 6666Tenn.66CodeAnn.3913202(1991).TheauthoringjudgeoftheCourtofCriminalAppealsopiniondeterminedthatthestatutedidnotlimititsapplicationtotheintendedvictimand,infact,usedtheterm anotherin(a)(1)toencompassanyvictim.Whilewedisagreewiththisbroadconstructionofthestatute,weneverthelessconcludethatthefirstdegreemurderstatutesapplyincaseslikethisonewithoutresorttothecommonlawdoctrineoftransferredintent.666 666  #  5      66   ` X?XX X?Inourview,prosecutingthese unintendedvictimcasesasfelonymurderwould JB appeartobethemostappropriateapplicationofthestatute.# X?XXX?E#Theplainmeaningofthe ! felonymurderstatuteisthatakillinginthecourseofanattemptedfirstdegreemurderisfirstdegreefelonymurder.Iftheprosecutionestablishesthatadefendantattemptstocommitthepremeditatedanddeliberatefirstdegreemurderofaspecificvictimbut insteadkillsanunintendedvictim,thedefendantmaybeguiltyoffirstdegreefelony F(>!% murder.  #  6      ׀Thisresultisplainfromthestatutorydefinitionofthecrime,withoutresortto   thelegalfictionoftransferringthedefendantsintentfromtheintendedvictimtoanother. ` Thestatutes,however,furthermakeclearthatadefendantmayalsobecharged,tried,andconvictedofpremeditatedanddeliberatemurderaswell.Thelegislaturehasbroadlydefinedan intentionalactas: apersonwhoactsintentionallywithrespecttothenatureoftheconductortoaresultoftheconductwhenitisthepersonsconsciousobjectiveordesiretoengageintheconductorcausetheresult.Tenn.CodeAnn. h` 3911302(a)(1991)(emphasisadded).A7ccordingly,a7plainreadingofthisstatuteasappliedtofirstdegreemurderindicatesthatadefendantsconsciousobjectiveneednotbetokillaspecific66victim2,i.e.,causeagiven2662result2.Rather,thestatutesimplyrequiresproofthatthedefendantsconsciousobjectivewastokillaperson,i.e.,9 9causetheresult.::66񛀀Inshort,iftheevidencedemonstratesthatthedefendantintendedto66 causetheresult,;3i3;43e34;5.e.,5;55;55;thedeathofaperson,and66thathedidsowithpremeditationanddeliberation,thenthekillingofanother,evenifnottheintendedvictim(i.e.,intendedresult),isfirstdegreemurder. ` Here,astheCourtofCriminalAppealsconcluded,theevidencewasclearlysufficienttosupporttheelementsoftheoffense.Millensactionsexpressinghisintentto blastTonyGray,obtainingagunandammunitioninadvance,proceedingtothescenewhereTonyGraywaslaterpresent,pursuingthecarinwhichGraywasriding,andfiringseveralgunshotsatthecarestablishthatMillensconsciousobjectivewastoengageintheconductaswellastoachievetheresultofkillingGray. .', Moreover,theevidenceestablishedthatMillens66intentionalconduct66wasaccompaniedbypremeditation,i.e.,theexerciseofreflectionandjudgment,anddeliberation,i.e.,acoolpurpose.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913201(1991).AnalyzingtheevidenceinthiscaseunderthestatutesaswrittenthereforedemonstratesthatMillenwasguiltyof 5.4 premeditatedanddeliberatefirstdegreemurder,eventhoughhekilledanunintendedvictim.@*D CONCLUSION  l d  ` TheTennesseestatutesgoverningfirstdegreemurder,aswritten,applytocasesinwhichadefendantintendstokillaspecificvictimbutinsteadkillsanunintendedthirdparty.Themostobviousapplicationofthefirstdegreemurderstatuteisthatkillinganinnocentbystanderduringanattempttoperpetratefirstdegreemurderconstitutesfelonymurder.Alternatively,ifthedefendantkillsaninnocentbystander,theevidencemaysatisfytheelementsofintent,premeditation,anddeliberation,particularlygiventhebroaddefinitionof intentionally,whichincludestheconductor   result.Suchisthecasehere. ` TheCourtofCriminalAppealsjudgmentisaffirmed.Costsofappealshallbepaidbythedefendant,forwhichexecutionshallissueifnecessary. `     h     __________________________________ `     h     RILEYANDERSON,CHIEFJUSTICE66 CONCUR: 66 R(J!% Drowota,Birch,Holder,andBarker,JJ.66