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ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€&&X„d&ÓÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÔ€'ÔÝ  ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ „ ÒÑ ` ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€.ÑÑ7€³CXXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€(ÔØ ØÓ&€))XÐd&ÓÙ€€ÙßL€/0,;+'h| ` Å `€€Lß›à@ àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellee,à àà àà àà à)à à€€€€€€Shelby€CriminalÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVs.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌRICHARD€ODOM,à àà àà àà à)à àNo.€02„S„01„9502„CR„00014Ìa/k/a€OTIS€SMITHà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellant.à àà àà àà à)ÌÌÌÌÌà@ àòòò òCONCURRING/DISSENTING€OPINIONóóó óÌÌÌÓÓà àI€fully€concur€in€the€majorityððs€decision€affirming€the€conviction€in€thisÏcase.€€€€I€also€agree€with€the€majority€that€the€trial€courtððs€refusal€to€admit€intoÏevidence€as€mitigation€the€testimony€of€Dr.€John€Hutson€was€error€whichÏrequires€a€reversal€and€a€remand€for€re„sentencing.€€However,€I€dissent€from€theÏmajorityððs€analysis€of€the€constitutionality€and€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€toÏsupport€the€aggravating€circumstance,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5),€asÏamended€in€1989.ÌÌà@ àòòò òAGGRAVATING€CIRCUMSTANCE€(I)(5)óóó óÌà àAs€the€majority€acknowledges,€in€this€case€we€are€presented€with€our€firstÏopportunity€to€address€the€constitutionality€of€Tenn.€€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5),€which,€as€amended€in€1989,€provides€that€the€murder€was€ð ðespeciallyÏheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuseÏbeyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.ðð× ƒ1 ××  ×€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€statutory€language€is€unconstitutionallyÏvague€on€its€face.€€Relying€on€a€decision€of€the€Utah€Supreme€Court,× ƒ2 ××  ×€he€urgesÏthis€Court€to€construe€ð ðserious€physical€abuseðð€as€physical€abuse€which€isÏqualitatively€and€quantitatively€different€and€more€culpable€than€that€necessaryÏto€accomplish€the€murder.€€Regardless€of€the€construction€of€this€language,€heÏalso€claims€that€the€evidence€in€this€record€does€not€support€the€aggravatingÏcircumstance.ÌÌà àThe€State€responds€that€the€statute€is€not€vague€on€its€face€because€itÏlimits€heinous,€atrocious€and€cruel,€to€murders€involving€torture€or€seriousÏphysical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€€As€the€statute€isÏconstitutional€on€its€face,€the€State€contends€that€no€further€construction€isÏrequired.ÌÌà àResolution€of€this€issue€is€guided€by€well„settled€constitutional€principles.€ÏThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€in€òòFurman€v.€€Georgiaóó,€408€U.S.€238,€92ÏS.Ct.€€2726,€33€L.Ed.2d€346€(1972),€that€the€death€penalty€may€not€be€imposedÏunder€sentencing€procedures€that€create€a€substantial€risk€that€the€punishmentÏwill€be€inflicted€in€an€arbitrary€and€capricious€manner.€€Therefore,€if€a€StateÏwishes€to€authorize€capital€punishment,€it€is€required€by€the€federal€constitutionÏto€tailor€and€apply€its€law€in€a€manner€that€avoids€the€arbitrary€and€capriciousÏinfliction€of€the€death€penalty.€€òòGodfrey€v.€€Georgiaóó,€446€U.S.€420,€428,€100€S.Ct.€Ï1759,€1764,€64€L.Ed.2d€398€(1980).ÌÌà àThis€constitutional€responsibility€requires€states,€as€a€first€step,€to€adoptÏprocedures€to€narrow€the€class€of€persons€eligible€for€the€death€penalty.€€òòZant€v.€ÏStephensóó,€462€U.S.€862,€877€(1983).€€Narrowing€may€be€accomplished€eitherÏby€providing€restrictive€definitions€of€first„degree€or€capital€murder€or€by€utilizingÍaggravating€circumstances€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€òòLowenfield€v.€Phelpsóó,Ï484€U.S.€231,€108€S.Ct.€546,€98€L.Ed.2d€568€(1988).€€In€Tennessee,€narrowingÏis€accomplished€by€use€of€aggravating€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€€Middlebrooksóó,Ï840€S.W.2d€317€(Tenn.€€1992).€ÌÌà àOnce€a€method€of€narrowing€is€chosen,€the€standards€employed€must€beÏð ðclear€and€objectiveðð€and€provide€ð ðspecific€and€detailedðð€guidance€which€bothÏchannels€the€sentencerððs€discretion€and€makes€rationally€reviewable€theÏprocess€for€imposing€a€sentence€of€death.€€òòGodfrey€v.€€Georgiaóó,€100€S.Ct.€€atÏ1765,€446€U.S.€at€428.€€Indeed,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€hasÏrecognized€that€a€death€penalty€ð ðsystem€could€have€standards€so€vague€thatÏthey€would€fail€adequately€to€channel€the€sentencing€decision€patterns€of€juriesÏwith€the€result€that€a€pattern€of€arbitrary€and€capricious€sentencing€like€thatÏfound€unconstitutional€in€òòFurmanóó€could€occur.ðð€€òòGregg€v.€€Georgiaóó,€428€U.S.Ï153,€195,€n.€€46,€96€S.Ct.€€2909,€2935,€49€L.Ed.2d€859€(1976).€€Therefore,€inÏTennessee,€€aggravating€circumstances,€which€serve€as€standards€to€guide€theÏsentencing€juryððs€discretion,€must€be€sufficiently€clear,€objective,€specific,€andÏdetailed€to€prevent€the€arbitrary€and€capricious€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€ÏIn€this€case,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstance,Ïthat€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involvedÍtorture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death,Ïwithout€further€judicial€construction,€is€unconstitutionally€vague€because€it€failsÏto€inform€the€jury€of€what€finding€is€necessary€for€imposition€of€the€death€penalty,Ïand€therefore€leaves€juries,€and€appellate€courts€with€the€type€of€open„endedÏdiscretion€held€invalid€in€òòFurman€v.€€Georgiaóó,€òòsupraóó.€€I€disagree.€€Two€casesÏdecided€by€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€provide€guidance€on€this€issue.ÌÌà àIn€òòGodfrey€v.€Georgiaóó,€òòsupraóó,€a€Georgia€jury€was€instructed€in€theÏlanguage€of€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€„„€"the€offense€wasÏoutrageously€or€wantonly€vile,€horrible€or€inhuman€in€that€it€involved€torture,Ïdepravity€of€mind,€or€an€aggravated€battery€to€the€victim,"„„€but€its€verdict€onlyÏrecited€that€the€murder€was€"outrageously€or€wantonly€vile,€horrible€orÏinhuman."€€òòIdóó.,€at€422,€100€S.Ct.€at€1762.€€The€Georgia€Supreme€Court€affirmedÏthe€jury's€verdict,€finding€only€that€the€language€was€unobjectionable,€and€thusÏfailed€to€rule€whether€the€offense€involved€torture€or€an€aggravated€battery€toÏthe€victim.€€òòId.óó,€at€426„27,€100€S.Ct.€at€1763„64.€€The€U.S.€€Supreme€CourtÏreversed€the€death€sentence€stating:ÌÓÓà8 àIn€the€case€before€us,€the€Georgia€Supreme€Court€has€affirmed€aÏsentence€of€death€based€upon€no€more€than€a€finding€that€theÏoffense€was€'outrageously€or€wantonly€vile,€horrible€and€inhuman.'€ÏThere€is€nothing€in€these€few€words,€ò òstanding€aloneó ó,€thatÏimplies€any€inherent€restraint€on€the€arbitrary€and€capriciousÏinfliction€of€the€death€sentence.€€A€person€of€ordinary€sensibilityÍcould€fairly€characterize€almost€every€murder€as€'outrageously€orÏwantonly€vile,€horrible€and€inhuman.'€€ÌÓÓÌ€òòId.óó,€446€U.S.€at€428„29,€100€S.Ct.€at€1764€(footnote€omitted)€(emphasis€added).ÌÌà àMore€recently,€in€òòMaynard€v.€€Cartwrightóó,€108€S.Ct.€€1853€(1988),€theÏUnited€States€Supreme€Court€considered€a€vagueness€challenge€to€anÏOklahoma€statutory€aggravating€circumstance.€€There,€the€jury€imposed€theÏdeath€penalty€upon€a€finding€of€two€aggravating€circumstances,€one€of€whichÏwas€the€murder€was€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel.ðð€€Initially,€the€CourtÏconsidered€whether€or€not€the€statutory€language,€on€its€face,€provided€sufficientÏguidance€to€the€jury.€€The€Court€concluded€that,€as€in€òòGodfrey€v.€€Georgiaóó,€theÏbare€language€of€the€Oklahoma€statute€provided€no€guidance€to€the€sentencingÏjury,€because€ð ðan€ordinary€person€could€honestly€believe€that€every€unjustified,Ïintentional€taking€of€human€life€is€ð ðespecially€heinous.ðð€€òòMaynard€v.€€Cartwrightóó,Ï108€S.Ct.€at€1859.€€Moreover,€the€conclusion€of€the€Oklahoma€court€that€theÏevidence€ð ðadequately€supported€the€juryððs€findingðð,€did€nothing€according€to€theÏUnited€States€Supreme€Court,€ð ðto€cure€the€unfettered€discretion€of€the€jury€andÏto€satisfy€the€commands€of€the€Eighth€Amendment.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€Although€declining€toÏdelineate€an€òòexclusiveóó€limiting€construction€of€the€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelÏaggravating€circumstance,€the€Court€implicitly€approved€as€constitutionallyÍacceptable€a€limiting€construction€which€requires€ð ðsome€kind€of€torture€orÏserious€physical€abuse.ðð€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àAccordingly,€under€òòMaynard€v.€€Cartwrightóó,€Tenn.€€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(I)(5),€which,€as€amended€in€1989,€provides€that€the€murder€was€ð ðespeciallyÏheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuseÏbeyond€that€necessary€to€produce€deathðð€is€constitutionally€acceptable.€€ToÏbase€imposition€of€the€death€penalty€upon€this€aggravating€circumstance,€theÏjury€must€find€either€torture,€which€has€been€defined€in€this€State€ð ðas€theÏinfliction€of€severe€physical€or€mental€pain€upon€the€victim€while€he€or€sheÏremains€alive€and€conscious,ðð× ƒ3 ××  ×€or€ð ðserious€physical€abuse€beyond€thatÏnecessary€to€produce€death.ðð€€The€findings€required€by€this€statutoryÏaggravating€circumstance€are€both€clear€and€specific.€€The€aggravatingÏcircumstance€channels€and€limits€the€juryððs€discretion€and€sufficiently€eliminatesÏthe€risk€of€arbitrary€and€capricious€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€Therefore,€inÏmy€opinion,€no€further€judicial€construction€is€needed,€and€the€definitionsÏsuggested€by€the€majority€are€superfluous.ÌÌà àMoreover,€I€disagree€with€the€majorityððs€conclusion€that€the€evidence€inÏthis€record€is€insufficient€to€support€the€aggravating€circumstance.× ƒ4 ××  ×€€In€this€case,Ïthe€evidence,€including€the€defendantððs€own€statement,€established€that€the€78Ïyear„old€victim€was€accosted€and€pushed€into€her€car€during€a€robbery€attempt.€ÏOnce€inside€the€car,€the€defendant€pulled€out€a€knife€and€ð ðcutðð€the€victim.€€InÏpleading€with€him€to€stop,€the€victim€addressed€the€defendant€as€ð ðson.ðð€€TheÏdefendant€became€very€angry,€replied€ð ðIððll€give€you€a€son,ðð€and€then,€inÏapparent€retaliation€for€the€victimððs€use€of€the€term€ð ðson,ðð€raped€her.€€WhenÏasked€if€the€victim€was€alive€when€he€raped€her,€the€defendant€said€he€wasÏð ðquite€sure€she€was€alive€because€she€told€me€she€had€never€had€sex€before.ðð€ÏAlthough€the€defendant€denied€any€recollection€of€stabbing€the€victim,€theÏmedical€examiner€testified€that€the€victim€had€suffered€multiple€stab€wounds€toÏher€body,€including€penetrating€wounds€to€the€heart,€lungs€and€liver.€€TheseÏwounds€caused€internal€bleeding,€and€ultimately€death,€but€according€to€theÏmedical€examiner,€would€not€have€resulted€in€instantaneous€death.€€TheÏmedical€examiner€also€noted€defensive€wounds€on€the€victimððs€hands,€and€aÏtear€in€the€victimððs€vaginal€wall.€ÌÌà àAs€previously€stated,€ð ðtortureðð€was€defined€in€òòState€v.€€Williamsóó,€òòsupraóó,€asÏð ðthe€infliction€of€severe€physical€or€mental€pain€upon€the€victim€while€he€or€sheÏremains€alive€and€conscious.ðð€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€inflicted€severeÏphysical€and€mental€pain€upon€the€victim€while€she€remained€alive€andÏconscious.€€The€victim€was€alive€when€violently€accosted,€she€pleaded€with€theÏdefendant€for€mercy,€but€instead€she€no€doubt€experienced€terror,€when€theÏdefendant€raped€her€as€punishment€for€her€use€of€the€term€ð ðson.ðð€€According€toÏthe€defendantððs€own€statement,€she€remained€alive€and€conscious€throughoutÏthe€rape.€€Defensive€stab€wounds€to€her€hands€indicate€that€she€struggled€forÏsurvival€as€the€defendant€inflicted€multiple€penetrating€stab€wounds,€whichÏcaused€internal€bleeding,€and€pain,€but€which€did€not€cause€immediate€death.€ÏThough€always€utterly€reprehensible,€rape€is€not€always€torture.€€However,€theÏfacts€and€circumstances€of€this€case,€òòincludingóó€the€rape€of€the€victim,€in€myÏopinion,€establish€torture€as€that€term€was€defined€in€òòState€v.€€Williamsóó,€òòsupraóó.€ÏòòCompareóó€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€271€(Tenn.€€1994);€òòState€v.€ÏPorterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€441,€449„50€(Tenn.€€1988).€€Therefore,€I€dissent€from€theÏmajorityððs€analysis€of€the€constitutionality€and€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€toÏsupport€the€aggravating€circumstance.€€In€the€result€reached,€and€in€all€otherÏaspects€of€the€majority€decision,€I€œconcur.Ìà àI€am€authorized€to€state€that€Justice€Drowota€concurs€in€this€ConcurringÏand€Dissenting€Opinion.›ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àE.€RILEY€ANDERSON,€œChief€Justice›ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌDrowota,€J.