WPCC ZIf 1Sx^C}4o2I:pͳ~_4/s YyWou.SԽoEw8Qn∑e-e8K]IĪg!(*4k ?:N5aK0d ]gߨ ;{/X)X-^bJZJ[X9g9yNK:!{I٬| ?ߎyٓ/tkvj~$[qtSw 6/wl[mN8 m{iKGŴE*ER'3)0pa4"wf7F2$sj6<4iTEa[f䀜E$(K-LW!SYN7HePXG~ćKWye.*jx` `@E ` 8ttxP t@%(HEARDATCLARKSVILLE)̜   <      D   FORPUBLICATION    <      D   Filed: 򀀀April19,1999%%O% h` '4XpXX'JEREMYPARENT,AMinor,b/n/f@}}0)   Parents,andGuardiansMARTIN@}}0)   PARENTANDJUDITHPARENT,@}}0)   @}}0) p TENNESSEECLAIMSCOMMISSION    CLAIMANT/APPELLEE,@}}0) p   NO.97001870  @}}0)v.@}}0) p Hon.W.R.BAKER,COMMISSIONER jb @}}0)STATEOFTENNESSEE,@}}0) p No.01S019804BC00066 6. @}}0) DEFENDANT/APPELLANT.@}}0)  ' X4XpX'FORCLAIMANT/APPELLEE:   D FORDEFENDANT/APPELLANT: x MICHAELA.KENT <      D JOHNKNOXWALKUP L!D CHATTANOOGA <      D ATTORNEYGENERALANDREPORTER 2"*    <      D MICHAELE.MOORE   <      D SOLICITORGENERAL   <      D DAVIDT.WHITEFIELD   <      D SENIORCOUNSEL   <      D MARYM.BERS   <      D ASSISTANTATTORNEYGENERAL   <      D NASHVILLE̛@* %XXOPINION  #XX%# x1p*/ COURTOFAPPEALSAFFIRMED E%HOLDER,J.  z7r05w М& 2 & 2  @- OPINION    Wegrantedthisappealtoaddress:(1)whetherTennesseesrecreationalusestatutecodifiedatTenn.CodeAnn. X B XXX#XX X X B#ԛ707101etseq.createsacauseof x p actionorismerelyastatutorydefensetootherviablecausesofaction;and(2)whetherbicyclingonstateownedlandiswithinthepurviewoftherecreationalusestatute.   #  1      ׀Uponreview,weholdthatTenn.CodeAnn. X B XXX#XX X X B#ԛ707101etseq.󀛀is   merelyastatutorydefensetootherviablecausesofactionandthatbicyclingisanactivitywithintheambitofTenn.CodeAnn.707102.TheCourtofAppeals'decisionreversingthecommissionerisaffirmed,andthecaseisremandedtotheclaimscommission.    BACKGROUND       Theplaintiffs,theParentfamily,werevisitingTimsFordStateParkinFranklinCountyonApril8,1996,whenJeremyParent,thensevenyearsold,wasinjuredinabicyclingaccident.Thecomplaintallegesthatthechildwasinjuredafterhewasthrownfromhisbicyclewhenasteepportionofthepavedbicycletrailculminatedinasharpturn.Unabletonegotiatetheturnbecauseofthesteepness,JeremyParentwasthrownintoacreekbed.Hesufferedseriousinjuriesincludingacompoundfractureofhislegthatrequiredtwosurgeries. JeremyParentandhisparents,MartinandJudithParent,allegethattheState:(1)negligentlycreatedand/ormaintainedthedangerousconditiononthe 1*. biketrail;(2)hadactualorconstructivenoticeofthecondition;and(3)knewor  h3`,0 ''& 0 shouldhaveknownoftheforeseeabilityoftherisksassociatedwiththetrail.The <44-2 Parentfamilyallegesthatotheraccidentshadoccurredonthetrailandthattherewerenowarningsignsalertingcyclistsofthesteepness. TheParentsallegethatTenn.CodeAnn.98307(a)(1)(C)and9-8-307(a)(1)(I)removeimmunityforadangerousconditionthathasbeennegligentlycreatedormaintainedonstatecontrolledproperty.Inresponse,theStatehasfiledamotiontodismissunderTenn.R.Civ.P.12.02(6)allegingthattheplaintiffscomplaintfailstostateaclaimuponwhichreliefcanbegranted.TheStatemaintainsthatitisimmunefromliabilityunderTennesseesrecreationalusestatute.Tenn.CodeAnn. X XXX #X XX X #707101etseq. xp  TheTennesseeclaimscommissiongrantedtheStatesmotiontodismiss.TheCourtofAppealsvacatedthecommissionersrulingandremandedthecaseforfurtherproceedings.TheCourtofAppealsheldthattheplaintiffshadstatedaclaimforwhichreliefcouldbegrantedunderTenn.CodeAnn.9-8-307(a)(1)(C).InrulingupontheRule12.02(6)motion,thecourtdeclinedtoassumethattheexceptionstothestatutoryimmunityconferredbyTenn.CodeAnn. X XXX #X XX X T#707101et `&X" seq.wouldnotapply. 8(0!$     Ӝ ANALYSIS  +$( Ӝ@(( SufficiencyofPlaintiffsComplaint  -&* Л TheStatearguesthattheplaintiffsclaimshouldbedismissedforfailuretostateaclaim.TheState'sargumentispremiseduponthecontentionthatthe recreationalusestatutecreatestheplaintiffs'causeofaction.TheStatetherefore'0 @58.2 arguesthatthecomplaintmustallegeoneoftheexceptionstoimmunityprovidedintherecreationalusestatute.Wedisagree.    ThestatutoryrightagainsttheStateasalandowneriscodifiedatTenn.CodeAnn.98307(a)(1)(C).SeeSandersv.State,783S.W.2d948(Tenn.Ct. h` App.1989)(recognizingthatTenn.CodeAnn. X XXX 98307(a)(1)(C)removesthe @8  State'simmunityandcodifiesthecommonlawobligationsoftheowneroroccupierofland).#X XX X  # X XXX ԀTheStategenerally#X XX X #Ԁmaybeheldliablefor"[n]egligentlycreatedor   maintaineddangerousconditionsonstatecontrolledrealproperty."Tenn.CodeAnn.98307(a)(1)(C);seegenerallyHamesv.State,808S.W.2d41(Tenn.  1991);Byrdv.State,905S.W.2d195(Tenn.Ct.App.1995);Sanders,783S.W.2d xp Мat948.ThecauseofactionisexpresslyprovidedforandisundertheexclusivejurisdictionoftheTennesseeclaimscommission.Accordingly,allmonetaryclaimsagainsttheStatefordangerousordefectiveconditionsonrealpropertyaresubjecttotheprocedures,guidelines,andmonetaryawardcapsoftheclaimscommission. TheState'sgeneralliabilityfornegligentlymaintainedrealpropertyissubjecttostatutoryimmunityincertaincases.TennesseeCodeAnnotatedϜ X XXX #X XX X $#𛁜70-7-101etseq.providestheStatewithlimitedimmunityforinjuriesoccurring *#& onstateownedpropertyduringrecreationaluse.Thisstatutorydefensetoliabilitybasedontherecreationaluseofthepropertyhascertainlimitationsorexceptions:8 (1)Grossnegligence,willfulorwantonconductwhichresultsinafailuretoguardorwarnagainstadangerouscondition,use,structureoractivity;  " " 8 (2)Injuriessufferedinanycasewherepermissiontohunt,fish,trap,camp,hike,sightsee,cave,oranyotherlegalpurposewasgrantedforaconsiderationotherthantheconsideration,ifany,paidtothelandownerbythestate,thefederalgovernment,oranyothergovernmentalagency;or816 " " Ї8 (3)Injurycausedbyactsofpersonstowhompermissiontohunt,fish,trap,camp,hike,sightsee,cave,oranyotherlegalpurposewasgranted;tothirdpersonsortopersonstowhomthepersongranting permission,orthelandowner,lessee,occupant,oranyotherperson 705 incontrolofthelandorpremises,owedadutytokeepthelandorpremisessafeortowarnofdanger.B&  " "  Tenn.CodeAnn.707104. TennesseeCodeAnnotated XXXX#XXX X)# XXXX#XXX X<*#Ԁ707101etseq.ismerelyanaffirmative   defensetootherviablecausesofactionoutsidetherecreationalusestatute.TheexceptionsinTenn.CodeAnn.707104donotcreatenewcausesofaction.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.707104( Thischapterdoesnotlimittheliabilitywhich  otherwiseexistsfor....").Toadequatelyallegeaclaim,theplaintiffsarenotrequiredtoplead XXXX#XXX XV,# XXXXԀ104#XXX X,#ԀexceptionstotheStatesimmunity. XXXXԀSection#XXX X -# XlXXX/104merely <4 operatesto:(1)negatetherecreationalusedefense,and(2)allowaclaimanttopursueacauseofactionforwhicha s102 #X/XX Xl.# XlXXX/Ԁ recreationalusedefense hasbeenraised.#X/XX Xl_0# XXXX  Ѐ Inthecasenowbeforeus,theplaintiffs'causeofactionisfornegligentlycreatedormaintainedconditionsonstatecontrolledrealproperty.Theplaintiffs'claimispredicatedonandcontrolledbyTenn.CodeAnn.#XXX X.# XXXX#XXX X>0#Ԁ98307,thestatute L'D # thatgovernsthecasesheardbytheclaimscommission. XXXXԀAccordingly,the $)"% plaintiffs'complaintsufficientlyallegesacauseofactionunderTenn.CodeAnn.#XXX X0# XXXX#XXX X1# XXXXԁ98307.#XXX X1# XXXX ,%)     ImmunityforRecreationalUse #XXX X42# XXXX 0|)- w2 Wenextaddresstheapplicabilityoftherecreationalusestatute.TherecreationalusedefenserequiresatwoprongedanalysistodeterminewhethertheStateisentitledtoimmunity.Theinquiriesareasfollows:(1)whetherthe 705 activityallegedisarecreationalactivityasdefinedbythestatute;andifso,(2)whetheranyofthestatutoryexceptionsorlimitationstotheimmunitydefenseareapplicable.IfTenn.CodeAnn.707102isapplicableandnoexceptionsapply,theStateisimmune.IfTenn.CodeAnn.707102isapplicablebutanexceptionisalsoapplicable,theStatemaybesubjecttoliability.TheState'sliability,however,isstillgovernedbyandsubjecttotheclaimscommissionstatute.#XXX X2# @8   Toanswerthefirstinquiry,wemustdeterminewhetherbicyclingisarecreationalactivityascontemplatedbytherecreationalusestatute.Thestatuteappliesto:8 suchrecreationalactivitiesashunting,fishing,trapping,camping, PH watersports,whitewaterrafting,canoeing,hiking,sightseeing,animalriding,birdwatching,dogtraining,boating,caving,fruitandvegetablepickingfortheparticipantsownuse,natureandhistoricalstudiesandresearch,rockclimbing,skeetandtrapshooting,skiing,offroadvehicleriding,andcuttingorremovingwoodfortheparticipantsownuse....6  " " Tenn.CodeAnn.707102(emphasisadded).Thestatuteemploysthephrase"suchrecreationalactivitiesas"inamannerthatimpliesthatthelistisneitherexclusivenorexhaustive.Anallinclusivelistexplicitlyenumeratingeverysingleactivitythatisrecreationalinnaturewouldbeextremelycumbersome.Accordingly,activitiessimilartothoseexplicitlyenumeratedin102mayalsofallwithinthepurviewoftherecreationalusestatute. Bicyclingisbyitsverynaturearecreationalactivityandiscomparabletotheactivitiesenumeratedin102.We,therefore,holdthatTenn.CodeAnn.70-7-102providestheStatewithanimmunitydefensewheninjuryoccursduring bicyclingonapavedtrailonstateownedland.Accordingly,theStatemayraise 6/4 therecreationalusestatuteasadefensetotheplaintiffs'Tenn.CodeAnn. XXXX9-8-307(a)(1)(C)claim.    Aspreviouslydiscussed,theState'sstatutorydefenseundertherecreationalusestatuteisnotabsolute.Havingfound#XXX X<# XXXXԀ102toapply,wemust h` makethesecondinquiry:whetheranyofthestatutoryexceptionsorlimitationstothedefenseareapplicable.IfoneoftheexceptionsunderTenn.CodeAnn.70-7104isapplicable,therecreationalusestatuteisnegated.AnanalysisofwhethertheplaintiffhasestablishedthepresenceofaTenn.CodeAnn.70-7-104exceptionisprematureatthistime.Thefacts,ifany,supportingthepresenceofanexceptionhavenotbeendevelopedinthisRule12.02(6)motion.Thiscaseis,therefore,remandedtotheclaimscommissionforfurtherproceedingsconsistentwiththisopinion.CostofthisappealshallbetaxedagainsttheStateforwhichexecutionmayissueifnecessary.#XXX X=#     <      D %%O% $     <      D JANICEM.HOLDER,JUSTICECONCUR CONCURRING:  $)"% Anderson,C.J.Drowota,Birch,andBarker,J.J.  Panel:  +$( Anderson,C.J.Drowota,Birch,andBarker,J.J.Reid,Sp.J.NotParticipating   <      D ____________________________   <      D JANICEM.HOLDER,JUSTICE Panel:  816 ЇAnderson,C.J.Drowota,Birch,andBarker,J.J. XLXXXL#XLXX XLڻF#