WPCB ԥZ$6(ӳ1Ėx^raű?U .`{[Տ#ai}t_놽L By u|TQj ]Wgc ]:z[Nr)k4u Ya EyC#/0OoR!:xyOJC 0DO> 0D>> D/`@ B@@A D3AbAU:AAAA 0,B,BU :B\  `*Times New RomanTTEX%2A`ArialTT' Memo (Ashley Meredith(0Ashley Meredith .   H~4heading 1heading 1&    &&&C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC'  H-"4heading 2heading 2&            '  H-"4heading 3heading 3&            '  H~4heading 4heading 4&    C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC'  H~4heading 5heading 5&    C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC'  hr:Default ParaDefault Paragraph FontXXXW\  `*Times New RomanTTW        C%2A`ArialTTCH!4Body TextBody Text          @-"0ClosingClosing&            '  T:Company NameCompany Name&    555C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC'  X~:Document LabDocument Label&        ` ` ` C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC'  H-"4EnclosureEnclosure&            '  PA`8Header BaseHeader Base&     !        >4X` hp x (#>'  <.footerfooter&     !C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC>4X` hp x (#>'  <A`.headerheader&     !        >4X` hp x (#>'  T-":Heading BaseHeading Base&            '  X-":Message HeadMessage Header&            '  N-"$1Message Header First&            '  Nrr$2Message Header LabelC%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTCL-"$3Message Header Last&            '  V!:Normal IndenNormal Indent          Pr8page numberpage numberW\  `*Times New RomanTTW        C%2A`ArialTTCX~:Return AddreReturn Address&    C%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC'  H-"4SignatureSignature&            '  b-":Signature JoSignature Job Title&            '  X-":Signature NaSignature Name&            '  L6Block TextBlock Text      8.4 <DL!T$8XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC>4X` hp x (#>P8Body Text 2Body Text 2  8.4` <DL!8XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        C%2A`ArialTTC>4X` hp x (#>V!:footnote texfootnote text          `u:footnote reffootnote referenceXXXW\  `*Times New RomanTTW        C%2A`ArialTTC($      /i$E-oXEX-oE-o    X `   4    ݀ThetestwasderivedfromtwoUnitedStatesSupremeCourtcases,Aguilarv.Texas,378U.S.  108,114,84S.Ct.1509,1514,21L.Ed.2d637(1964),andSpinelliv.UnitedStates,393U.S.410,412  13,89S.Ct.584,587,21L.Ed.2d637(1969),inwhichtheCourtsaidthatanaffidavitinsupportofasearchwarrantwhichcontainsinformationfromaconfidentialinformantmustcontainfactsdemonstratingtheinformantsbasisofknowledgeandeithertheinformantscredibilityortheinformationsreliability.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtlaterabandonedthisanalysisinfavorofatotalityofcircumstancesapproach,Illinoisv.Gates,462U.S.213,238,103S.Ct.2317,2332,76L.Ed.2d527(1983),thisCourt | t hasretainedtheAguilarSpinellitestunderArticleI,7oftheTennesseeConstitution.Jacumin,778 : 2 S.W.2dat436.X ` ,rAZ"Arial Regular  /i$E-oXEX-oE-o    X `   5    ݀0-o-oThedefendantsmaincontentionisthattheMelsonstandarddoesnotapplytothiscase  becausethe concernedcitizensourcewaspaid.ThefactofpaymenttoacitizeninexchangeforinformationdoesnotalwaysmaketheMelsonstandardinapplicable.Thereisalogicaldistinction | betweenonewhoreceivespaymentatornearthetimetheinformationisprovidedandonewhoreceivespaymentorrewardonlyafterthetruthoftheinformationhasbeenverified.SeePeoplev.Stevens,423   N.E.2d1340(Ill.1981).#-o0-o#   X `   /*$EL^XEX4EL^    X `   1    ݀OralargumentwasheardinthiscaseonMay12,1998,inMemphis,ShelbyCounty,  Tennessee,aspartofthisCourtsS.C.A.L.E.S.( S upreme C ourt A dvancing L egal E ducationfor S tudents)  project.3|x\  `*Times New RomanTTC\  P6QP%2A`ArialTTomanTTJ2PQP%2A`ArialTTomanTT&&Q2PQ&P%2A`ArialTTomanTTB2PQP\  `*Times New RomanTTXXP\  P6QXP%2A`ArialTTomanTT552PQ5P%2A`ArialTTomanTT` ` a2PQ` P\  `*Times New RomanTT<\  P6QP%2A`ArialTTomanTT;2PQP%2A`ArialTTomanTTXXX2PQXP DD  *Times New RomanTToDD0DXDhD(Jq$O6O  45679C<< C EDDDӀ~-& d  /i$E-oXEX-oE-o    X `   3    ݀ForthemanufactureofaScheduleIIcontrolledsubstance,aclassCfelony,Stevenswas  sentencedtofiveyearsandWilliamsandBrotherstothreeyearsandsixmonthsincarcerationintheTennesseeDepartmentofCorrection.Forpossessionofunlawfuldrugparaphernalia,aclassAmisdemeanor,Stevens,Williams,andBrothersweresentencedto11monthsand29daysinthecountyjail.Theywereeachfined$102,500forthemanufacturingandpossessionconvictions.X ` ((2*$ )q!EL^XEX4EL^     X `   0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular,  AZ"Arial Regular,  AZ"Arial Regular,  AZ"Arial RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ )!  (3$ )!  ($$   1    /i$E-oXEX-oE-o    X `   2    ݀Althoughallthreedefendantswerepresentwhentheinitialsearchwasexecuted,onlyStevens  andWilliamsfiledamotiontosuppresstocontesttheconstitutionalityofthesearch.::' dxdP Pd 5"  ?X XXEX?5 X?X    Ad FILED?X X ?5  February1,1999CecilW.CrowsonAppellateCourtClerkdAh ----'dxd- -,cAZ"Arial Regular(f3t$ )q!EL^XEX4EL^   ,yAZ"Arial Regular )q!EL^XEX4EL^   XX4TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T$X XXX  =00XXdd=r*;=<,(j 8` `@E ` 8ttxP,  r@ INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEE#XXX$X #$X XXX `     h   ATJACKSON  Мt*;=>.*jx` `@E ` 8ttxP/ t@%(HEARDATMEMPHIS) `     h      p  FORPUBLICATION  l d М#XXX$X h#EX XXX `     h      p Filed:February1,1999 #XXXEX D#$X XXX >6 Л `     h      p      x   (# STATEOFTENNESSEE,    ) p      x   (#     `     h     ) `  Appellee, h     )#XXX$X #EX XXX p HENRYCRIMINAL#XXXEX #$X XXXԛ    `     h     ) p     `     h     )Vs. `     h     )#XXX$X e#EX XXX p HON.JULIANP.GUINN,#XXXEX #$X XXXԛ     `     h     ) p   JUDGE#XXX$X # #$X XXX tl GERALDROBERTSTEVENS,    ) ZR LAURIEANNWILLIAMSand    ) @8 JAMESDARRENBROTHERS,    )#XXX$X #EX XXX p No.02S019712CC00112#XXXEX  #$X XXXԛ (#  &  `     h     ) `  Appellants. h     )   `     h      p  ph  ForAppellants,     h      p ForAppellee:  VN  Stevens&Williams:#XXX$X k #$X XXX  h      p JohnKnoxWalkup B : DavidH.Hornik   h      p AttorneyGeneral&Reporter .!& Nashville,Tennessee  "    `     h      p MichaelE.Moore "  ForAppellant,Brothers:  h      p SolicitorGeneral #  EricD.Kinsolving   h      p  $! OldHickory,Tennessee h      p KathyMorante %"  `     h      p DeputyAttorneyGeneral `     h      p Nashville,Tennessee `     h      p  `     h      p AtTrial: 0*(#'  `     h      p RobertG.Radford `     h      p DistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h      p VickiSnyder `     h      p AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h      p Huntingdon,Tennessee `   ` $X$X  @88(OPINION #$X X$~#Ԉ 4-3 ̜COURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSAFFIRMED.    h      p      x ANDERSON,C.J.  ;4: #XXX$X #>  700XXdd7ќ=0QP0XXd0XXd= ` Wegrantedthisappealtodeterminewhetheraconclusoryallegationinan  affidavitthatinformationwasprovidedbya concernedcitizensourceissufficienttoestablishthepresumptivereliabilityoftheinformationfortheissuanceofasearchwarrantundertheFourthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionandArticleI,7oftheTennesseeConstitution.& "  1      כ c   ` ThereisadistinctioninTennesseelawbetween citizeninformantsand criminalinformantsorthosefromthecriminalmilieu.Informationprovidedbyanunnamedordinarycitizenispresumedtobereliable,andtheaffidavitneednotestablishthatthesourceiscredibleorthattheinformationisreliable.Statev. ^V Melson,638S.W.2d342,354(Tenn.1982),cert.denied,459U.S.1137,103S.Ct. >6 770,74L.Ed.2d983(1983).Ontheotherhand,whereinformationisprovidedbyananonymouscriminalinformant,theaffidavitmustestablish(1)thebasisoftheinformantsknowledge,and(2)thereliabilityoftheinformantortheinformation.Statev.Jacumin,778S.W.2d430(Tenn.1989). "  ` Thetrialcourtdeterminedthattheinformationintheaffidavitestablishedprobablecauseforthesearchwarrantanddeniedthedefendantsmotiontosuppress.TheCourtofCriminalAppeals,concludingthattheaffidavitcontainedpresumptivelyreliableinformationfromacitizeninformant,agreedthatprobablecauseexistedfortheissuanceofthesearchwarrantandaffirmed.SeeMelson,638 t/l(( S.W.2dat354. 3,,  ` Afterreviewingtherecordandapplicableauthority,weconcludethatthelowercourtserredindeterminingthattheinformationwasprovidedbyacitizensourceandwas,therefore,presumptivelyreliable.Wefurtherconclude,however,thatwhenreviewedundertheseparatestandardapplicabletoconfidentialcriminalinformants,theaffidavitsatisfiedthetwoprongedstandardadoptedinJacumin.   Therefore,weconcludethatthesearchwarrantwassupportedbyprobablecause,andweaffirmtheresultreachedbytheCourtofCriminalAppealsontheseparategroundsstated.  BACKGROUND       ` Lawenforcementofficersreceivedinformationfroma concernedcitizensourcethatmethamphetaminewasbeingcookedandstoredataresidenceinHenryCounty.Theysoughtandobtainedasearchwarrantfortheresidencebasedonthefollowingaffidavit:8 `   ` Anadultconcernedcitizensourcewhoisbelievedtobecredibleandliable[sic]andwhoresidesinHenryCountyandhasfamilytiestoHenryCountyhastoldtheaffiantthattheyhadseenmethamphetaminebeingstoredandcookedwithin72hourspriortotheswearingofthisaffidavitattheabovestatedresidence.Thecitizentoldtheaffiantthattheyhadseenseveralflask[sic],tubes,hotplate[sic]andseveraljugssat[sic]upintherearroomoftheresidence.Thecitizentoldtheaffiantofthecookingprocesstheyhadseenandtheaffianthavingknowledgeofthecookingprocess,believedthecitizentobereliableandtruthfulintheirinformation.Thecitizenask[sic]fornopaymentfortheirinformationandactedoncivicduty.BasedontheabovestatedinformationtheaffiantbelievesthatWilliamsiscookingandstoringmethamphetamineatthesaidresident[sic].ThecitizensourcewasfurnishedwiththefinishedproductofwhattheyhadseenbeingcookedandimmediatelyturnedovertoOfficerWyrickandOfficerEaker.Theproductwasfieldtestedandproductwasfoundtobemethamphetamine.Theaffiantaskedthatthesearchwarrantbevalidupto48hoursforsecuringandexecutionofthesearchwarranttoallowD.E.A.participationfromagentsoutsidethestate. ` !` ! Ѐ c   ` Asaresultofthesearch,thepolicerecoveredover64gramsofmethamphetaminebaseinthekitchen,7.8gramsofmethamphetaminepowderinthebedroom,1gramof96%puremethamphetaminepowderintheutilityroom,3setsofscales,aboxcontainingglasswareandtubing,anotebookwithinstructionsonhowtomanufacturemethamphetamine,chemistrybooks,$4,900incash,anda 814 walletcontaining$1,100.Additionally,allthechemicalsnecessarytomanufacturemethamphetamine(ephedrine,redphosphorous,iodine,muriaticacid,andacetone)werefoundattheresidence. cThepolicelaterobtainedasecondsearchwarranttosearchastorageshedleasedtodefendantsStevensandWilliams.Inthisshed,thepolicefoundglassware,tubes,funnels,andover2,870,000encasedephedrinetablets. ` Thedefendants8 "  2      ׀movedtosuppresstheevidencefromthesearchofthe   houseonthegroundsthattheaffidavitdidnotestablishprobablecausefortheissuanceofasearchwarrant.Thedefendantsarguedthattheaffidavitdidnotestablishthattheinformantwasreliable,thattheinformantknewwhatmethamphetaminelookedlike,orthattheinformanthadknowledgeofthecookingprocess.Thedefendantsalsoarguedthattheinformantwasnota citizensourcebecauseheorsheremainedunnamedandwaspaid$200asarewardforprovidingthepolicedepartmentwitha goodcase.Thetrialcourtoverruledthemotionstosuppress. ` ThejuryconvictedallthreedefendantsofmanufacturingaScheduleIIcontrolledsubstance(methamphetamine)andpossessionofunlawfuldrugparaphernalia..  "  3      ׀Onappeal,theCourtofCriminalsAppealsconcludedthatthe +$& informationinsupportofthewarranthadbeenobtainedfroma citizensourceandaffirmedthetrialcourtsdenialofthemotiontosuppress. 2+,  ` Wegrantedthisappealtoreviewwhetherthelowercourtsproperlydeterminedthattheinformationhadbeenprovidedbyacitizeninformantandthatprobablecausehadbeenestablishedfortheissuanceofthesearchwarrant.  ANALYSIS      ` WebeginourreviewbyexaminingArticleI,7oftheTennesseeConstitutionwhichprovides:8 ` Thatthepeopleshallbesecureintheirpersons,houses,papersandpossessions,fromunreasonablesearchesandseizures;andthatgeneralwarrants,wherebyanofficermaybecommandedtosearchsuspectedplaces,withoutevidenceofthefactcommitted,ortoseizeanypersonorpersonsnotnamed,whoseoffensesarenotparticularlydescribedandsupportedbyevidence,aredangeroustolibertyandoughtnotbegranted. c ` !` !   Tenn.Const.art.I,7.Likewise,theFourthAmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionstates: c8 ` Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffects,againstunreasonablesearchesandseizures,shallnotbeviolated,andnowarrantsshallissue,butuponprobablecause,supportedbyoathoraffirmation,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobesearched,andthepersonsorthingstobeseized. c ` !` ! U.S.Const.amend.IV. ` Asageneralrule,asearchwarrantshallbeissuedonlyonthebasisofanaffidavit,swornbeforea neutralanddetachedmagistrate,whichestablishesprobablecauseforitsissuance.SeeJacumin,778S.W.2dat431;Statev.Moon, 0), 841S.W.2d336,338(Tenn.Crim.App.1992)0XQPXXXQP!0XQPXX0XQPXXX0XQP      1XQPXXX.0XQPXX1XQPAshowingofprobablecause 2+. requires,generally,reasonablegroundsforsuspicion,supportedbycircumstancesindicativeofanillegalact.Statev.Johnson,854S.W.2d897,899(Tenn.Crim. H6@/2  App.1993)#1XQPXX0XQPU7#.Thus,theneedforthemagistratetomakeaneutralanddetached 8 14 decisionregardingtheexistenceofprobablecauserequiresthattheaffidavitcontainmorethanmereconclusoryallegationsbytheaffiant.Moon,841S.W.2dat338.0XQPXX1XQPԀ#1XQPXX0XQP9#Ԁ    ` Indeterminingthereliabilityofinformationcontainedinanaffidavitinsupportofasearchwarrant,thereisasignificantdistinctionbetweena citizeninformant,orbystanderwitnesses,and criminalinformants,orthosefroma criminalmilieu.Melson,638S.W.2dat354.Informationprovidedbyacitizenorbystanderwitness   thatisknowntotheaffiantispresumedtobereliable;andthestateisnotrequiredtoestablisheitherthecredibilityoftheinformantorthereliabilityoftheinformation.Althoughthenameofthecitizeninformantdoesnothavetobedisclosed, thereliabilityofthesourceandtheinformationmustbejudgedfromallofthecircumstancesandfromtheentiretyoftheaffidavit.Melson,638S.W.2dat356.   ` Conversely,ifthesourceisacriminalinformant,thedeterminationofreliabilitymustbebasedonthetwoprongedAguilarSpinellitest,whichwas %$ adoptedbythisCourtinJacumin,778S.W.2dat436.# "  4      כThemagistrateissuingthe ' & searchwarrantmustbe informedofboth(1)thebasisfortheinformantsknowledge,andeither(2)(a)abasisestablishingtheinformantscredibilityor(2)(b)abasisestablishingthattheinformantsinformationisreliable.Statev.Cauley, -%,  863S.W.2d411,417(Tenn.1993)(citationomitted).Probablecausemaynotbe .'. founduntilbothprongsareindependentlyconsideredandsatisfied.Statev.  Ballard,836S.W.2d560,562(Tenn.1992).    ` Therationalefordistinguishingbetweencitizeninformantsandconfidentialcriminalinformantshasbeenstatedasfollows:       8 ` Informationsuppliedtoofficersbythetraditionalpoliceinformerisnotgiveninthespiritofaconcernedcitizen,butoftenisgiveninexchangeforsomeconcession,payment,orsimplyoutofrevengeagainstthesubject.Thenatureofthesepersonsandtheinformationwhichtheysupplyconveyacertainimpressionofunreliability,anditispropertodemandthatsomeevidenceoftheircredibilityandreliabilitybeshown....However,anordinarycitizenwhoreportsacrimewhichhasbeencommittedinhispresence,orthatacrimeisbeingorwillbecommitted,standsonmuchdifferentgroundthanapoliceinformer.Heisawitnesstocriminalactivitywhoactswithanintenttoaidthepoliceinlawenforcementbecauseofhisconcernforsocietyorforhisownsafety.Hedoesnotexpectanygainorconcessioninexchangeforhisinformation.Aninformerofthistypeusuallywouldnothavemorethanoneopportunitytosupplyinformationtothepolice,therebyprecludingproofofhisreliabilitybypointingtopreviousaccurateinformationwhichhehassupplied.... ` !` ! Statev.Smith,867S.W.2d343,347(Tenn.Crim.App.1993)(emphasisomitted) ! (quotingStatev.Paszek,184N.W.2d836,84243(Wis.1971)). c #|!  ` WebelievetheevidencepreponderatesagainstthelowercourtsfindingthatthecitizeninformantstandardunderMelsonappliesinthiscase.0XQPXX1XQPSeeStatev. N*F#' Odom,928S.W.2d18,23(Tenn.1996)(properstandardofreviewinsuppression ,%) casesisthepreponderanceoftheevidencestandard).Theaffidavitcontainedonlyconclusoryallegationsthattheinformantwasa concernedcitizensource, actedoncivicduty,and ask[sic]fornopaymentfortheirinformation.Thereisnoexplanationastowhythecitizenwasinthehousewhilemethamphetaminewasbeingcookedand/orwhythe citizenwas furnishedwiththefinishedproduct.#1XQPXX0XQPH#The 5.3  policedidexplainwhythecitizenwaslaterpaid$200.Itwasarewardforagood 6/5 case.0XQPXX1XQPԜ% "  5      כ#1XQPXX0XQP)K#ԀTheunexplainedcircumstanceswarrantcautionindeterminingwhetherthe   informantisapresumptivelyreliablecitizen.AsProfessorLaFavehasexplained:8 ` [A]sageneralpropositionitisaninformantfromthecriminalmilieu   ratherthanalawabidingcitizenwhoismostlikelytobepresentundersuchcircumstances.Thisisnottosuggestthatapersongiving ^V informationaboutthelocationofnarcoticsmayneverqualifyasa D< citizeninformer,foritissometimespossibletoshowwithparticularityhowalawabidingindividualhappenedtocomeuponsuchknowledge.Rather,thepointisthatinsuchacaseitshouldnotbedeemedsufficientthatthepolicehaveallegedinaratherconclusoryfashionthatthepersonwas anindividualwhoisneitherapaidnorhabitualinformant, aresponsiblecitizenofutmostcharacterandintegrityor areputablememberofthecommunity.Perhapsamoreparticularizedshowingofthelawabidingnatureofthepersonsupplyingtheinformationwillsuffice.... c ` !` ! WayneR.LaFave,2SearchandSeizure,3.4(a)(3ded.1996)(firstemphasis  Мadded)(footnotesomitted);cf.Cauley,863S.W.2dat417(nonaccusatory ZR informationthatdidnotdescribecriminalactivitywasnotinthenatureofacriminalinformantstip).Aparticularizedshowingorexplanationwasabsentinthiscase,andtherearenootherfactsorcircumstancesthatmaybegleanedfromtheaffidavitthatwouldbolsterorcorroboratetheconclusorydescriptionsofthe citizen.Accordingly,theaffidavitdoesnotestablishthattheinformationwasprovidedbyacitizeninformant,nordoesitwarrantapresumptionofreliabilityasthelowercourtsconcluded. ` HavingconcludedthattheMelsonstandarddoesnotapplytothiscase,we X/P(- turntothequestionofwhethertheaffidavitisnonethelesssufficientbecauseitsatisfiesthetwoprongsoftheJacumintest.Withregardtotheinformantsbasisof 2+1 knowledge,the )      !1XQPXX1XQPXXX1XQP      2XQPXhXaffidavitsufficientlyestablishedthattheinformanthadwitnessed  firsthandthecookingprocessandtheequipmentusedtomanufacturemethamphetamineonthepremises.See,e.g.,Moon,841S.W.2dat339( basisof   Мknowledgeprongissupportedinthiscasebytheinformantseeingmarijuanabeingusedand/ordistributedatthedefendantsresidence).Withregardtothereliabilityoftheinformant,theaffidavitstatesonlythatthe citizenwas believedtobecredibleand[re]liable.Althoughthisassertionaloneisinsufficienttoestablishtheveracityoftheinformant,seeStatev.Valentine,911S.W.2d328,330(Tenn.1995),   thestatements )      !2XQPXX2XQPXXX2XQP      3XQPXhXindicatingthatapositivefieldtestwasperformedonthe finished h` productintheinformantspossessionsufficientlydemonstratedthereliabilityoftheinformation.SeeBallard,836S.W.2dat56263(informantsdescriptionofunique  jewelrythatmatchedthevictimsdescriptionsufficientformagistratetoconcludethattheinformationwasreliable);seealsoLaFave,supra,3.3(f).Thus,we  concludethattheaffidavitsatisfiedbothprongsoftheJacumintestandsupporteda d\ findingofprobablecausefortheissuanceofthesearchwarrant. @)CONCLUSION  $"  ` Weconcludethattheaffidavitinthiscasecontainedsufficientinformationfortheissuingmagistratetofindprobablecausefortheissuanceofasearchwarrant.Althoughthelowercourtserroneouslydeterminedthattheinformantwasa citizensourceandappliedtheMelsonstandard,ourreviewindicatesthattheaffidavit +$* satisfiedthetwoprongtestgoverningconfidentialinformantsassetforthinJacumin.Therefore,theCourtofCriminalAppealsjudgmentisaffirmedonthe /(. Мseparategroundsstated. h Thecostsofthiscasueusearetaxedtothedefendantsappellatnsnts,forwhichexecutionmayissueifnecessary. `     h     __________________________________ `     h     RILEYANDERSON,CHIEFJUSTICE 92>  CONCUR:   МDrowota,Birch,Holder,andBarker,JJ.   p      x   (#   Л