ÿWPC>0 …U :V % 0C– 0vÙ 0JO 0T™ 0^í 0hK 1m³ 0r 0|’  nX 0 (v 4ž 0†² 0d8 0œ 1u,U ,¡ 0dÍ B1U,N D3zU >­U.ë 0@B)YDC‚ AMÅU*I<Ô…Yæ..F.ts“ v~"vÓ„# 0W) 0Šæ) 0 p* 0´+ 0ÇÄ+ 0Û‹, 0ïf- AOU.Ƥ. 0Dj/ 0D®/ D/ò/ B!0<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTX(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó(-!2VÎ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÓÓ€€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôtuvwxyz#,37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô3|XC«<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxþ6X@ÉDQX@%ä2¼A`ArialTTTTXXXä2¼P±ŠQXP($¡¡˜€* defghijklmno2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô(<1$´´Ô2Ô6.Ú  Ú0Ú  ÚÔ3  Ôà0  à2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(Monaco'''''ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Courier("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò% Line 7 d....7Border 1dd€-/Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial ?Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€1ÔÔ€1ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€1XÔÌÌò òJanuary€29,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€1ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó ÊÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ÔÓ` °‚X˜XÓAccording€to€Bell's€testimony,€he€and€Trusty€have€resolved€their€differences€and€carry€no€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïgrudge€or€hard€feelings€against€each€other.€€Bell€testified€that€he€had€asked€the€state€to€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïdismiss€the€prosecution€against€Trusty€but€the€state€refused.€Ì ƒÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ÔTrusty€weighs€approximately€130€pounds;€Bell€weighs€in€excess€of€200€pounds.€€Trusty'sÌà àphysician€testified€that€Trusty€was€seriously€disabled€and€was€unable€to€lift€more€than€fiveÌà àpounds€for€any€period€of€time.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÓ` °‚X˜XÓÔ€+ÔTrusty's€prior€record€includes€several€convictions€for€burglary€and€attempted€burglary.€€Ì $Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ÔIn€its€brief€to€the€intermediate€appellate€court,€the€state€argued€that€appellant€had€à àwaivedÏthis€issue€by€not€objecting€at€trial€and€by€omitting€the€issue€from€the€motion€for€à ànew€trial.€€ThisÏargument€overlooks€the€fact€that€jurisdictional€defects€in€an€indictment€à à"shall€be€noticed€byÏthe€court€at€any€time€during€the€pendency€of€the€proceedings."€€Tenn.€à àR.€Crim.€P.Ï(12)(b)(2).€€In€addition,€an€appellate€court€must€determine€"whether€the€trial€à àand€appellateÏcourt€have€jurisdiction€over€the€subject€matter,€whether€or€not€the€issue€is€à àpresented€for€review."€€ÏTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(b).Ì öÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ÔA€trial€judge,€however,€need€only€instruct€on€lesser€offenses€in€circumstances€in€whichÏà àevidence€in€the€record€would€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€offenses.€€òòJohnson€v.Ïà àStateóó,€531€S.W.2d€558€(Tenn.€1975);€òòOwen€v.€Stateóó,€221€S.W.2d€515€(Tenn.€1949);Ïòòà àPowers€v.€Stateóó,€97€S.W.€815€(Tenn.€1906).Ì <Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ÔSeldom€will€whether€a€given€offense€is€a€lesser€grade€of€the€charged€offense€presentÌà àany€difficulty.€€The€answer€is€implicit€in€the€statutory€scheme.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+Ô€One€could,€for€example,€€unsuccessfully€attempt€murder€by€pushing€someone€out€anÏà àopen€window€or€down€a€staircase.€€It€is€hard€to€conceive€of€an€open€window€or€a€staircaseÏà àas€a€deadly€weapon€even€under€the€broad€definition€of€that€term€found€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïà àðð€39„11„106(5)(1995€Supp.).€€Undoubtedly€many€other€"weaponless"€attempts€could€andÏà àdo€occur.€€Moreover,€an€attempted€murder€does€not€necessarily€require€either€contact€withÏà àthe€victim€or€bodily€injury.€€A€glass€containing€poison€that€remains€untouched€by€theÏà àvictim€has€caused€no€bodily€injury€whatsoever.€€Ì iÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý€€€€€òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÓ` °‚X˜XÓÔ€+ÔIn€òòMellonsóó,€the€conviction€was€reversed€and€the€case€remanded€for€retrial€on€the€charge€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïof€involuntary€manslaughter.€€òòState€v.€Mellonsóó,€557€S.W.2d€at€500.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò(gfi$µµà0  àÔ2(ÆÔ6.Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ú  Ú0Ú  ÚÔ3  Ôà0` (#(#à(bÕä$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2ˆAÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xâr$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2ˆAÔ(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒU$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2ˆAÔ(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(Ÿ@Æ$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2ˆAÔ(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³ýt$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2ˆAÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(Çñû$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2ˆAÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯1$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ ÔÓ&€))X„d&ÓÑ#€))Xd#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€†˜XXdÖdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€+ÔÔ€+¼ÔØ ØÓ&€,,X8d&ÓÙ€€ÙßL€02/;+'h|` Å `€€Lßà@ àIN€THE€SUPREMEÏCOURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌ€à@ àAT€€à@ àJACKSONÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€€òòò òFORÏPUBLICATIONóóó óà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àAppellee,à àà àà àà à)à àò òòòFiled:€€January€29,€1996óóó óÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àShelby€Countyà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌWAYNE€M.€TRUSTY,à àà àà à)à àHon.€H.€T.€Lockard,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àAppellant.à àà àà àà à)à àNo.€€02S01„9502„CR„00019Ìà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àà àòòFor€Appelleeóó:ÌÌA.€C.€Wharton,€Jr.à àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌDistrict€Public€Defenderà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌÌWalker€Gwinn€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àMichael€E.€MooreÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àSolicitor€GeneralÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€David€BridgesÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJohn€W.€PierottiÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJudson€W.€PhillipsÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àGeneralÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà@ àò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÌÌÌÌCOURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€à àà àà àà àWHITE,€J.ÌREVERSED;€CASE€DISMISSEDÌÓ  ÓÓ` °‚X˜XÓÓÓà àThe€question€in€this€case€is€whether€one€indicted€for€attemptedÏfirst„degree€murder€may€be€convicted€of€aggravated€assault.€€AggravatedÏassault,€as€defined€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„13„102,€isÏneither€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€attempted€first„degree€murder€nor€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€of€first„degree€murder.Under€Tennessee€law,€aÏconviction€for€an€unindicted€offense€that€is€not€a€lesser€degree€of€theÏoffense€charged€or€a€lesser€included€offense€may€not€stand.€€For€theÏreasons€discussed€below,€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÏAppeals€and€reverse€appellant's€conviction.ÌÌà@ àòòFACTSóóÌà àAppellant,€Wayne€Trusty,€and€the€victim,€Hunter€Bell,€hadÏbeen€neighbors€for€about€seven€years.€€Until€the€summer€of€1992,€the€twoÏmen€were€friends.× ƒ3 ××  ×€€At€the€time€of€the€offense,€Bell,€an€over„the„roadÍtruck€driver,€was€not€living€with€his€wife€and€children€regularly.€ÏOccasionally,€Trusty€gave€money€to€Bell's€wife€when€she€was€in€need.€€AÏfriend€of€Trusty's,€Walter€Melton,€used€Trusty's€car€to€take€Bell's€mother„in„law€and€other€neighbors€to€work€or€to€appointments€when€the€needÏarose.€Ì€Ìà àAt€some€point,€a€disagreement€of€uncertain€origin€aroseÏbetween€Bell€and€Trusty.€€Bell€may€have€believed€that€Trusty€was€havingÏan€affair€with€his€wife.€€The€dispute€may€have€concerned€a€tent€that€TrustyÏallegedly€borrowed€from€Bell.€€In€any€event,€Bell's€stepson€visited€TrustyÏtwice€on€August€30,€1992,€€and€spoke€to€him€about€the€disagreementÏbetween€the€two€men.€€During€the€early€evening€hours€of€that€day,€BellÏcame€to€his€wife's€home€and€parked€his€truck€at€the€curb.€€ÌÌà àTrusty,€who€walked€with€a€cane€due€to€a€disabling€backÏcondition,€left€his€house,€picking€up€a€baseball€bat€that€Bell's€children€hadÏleft€lying€in€his€driveway.€€He€crossed€the€street,€stood€in€front€of€the€BellÏhome,€and€called€to€Bell€to€come€out€and€talk€to€him.€€According€to€Trusty,Ïhe€was€leaning€on€the€bat€since€he€had€not€brought€his€cane€with€him.× ƒ4 ××  ×€€BellÍsaid€that€Trusty€was€brandishing€the€bat€as€a€weapon.€€After€a€heatedÏexchange,€Bell€jerked€the€bat€away€from€Trusty.€€Trusty€either€lost€hisÏbalance€or€was€pushed€backward€against€the€truck€striking€his€back€at€leastÏonce.€€He€fell€to€the€ground€and,€at€first,€was€unable€to€rise.€€He€rolled€overÏand€crawled€under€the€truck€and€out€the€other€side.€€Then€he€got€to€his€feetÏand€crossed€the€street€to€his€house.ÌÌà àTrusty€entered€his€house€and€emerged€with€a€12€gauge€shotgunÏloaded€with€bird€shot.€€Bell€was€still€standing€near€the€truck€holding€theÏbat.€€Both€men€ran€around€the€truck.€€Trusty€reversed€directions€and€whenÏhe€was€about€20€to€30€feet€away€from€Bell€fired€the€shotgun€once.€€Bell€andÏother€state€witnesses€testified€that€the€shotgun€was€pointed€directly€at€himÏwhen€Trusty€fired.€€Trusty€and€other€neighbors€testified€that€the€shotgunÏwas€angled€down€at€the€ground€when€he€fired.€€The€defense€admitted€aÏphotograph€showing€where€shotgun€pellets€had€been€fired€into€theÏpavement€in€front€of€Bell's€house.€€ÌÌà àAfter€the€shooting,€Trusty€went€back€to€his€house.€€MeltonÏdrove€up,€Trusty€jumped€into€the€car,€and€the€two€men€left.€€Moments€laterÏthey€returned€to€the€scene.€€At€the€emergency€room,€twenty„three€pelletsÏwere€removed€from€Bell's€chest€and€face.€€He€was€not€hospitalized.€ÍAlthough€Trusty€testified€that€he€threw€the€shotgun€in€the€bushes€near€hisÏfront€door,€€the€weapon€was€never€found.€€ÌÌà àTrusty€was€indicted€on€a€single€count€of€criminal€attempt€toÏcommit€first„degree€murder.€€At€trial,€the€defense€admitted€that€TrustyÏfired€the€shot€that€wounded€Bell,€but€contended€that€the€act€was€in€self„defense€without€any€intent€to€kill.€€At€the€close€of€trial,€the€judge€instructedÏthe€jury€on€attempts€to€commit€first„degree€murder,€second„degreeÏmurder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€OnÏthe€theory€that€they€were€lesser€included€offenses,€the€trial€judge€alsoÏinstructed€the€jury€on€aggravated€assault€and€assault.€€€ÌÌà àNeither€the€state€nor€the€defense€objected€to€the€juryÏinstructions.€€Further,€the€defense€did€not€request€an€instruction€on€theÏsentencing€ranges.€€The€jury€found€appellant€guilty€of€aggravated€assault.€ÏAfter€a€sentencing€hearing,€€the€€trial€court€sentenced€Trusty€to€twelveÏyears€as€a€persistent€offender.× ƒ5 ××  ×€€After€the€trial€court€denied€the€motion€forÏa€new€trial,€defense€counsel€withdrew€and€the€trial€court€appointed€theÏShelby€County€Public€Defender€to€serve€as€counsel€on€appeal.€€ÌÌà àCounsel€first€raised€the€propriety€of€the€conviction€forÏaggravated€assault€in€Trusty's€appeal€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€InÏa€split€decision,€the€intermediate€court€affirmed€the€conviction.€€TheÏmajority€held€that€although€the€indictment€did€not€allege€aggravated€assault,Ïthe€conviction€could€stand€€based€on€the€following€language€in€òòState€v.ÏHicksóó,€835€S.W.2d€31,€36€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,Ï(Tenn.€1992):€€ÓÓà8 àWhere€the€jury€is€instructed€that€anÏoffense€is€a€lesser€included€offense€ofÏthat€charged€in€the€indictment,Ïwhether€it€be€or€not,€a€conviction€onÏsuch€lesser€offense€may€stand€whereÏthe€evidence€shows€that€the€greaterÏoffense€was€committed.ÌÌÓÓThe€dissent,€however,€suggested€that€a€conviction€for€an€offense€that€isÏneither€charged€in€the€indictment€nor€properly€classified€as€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€conflicts€with€this€Court's€holdings€in€òòHoward€v.€Stateóó,€Ï578€€S.W.2d€83,€85€(Tenn.€1979)€and€òòMcLean€v.€Stateóó,€527€S.W.2d€76,€82Ï(Tenn.€1975)€and€violates€the€notice€requirement€of€the€Sixth€Amendment.€ÏU.S.€Const.€amend.€VI.ÌÌà àWe€granted€appellant's€permission€to€appeal€to€determineÏwhether€a€conviction€for€an€uncharged€offense€that€is€neither€a€lesser€gradeÏor€class€nor€necessarily€included€in€the€charged€offense€may€stand€inÍcircumstances€in€which€sufficient€evidence€supports€the€conviction.€€WeÏhold€that€it€cannot.ÌÇà@ àòòANALYSISóóÌà àTennessee€courts€have€long€followed€these€fundamentalÏprecepts:€€first,€the€state€must€give€an€accused€adequate€notice€of€theÏoffenses€charged;€second,€the€indictment€must€allege€facts€as€to€eachÏessential€element€of€the€offense;€and€third,€a€valid€indictment€is€aÏjurisdictional€prerequisite€to€a€valid€prosecution.€€In€accordance€with€theseÏbasic€constructs,€we€hold€that€an€accused€may€not€be€convicted€for€anÏoffense€that€is€neither€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€offense€charged€nor€oneÏnecessarily€included€in€the€indictment€even€if€the€record€contains€sufficientÏevidence€of€the€convicted€offense.ÌÌà@ àI.€€Constitutional€RequirementsÌà àFirst,€we€consider€the€reasons€for€and€the€requirements€of€aÏvalid€indictment.€€Fair€and€reasonable€notice€of€the€charges€against€anÏaccused€is€a€fundamental€constitutional€requirement.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.ÏVI:€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9.€€Our€state€constitution€requires€that€thoseÏaccused€in€criminal€prosecutions€be€informed€of€the€"nature€and€cause€ofÏthe€accusation"€against€them.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9;€€òòWarden€v.€Stateóó,Ï381€S.W.2d€244,€245€(Tenn.€1964);€òòState€v.€Perkinsonóó,€€867€S.W.2d€1,€5Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóóòòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993).€€TheÏUnited€States€Constitution€contains€a€similar€guarantee.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.ÍVI.€€Convicting€a€person€of€a€crime€which€is€not€raised€by€the€indictmentÏand€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€denies€an€accused€the€right€to€notice€ofÏthe€nature€and€cause€of€the€accusation.€€òòHagner€v.€United€Statesóó,€285€U.S.Ï427,€430€(1932).€€ÌÌà àIn€addition€to€constitutional€notice€requirements,€due€processÏguarantees€that€the€accused€will€have€a€fair€opportunity€to€defend€againstÏthe€charges.€€A€person€who€is€convicted€without€receiving€fair€andÏreasonable€notice€of€the€specific€charges€is€denied€due€process€under€theÏFifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution.€ÏòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€314€(1979);€òòCole€v.€Arkansasóó,€333€U.S.Ï196,€201€(1948);€€òòDeJonge€v.€Oregonóó,€299€U.S.€353,€362€(1937);€òòOlsen€v.ÏMcFaulóó,€843€F.2d€918€(6th€Cir.€1988);€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€598€S.W.2d€796,Ï797(Tenn.€1979).€ÌÌà àThese€notions€of€due€process€embraced€by€the€United€StatesÏConstitution€are€incorporated€into€Tennessee's€"Law€of€the€Land€Clause".€ÏIt€guarantees€that€"no€man€shall€be€.€.€.€deprived€of€his€life,€liberty,€orÏproperty,€but€by€.€.€.€the€law€of€the€land."€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€1,€ðð€8.€€€TheÏtwo€provisions€are€synonymous.€€òòState€ex€rel.€Anglinóó,€596€S.W.2d€779,€786Ï(Tenn.€1980),€òòDaugherty€v.€Stateóó,€393€S.W.2d€739,€743€(Tenn.€1965).€€AÍconviction€obtained€in€violation€of€the€reasonable€notice€provision€requiredÏby€article€I,€section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€violates€due€processÏunder€our€Law€of€the€Land€Clause.€€€ÌÌà àTo€satisfy€constitutional€notice€requirements,€an€indictment€orÏpresentment€€must€provide€notice€of€the€offense€charged,€an€adequate€basisÏfor€the€entry€of€a€proper€judgment,€and€suitable€protection€against€doubleÏjeopardy.€€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,€820€S.W.2d€739,€741(Tenn.€1991);€òòState€v.ÏLindsayóó,€637€S.W.2d€886,€890€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€The€indictmentÏmust€contain€factual€allegations€relating€to€every€essential€element€of€theÏoffense.€€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€598€S.W.2d€796,€797€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979).€ÏThe€facts€must€be€stated€in€ordinary€and€concise€language€so€that€a€personÏof€"common€understanding"€will€know€what€is€intended.€€òòWarden€v.€Stateóó,Ï381€S.W.2d€244,€245€(Tenn.€1964);€òòState€v.€Lindsayóó,€637€S.W.2d€at€890.€€ÌÌà àIn€summary,€an€indictment€has€three€purposes€in€Tennessee.€ÏFirst,€it€must€inform€defendant€of€the€precise€charges.€€Second,€it€mustÏenable€the€trial€court€upon€conviction€to€enter€an€appropriate€judgment€andÏsentence;€and,€last,€it€must€protect€defendant€against€double€jeopardy.€€ÌÌà àSince€a€lawful€accusation€is€a€prerequisite€to€jurisdiction,€aÏprosecution€cannot€proceed€without€an€indictment€that€sufficiently€informsÏthe€accused€of€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense.× ƒ6 ××  ×€€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€598ÏS.W.2d€at€797.€€€A€judgment€based€on€an€indictment€that€does€not€allege€allÏthe€essential€elements€of€the€offense€is€a€nullity.€€òòWarden€v.€Stateóó,€381ÏS.W.2d€at€245;€òòMcCracken€v.€Stateóó,€489€S.W.2d€48,€53€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1972).ÌÌà àAn€indictment€must€be€drafted€carefully€so€that€it€accuratelyÏreflects€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense.€€A€defendant€cannot€be€legallyÏconvicted€of€an€offense€which€is€not€charged€in€the€indictment€or€which€isÏnot€a€lesser€included€offense€embraced€in€the€indicted€charge.€€òòState€v.ÏLampkinóó,€619€S.W.2d€520€(Tenn.€1981);€òòState€v.€McLeanóó,€527€S.W.2d€76Ï(Tenn.€1975);€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€788€S.W.2d€820€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.Ïòòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1990);€€òòState€v.€Lindsayóó,€637€S.W.2d€886€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1982).€€As€a€result,€unless€aggravated€assault€is€either€a€lesserÍgrade€or€class€or€lesser€included€offense€of€attempted€first„degree€murderÏas€alleged€in€the€indictment,€appellant's€conviction€must€be€reversed.€€ÌÌà@ àII.€€Lesser€OffensesÌà àTennessee€law€recognizes€two€types€of€lesser€offenses€that€mayÏbe€included€in€the€offense€charged€in€an€€indictment€and,€may,€therefore,Ïform€the€basis€for€a€conviction:€€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€chargedÏoffense€and€a€lesser€included€offense.€€The€two,€though€similar,€are€notÏsynonymous.€€Consequently,€confusion€may€arise€from€a€failure€toÏdistinguish€between€the€two.€€ÌÌà àSince€the€19th€century,€our€legislature€has€required€trialÏjudges€"in€cases€of€criminal€prosecution€for€any€felony€wherein€two€(2)€orÏmore€grades€or€classes€of€offense€may€be€included€in€the€indictment,€toÏcharge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€each€offense€included€in€theÏindictment,€without€any€request€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so."€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110€(1990€Repl.).€€Today,€the€grades€or€classesÏof€any€offense€are€established€by€statute.€€For€instance,€€in€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€Sections€39„13„201€through€213,€the€legislature€has€dividedÏcriminal€homicide€into€the€grades€of€first„degree€murder,€second„degreeÏmurder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€criminally€negligent€homicide,€andÍvehicular€homicide.€€Sections€39„13„301€through€306€establishes€varyingÏdegrees€of€false€imprisonment€and€kidnapping.€€Assault€crimes€areÏclassified€in€Sections€39„13„101€through€106.€€One€need€only€look€to€theÏstatutes€to€determine€whether€a€given€offense€is€a€lesser€òògradeóó€òòoróó€òòclassóó€ofÏthe€crime€charged.€€By€statute,€a€defendant€charged€with€an€offense€isÏentitled€to€a€jury€instruction€on€lesser€grades€or€classes€of€the€chargedÏoffense€supported€by€the€evidence.ÌÌà àA€lesser€offense€"necessarily€included€in€the€indictment,"Ïdefined€by€Tennessee€case€law,€is€not€identical€to€a€lesser€grade€or€class€ofÏan€offense€referred€to€in€Section€40„18„110.€€Rule€31(c)€of€the€TennesseeÏRules€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides€that€a€"defendant€may€be€foundÏguilty€of€an€offense€òònecessarily€includedóó€in€the€offense€charged€or€of€anÏattempt€to€commit€either€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€necessarilyÏincluded€therein€if€the€attempt€is€an€offense."€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ï31(c)(emphasis€added).€€Additionally,€case€law€establishes€a€defendant'sÏright€to€a€jury€instruction€on€all€lesser€included€offenses€where€"any€facts€.Ï.€.€are€susceptible€of€inferring€guilt€of€any€lesser€included€offense."€€òòStateÏv.€Wrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,Ï(Tenn.€1981).ÌÌà àGenerally,€an€offense€qualifies€as€a€lesser€included€offenseÏonly€if€the€elements€of€the€included€offense€are€a€subset€of€the€elements€ofÏthe€charged€offense€and€only€if€the€greater€offense€cannot€be€committedÏwithout€also€committing€the€lesser€offense.€€òòSchmuck€v.€United€Statesóó,€489ÏU.S.€705,€716€(1989).€€After€careful€consideration€of€standards€applied€inÏother€jurisdictions,€this€Court€adopted€the€following€test:ÌÓÓà8 à[A]n€offense€is€necessarily€included€in€another€ifÏthe€elements€of€the€greater€offense,€as€thoseÏelements€are€set€forth€in€the€€indictment,€includeÏbut€are€not€congruent€with,€all€the€elements€of€theÏlesser.€€ÌÌÓÓòòState€v.€Howardóó,€578€S.W.2d€83,€85€(Tenn.€1979).€€In€other€words,€theÏlesser€offense€may€not€require€proof€of€any€element€not€included€in€theÏgreater€offense€as€charged€in€the€indictment.× ƒ7 ××  ×€€ÌÌ€€à àThe€difference€between€an€offense€of€"lesser€grade€or€class"Ïand€one€that€is€"lesser€included"€is€readily€apparent€by€simple€example.€ÏVoluntary€manslaughter€is€a€lesser€grade€of€first„degree€murder€underÏTennessee€statutes.€€A€defendant€charged€with€murder€may€be€entitled€to€aÏjury€instruction€on€voluntary€manslaughter€in€cases€in€which€the€evidenceÍcould€support€a€conviction.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Mellonsóó,€557€S.W.2d€497,€499Ï(Tenn.€1977);€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€751€S.W.2d€167,€170€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),Ïòòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1988).€€Voluntary€manslaughter€is€not,Ïhowever,€a€"lesser€included"€offense€of€first„degree€murder€under€theÏòòHowardóó€test.€€Voluntary€manslaughter,€unlike€first„degree€murder,Ïrequires€proof€that€the€offense€was€committed€in€"a€òòstate€of€passionóóÏproduced€by€òòadequate€provocationóó€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€òòto€act€in€anÏirrational€manneróó."€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a)(1991ÏRepl.)(emphasis€added)€òòwithóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€39„13„202(a)(1)(1995ÏSupp.).€€€Therefore,€under€the€òòHowardóó€test,€voluntary€manslaughter€is€notÏa€lesser€included€offense€of€first„degree€murder.€€It€is,€however,€a€lesserÏgrade€of€first„degree€murder.€€In€a€case€like€this,€for€example,€whereÏdefendant€claims€adequately€provocation€and€self„defense€and€the€stateÏalleges€premeditation€and€deliberation,€defendant€is€entitled€to€a€juryÏinstruction€on€attempted€first„degree€murder€and€attempted€voluntaryÏmanslaughter,€not€because€the€latter€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€theÏformer€but€because€it€is€a€lesser€grade€of€the€former.× ƒ8 ××  ×ÌÌà àThus,€pursuant€to€our€statute,€rule,€and€case€lawÏinterpretations,€defendants€are€entitled€to€jury€instructions€on€all€lesserÏincluded€offenses€as€defined€in€òòHowardóó€and€on€all€offenses€which€are€aÏlesser€grade€or€class€of€the€charged€offense,€if€the€evidence€would€supportÏa€conviction€for€the€offense.€€The€authorizing€statute€and€rule€ensure€thatÏeach€defendant€has€fair€and€reasonable€notice€of€the€charges€and€anÏopportunity€to€defend€against€them.€€It€preserves€a€defendant's€right€to€anÏinstruction€on€all€lesser€offenses€necessarily€included€in€the€offense€chargedÏin€the€indictment€unless€there€is€no€proof€in€the€record€which€wouldÏsupport€the€instruction.€€It€allows€the€jury€to€consider€all€relevant€offensesÏin€determining€the€appropriate€offense,€if€any,€for€conviction.Ì€€Ìà àThough€we€acknowledge€that€previous€decisions€have€failed€toÏarticulate€the€distinction€between€lesser€included€offenses€and€offenses€ofÏlesser€grades€and€classes,€choosing€instead€to€repeat€routinely€the€phrases,Ïthe€distinction€is€apparent€in€the€holdings€and€is€mandated€by€principles€ofÏfairness.€€To€disallow€consideration€of€any€but€lesser€included€offenses€byÏthe€jury€would€deprive€the€jury,€in€any€case€factually€similar€to€this€one,Ïfrom€considering€the€defense€theory€of€the€case.€€Allowing€consideration€ofÏthe€lesser€included€offenses€and€the€offenses€of€lesser€grades€and€classes,€ifÍthe€evidence€supports€guilt€on€those€offenses,€more€evenly€balances€theÏrights€of€the€defense€and€the€prosecution€and€serves€the€interests€of€justice.ÌÌà@ àIII.€€ApplicationÌà àWe€must€now€determine€whether€aggravated€assault,€theÏconvicted€offense€in€this€case,€is€either€a€lesser€grade€or€class€or€a€lesserÏincluded€offense€of€attempted€first„degree€murder.€€Aggravated€assault€isÏnot€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€first„degree€murder.€€Assault€crimes€areÏcodified€in€Part€1,€Section€13€of€Title€39€under€the€heading€"AssaultiveÏOffenses."€€Included€in€that€section€are€assault,€aggravated€assault,€andÏvehicular€assault.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„101€ð!ð€„106€(1990€Repl.€&Ï1995€Supp.).€€Part€2€of€section€13€contains€the€various€grades€and€classes€ofÏcriminal€homicide.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„201ð!ð€€„213€(1990€Repl.€&Ï1995€Supp.).€€Assault€is€a€separate€and€distinct€crime€and€is€not€a€lesserÏgrade€or€class€of€murder€under€Tennessee€law.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBlankenfeld€v.€Clarkeóó,Ï753€F.€Supp.€1498,€1505„1506€(D.Neb.€1990)(Nebraska's€statutory€schemeÏcreates€two€separate€offenses).€€ÌÌà àIn€circumstances€in€which€an€attempt€is€charged,€Section€40„118„110(a)€requires€that€the€trial€judge€instruct€the€jury€on€the€attempt€ofÏlesser€grades€or€classes€of€the€offense€allegedly€attempted€for€which€thereÍis€€support€in€the€record.€€Rule€31(c)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€CriminalÏProcedure€requires€an€instruction€on€attempt€to€commit€the€lesser€includedÏoffenses€if€the€record€supports€the€instruction.€€Consequently,€in€anÏattempted€first„degree€murder€case,€the€judge€must€instruct€the€jury€on€theÏlesser€included€offenses€supported€by€the€proof€and€the€offenses€which€areÏlesser€grades€or€classes.€€Aggravated€assault€is€neither.ÌÌà àAttempt€is€an€inchoate€crime.€€It€occurs€when€a€person,€whoÏpossesses€the€intent€to€commit€a€designated€offense€and€whose€actions,€areÏ"strongly€corroborative€of€criminal€intent,€fail[s]€to€achieve€the€criminalÏobjective€intended."€€Sentencing€Comm'n€Comments,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„12„101€(1991€Repl.).€€€While€under€the€attempt€statute€òòanyóó€action€takenÏmay€corroborate€an€intent€to€commit€òòthe€offense€chargedóó,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€39„12„101(3)(1991€Repl.),€it€does€not€necessarily€follow€that€òòanyóó€actionÏof€the€accused€proven€at€trial€justifies€a€conviction€for€an€unchargedÏoffense,€i.e.,€attempt,€that€is€not€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€offenseÏcharged.€€€ÌÌà àAggravated€assault€is€not€an€inchoate€crime.€€It€is€an€offenseÏcarried€to€completion.€€An€attempt€to€commit€a€given€offense,€in€this€case,Ïfirst„degree€murder€is,€by€definition,€a€separate€and€distinct€crime€from€theÍcompleted€offense.€€Therefore,€the€completed€offense€of€aggravated€assaultÏis€not€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€inchoate€crime€of€attempted€first„degreeÏmurder.ÌÌà àThe€remaining€question€is€whether€aggravated€assault€is€aÏlesser€included€offense€of€attempted€first„degree€murder€as€charged€in€thisÏindictment.€€The€indictment€alleges€that€Trusty€ÌÓÓà8 àon€August€30,€1992,€in€Shelby€County,€Tennessee,Ïand€before€the€finding€of€this€indictment,€didÏunlawfully€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€ofÏMurder€First€Degree,€as€defined€in€T.C.A.€39„13„202,€in€that€he,€the€said€Wayne€Trusty,€didÏunlawfully,€intentionally,€deliberately€and€withÏpremeditation€attempt€to€kill€Hunter€Bell,€inÏviolation€of€T.C.A.€39„12„101,€against€the€peaceÏand€dignity€of€the€State€of€Tennessee.ÌÓÓÌThis€indictment€alleges€the€essential€elements€of€attempted€first„degreeÏmurder€and€could€thus€form€the€basis€for€a€conviction,€if€the€evidence€isÏsufficient€for€that€offense,€for€any€offenses€which€are€lesser€grades€orÏclasses€€of€attempted€first„degree€murder€(which€aggravated€assault€is€not)Ïor€for€any€lesser€included€offenses€of€attempted€first„degree€murder.€€ÌÌà àUnder€our€statutes,€aggravated€assault€requires€proof€of€anÏassault€combined€with€specified€aggravating€circumstances€such€as€seriousÍbodily€injury€or€use€or€display€of€a€deadly€weapon.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€39„13„101,€102€(1)(Repl.€1991).€€On€its€face,€this€indictment€isÏinsufficient€to€allege€any€of€the€forms€of€aggravated€assault€defined€in€theÏstatutes.€€Rather,€the€indictment€alleges€an€intentional,€deliberate,€andÏpremeditated€attempt€to€kill.€€It€contains€no€reference€to€serious€bodilyÏinjury€or€the€use€or€display€of€a€deadly€weapon.€€Since€all€essentialÏelements€of€an€offense€must€be€alleged€in€the€indictment,€òòWarden€v.€Stateóó,Ï381€S.W.2d€at€245;€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€870€S.W.2d€532,€537€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1993),€this€indictment€which€alleges€none€of€the€essential€elements€ofÏaggravated€assault€cannot€form€the€basis€for€an€aggravated€assaultÏconvictionÌÌà àThe€state€contends€that,€although€the€necessary€elements€ofÏaggravated€assault€are€not€specifically€alleged€in€the€indictment,€the€use€of€aÏdeadly€weapon€is€implicit€in€any€charge€of€attempted€first„degree€murder.€€ÏWe€agree€that€in€some€instances,€where€an€element€is€implicit€although€notÏspecifically€stated€in€an€indictment,€a€conviction€may€be€sustained.€€€òòSeeóóÏòòHagner€v.€United€Statesóó,€285€U.S.€427,€€530€(1932);€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€870ÏS.W.2d€532,€538€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.Ï1993)€(indictment€for€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell€necessarilyÏimplies€that€it€was€a€knowing€possession).€€We€are€convinced,€however,Íthat€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€is€not€necessarily€implied€in€the€charge€ofÏattempted€first„€degree€murder.€€Premeditated€murder€may€be€attempted€inÏany€number€of€ways€that€does€not€involve€weapons€or€serious€bodilyÏinjury.× ƒ9 ××  ×€€€An€indictment€that€charges€a€generic€attempt€to€commitÏintentional,€deliberate,€and€premeditated€murder€does€not€necessarily€implyÏthe€essential€elements€of€aggravated€assault.€€ÌÌà àThe€state€also€contends,€relying€on€òòState€v.€Hicksóó,€that€evenÏthough€aggravated€assault€is€not€a€lesser€included€offense€defined€byÏòòHowardóó,€the€conviction€may€be€affirmed.€€òòState€v.€Hicksóó,€835€S.W.2d€32Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.)€òòpermóó.€òòtoóó€òòappealóó€òòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1992).€€The€reliance€isÏmisplaced.€€In€òòHicksóó,€defendants€were€indicted€for€first„degree€murder,€butÏwere€convicted€of€criminal€facilitation€of€first„degree€murder.€€The€issueÏaddressed€was€whether€the€evidence€in€the€record€was€sufficient€to€supportÏa€conviction€for€criminal€responsibility€for€facilitation€of€first„degreeÏmurder.€€òòState€v.€Hicksòòóó,€óó835€S.W.2d€at€35.€€Concluding€first€that€criminalÏfacilitation€can€be€a€lesser€included€offense€of€a€greater€charge,€òòidóó.€at€36,Íthe€court€implicitly€found€insufficient€evidence€to€sustain€a€conviction€onÏthat€offense,€although€all€elements€of€first„degree€murder€were€established.€ÏòòIdóó.€€Then,€relying€upon€its€reading€of€this€court's€holding€in€òòState€v.ÏMellonsóó,€557€S.W.2d€497€(Tenn.€1977),€the€òòHicksóó€court€held€that€"whereÏthe€jury€is€instructed€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense€of€thatÏcharged€in€the€indictment,€òòwhether€it€be€or€notóó,€a€conviction€on€such€lesserÏoffense€may€stand€where€the€evidence€shows€the€greater€offense€wasÏcommitted."€€òòState€v.€Hicksóó,€835€S.W.2d€at€36€(emphasis€added).ÌÌòòà àóóNothing€in€òòMellonsóó€supports€affirming€a€conviction€for€anÏuncharged€offense€that€is€neither€a€lesser€included€offense€nor€an€offenseÏthat€is€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€charged€offense.€€In€òòMellonsóó,€defendantÏwas€indicted€on€two€counts€of€second„degree€murder€when€two€teenagersÏwho€were€passengers€in€his€car€died€as€a€result€of€his€drunken€driving.€ÏòòState€v.€Mellonsóó,€557€S.W.2d€at€498.€€The€trial€judge€instructed€the€jury€onÏthe€lesser€grades€of€second„degree€murder,€that€is,€voluntary€andÏinvoluntary€manslaughter.€€The€jury€convicted€defendant€of€two€counts€ofÏvoluntary€manslaughter.€€€òòIdóó.€€On€appeal,€defendant€argued€that€noÏevidence€supported€a€conviction€for€voluntary€manslaughter€whichÏrequired€€proof€that€defendant€had€acted€in€the€heat€of€passion.€€òòIdóó.€at€499.€ÍThis€Court€concluded€that€the€evidence€in€the€record€was€insufficient€toÏsupport€a€conviction€for€second„€degree€murder.€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àThus,€the€issue€addressed€in€òòMellonsóó€was€the€effect€of€a€juryÏinstruction€on€a€lesser€included€offense€under€circumstances€in€which€theÏrecord€contains€insufficient€evidence€to€support€the€conviction.€€TheÏòòMellonsóó€Court€held€that€ÌÓÓà8 àOn€appeal,€a€conviction€of€a€lesser€degree€of€theÏcrime€charged,€or€of€a€lesser€included€offense,Ïwill€be€upheld,€even€if€there€is€no€evidence€in€theÏrecord€to€establish€the€technical€elements€of€thatÏcrime,€if€the€evidence€demands€a€conviction€of€aÏhigher€degree€of€homicide€than€that€found€by€theÏverdict,€and€there€is€either€no€evidence€in€supportÏof€acquittal€of€the€greater€crime,€or€if€there€is,€theÏverdict€of€the€jury€clearly€indicates€that€theÏevidence€in€support€of€acquittal€was€disbelieved,Ïon€the€theory€that€the€defendant€was€notÏprejudiced€by€the€charge€and€the€resulting€verdict.€€ÌÌÓÓ557€S.W.2d€at€499.€€In€other€words,€a€conviction€for€a€lesser€includedÏoffense€will€not€be€reversed€due€to€insufficiency€of€the€proof€so€long€as€theÏevidence€supports€a€conviction€on€the€greater€offense€since€defendant€willÏnot€be€prejudiced€by€the€verdict.× ƒ: ××  ×€€€€ÌÌà àIn€òòHicksóó,€the€case€upon€which€the€state€relies,€as€in€òòMellonsóó,Ïdefendants€were€convicted€of€a€lesser€included€offense.€€In€both€cases€anÏessential€element€of€the€lesser€offenses€was€not€established.€€However,€inÏòòHicksóó,€unlike€òòMellonsóó,€the€evidence€supported€conviction€on€the€greaterÏoffense.€€Therefore,€defendant€was€not€prejudiced€by€conviction€of€theÏlesser€and€the€conviction€was€allowed€to€stand.€€In€this€case,€defendant€wasÏconvicted€of€an€uncharged€offense€that€is€òònotóó€a€lesser€included€offenseÏunder€Tennessee€law.€€The€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€not€at€issue.€ÏNeither€òòMellonsóó€nor€òòHicksóó€directly€addresses€this€issue.€€ÌÌà àIn€reality,€the€language€in€òòHicksóó€which€may€be€read€to€sustainÏa€conviction€for€an€offense€not€charged€in€the€indictment€flies€in€the€face€ofÏòòHowardóó€and€long„standing€Tennessee€case€law.€€Moreover,€€a€convictionÏfor€an€uncharged€offense€raises€grave€constitutional€concerns€under€bothÏthe€United€States€and€Tennessee€Constitutions.€€€ÌÌà àContradiction€in€òòHicksóó€arises€from€the€words€"whether€it€be€orÏnot"€which€were€not€necessary€to€the€decision.€€The€result€in€òòHicksóóisÏconsistent€with€prior€law€since€facilitation€of€murder€is€a€lesser€includedÏoffense€of€first„degree€murder€and€since€the€evidence€was€sufficient€toÏconvict€on€the€greater€offense,€thereby€not€prejudicing€defendant.€ÍòòSeeóóòòState€v.€Mellonsóó,€557€S.€W.€2d€€at€498„500;€òòReagan€v.€Stateóó,€293€S.W.Ï755€(Tenn.€1927):€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€751€S.W.2d€167,€170€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.),€òòpermóó€òòtoóó€òòappealóóòòdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1988).€€òòHicksóó,€however,€should€notÏbe€read€to€support€affirming€a€conviction€for€an€offense€that€was€neitherÏcharged€in€the€indictment€nor€a€lesser€grade€or€lesser€included€offense€ofÏthe€offense€charged.€€Ì€Ìà àThe€state€also€contends€that€the€jury€verdict€in€this€case€was€anÏact€of€grace€that€worked€to€defendant's€advantage,€depriving€appellant€ofÏthe€right€to€relief.€€We€disagree.€€The€jury€instruction€on€aggravatedÏassault€almost€certainly€resulted€in€prejudice€to€defendant.€€The€jury€didÏnot€find€defendant€guilty€of€any€intentional€and€knowing€attempt€toÏmurder.€€If€no€assault€instruction€were€given,€the€jury€could€well€haveÏconvicted€defendant€of€attempted€criminally€negligent€homicide€whichÏrequires€only€criminally€negligent€conduct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„212Ï(1991€Repl.).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Mellonsóó,€557€S.W.2d€at€500.€€€CriminallyÏnegligent€homicide€is€a€Class€E€felony,€which€if€only€attempted€would€beÏreduced€to€a€Class€A€misdemeanor€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÏSection€39„12„107€(1990€Repl.).€€The€offense€would€carry€a€sentence€ofÏeleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days.€€upon€his€aggravated€assaultÏconviction,€defendant€was€sentenced€to€twelve€years,€as€a€class€C€felon.ÌÌà àDefendant€was€convicted€and€sentenced€for€an€offense€forÏwhich€he€was€never€charged.€€Under€our€law,€such€a€conviction€may€notÏstand.€€The€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€reversed,€andÏdefendant's€conviction€for€aggravated€assault€is€set€aside.€€The€case€isÏdismissed.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà à___________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àPenny€J.€White,€JusticeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌAnderson,€C.J.ÌDrowota,€Reid,€Birch,€J.J.à àÌ