ÿWPC\ Rt×ÚrJDr sK {k‡*`Ò+1wÅÿÐÆöj-:.×­}èÊÞ÷¡• ¡¤»m 6Yj“âÙ†åz¶UËM„’/ô\¤¨„í#{Š$ià £(×½ù©.’`NiVö5YJ¸üf+`º„™¢éh¾ äb:ò S[/qïc­ygÑ ;}Z^Y­Ï2àZ DL¦ <LלÍüøFÜ@Î(b7â8rcÝ­´â–¡ߟЈ4V÷ë¬ÜRL¼¨­ñÔpqšGk~"xþUÔ8…ÙÝýFtÂW¦`Î7"Òn µåQ–ÎLpñ¸³~K˜°4¢nïéÒ¿`„"ñ«2å=ͪÍc$pâίõ6EõôÈR]n9oÈ‘“œIÞ¿5 a•fŠë_Iœ®J“y©¯B(*·¯{iÒ¤CŒÆ3)IªEë«ÀXõMk/wþƒ>«°×çz]p½õìù´$Üìê¸B"å*ÔhV./ö6HÞ+Ç­± Oœ"lSfÊÆ_S¤‡ôìY¦Åv£rƒM•ñ¢@h{¤¡/a¦À¡ÖXõÔ‡}ÕñCqš,sd7*Œ~ã딪Ž1Liâ[r7§îX œ“@øhA‹¿Äb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U'N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz ²‘ ÆC Æ ÆÏÆ•UN[N© 0D«„ïEstuuhééééééééééééééééééééébQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 0ëYYYY BDD 0¤a D3 D-8 0Kee AS°Æ 0¤É 0Dm A«±˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»}ž-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularš‚,-°BŸ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ KershawMilburn€BADENHOPEFriersonBadenhopeDrummyDrummey€E]videncee]videncenoncustodialInmanBurlew COAtutorageKnottHoalcraftMusselmanAcuffStubblefieldFjelstadLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó zÝ ƒR J$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôý-ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEffective€January€2,€2001,€the€legislature€has€provided€that€ð ðwhen€the€defendant€fails€to€request€the€instructionÐ ° Ðof€a€lesser„included€offense€.€.€.€such€instruction€is€waived.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(c)€(Supp.€2001). jÝ ƒR J$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôý-ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€accordance€with€the€constitutional€prohibition€against€double€jeopardy,€Mr.€Wilson€cannot€be€tried€againÐ ° Ðfor€first€degree€murder€as€he€was€acquitted€of€this€crime€at€his€first€trial.Ô‡X Xòôý-Ô ^Ý ƒR J$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôý-ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€Court€appointed€David€Johnson€to€represent€Mr.€Wilson€in€this€appeal.€€This€Court€appreciates€Mr.Ð ° ÐJohnsonððs€willingness€to€accept€this€appointment€and€the€excellent€representation€he€has€provided.- ù-(|G2 J$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôý-ò»»Ô d(|3 M$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3 M$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼L»»»ÔÑ8€ XXdì»»d8ÑÔ‡î\„LÔà@™ ™ ìàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼L»îî\„ú#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓJune€5,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X X»¼LÔÌò òÔ#†¼L»XX î#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€ERNEST€EDWARD€WILSONÔ‡X X»¼LÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€by€Permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÔ#†¼L»XX ^#ÔÔ‡X X»¼LÔÐ ú J ÐCriminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„D„2474€€€€€€J.€Randall€Wyatt,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„01997„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€December€30,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼L»XX #ÔÔ‡¼L»»¼LÔÔ€X X»¼LÔThis€appeal€arises€from€Ernest€Edward€Wilsonððs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder€in€theÐ d´ ÐCriminal€Court€of€Davidson€County.€€At€the€close€of€trial,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€firstÐ P  Ðdegree€murder,€second€degree€murder,€and€voluntary€manslaughter;€it€did€not€instruct€the€jury€onÐ <Œ Ðreckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€The€jury€convicted€Wilson€of€the€lesser„Ð (x Ðincluded€offense€of€second€degree€murder,€and€the€trial€court€imposed€a€sentence€of€twenty„fourÐ d Ðyears€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€On€direct€appeal,€Wilson€challenged€the€trial€courtððs€failureÐ P Ðto€instruct€on€lesser„included€offenses.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€in€a€split€decision,€affirmedÐ ì< Ðthe€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€We€granted€review€and€now€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ Ø( Ðfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€Further,€we€holdÐ Ä Ðthat€this€error€was€not€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.òòóó€€Accordingly,€we€reverse€the€judgmentÐ ° Ðof€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€and€remand€the€case€for€a€new€trial€in€accordance€with€this€opinion.€Ð œì ЀÔ#†X XXX 5#ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌÓÓò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ `° ÐReversed€and€Case€Remanded€to€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€Countyó óÐ L œ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ_ÔAdolphoÔ_Ô€A.€Birch,€Jr.,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Ô_ÔDrowotaÔ_Ô,€III,Ð $"t! ÐC.J.,€E.€Riley€Anderson,€Janice€M.€Holder,€óóand€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€JJ.,óó€joined.Ð #`" ÐÌDavid€L.€Johnson,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ernest€Edward€Wilson.Ð è$8 $ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€and€Ð À&"& ÐJennifer€L.€Smith,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ¬'ü"' ÐÌÓ² ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ p*À%*ý÷ ÐÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡X XXX ÔÌà@üüìàI.€€Facts€and€Procedural€HistoryˆÐ œì ÐÌà  àAs€Ernest€Edward€Wilson€and€his€brother,€David€Wilson,€passed€Nashvilleððs€Hadley€ParkÐ tÄ Ðon€their€way€to€a€tire€shop€at€6:50€a.m.,€Ernest€Wilson€saw€Marshall€Frank€Holt,€Jr.€€Ernest€WilsonÐ `° Ðexited€the€car€and€confronted€Holt.€€He€testified€that€heò òó ó€intended€to€tell€Holt€not€to€go€to€DavidÐ L œ ÐWilsonððs€house.€€Holt,€according€to€Ernest€Wilson,€pulled€a€pocket€knife€from€his€coat€pocket€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðthreatened€him.€€In€response,€Ernest€Wilson€fired€a€warning€shot€from€a€gun€that€he€carried€on€himÐ $ t Ðð ðall€the€time.ðð€€Holt€was€not€deterred,€and€Ernest€Wilson€fired€two€more€shots.€€Ernest€Wilson€stated,Ð  ` Ðð ðI€didnððt€realize€I€shot€[any]body,€because€I€really€was€not€trying€to€shoot€Mr.€Holtðð€and€ð ðI€reallyÐ ü L  Ðdidnððt€shoot€at€him.€€I€wanted€to€shoot€close€to€him€for€another€one.€€But€it€must€have€[]€hit€him.ðð€Ð è 8  ÐFurther,€Wilson€stated,€ð ðI€meant€to€shoot€another€warning€shot,€but€I€raised€the€pistol€a€little€bit€moreÐ Ô$  Ðto€scare€him€on€the€way.ððÐ À  ÐÌà  àThe€bullet€struck€Holt€in€the€left€shoulder€blade€and€severed€his€carotid€artery,€causing€hisÐ ˜è  Ðdeath€shortly€thereafter.€€On€trial€for€first€degree€murder,€Wilsonððs€attorney€requested€instructionsÐ „Ô  Ðon€first€degree€murder,€second€degree€murder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€criminally€negligentÐ pÀ Ðhomicide,€self„defense€and€mutual€combat.€€The€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€first€degree€murder,Ð \¬ Ðsecond€degree€murder,€voluntary€manslaughter€and€self„defense.€€The€jury€convicted€Wilson€ofÐ H˜ Ðsecond€degree€murder.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àWilson€appealed,€contending,€òòinter€aliaóó,€that€the€jury€should€have€been€instructed€on€recklessÐ  \ Ðhomicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€Judge€Joe€G.€Riley,€writing€for€the€majority€of€theÐ øH ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals,€held€that€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€are€lesser„Ð ä4 Ðincluded€offenses€of€first€degree€murder€and€that€ð ðeven€if€they€should€have€been€charged€.€.€.€theÐ Ð  Ðfailure€to€charge€them€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€Judge€David€H.€Welles€dissented.€Ð ¼  ÐHe€stated€that€ð ðbecause€of€the€unique€nature€of€voluntary€manslaughter€among€homicide€offenses,ððÐ ¨ø Ðhe€could€not€agree€that€the€ð ðfailure€to€charge€reckless€homicide€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ”ä Ðdoubt.ðð€€In€a€concurring€opinion,€Judge€James€Curwood€Witt€agreed€that€it€was€problematic€to€useÐ €Ð Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€as€the€intermediate€offense€for€purposes€of€determining€harmless€error,€butÐ l¼ Ðhe€joined€to€affirm€the€conviction€based€on€the€facts€of€the€case€and€Wilsonððs€use€of€those€facts€inÐ X ¨ Ðformulating€his€theory€of€defense.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àWe€granted€review€to€consider€whether€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€recklessÐ #l! Ðhomicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€was€reversible€error.€€We€held€in€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977Ð $X" ÐS.W.2d€101€(Tenn.€1998),€that€an€instructional€error€may€be€harmless€when€a€jury€convicts€aÐ ô$D # Ðdefendant€of€an€offense€greater€than€the€immediately€lesser„included€offense€upon€which€the€juryÐ à%0!$ Ðwas€instructed.€€Ô#†X XXX Ú#ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔòòóóAfter€reviewing€the€relevant€authority€and€the€facts€of€this€case,€we€conclude€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€case€under€submission€is€distinguishable€from€òòWilliamsóó€and€that€òòWilliamsóó€does€not€apply.€€TheÐ ¸'#& Ðharmless€error€analysis€outlined€in€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181€(Tenn.€2002),€however,€does€apply.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐIn€accordance€therewith,€we€hold€thatÔ#†X XXX v#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô€the€trial€courtððs€error€in€failing€to€instruct€on€reckless€homicideÐ )à$( Ðâ âand€criminally€negligent€homicide€was€not€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÔ#†X XXX M#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô.€€Therefore,€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðjudgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€reversed,€and€the€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðfor€a€new€trial€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€€€Ô#†X XXX A #ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔÐ œì Ðâ âÌà@JJìàII.€€Standard€of€ReviewˆÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€question€of€whether€a€given€offense€should€be€submitted€to€the€jury€as€a€lesser„includedÐ L œ Ðoffense€is€a€mixed€question€of€law€and€fact.€€òòState€v.€Rushóó,€50€S.W.3d€424,€427€(Tenn.€2001)€(citingÐ 8 ˆ ÐòòState€v.€Smileyóó,€38€S.W.3d€521€(Tenn.€2001))òòóó.€€The€standard€of€review€for€mixed€questions€of€lawÐ $ t Ðand€fact€is€de€novo€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòId.óó;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,Ð  ` Ð461€(Tenn.€1999).€òòóó€Ð ü L  ÐÌà@ddìàIII.€Lesser„Included€OffensesˆÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àArticle€I,€ðð€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides€that,€in€a€criminal€prosecution,€theÐ ¬ü  Ðaccused€has€the€right€to€receive€advance€notice€of€the€charges€that€he€or€she€must€defend.€Ð ˜è  ÐConsequently,€the€accused€may€be€convicted€only€of€an€offense€enumerated€in€the€indictment,€or€anÐ „Ô  Ðoffense€that€qualifies€as€a€lesser-included€offense€thereof.€€òòRushóó,€50€S.W.3d€at€427Ô#†X XXX Q!#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô€(citing€òòHagnerÐ pÀ Ðv.€United€Statesóó,€285€U.S.€427,€431,€52€S.€Ct.€417,€76€L.€Ed.€861€(1932)).€€An€offense€is€lesser„Ð \¬ Ðincluded€if:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ  p Ðoffense€charged;€orÐ \Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€contains€aÐ ä4 Ðstatutory€element€or€elements€establishing€(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€aÐ Ð  Ðlesser€kind€of€culpability;€and/or€(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€sameÐ ¼  Ðperson,€property€or€public€interest;€.€.€.€.ШøÐ Ð  ÐÌòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.€€Moreover,€it€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€theÐ €Ð Ðlaw€of€a€lesser-included€offense€if€he€or€she€determines€that:€€(1)€reasonable€minds€could€accept€theÐ l¼ Ðoffense€as€lesser-included;€and€(2)€the€evidence€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€theÐ X ¨ Ðlesser-included€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Langfordóó,€994€S.W.2d€126,€128Ð D!” Ð(Tenn.€1999).€€The€trial€courtððs€duty€to€charge€juries€as€to€the€law€of€each€offense€included€in€anÐ 0"€  Ðindictment€applies€whether€or€not€a€defendant€requests€such€an€instruction.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„Ð #l! Ð18„110(c)€(1997).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð $X" ÐÔ#†X XXX .&#ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€State€concedes€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ à%0!$ Ðlesser„included€offenses€of€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€Nonetheless,€theÐ Ì&"% ÐState€argues€that€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€The€State€correctly€concedes;Ð ¸'#& Ðreckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€are€lesser„included€offenses€of€first€degreeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmurder.€€òòSeeóó€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€727€(Tenn.€2001)Ð ° Ð(stating€that€reckless€homicide€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€first€degree€murder);€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€45Ð œì ÐS.W.3d€1,€21€(Tenn.€2001)€(appendix)€(adopting€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€statement€thatÐ ˆØ Ðcriminally€negligent€homicide€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€first€degree€murder).€€In€addition,€theÐ tÄ Ðevidence€in€this€record,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„includedÐ `° Ðoffenses,€is€sufficient€both€to€allow€reasonable€minds€to€accept€these€lesser„included€offenses€andÐ L œ Ðto€support€convictions€for€these€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àErnest€Wilsonððs€unrefuted€testimony€is€that€he€did€not€intend€to€shoot€Holt€and€that€his€onlyÐ  ` Ðintent€was€to€fire€a€warning€shot.€€In€light€of€this€testimony,€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instructÐ ü L  Ðthe€jury€on€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€Having€so€concluded,€we€mustÐ è 8  Ðnext€address€the€dispositive€issue€in€this€appealð!ðare€these€instructional€errors€harmless€beyond€aÐ Ô$  Ðreasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€191;€òòElyóó,€52€S.W.3d€at€726.ò òó óÐ À  ÐÌà  àThe€State€avers€that€the€error€is€harmless€under€this€Courtððs€decision€in€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,Ð ˜è  Ð977€S.W.2d€101€(Tenn.€1998),€because€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€second€degree€murderÐ „Ô  Ðand€rejected€the€instructed,€intermediate€lesser€offense,€voluntary€manslaughter.€€The€State€alsoÐ pÀ Ðpoints€out€that€the€jury€received€a€ð ðsequential€instructionðð€advising€it€to€consider€the€offenses€inÐ \¬ Ðsequence€and€that€the€jury€should€be€presumed€to€have€followed€this€instruction.€€According€to€theÐ H˜ ÐState,€since€the€jury€rejected€the€immediately€lesser„included€and€instructed€offense€of€voluntaryÐ 4„ Ðmanslaughter,€the€jury€also€would€have€rejected€the€second„tier€lesserÔ#†X XXX Ü,#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô„included€offenses€of€recklessÐ  p Ðhomicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€We€cannot€accept€this€contention.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àIn€òòWilliamsóó,€the€trial€judge€instructed€the€jury€as€to€the€charged€offense€of€first€degree€murderÐ ä4 Ðand€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder€and€reckless€homicide,€and€the€juryÐ Ð  Ðconvicted€the€defendant€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòId.óó€at€104.€€The€defendant€appealed,€arguing€that€theÐ ¼  Ðtrial€judge€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€on€voluntary€manslaughter.€€In€finding€the€error€harmless,€theÐ ¨ø Ðmajority€in€òòWilliamsóó€stated:Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àBy€convicting€the€defendant€of€first€degree€murder€the€jury€determined€that€the€proofÐ l¼ Ðwas€sufficient€to€establish€all€the€elements€of€that€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ X ¨ Ðincluding€that€the€killing€was€ð ðintentional,€deliberate€and€premeditated.ðð€€In€otherÐ D!” Ðwords,€by€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€highest€offense€to€the€exclusion€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðimmediately€lesser€offense,€second€degree€murder,€the€jury€necessarily€rejected€allÐ #l! Ðother€lesser€offenses,€including€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Accordingly,€the€trialÐ $X" Ðcourtððs€erroneous€failure€to€charge€voluntary€manslaughter€is€harmless€beyond€aÐ ô$D # Ðreasonable€doubt€because€the€juryððs€verdict€of€guilt€on€the€greater€offense€of€firstÐ à%0!$ Ðdegree€murder€and€its€disinclination€to€consider€the€lesser€included€offense€of€secondÐ Ì&"% Ðdegree€murder€clearly€demonstrates€that€it€certainly€would€not€have€returned€a€verdictÐ ¸'#& Ðon€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Ð¤(ô#'Ð Ð  ÐÌòòWilliamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€at€106.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€circumstances€of€this€case€differ€markedly€from€those€in€òòWilliamsóó.€€There,òòóó€in€rejectingÐ ° Ðsecond€degree€murder€which€entails€the€ð ðknowing€killing€of€another,ðð€and,€by€choosing€to€convictÐ œì Ðthe€defendant€of€an€intentional€killing,€the€jury€necessarily€rejected€any€lesser€offenses,€includingÐ ˆØ Ðvoluntary€manslaughter.€€In€contrast,€the€jury€in€the€case€at€bar€was€not€instructed€as€to€any€offenseÐ tÄ Ðcontaining€a€mental€state€less€culpable€than€knowing.€€Voluntary€manslaughter€is€the€ð ðintentionalÐ `° Ðor€knowing€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€toÐ L œ Ðlead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a).€€WhileÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€element€of€ð ðadequate€provocationðð€converts€what€might€otherwise€be€first€or€second€degreeÐ $ t Ðmurder€into€the€lesser„included€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€the€required€mens€rea€is€identicalÐ  ` Ðto€first€or€second€degree€murder.€€Therefore,€in€a€case€where€the€jury€finds€that€no€provocation€exists,Ð ü L  Ðthe€logical€immediately€lesser„included€offense€to€second€degree€murder€is€reckless€homicide,€ratherÐ è 8  Ðthan€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€State€contends€that€the€error€is€harmless€because:€(1)€the€trial€court€provided€theÐ ¬ü  Ðsequential€jury€instruction;€and€(2)€the€jury€found€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€killing€wasÐ ˜è  Ðknowing.€€However,€this€contention€fails€to€recognize€that,€unlike€òòWilliamsóó,€the€jury€in€the€caseÐ „Ô  Ðunder€submission€was€precluded€from€considering€whether€Wilson€acted€recklessly.€€Thus,€theÐ pÀ ÐòòWilliamsóó€analysis€is€òòóónot€applicable€in€the€context€of€this€case.€€Even€thoughòòóó€òòWilliamsóó€is€notÐ \¬ Ðapplicable,€an€instructional€error€may€still€be€considered€harmlessÔ#†X XXX Û7#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô.€€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€191.€Ô#†X XXX ÄG#ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔÐ H˜ ÐÌà@bbìàIV.€€Harmless€Error€Analysisˆà8 @v àÐ  p ÐÌòòóóà  àThe€State€insists€that€the€harmless€error€analysis€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Allenóó€applies,€and€that,Ð øH Ðpursuant€to€òòAllenóó,€the€instructional€error€in€the€case€at€bar€is€harmless.€€In€òòAllenóó,€we€stated€that€aÐ ä4 Ðreviewing€courtÔ#†X XXX (H#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ôòòóó:Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àòòóó[M]ay€find€the€[instructional]€error€harmless€because€the€jury,€by€finding€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€guilty€of€the€highest€offense€to€the€exclusion€of€the€immediately€lesserÐ ”ä Ðoffense,€necessarily€rejected€all€other€lesser„included€offenses.€€òòWilliamsóó,€977Ð €Ð ÐS.W.2d€at€106.€€Harmless€error€is€not€limited,€however,€to€such€cases.òòÐl¼Ð Ð  ÐÌAllenóó,€69€S.W.2d€at€191Ô#†X XXX óI#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô.€€Ô#†X XXX L#ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔWhen€a€lesser„included€offense€instruction€is€improperly€omitted,€theÐ D!” Ðharmless€error€inquiry€is€the€same€as€for€other€constitutional€errors:€whether€it€appears€beyond€aÐ 0"€  Ðreasonable€doubt€that€the€error€did€not€affect€the€outcome€of€the€trial.€€òòId.óó€€Ô#†X XXX aL#ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔWhen€making€thisÐ #l! Ðdetermination,Ô#†X XXX ÉM#ÔÔ‡X XXX Ô€a€reviewing€court€should€ð ðconduct€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record,€includingÐ $X" Ðthe€evidence€presented€at€trial,€the€defendantððs€theory€of€defense,€and€the€verdict€returned€by€theÐ ô$D # Ðjury.ðð€€òòIdóó.€Ô#†X XXX >N#ÔÔ‡X XXX ÔÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àApplying€these€principles€to€the€case€under€submission,€we€consider€whether€the€failure€toÐ ¸'#& Ðinstruct€on€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€was€harmless€error.€€The€StateÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcontends€the€error€is€harmless€because€Wilsonððs€theory€of€the€case€was€self„defense€or€voluntaryÐ )à$( Ðmanslaughter,€which€does€not€comport€with€reckless€homicide€or€criminally€negligent€homicide.Ô#†X XXX zO#ÔÔ‡X XXX ԀР|*Ì%) ÐWilson€testified,€however,€that€he€did€not€intend€to€shoot€Holtð!ðhe€only€intended€to€scare€him.€Ð h+¸&* ÐTherefore,€Wilsonððs€theory€was€that€the€shooting€was€unintentional,€and€his€testimony€supported€thisÐ ° Ðtheory.€€In€light€of€this€testimony,€we€are€unable€to€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€jury,Ð œì Ðif€given€the€opportunity,€would€not€have€convicted€Wilson€of€reckless€homicide€or€criminallyÐ ˆØ Ðnegligent€homicide.€€Therefore,€we€hold€that€the€error€was€not€harmlessð!ðit€constituted€reversibleÐ tÄ Ðerror.€Ð `° ÐÌ€ò òó óà@rr#ìàIV.€€ConclusionˆÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àOur€holding€renders€it€unnecessary€for€us€to€reach€the€other€issues€raised€by€the€parties,Ð  ` Ðincluding€the€constitutionality€of€the€ð ðknowingðð€mens€rea€instruction€and€whether€the€sentenceÐ ü L  Ðimposed€was€proper.€€We€express€no€opinion€on€those€issues.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€hold€that€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicideÐ À  Ðare€lesser„included€offenses€of€first€degree€murder€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€chargeÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€jury€regarding€those€offenses.€€Further,€we€hold€that€this€error€was€not€harmless€beyond€aÐ ˜è  Ðreasonable€doubt.€€Therefore,€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€and€remandÐ „Ô  Ðthe€case€for€a€new€trial€consistent€with€this€opinion€on€the€charge€of€second€degree€murder.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€CostsÐ pÀ Ðon€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€appellee,€the€State€of€Tennessee.€Ð \¬ ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à___________________________________€Ð  \ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àADOLPHO€A.€BIRCH,€JR.,€JUSTICEò òó ó€Ð øH ÐòòóóÔ#†X XXX •Q#Ô