WPC3E 5D}8a}4/ꕤ&JZBj9"$a&c'|#-hj{lN[kR ;~]Qn?`gè}1^3JUYH0q^; _~5OL#1TG<#8 .NWzO Ju> O; :swֱǽ34:, 8=͇ 6R4a ZTa|튨`*7U](63m =Qa|M%A .엛]rtDOсȰ)v>}r`C]_g7w~,7kE]쓑3.:yӮSz|c@G_!#v$6_ܴL": >*%&~ ]g# %c ^ i 0u U)N wK 4O zc    m < e 0D+NoU@q 0UE 0 0 0 0 0} 0Z 04 0  0C 0" 0 0 0 0l 07 0 0 0@ 0 0!bi" 0q" 0?# 0 $ 0$% 0& 0K' 00( 0<8( 0t( 0>2) 0vp) 0`) 0`F* 0`* 0`+ 0`f+ 08+ 0+ 02, 0- 0:- 0Y8. 0_. 0 . 0j/ 0d1 B*2 D/3 0A3 D/4 04 065 05 0:7 0:7 0^%8 0<8 C8 B8 AM8 0C9 D39 D-: 0KG:U6: AS:; 0; 0D< A<U>t=U*=/= CUNDHP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6,,,,0+s (`$.8dd8    ("  Z6Times New Roman Regular8n_+4  C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xU 2 R=?$      3     _TheAmosesoriginallyfiledsuitagainstVanderbiltandtheAmericanRedCross,thesupplierofthe  contaminatedblood.ThecasewasremovedtotheUnitedStatesDistrictCourtfortheMiddleDistrictofTennessee. t TheAmosessubsequentlysettledtheirclaimsagainsttheAmericanRedCross,andthecaseagainstVanderbiltwas 8 remandedtotheDavidsonCountyCircuitCourt.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#$  0  (I Z(Times New Roman *+ (_2623  .. R=?$      1     _TheantibodytestfordetectingHIVinbloodwasnotdevelopeduntilMarchof1985.*G+M (_25   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *D+M (_24   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *A+M (_23  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5   *>+M (_22   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *;+M (_21   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *8+M (_20  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *5+M (_19   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  *2+M (_18    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  * (_1723  Ԁ*GM (_16   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *DM (_15   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *AM (_14  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *>M (_13   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *;M (_12   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *8M (_11  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  *5M (_10   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  (2M &_9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  ( &_823  (GM &_7   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  (DM &_6   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  - -(AM &_5  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  (>M &_4   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  (;M &_3   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  (8M &_2  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5   R=?$      2     _JulieAmosdiedofAIDSonApril30,1992.HerclaimswerecontinuedbyRonAmosonbehalfofherestate.(5M &_1   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  &2M $_    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  0.Normal<:Definition T<AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(''&H1      (&H2  (&H3  (&H4 XXX (&H5  (&H6  20Address8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEK\<6X9`(Courier NewKSb\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard K\<6X9`(Courier NewKSb\  `&Times New RomanS <:Preformatted/%  ,Kk %#/K\<6X9`(Courier NewKSb\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/<:zBottom of 7K(X7  ?c%2A`Arial?  Sb\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7&  d dJ)1dxd<:zTop of For7M(X7  ?c%2A`Arial?  Sb\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7J)2dxd0KS.SampleK\<6X9`(Courier NewKSb\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK\<6X9`(Courier NewKSb\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable(|G2=?$ !.8Add8         0   : 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  dd dX[ZA<< c(|3$ !.8Add8     VVVV'dxd)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  <6X9`(Courier New^_X`YE<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$ !.8Add8     ($$   1  X[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial % R=?$      4     _OralargumentinthiscasewasheardonJune13,2001inNashville.AlthoughChiefJusticeAndersonwas  unavoidablyabsentfromargument,thepartieswereinformedinopencourtofhisparticipationinthediscussionand t decisionofthiscasepursuanttoRule1(a)(ii)oftheInternalOperatingProceduresoftheTennesseeSupremeCourt: 8 8   ` Absentexceptionalcircumstances,allmembersofthisCourtshallparticipateinthehearing  anddeterminationofallcasesunlessdisqualifiedforconflicts.However,ahearingshallproceedas  schedulednotwithstandingtheunavoidableabsenceofoneormorejustices.Anyjusticewhois H  unavoidablyabsentfromthehearingmayparticipateinthedeterminationofthecaseeitherby  \ teleconferencing,videoconferencing,orbyreviewingthetapeoforalargument,subjecttothe   determinationoftheChiefJustice.Counselshallbeadvisedinopencourtthattheabsentjusticewill    fullyparticipateinthediscussionanddecisionofthecase.  R=?$      5     _UnlikethepatientwithRockyMountainSpottedFeverinBradshaw,apatientwithHIVmaytakeprecautions  toavoidtransmittingthediseasetoothers.Itthereforeisreasonabletorequirephysicianstowarnpatientsexposedto t HIVofthepotentialdangersinordertoprotectthirdparties.(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular !.8Add8     _   A8yXXdd8@ JAINTHESUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEE  @kk$ATNASHVILLE#AJ #Ԉ &   June13,2001Session L XyXA #AXXy#ESTATEOFJULIEAMOS,etal.v.VANDERBILTUNIVERSITY,etal.XyXA  J @@ AppealbyPermissionfromtheCircuitCourtforDavidsonCounty  J @@No.90C4158HamiltonV.Gayden,Jr.,Judge  6 @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.M199900998SCR11CVFiledDecember20,_2001_   AV) ` dE<|` A }     #AXXy~#XyXAWegrantedappealinthiscasetodeterminewhetherthespecialproofrequirementsofCamperv. x  Minor,915S.W.2d437,446(Tenn.1996),extendtoallnegligenceclaimsinwhichdamagesfor d emotionaldistressaresoughtasanitemofcompensatorydamages.Weholdthatthespecialproof P requirementsofCamperapplyonlyto standaloneclaimsofnegligentinflictionofemotional < distress.WefurtherholdthatVanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenterowedadutytowarnJulieAmos (x ofherpotentialexposuretoHIVsothatshemighttakeappropriatemeasurestoprotectthirdparties. d WethereforereversethejudgmentoftheCourtofAppealsandreinstatethetrialcourtsjudgment P inthiscase.#AXXy# < XyXA Tenn.R.App.P.11AppealbyPermission; : JudgmentoftheCourtofAppealsReversed;TrialCourtJudgmentReinstated #AXXy# &   XyX.AJaniceM.Holder,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichFrankF.Drowota,III,C.J., $ andE.RileyAnderson,#AXy #XyX.AAdolphoA.Birch,Jr.,andWilliamM.Barker,JJ.#AXXyw #XyXA,joined.  AbbyR._Rubenfeld_,Nashville,Tennessee,A.BruceJones,PatriciaDean,andStephen_Masciocchi_,   Denver,Colorado,fortheappellants,EstateofJulieAmosandRonaldAmos. !  JohnS.BryantandStevenE.Anderson,Nashville,Tennessee,fortheappellee,Vanderbilt \#" University,Inc.d/b/aVanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenter. H$# R._Sadler_ԀBaileyandC.PhilipM.Campbell#AXXy #XyXA,Memphis,Tennessee,fortheamicuscuriae,Tennessee  &p!% TrialLawyersAssociation.  '\"&    'H#'C    @@OO& OPINION #AXXyz #XyXA  #AXXy#XyXA    BACKGROUND      InAugustof1984,JulieStoryunderwentjawsurgeryatVanderbiltUniversityMedical ` Center(Vanderbilt).WithoutMs.Storysknowledge,shereceivedfourunitsofbloodduring L  surgery.Oneofthoseunitswascontaminatedwithhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirus 8  causingacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS).AtthetimeofMs.Storyssurgery,blood $ t banksdidnottestbloodforHIV, #  1      ׀andVanderbilthadnopolicyrequiringthatpatientsbenotified  ` whentheyreceivedbloodduringsurgery.  L    Bythespringof1985,VanderbiltbeganscreeningforHIVinbloodtobeusedin $  transfusions.In1987,VanderbiltbeganofferingfreeHIVtestingtoallpatientswhohadreceived   bloodtransfusionsatitsfacility.Italsoestablishedaprocedurefornotifyingapatientwhenit   learnedthatthepatienthadreceivedbloodfromadonorwhohadtestedpositiveforHIV.Vanderbilt   didnotundertaketoidentifyandwarnallpriorpatientswhohadreceivedbloodtransfusionsthat   theycouldbeexposedtotheHIVvirus.Vanderbilt,therefore,didnotnotifyJulieStoryofany p potentialdangerresultingfromhersurgeryinAugustof1984. \   InFebruaryof1989,JulieStorymarriedRonAmos.Shegavebirthtoadaughter,Alison, 4 onSeptember10,1989.AlisonbecameinfectedwithHIVinutero.AlisondiedonNovember25,  p 1989,astheresultofpneumocystis,anAIDSrelatedvirusthatcoatsthewallsofthelungs.Upon  \ diagnosisofAlisonsAIDSinfection,Mrs.AmoswastestedforHIV.Thetestresultswerepositive. H Beforethistesting,Mrs.AmoswasunawarethatshehadHIV.ReviewofMrs.Amossmedical 4 recordsconfirmedthatshehadreceivedfourunitsofbloodduringher1984surgery.Thedonor   providingoneofthoseunitswasalsothedonorofbloodgiventoanothertransfusionrecipient   infectedwithHIV.ExperttestimonyattrialconfirmedthatMrs.AmoswasinfectedwithHIVfrom  thebloodtransfusionshereceivedduringhersurgeryatVanderbiltin1984.    OnMarch1,1991,Mr.andMrs.Amos3T #  2      ׀filedsuitagainstVanderbiltintheDavidsonCounty l CircuitCourt.  #  3      ׀Mr.andMrs.Amosassertedcausesofactionforwrongfulbirth,negligence,and X  negligentinflictionofemotionaldistress.TheyallegedthatVanderbiltwasnegligentinfailingto D! warnMrs.AmosthatshewasatriskforcontractingHIV___due_Ԁtoherbloodtransfusionduringsurgery 0"  atVanderbilt. #l!  $X"   OnOctober17,1995,thetrialcourtgrantedVanderbiltsmotionforsummaryjudgment.  ThecourtfoundthattheAmosesfailedtopresentcompetentevidencetoprovethatVanderbilt  violatedthemedicalmalpracticestatute,Tenn.CodeAnn.29-26-115.TheCourtofAppeals  reversedthetrialcourtsdecision,holdingthatVanderbiltsfailuretonotifytransfusionpatientsof t theriskofHIVinfectionwasnotgovernedbythemedicalmalpracticestatute.Onremand,thejury ` awardedtheestateofJulieAmos$2,722,500andRonAmos$1,639,200.TheCourtofAppeals L  reversedtheawardtoRonAmosandmodifiedtheawardtoJulieAmossestate.Thecourtheldthat 8  VanderbiltowednodutytoRonAmos.BecausetheAmosesfailedtopresentexpertorscientific $ t testimonyofseriousorsevereemotionalinjury,asrequiredunderthisCourtsdecisioninCamper  ` v.Minor,915S.W.2d437,440(Tenn.1996),thecourtfurtherheldthattheestatesawardfor  L  emotionalinjuriescouldnotstand.TheCourtofAppealsreducedthejuryverdictinfavorofJulie  8  Amossestateto$32,884.07,theamountofAlisonsmedicalandfuneralexpenses.Wegranted $  review.d #  4           @& ANALYSIS      I.TheCamperSpecialProofRequirements p "  InCamperv.Minor,915S.W.2d437(Tenn.1996),thisCourtaddressedtheproperanalysis H ofclaimsfornegligentinflictionofemotionaldistresswithoutanaccompanyingphysicalinjury. 4 Theplaintiff,Camper,wasinvolvedinanautomobileaccidentinwhichasixteenyearolddriver,  p Taylor,waskilledwhenshepulledoutinfrontofCamperscementtruck.Id.at439.Camperfiled  \ suitagainsttheadministratorofTaylorsestateseekingdamagesforemotionalinjuriessustainedas H aresultofviewingTaylorsbodyimmediatelyfollowingtheaccident.Id.Campertestifiedinhis 4 depositionthathesufferednophysicalinjuries,otherthanasmallscrapeonhiskneeforwhichhe   receivednomedicaltreatment.Id.     ThisCourtexaminedthelawofnegligentinflictionofemotionaldistressinTennesseeand  inotherjurisdictions.Id.at440-46.Weabandonedthetraditional physicalmanifestationrule  previouslyappliedinTennessee.Id.at446.Instead,weconcludedthatcasesofnegligentinfliction l ofemotionaldistressshouldbeanalyzedunderthe generalnegligenceapproach.Id.Inorderto X  makeoutaprimafaciecaseofnegligentinflictionofemotionaldistress,theplaintiffmustprovethe D! elementsofduty,breachofduty,injuryorloss,causationinfact,andproximatecause.Id.The 0"  Courtfurtherheldthatrecoveryfornegligentinflictionofemotionaldistressislimitedtoseriousor  severeemotionalinjurysupportedbyexpertmedicalorscientificproof.Id.    VanderbiltcontendsthatCampersrequirementsofexpertmedicalorscientificproofand t seriousorsevereinjuryextendtoallnegligenceclaimsresultinginemotionalinjury.Wedisagree. ` ThespecialproofrequirementsinCamperareauniquesafeguardtoensurethereliabilityof stand L  alonenegligentinflictionofemotionaldistressclaims.Camper,915S.W.2dat440;seealsoMiller 8  v.Willbanks,8S.W.3d607,614(Tenn.1999).Thesubjectivenatureof standaloneemotional $ t injuriescreatesariskforfraudulentclaims.Miller,8S.W.3dat614( legitimateconcernsof  ` fraudulentandtrivialclaimsareimplicatedwhenaplaintiffbringsanactionforapurelymental  L  injury);seeCamper,915S.W.2dat440.Theriskofafraudulentclaimisless,however,inacase  8  inwhichaclaimforemotionalinjurydamagesisoneofmultipleclaimsfordamages.When $  emotionaldamagesarea parasiticconsequenceofnegligentconductthatresultsinmultipletypes   ofdamages,thereisnoneedtoimposespecialpleadingorproofrequirementsthatapplyto stand   aloneemotionaldistressclaims.SeeKushv.Lloyd,616So.2d415,422-23(Fla.1992);seealso   Naccashv.Burger,290S.E.2d825,831(Va.1982);Phillipsv.UnitedStates,575F.Supp.1309,   1318-19(D.S.C.1983). p   EvenbeforeCamper,aplaintiffcouldrecoverforemotionalinjuriesasoneofseveralitems H ofcompensatorydamages.See,e.g.,Smithv.Gore,728S.W.2d738,751-52(Tenn.1987)(inan 4 actionforwrongfulpregnancy,plaintiffscouldrecoverdamagesformedicalexpenses,painand  p suffering,lossofwages,andemotionaldistressormentalanguish);Laxtonv.OrkinExterminating  \ Co.,Inc.,639S.W.2d431,431,434(Tenn.1982)(damagesallowedformentalanguish,personal H injury,andpropertydamagesresultingfromthenegligentcontaminationofplaintiffs'watersupply); 4 Robersonv.Univ.ofTenn.,829S.W.2d149,152(Tenn.Ct.App.1992)(damagesforgender   discriminationincludedactualdamages,damagesforemotionaldistress,attorneysfees,costs,and   punitivedamages).BeforeCamper,however,Tennesseecourtsdidnotallowrecoveryformental  injuries withoutaccompanyingphysicalinjuryorphysicalconsequences,orwithoutother  independentbasisfortortliability.Laxton,639S.W.2dat433.TheCamperholdingcontemplated  aplaintiffwhowasinvolvedinanincidentandreceivedonlyemotionalinjuries.Withits l abandonmentofthe physicalmanifestationrule,theCamperCourtopenedthedoorforlegitimate X   standaloneclaimsofnegligentinflictionofemotionaldistress.SeeLauraJ.Bradley,CaseNote, D! Bainv.Wells,936S.W.2d618(Tenn.1997),65Tenn.L.Rev.293,305.TheCamperholdingdid 0"  notalterthelongstandingrulethatemotionalinjuriesarecompensableifaccompaniedbyadditional #l! claimsfordamages.ImposingthemorestringentCamperproofrequirementsuponallnegligence $X" claimsresultinginemotionalinjurywouldseverelylimitthenumberofotherwisecompensable $D # claims.SucharesultwouldbecontrarytotheintentofouropinioninCamper!toprovideamore %0!$ adequate,flexibleruleallowingcompensationforvalid standaloneemotionalinjuryclaims. &"% Camper,915S.W.2dat446. '#&   Inthiscase,theAmosesassertedthreecausesofactionagainstVanderbilt:wrongfulbirth, )$( negligentfailuretowarn,andnegligentinflictionofemotionaldistress.Theirclaimsforwrongful |*%) birthandnegligentfailuretowarnincludedarequestfordamagesforemotionalinjuriesstemming h+&* fromthosecausesofactionaswellasarequestforotherdamages.Theirrequestfordamagesfor  emotionalinjuriesisnota standaloneclaimand,therefore,isnotsubjecttothespecialevidentiary  requirementsofCamper.Thisisnotacase,likeCamper,inwhichthedamagesallegedarefor  mentalanguishalone.WethereforereversethatportionoftheCourtofAppealsopinionholding t thattheAmosesfailedtopresentadequateproofoftheiremotionalinjuries. `     II.VanderbiltsDutytoRonAmos 8  >  Mr.andMrs.AmoswerenotyetmarriedwhenMrs.Amosreceivedherbloodtransfusion  ` orwhen,accordingtotheAmosesexperts,Vanderbiltshouldhavenotifiedpriorbloodtransfusion  L  recipients.VanderbiltthereforecontendsthatitowednodutytoMr.Amos.  8    ThisCourthasrecognizedthataphysicianmayoweadutytoanonpatientthirdpartyifthe   physiciansnegligencecausesreasonablyforeseeableinjuriestothethirdparty.Bradshawv.Daniel,   854S.W.2d865,870(Tenn.1993)(citingWhartonTransportCorp.v.Bridges,606S.W.2d521,   526(Tenn.1980)).AswenotedinBradshaw,otherjurisdictionshaveimposeduponphysiciansthe   dutytoexercisereasonablecaretoprotectthirdpersonsagainstforeseeablerisksassociatedwitha p patientscontagiousdisease.Id.at871;seealsoValleryv.S.BaptistHosp.,630So.2d861,868-69 \ (La.Ct.App.1993)(courtimposedadutyonbehalfofahospitaltopromptlywarnanemployees H spouseoftheemployeesnegligentexposuretoHIVbecauseitwas highlyforeseeablethatthe 4 employeemightbemarriedandhaveunprotectedsexualrelationswithhisspouse).Weadopteda  p similarmedicaldutytowarnidentifiablethirdpersonsinapatientsimmediatefamilyagainst  \ foreseeablerisksattendingthatpatientsnoncommunicabledisease.Bradshaw,854S.W.2dat872. H   Theforeseeablevictimisonewhoissaidtobewithinthezoneofdanger.Turnerv.   Jordan,957S.W.2d815,819(Tenn.1997)(quotingHammanv.CountyofMaricopa,775P.2d   1122,1128(Ariz.1989)).UnlikeBradshaw,wearefacedherewiththeriskofexposuretoadeadly  communicabledisease.Thezoneofdangerinthiscase,therefore,ismuchlargerthanthezoneof  dangerinBradshaw.Asaresult,theidentifiablethirdpartiesmaybeextendedbeyondthepatients  immediatefamilymembers. Theimpositionofalegaldutyreflectssociety'scontemporarypolicies l andsocialrequirementsconcerningtherightofindividualsandthegeneralpublictobeprotected X  fromanother'sactorconduct.Id.at870.ItwasreasonablyforeseeablethatMrs.Amoswouldone D! daymarryandhaveafamily.Herfuturehusbandanddaughterwerewithintheclassofidentifiable 0"  thirdpersonsatriskforexposuretoHIV._Cf._ԀTurner,957S.W.2dat82021(imposingadutyona #l! psychiatristtotakereasonablemeasurestoprotectanurseinthepsychiatricunitfromtheinjuries $X" shesustainedatthehandsofadangerouspatient);WhartonTransportCorp.,606S.W.2dat527 $D # (injuriescausedwhentruckcollidedintorearoffamilysstationwagonwerereasonablyforeseeable %0!$ consequenceofphysiciansfailuretoproperlyconductphysicalexaminationoftruckdriver). &"%   ThedutycontemplatedhereisnotonetowarnMr.AmoshimselfofMrs.Amossexposure (#'  toHIVbuttowarnMrs.Amossothatshemighttakeadequateprecautionstopreventtransmission )$( ofthediseasetoMr.Amosandtheirchild.e #  5      ׀Vanderbiltsbreachofthatdutycausedthereasonably   foreseeableinjuriessufferedbyMr.Amos.WethereforefXyXXXyԀreinstatethetrialcourtsawardofdamages  toMr.Amos.#XyXXfXyN#Ԁ      CONCLUSION  ` O  WeholdthatXyXXXyԀthespecialproofrequirementsoutlinedin#XyXXXyO#Camperv.Minor,915S.W.2d437, 8  446(Tenn.1996)XyXXXy,applyonlyto standaloneclaimsfornegligentinflictionofemotionaldistress. $ t Plaintiffs,liketheAmoses,whoseekdamagesforemotionalinjuriesasoneofmultipleclaimsfor  ` damages,therefore,arenotrequiredtomeetthespecialproofrequirementsunderCamper.#XyXXXyP#We  L  furtherholdthatXyXXXyԀVanderbiltowedadutytowarnMrs.AmosofherpotentialexposuretoHIVsothat  8  shemightavoidspreadingthedeadlydiseasetoMr.Amosandtheirdaughter.Wethereforereverse $  thejudgmentoftheCourtofAppealsandreinstatethetrialcourtsjudgmentinthiscase.#XyXXXycR#ԀCostsof   thisappealaretaxedtotheappellee,VanderbiltUniversity,Inc.d/b/aVanderbiltUniversityMedical   Center,forwhichexecutionmayissueifnecessary.#AXXy#XyXA      `     h     ___________________________________ H    `     h     JANICEM.HOLDER,JUSTICE