ÿWPCMB “OºVL^L^EQNkžúH0Ô5| lηfDa—Å.¥©ŒOWèB¼öÈ<‰ý4³ $R«Œô¨³´Ý}š»Ô•d¤DËtîõëAñv¿”SD —P,Z{ÖóÜð‘›Î9£#GèGŒÂ‰|ÕõE?Ø2ã¿F´ö9ÒÑúf¿¥ìϾËUb¨ÆÜ‡¤ÚA8¸¦Åo%sÌûŽ ©nÍÎŒ‘Ÿ=ôÄÄ£F¯[Àʉ¡*ÄÁfB¥O߬¼“›'6´]1éëè4—7ë åS$9 þ*s£ûcÜ ö-މ ÚÁ•V‘Fà»Jß4@¢g‚"üì*²ã±#“hLÎõW:3kq™úgy”¯ëð]$Éru$ÌãrÈ×ô{V€ ¾Û^^ X\|ˆ øq}Ïé«ßBÄ+¯žêÊ3yœ!æ7ôƒé?PõäÛŠRÿQV…¥²GêD ’„+ÿJ}D ¯y4DÖ^++ìMBŽÊžq9õOÄdhêrŠ^eùÀ&]ã±Uæ¯ÆbÊt×XMˆÒ- øxS™"Á5©k‡ô -ÄP ð`Jpã#÷Vü¦i1oüD±±2è³fj#ÉÌ %• ^ › 0ˆ§ U#N/ w} 4 z• Ò á ð mò U N ÆW ÆÆãÆ©{oNêì 0UEV 0ãX 0Å; 0¿ 0¹¿ 0³x 0­+ 0§Ø 0¡ 0Å  0Ñå 0³¶ 0­i 0§ 0¡½ 0›^ 0•ù 0Ž 0 0ÎÝ 0°« 0D[! 0ªŸ! 0¤I"bí" 0žõ" 0˜“# 0’+$ 0н$ 0²G% 0¾ù% 0¾·& 0>u' 0ø³' 0â«( 0â) 0âo* 0âQ+ 0â3, 0º- 0ÒÏ- 02¡. 0üÓ. 0:Ï/ 0Y 0 0_b0 0 Á0 0‚Ë1 0M3 B*S5 D/}5 0¬5 D/²7 0Îá7 06¯8 0å8 0:í9 0^': 0<…: 1eÁ: 0í&; 0N<U6a<U>—< BÕ<U*ò< 0¤= D5À= D-õ= 0K">"> ASm>ÆÀ> 0¤†? 0D*@ A«n@n@ 0cA|A‘A‘A‘A 1u¦A 72B˜\\ib01s01\clerk1nasÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»-ƒ1 (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular„‚–0B0111S ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 qÝ ƒR„$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôüÉò»»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔIn€an€analogous,€but€unreported€case€of€òòKevin€Wilkins€v.€Stateóó,€No.€W2002„00436„CCA„R3„PC,€2002€WLÐ ° Ð31624971€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Nov.€14,€2002),€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€for€a€first„degreeÐ tÄ Ðmurder/especially€aggravated€robbery€case€where€the€offenses€were€separated€in€the€appellate€process,€time€would€notÐ 8ˆ Ðbegin€to€run€for€the€filing€of€post„conviction€relief€until€both€cases€were€disposed€of€in€the€appellate€process. 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òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€€v.€€SHAWN€RAFAEL€BOUGH€ó óÔ‡XuX»¼Y ÔÐ úJ ÐÔ#†¼Y »XXuš#ÔÔ‡XuX»¼Y ÔÌò òAppeal€by€permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ú J ЀÔ#†¼Y »XXuñ#ÔÔ‡XuX»¼Y ÔCriminal€Court€for€Knox€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€68041A€€€€€€Hon.€Richard€R.€Ô_ÔBaumgartnerÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E„2002„00717„SC„R11„CDÔ#†¼Y »XXu„#ÔÔ‡XuX»¼Y Ô€„€Filed€November€1,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÔ#†¼Y »XXu#ÔÔ‡XuX»¼Y ÔÌÌÓ  ÓÓ=€Y »Ð»dÐd=Óà  àThe€defendant,€Shawn€Rafael€Bough,€was€convicted€of€felony€murder€and€especiallyÐ d´ Ðaggravated€robbery.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€the€motion€for€new€trial,€which€wasÐ P  Ðnot€filed€until€the€date€of€the€sentencing€hearing€on€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction,Ð <Œ Ðfifty„two€days€after€judgment€was€entered€on€the€felony€murder€conviction,€was€untimely€as€to€theÐ (x Ðfelony€murder€conviction.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€also€held€that€two€amended€motions€forÐ d Ðnew€trial€were€untimely.€€On€these€two€issues,€we€reverse€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€finding€thatÐ P Ðthe€original€motion€for€new€trial,€as€well€as€the€two€amended€motions€for€new€trial,€were€timely€filedÐ ì< Ðas€to€both€convictions.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€found€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€toÐ Ø( Ðsupport€both€convictions.€€The€remaining€issues€addressed€by€the€Court€only€related€to€the€especiallyÐ Ä Ðaggravated€robbery€conviction€because€the€Court€had€held€that€the€motion€for€new€trial€was€untimely.€Ð ° ÐOn€those€issues,€the€Court€held€that€(1)€while€the€Stateððs€reference€to€a€ð ðmissing€witnessðð€duringÐ œì Ðclosing€argument€was€Ô‡ XuXXXuÔimproper,€the€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÔ#†XuXX Xu— #Ô;€(2)€the€witnessesÐ ˆØ ÐDeanna€Jones,€Edie€Jones€and€Dante€Smith€were€not€accomplices€whose€testimony€neededÐ tÄ Ðcorroboration,€and€therefore€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€give€a€jury€instruction€onÐ `° Ðaccomplice€testimony;€and€(3)€the€defendant€waived€any€objection€to€the€testimony€of€Isaiah€DixonÐ L œ Ðregarding€the€defendantððs€out„of„court€confession€by€his€failure€to€raise€the€issue€at€trial.€€We€affirmÐ 8!ˆ  Ðthe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€on€these€issues.€€However,€because€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ $"t! Ðdid€not€address€these€last€three€issues€with€respect€to€the€felony€murder€conviction€or€any€of€theÐ #`" Ðissues€raised€in€the€amended€motions€for€new€trial€as€to€either€conviction,€we€remand€the€case€to€theÐ ü#L# ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€for€consideration€of€those€issues.Ð è$8 $ ÐÓÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Permission€to€Appeal;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€isÐ À&"& ÐAffirmed€in€Part,€Reversed€in€Part,€aÔ_ÔndÔ_Ô€Remanded€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsó ó€Ð ¬'ü"' ÐÌòòÓ  ÓWilliam€M.€Barker,€Jóó.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Ô_ÔDrowotaÔ_Ô,€III,€C.J.,Ð ˆ)Ø$) Ðóóandòò€E.€Riley€Andersonóó,€òòJanice€M.€Holderóó,€JJ.,€and€J.€Sòòteve€Daniel,€S.J.,óó€joined.Ð t*Ä%* ÐÌMark€E.€Stephens€and€John€Halstead,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Shawn€Rafael€Bough.Ð L,œ', ÐÐ 8-ˆ(-ý ÐÔ_ÔPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€and€John€H.Ð ° ÐBledsoe,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð œì ÐÓÒÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ tÄ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ=€Y »Ð»d»Ð»d=ÓFACTUAL€BACKGROUNDó óÐ L œ ÐÌÓ¹ÓÔ‡ XuXXXuÔà  àOn€December€19,€1998,€two€sisters,€Deanna€and€Edie€Jones,€vacated€their€student€housingÐ $ t Ðat€Knoxville€College€for€winter€break.€€They€planned€to€stay€the€night€in€Knoxville€before€catchingÐ  ` Ðtheir€flight€home€to€New€Jersey€the€following€morning.€€They€went€to€the€Expo€Inn€in€KnoxvilleÐ ü L  Ðwhere€Edie€Jones€rented€room€207€for€the€night.€€While€checking€into€the€hotel,€Deanna€Jones€sawÐ è 8  Ðthe€defendant,€Shawn€Bough,€and€co„defendant,€Craig€Shears,€in€the€parking€lot.€€She€invited€themÐ Ô$  Ðto€come€up€to€their€room€later€on€that€evening.€€Deanna€and€Edie€Jones€knew€both€the€defendant€andÐ À  ÐCraig€Shears€because€the€two€men€were€also€students€at€Knoxville€College.€Ð ¬ü  Ðà  àÌà  àMontes€Best€was€working€at€the€desk€when€two€African„American€men€who€claimed€to€beÐ „Ô  Ðlooking€for€a€friend€in€room€207€approached€the€locked€front€doors€late€at€night.€€Deanna€and€EdieÐ pÀ ÐJones€remembered€the€defendant,€co„defendant€and€another€male€student€stopping€by€room€207€forÐ \¬ Ða€few€minutes€before€midnight.€€The€defendant€and€Craig€Shears€stopped€by€again€after€midnight,Ð H˜ Ðasking€to€use€the€telephone.€€The€defendant€used€the€telephone€to€call€several€airlines,€attempting€toÐ 4„ Ðsecure€a€flight€from€Tennessee€through€Chicago€to€California,€his€home€state.€€Deanna€Jones€noticedÐ  p Ða€gun€underneath€the€corner€of€the€bed€where€the€defendant€was€sitting.€€She€told€the€defendant€notÐ  \ Ðto€forget€his€gun;€he€thanked€her€and€put€the€gun€in€his€sock.€€At€that€time,€the€defendant€and€CraigÐ øH ÐShears€left€the€room.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àSometime€after€midnight,€the€defendant€and€Craig€Shears€returned€to€room€207€for€the€thirdÐ ¼  Ðtime,€again€to€use€the€telephone.€€Deanna€Jones€heard€the€defendant€ask€the€person€on€the€other€endÐ ¨ø Ðof€the€phone€about€getting€a€ride.€€The€two€men€left€the€room€after€the€phone€call.€€The€defendantÐ ”ä Ðand€Craig€Shears€came€back€to€room€207€for€a€fourth€and€final€time€to€tell€Deanna€and€Edie€JonesÐ €Ð Ðthat€they€were€leaving.€€At€trial,€Deanna€Jones€testified€that€it€was€ð ðstill€darkðð€when€the€two€men€leftÐ l¼ Ðthe€hotel€room€for€the€last€time.€€However,€the€statement€she€gave€to€the€police€on€the€day€of€theÐ X ¨ Ðincident€indicates€that€the€two€left€the€hotel€room€around€9:00€a.m.€on€December€20,€1998.€€AroundÐ D!” Ð10:00€a.m.,€Deanna€and€Edie€heard€something€downstairs€in€the€lobby€area€that€sounded€like€threeÐ 0"€  Ðor€four€gunshots.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àDante€Smith€picked€up€the€defendant€and€Craig€Shears€at€the€Expo€Inn€shortly€after€10:00Ð ô$D # Ða.m.€on€December€20,€1998,€after€being€called€repeatedly€by€the€defendant.€€He€drove€to€the€hotelÐ à%0!$ Ðwhere€he€saw€the€defendant€and€Craig€Shears€running€out€of€the€lobby.€€The€defendant€was€carryingÐ Ì&"% Ða€plastic€tub€which€contained€envelopes.€€Dante€Smith€testified€that:Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà8  àHe€[the€defendant]€was€just€talking€a€lot.€€He€kept€on€saying€something€about€heÐ )à$( Ðthinks€he€killed€„„€or€he€thinks€he€shot€somebody€inside.€€He€wasnððt€sure,€but€„„€heÐ |*Ì%) Ðsaid€he€shot€him,€but€he€wasnððt€sure€if€he€killed€him€or€not.Ðh+¸&*Ð Ð  ÐÑe@¸Ñâ eâÑ  Ñâ eâÑ  ÑMr.€Smith€drove€the€two€men€towards€Knoxville€College€where€he€stopped€the€car€and€asked€themÐ ° Ðto€get€out€because€he€ð ðhad€never€done€anything€like€this.ðð€€Mr.€Smith€then€drove€back€to€hisÐ œì Ðapartment.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€and€Craig€Shears€later€showed€up€at€Mr.€Smithððs€apartment€and€startedÐ `° Ðcounting€money€from€the€plastic€container€they€carried€from€the€hotel.€€The€defendant€asked€Mr.Ð L œ ÐSmith€if€he€would€ð ðhide€the€gun€for€him.ðð€€Mr.€Smith€refused,€asking€the€defendant€if€he€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðð ðcrazy.ðð€€The€defendant€also€asked€Mr.€Smith€to€give€the€two€a€ride€to€the€bus€stop€or€airport.€€Again,Ð $ t ÐMr.€Smith€refused.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àJust€after€10:00€a.m.€on€December€20,€1998,€officers€of€the€Knoxville€Police€DepartmentÐ è 8  Ðwere€dispatched€to€the€Expo€Inn€in€response€to€a€9„1„1€call€from€the€hotelððs€clerk€that€there€had€beenÐ Ô$  Ða€robbery€and€shooting.€€According€to€the€victim,€Billy€Oldham,€two€tall,€thin€black€males€from€roomÐ À  Ð207€demanded€money€and€shot€him.€€According€to€the€Knox€County€Medical€Examiner,€the€victimÐ ¬ü  Ðdied€as€a€result€of€complications€from€multiple€gun€shot€wounds.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àInvestigator€A.J.€Loeffler€arrived€at€the€Expo€Inn€around€10:15€a.m.€€Almost€immediately,Ð pÀ Ðhe€got€into€the€ambulance€with€the€victim.€€The€victim€was€ð ðgasping€for€airðð€and€kept€saying€ð ðI€amÐ \¬ Ðlosing€it.€€I€am€going€out.€€I€am€losing€it.ðð€€The€victim€stated€that€he€ð ðwas€working€the€desk,€and€twoÐ H˜ Ðguys€came€in€from€room€207,€asked€me€for€my€money,€and€then€shot€me.ðð€€The€victim€described€theÐ 4„ Ðperpetrators€as€ð ðtwo€black€males,€tall,€slenderðð€with€ð ða€little€bit€of€facial€hair.ðð€Ð  p ÐÌà  àAfter€interviewing€the€victim,€Officer€Loeffler€went€back€to€the€Expo€Inn.€€He€noted€that€theÐ øH Ðtelephone€lines€in€the€lobby€were€cut€as€well€as€those€in€the€adjacent€offices€of€rooms€105€and€106.€Ð ä4 ÐThe€crime€scene€specialist,€Joe€Cox,€found€three€.22€caliber€long€rifle€cartridge€cases€behind€the€frontÐ Ð  Ðdesk€and€two€cartridge€cases€located€elsewhere€in€the€lobby€area.€€The€detail€tape€on€the€cash€registerÐ ¼  Ðindicated€that€the€ð ðno„saleðð€button€was€pushed€at€10:03€a€.m.€on€December€20,€1998.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€called€Mr.€Smith€in€January€of€1999.€€He€asked€Mr.€Smith€if€he€talked€to€theÐ €Ð Ðpolice€about€the€incident.€€Mr.€Smith€told€the€defendant€he€had€not.€€A€few€months€later,€Mr.€SmithÐ l¼ Ðtalked€to€several€detectives€regarding€his€knowledge€of€the€incident.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àIsaiah€Dixon,€a€long„time€friend€of€the€defendant,€saw€the€defendant€in€California€sometimeÐ 0"€  Ðafter€the€December€incident.€€The€defendant€told€Mr.€Dixon€that€he€was€on€bail€for€a€homicideÐ #l! Ðcharge€in€Tennessee.€€Mr.€Dixon€stated€that€the€defendant€ð ðtold€me€that€he€was€trying€to€pull€a€heist,Ð $X" Ðand€there€was€[sic]€things€that€went€wrong.€.€.€.€[H]e€said€the€man€was€taking€too€long,€so€he€let€himÐ ô$D # Ðhave€it.ðð€€The€defendant€told€Mr.€Dixon€that€he€got€a€ð ðcouple€thousandðð€in€the€heist,€but€that€ð ðhe€hadÐ à%0!$ Ðwent€[sic]€to€jail€shortly€after€that€for€like€a€warrant€or€something,€and€when€he€had€got€[sic]€backÐ Ì&"% Ðto€school,€all€the€money€wasnððt€there.ðð€€At€the€time€of€trial,€Mr.€Dixon€was€incarcerated€in€aÐ ¸'#& ÐCalifornia€prison€as€a€result€of€a€guilty€plea€for€second€degree€burglary.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€arrested€on€May€9,€1999,€at€his€motherððs€home€in€San€Francisco,Ð |*Ì%) ÐCalifornia.€€Officer€Loeffler€was€present€during€the€arrest€and€recorded€a€conversation€with€theÐ h+¸&* ÐÑd@¸Ñâ dâÑ  Ñâ dâÑ  Ñdefendant€later€that€day.€€During€the€conversation,€the€defendant€indicated€that€he€stayed€at€a€hotelÐ ° Ðwith€Deanna€and€Edie€the€night€he€vacated€the€dorms€for€Christmas€break€and€ð ðleft€about€9:00€.€.€.Ð œì Ðin€the€morning€.€.€.€about€9:30.ðð€€He€stated€that€ð ðthe€home€boy€gave€me€a€ride€to€Nashville.€€I€tookÐ ˆØ Ðmy€plane€from€there.ðð€€He€told€Officer€Loeffler€that€the€guy€who€gave€him€and€Craig€Shears€a€rideÐ tÄ Ðwas€named€ð ðTedðð€and€that€he€drove€a€van.€€According€to€the€defendant,€ð ðTedðð€was€a€guy€who€ð ðjustÐ `° Ðcome€[sic]€up€to€the€school,€you€know€.€.€.€he€just€give€[sic]€us€rides€and€stuff€so€I€asked€him€couldÐ L œ Ðhe€give€me€a€ride€.€.€.€the€night€before€.€.€.€he€said€alright,€Iððll€be€there.ðð€€He€stated€that€ð ðTedðð€pickedÐ 8 ˆ Ðhim€and€Craig€Shears€up€at€around€9:00€or€9:30€a.m.€on€December€20,€1998,€and€took€them€straightÐ $ t Ðto€Nashville€where€he€dropped€them€off€at€the€airport€after€making€sure€their€flights€were€not€delayed.Ð  ` ÐÌÔ#†XuXX Xu=#Ôò òÓ  ÓPROCEDURAL€HISTORYó óÐ è 8  ÐÌÓ„7Óà  àOn€May€6,€1999,€the€Knox€County€Grand€Jury€returned€a€multiple„count€indictment€againstÐ À  Ðthe€defendant€and€Craig€Shears€for€one€count€of€first„degree€premeditated€murder,€one€count€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðfelony€murder,€and€one€count€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Following€a€jury€trial€on€June€11Ð ˜è  Ðand€12,€2001,€the€defendant€was€found€not€guilty€of€first„degree€premeditated€murder,€but€guilty€ofÐ „Ô  Ðfelony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Immediately€after€the€verdict€was€announced€onÐ pÀ ÐJune€12,€2001,€the€trial€court€imposed€the€mandatory€life€sentence€and€entered€judgment€on€theÐ \¬ Ðfelony€murder€conviction€accordingly.€€At€a€subsequent€sentencing€hearing€on€August€3,€2001,€theÐ H˜ Ðtrial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty„one€years€for€the€especially€aggravated€robbery,€to€runÐ 4„ Ðconcurrently€with€the€life€sentence.Ð  p ÐÌà  àOn€August€3,€2001,€the€defendant€filed€a€motion€for€new€trial€as€to€both€convictions,€alleging:Ð øH Ð(1)€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€find€him€guilty€of€felony€murder€and/or€especiallyÐ ä4 Ðaggravated€robbery;€(2)€that€the€state€committed€misconduct€and€the€trial€court€erred€in€permittingÐ Ð  Ðthe€state€to€argue€the€missing€witness€rule;€(3)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€include€a€juryÐ ¼  Ðinstruction€regarding€the€missing€witness€argument;€(4)€that€there€was€not€sufficient€corroborationÐ ¨ø Ðof€the€testimony€of€Dante€Smith€to€sustain€a€finding€of€guilty;€and€(5)€that€there€was€not€sufficientÐ ”ä Ðcorroboration€of€the€defendantððs€alleged€confession€to€Isaiah€Dixon€to€establish€guilt.€€A€hearing€onÐ €Ð Ðthe€motion€was€held€on€September€27,€2001,€at€which€time€the€court€orally€denied€the€motion.€€AtÐ l¼ Ðthe€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€defense€counsel€orally€moved€to€withdraw€from€representing€theÐ X ¨ Ðdefendant,€and€upon€accepting€the€defendantððs€affidavit€of€indigency,€the€trial€court€appointed€theÐ D!” ÐDistrict€Public€Defendersðð€office€as€new€counsel.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àOn€October€11,€2001,€defendantððs€newly„appointed€counsel€filed€an€amended€motion€for€newÐ $X" Ðtrial€which€asked€the€trial€court€to€direct€that€a€transcript€be€prepared€ð ðso€that€the€newly€appointedÐ ô$D # Ðcounsel€.€.€.€[could]€properly€preserve€all€objections€and€errors€for€the€appellate€courts.ðð€€ThisÐ à%0!$ Ðamended€motion€for€new€trial€did€not€raise€any€new€substantive€grounds€for€relief.€€On€October€18,Ð Ì&"% Ð2001,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€hearing€on€the€amended€motion€for€new€trial€wherein€the€attorneysÐ ¸'#& Ðfor€both€sides€argued€whether€the€amended€motion€for€a€new€trial€was€proper€and€timely.€€As€a€resultÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€ordered€that€the€transcript€of€the€pre„trial,€trial€and€motion€for€new€trialÐ )à$( Ðproceedings€be€prepared.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àA€second€amended€motion€for€new€trial€was€filed€by€the€defendant€on€March€6,€2002,Ð ° Ðalleging€several€new€substantive€grounds€for€relief.€€On€March€13,€2002,€the€trial€court€held€a€hearingÐ œì Ðon€the€motion€wherein€the€attorneys€again€argued€whether€the€amended€motion€for€new€trial€wasÐ ˆØ Ðproper€and€timely.€€The€trial€court€overruled,€on€the€merits,€the€amended€motion€for€new€trial€onÐ tÄ ÐMarch€21,€2002.€€The€defendant€filed€a€notice€of€appeal€on€March€21,€2002.€Ð `° ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€determined€that€the€defendantððs€motion€for€newÐ 8 ˆ Ðtrial€and€his€two€amended€motions€for€new€trial€were€untimely€as€to€the€felony€murder€convictionÐ $ t Ðbecause€they€were€filed€more€than€thirty€days€after€the€entry€of€judgment.€€As€a€result,€all€issuesÐ  ` Ðraised€therein,€with€the€exception€of€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€were€waived.€€As€for€the€especiallyÐ ü L  Ðaggravated€robbery€conviction,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€found€that€the€two€amended€motionsÐ è 8  Ðfor€new€trial€were€not€timely€filed€and€that€the€issues€raised€in€those€pleadings€were€waived.€€On€theÐ Ô$  Ðmerits,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€bothÐ À  Ðconvictions.€€The€Court€also€held€that€with€regard€to€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction,Ð ¬ü  Ðthe€trial€court€did€not€err€in€allowing€the€State€to€argue€the€missing€witness€rule;€the€trial€court€didÐ ˜è  Ðnot€err€in€failing€to€give€a€jury€instruction€on€accomplice€testimony;€and€the€trial€court€did€not€errÐ „Ô  Ðin€failing€to€give€a€jury€instruction€on€the€out„of„court€confession.€Ð pÀ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓANALYSISÐ H˜ Ðó óÌÓžKÓòòÓ  ÓI.€Motion€for€New€Trial€as€to€Felony€MurderóóÐ  p ÐÓÞKÓÌà  àWhen€the€guilty€verdicts€were€entered€on€June€12,€2001,€the€trial€judge€entered€a€mandatoryÐ øH Ðlife€sentence€on€the€felony€murder€conviction€and€then€set€a€sentencing€hearing€on€the€especiallyÐ ä4 Ðaggravated€robbery€conviction€for€August€3,€2001.€€The€defendant€filed€his€motion€for€new€trial€asÐ Ð  Ðto€both€convictions€on€August€3,€2001.€€While€this€was€the€same€day€that€he€was€sentenced€for€theÐ ¼  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€conviction,€it€was€fifty„two€days€after€sentencing€was€entered€on€theÐ ¨ø Ðfelony€murder€conviction.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€33(b)€provides€that€ð ð[a]€motion€for€a€new€trial€shallÐ l¼ Ðbe€made€in€writing€.€.€.€within€thirty€days€of€the€date€the€order€of€sentence€is€entered.ðð€€This€filingÐ X ¨ Ðdeadline€is€mandatory€and€jurisdictional€and€may€not€be€extended.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€45(b);€òòStateÐ D!” Ðv.€Martinóó,€940€S.W.2d€567,€569€(Tenn.€1997).€€A€trial€judge€does€not€have€jurisdiction€to€hear€andÐ 0"€  Ðdetermine€the€merits€of€a€motion€for€a€new€trial€which€has€not€been€timely€filed.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ð #l! Ð3(e).€€If€a€motion€for€new€trial€is€not€timely€filed,€all€issues€are€deemed€waived€except€for€sufficiencyÐ $X" Ðof€evidence€and€sentencing.€€òòId.óó;€òòMartinóó,€940€S.W.2d€at€569.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€the€motion€for€new€trial€filed€on€August€3,€2001,Ð Ì&"% Ðwas€untimely€as€to€the€felony€murder€conviction€because€it€was€not€filed€within€thirty€days€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðentry€of€judgment,€which€occurred€on€June€12,€2001.€€The€court€relied€on€the€unreported€case€ofÐ ¤(ô#' ÐòòState€v.€Benjamin€Brownóó,€No.€W1999„00327„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€1664226€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð )à$( ÐOct.€24,€2000),€which€held€that€where€the€judgment€of€conviction€for€felony€murder€was€entered€onÐ |*Ì%) ÐApril€30,€1999€and€the€judgment€of€conviction€for€aggravated€child€abuse€was€entered€on€May€26,Ð h+¸&* Ð1999,€the€motion€for€new€trial€filed€on€June€14,€1999€was€untimely€as€to€the€felony€murderÐ ° Ðconviction.Ð œì ÐÌà  àWere€we€to€accept€the€position€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€it€would€mean€that€the€twoÐ tÄ Ðcrimes,€which€occurred€at€the€same€time€and€were€tried€together,€would€suddenly€be€dealt€withÐ `° Ðseparately€for€post„trial€purposes.€€Under€this€scheme,€the€motion€for€new€trial€on€the€felony€murderÐ L œ Ðconviction€would€have€been€required€to€be€filed€by€July€12,€2001,€and€if€no€motion€for€new€trial€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðfiled,€then€a€notice€of€appeal€would€have€been€due€by€July€12,€2001.€€Then,€the€defendant,€sentencedÐ $ t Ðon€August€3,€2001€on€the€robbery€conviction,€would€have€had€until€September€2,€2001€to€file€aÐ  ` Ðmotion€for€new€trial€with€respect€to€that€conviction,€or€if€no€motion€for€new€trial€was€filed,€to€fileÐ ü L  Ðhis€appeal.€€Requiring€a€defendant€to€file€two€separate€motions€for€new€trial€when€only€one€trialÐ è 8  Ðoccurred€serves€no€purpose€other€than€to€create€extra€expense€for€the€parties€and€the€courts,€as€wellÐ Ô$  Ðas€to€waste€the€time€of€the€parties€and€the€courts.Ð À  ÐÌà  àThe€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€ð ðare€intended€to€provide€for€the€just€determination€of€everyÐ ˜è  Ðcriminal€proceeding.€€They€shall€be€construed€to€secure€simplicity€in€procedure,€fairness€inÐ „Ô  Ðadministration€and€the€elimination€of€unjustifiable€expense€and€delay€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€2.€Ð pÀ ÐTo€interpret€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€33(b)€as€requiring€two€separate€motions€for€newÐ \¬ Ðtrial€would€be€contrary€to€the€spirit€of€the€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€as€expressed€in€Rule€2.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àIn€cases€such€as€the€one€under€submission,€where€there€is€a€single€trial€for€felony€murder€andÐ  p Ðthe€underlying€felony,€and€where€the€sentences€are€entered€on€different€days,€we€interpret€Rule€33(b)Ð  \ Ðas€to€require€a€motion€for€new€trial€to€be€filed€within€thirty€days€of€the€day€the€last€sentence€isÐ øH Ðentered.€€This€will€avoid€the€unnecessary€expense€and€time€consumption€that€would€result€fromÐ ä4 Ðrequiring€two€separate€motions€for€new€trial.׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Therefore,€in€this€case,€we€hold€that€the€motion€forÐ Ð  Ðnew€trial€as€to€both€convictions€must€be€filed€within€thirty€days€of€the€entry€of€sentencing€on€theÐ ¼  Ðunderlying€felony.€€Thus€we€find€that€the€motion€for€new€trial€was€timely€as€to€the€felony€murderÐ ¨ø Ðconviction€as€well€as€to€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction.Ð ”ä ÐÌòòÓ  ÓII.€€Amended€Motions€for€New€TrialóóÐ l¼ ÐÓ/`ÓÌà  àIn€the€case€under€submission,€the€initial€motion€for€new€trial€was€denied€at€a€hearing€onÐ D!” ÐSeptember€27,€2001.€€At€that€time,€defendantððs€counsel€moved€to€withdraw€from€the€case,€and€newÐ 0"€  Ðcounsel€was€appointed.€€The€defendantððs€newly€appointed€counsel€filed€an€amended€motion€for€newÐ #l! Ðtrial€on€October€11,€2001,€requesting€a€new€trial€for€ð ðerrors,€presently€unknown€which€[would]€beÐ $X" Ðenumerated€by€counsel€after€diligent€review€of€the€transcript€of€the€proceedings.ðð€€Subsequently,€onÐ ô$D # ÐMarch€6,€2002,€the€defendant€filed€a€second€amended€motion€for€new€trial€stating€specific€allegationsÐ à%0!$ Ðof€error€at€trial.€€Over€the€objection€of€the€State,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€hearing€on€the€secondÐ Ì&"% Ðamended€motion€for€new€trial€and€denied€the€motion€on€the€merits.Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  à[T]he€attempt€by€the€appellant€to€amend€the€motion€for€a€new€trial€on€October€11,Ð `° Ð2001€that€failed€to€specifically€state€the€grounds€for€a€new€trial€and€was€filed€after€theÐ L œ Ðtrial€court€ruled€on€the€initial€motion€for€new€trial€was€a€nullity;€the€trial€court€did€notÐ 8 ˆ Ðhave€jurisdiction€to€hear€and€determine€the€merits€of€the€grounds€set€forth€in€theÐ $ t Ðamended€motion.Ð `Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àPursuant€to€the€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€amendments€to€a€motion€for€new€trial€shall€beÐ è 8  Ðallowed€ð ðliberally€until€the€day€of€the€hearing€of€the€motion€for€a€new€trial.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð Ô$  Ð33(b).€€We€have€held,€however,€that€this€rule€does€not€prevent€a€judge€from€allowing,€at€his€or€herÐ À  Ðdiscretion,€an€amendment€to€a€motion€for€new€trial€at€any€time€during€which€the€trial€judge€hasÐ ¬ü  Ðjurisdiction€of€the€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€626€S.W.2d€6,€12€(Tenn.€1981);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð ˜è  ÐWashingtonóó,€658€S.W.2d€144,€146€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983)€(an€amendment€to€a€motion€for€new€trialÐ „Ô  Ðcomes€too€late€when€it€is€filed€after€the€trial€judge€has€ruled€upon€the€merits€of€the€original€motion).€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àIn€òòButleróó,€the€defendant€filed€a€motion€for€a€new€trial€that€was€heard€on€November€7,€1979.€Ð H˜ ÐThe€order€denying€the€motion€was€not€entered€until€November€21,€1979.€€A€motion€to€amend€theÐ 4„ Ðmotion€for€a€new€trial€was€filed€on€November€12,€1979,€setting€forth€what€purported€to€be€newlyÐ  p Ðdiscovered€evidence.€€This€Court€held€that€the€motion€was€timely€filed.€€òòButleróó,€626€S.W.2d€at€12.Ð  \ ÐÌà8  àThe€Trial€judge,€however,€did€not€consider€the€merit€of€the€motion,€but€accepted€theÐ ä4 ÐStateððs€argument€that€an€amendment€would€not€be€appropriate€under€Rule€33€of€theÐ Ð  ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure.€€The€rule€provides€in€pertinent€part€that€theÐ ¼  Ðð ðcourt€shall€upon€motion€allow€amendments€liberally€òòuntil€the€day€of€the€hearingóó€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€motion€for€a€new€trial.ðð€€(emphasis€added)€€We€would€point€out,€however,€thatÐ ”ä Ðthe€rule€does€not€prevent€a€judge,€in€his€discretion,€allowing€an€amendment€to€aÐ €Ð Ðmotion€for€a€new€trial€at€any€time€the€trial€judge€has€jurisdiction€of€the€case.€€AsÐ l¼ Ðpointed€out€in€Rule€2€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€ð ðthe€rules€areÐ X ¨ Ðintended€to€provide€for€the€just€determination€of€every€criminal€proceeding.€TheyÐ D!” Ðshall€be€construed€to€secure€simplicity€in€procedure,€fairness€in€administration€andÐ 0"€  Ðthe€elimination€of€unjustifiable€expense€and€delay.ððÐ#l!Ð Ð  ÐÌòòId.óóÐ ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€trial€judge€denied€the€defendantððs€original€motion€for€new€trial€on€SeptemberÐ Ì&"% Ð27,€2001.€€However,€on€October€11,€2001,€fourteen€days€after€that€denial,€the€defendant€filed€anÐ ¸'#& Ðamended€motion€for€new€trial.€€The€trial€court€still€had€jurisdiction€over€the€case€at€that€time€as€noÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnotice€of€appeal€had€yet€been€filed.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pendergrassóó,€937€S.W.2d€834,€837€(Tenn.€1996)Ð )à$( Ð(noting€that€a€trial€court€loses€jurisdiction€with€the€filing€of€a€notice€of€appeal).€€Because€the€trialÐ |*Ì%) Ðjudge€retained€jurisdiction,€it€was€within€his€discretion€to€hear€and€determine€the€amended€motion.Ð h+¸&* ÐÔ#†¼Y »XXuò#ÔÔ‡XuX»¼Y ÔòòÓ  ÓIII.€Sufficiency€of€EvidenceóóÐ ° ÐÓvsÓÌÔ‡ XuXXXuÔà  àThe€standard€for€appellate€review€when€a€criminal€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€evidence€is€ð ðwhether,€considering€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€anyÐ tÄ Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÐ `° Ðdoubt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Reidóó,€91€S.W.3d€247,€276€(Tenn.€2002);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€WhenÐ L œ Ðreviewing€the€evidence,€ð ðthe€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðall€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ðð€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3dÐ $ t Ð274,€279€(Tenn.€2000).€€Moreover,€ð ðthis€Court€does€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidence.€€NorÐ  ` Ðmay€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€drawn€from€circumstantial€evidence€for€those€drawn€by€theÐ ü L  Ðtrier€of€fact.ðð€€òòReidóó,€91€S.W.3d€at€277€(citation€omitted).Ô#†XuXX XuÇs#ÔÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€addressed€the€issue€of€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€bothÐ À  Ðas€to€the€felony€murder€and€the€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€found€the€evidence€sufficient€toÐ ¬ü  Ðsustain€both€convictions.€€While€the€evidence€was€for€the€most€part€circumstantial,€we€agree€that€itÐ ˜è  Ðwas€clearly€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€of€guilt€of€both€the€murder€and€robbery.€€TheÐ „Ô  Ðevidence€established€that€the€victim€was€working€at€the€front€desk€of€the€Expo€Inn€when€two€tall,Ð pÀ Ðthin€black€men€ð ðfrom€room€207ðð€demanded€money€and€then€shot€him,€ultimately€killing€him.€€TheÐ \¬ Ðdefendant€was€observed€inside€room€207€of€the€Expo€Inn€with€a€gun€on€the€night€prior€to€theÐ H˜ Ðshooting,€and€was€in€and€out€of€that€room€throughout€the€night€and€early€morning.€€The€defendantÐ 4„ Ðand€co„defendant€were€seen€running€from€the€hotel€lobby€close€to€the€time€that€the€victim€was€shot,Ð  p Ðcarrying€a€bin€matching€the€description€of€that€used€to€hold€money€in€the€hotel€safe.€€The€defendantÐ  \ Ðmade€incriminating€statements€to€two€different€people,€claiming€that€he€shot€someone€inside€theÐ øH Ðhotel.€€The€register€tape€from€the€hotel€cash€register€showed€the€ð ðno€saleðð€button€was€pushed€rightÐ ä4 Ðbefore€the€victimððs€call€to€9„1„1.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àClearly,€Ô‡ XuXXXuÔwhen€considering€this€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€ð ðanyÐ ¨ø Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime[s]€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ”ä Ðdoubt.Ô#†XuXX Xu(~#Ôðð€€òòÔ‡ XuXXXuÔReidóó,€91€S.W.3d€at€276Ô#†XuXX XuY#Ô.Ð €Ð ÐÌòòÓ  ÓIV.€€€Stateððs€Reference€to€ð ðMissing€WitnessððÐ X ¨ ÐÓÎÓÔ‡ XuXXXuÔóóÌà  àDuring€trial,€the€State€introduced€a€statement€given€by€the€defendant€in€which€he€referencesÐ 0"€  Ða€person€named€ð ðTed,ðð€who€allegedly€picked€up€the€defendant€at€the€Expo€Inn€thirty€minutes€beforeÐ #l! Ðthe€victim€was€shot.€€The€State€argued€during€closing€arguments€that€if€ð ðTedðð€really€existed,€the€juryÐ $X" Ðwould€have€surely€heard€from€him€at€trial€because€he€would€have€exonerated€the€defendant.€€TheÐ ô$D # Ðdefendant€contends€that€the€Stateððs€reference€to€a€missing€witness€constitutes€reversible€error.€€TheÐ à%0!$ ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€addressed€this€issue€as€to€the€robbery€conviction,€and€held€the€StateÐ Ì&"% Ðcommitted€prosecutorial€misconduct€in€making€the€ð ðmissing€witnessðð€argument,€but€that€theÐ ¸'#& Ðmisconduct€was€not€prejudicial€and€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àA€party€may€comment€about€an€absent€witness€when€the€evidence€shows€ð ðthat€the€witnessÐ |*Ì%) Ðhad€knowledge€of€material€facts,€that€a€relationship€exists€between€the€witness€and€the€party€thatÐ h+¸&* ÐÑ@¸ Ñâ âÑ  Ñâ âÑ  Ñwould€naturally€incline€the€witness€to€favor€the€party€and€that€the€missing€witness€was€available€toÐ ° Ðthe€process€of€the€Court€for€the€trial.ðð€€òòDelk€v.€Stateóó,€590€S.W.2d€435,€440€(Tenn.€1979).€€The€burdenÐ œì Ðis€on€the€proponent€of€the€missing€witness€rule€to€establish€the€òòDelkóó€prerequisites.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð ˆØ ÐThompsonóó,€768€S.W.2d€239,€250€(Tenn.€1989).Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€correctly€found€the€State€failed€to€show€that€all€three€of€theÐ L œ ÐòòDelkóó€requirements€were€met.€€Specifically,€no€showing€was€made€that€a€relationship€existed€betweenÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€witness€and€the€defendant€that€would€naturally€incline€the€witness€to€favor€the€defendant€or€thatÐ $ t Ðthe€missing€witness€was€available€to€the€process€of€the€court€for€the€trial.€€Because€the€requirementsÐ  ` Ðoutlined€in€òòDelkóó€were€not€met,€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€State€to€comment€on€theÐ ü L  Ðdefendantððs€failure€to€call€the€witness,€and€the€comments€by€the€State€amounted€to€prosecutorialÐ è 8  Ðmisconduct.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àWe€must€now€determine€whether€the€above€error€resulted€in€prejudice€to€the€defendant.€Ð ¬ü  ÐòòJudge€v.€Stateóó€sets€forth€five€factors€to€determine€whether€prosecutorial€misconduct€during€closingÐ ˜è  Ðargument€prejudiced€the€defendant€or€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt:Ð „Ô  ÐÌà8  à1.€€The€conduct€complained€of€viewed€in€context€and€in€light€of€the€facts€andÐ \¬ Ðcircumstances€of€the€case.ÐH˜Ð Ð  Ðà8  à2.€€The€curative€measures€undertaken€by€the€court€and€the€prosecution.Ð4„Ð Ð  Ðà8  à3.€€The€intent€of€the€prosecutor€in€making€the€improper€statement.Ð pÐ Ð  Ðà8  à4.€€The€cumulative€effect€of€the€improper€conduct€and€any€other€errors€in€the€record.Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà8  à5.€€The€relative€strength€or€weakness€of€the€case.ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐÌòòóó539€S.W.2d€340,€344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976)Ô#†XuXX Xu4€#ÔÔ‡ XuXXXuÔòòóó;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Francisóó,€669€S.W.2d€85,€91€(Tenn.Ð Ð  Ð1984).Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held:Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€record€reflects€that€the€only€improper€comments€made€by€the€State€duringÐ l¼ Ðclosing€arguments€related€to€the€missing€witness€inference.€€Because€the€commentsÐ X ¨ Ðwere€improper,€the€trial€judge€should€have€instructed€the€jury€to€disregard€that€partÐ D!” Ðof€the€Stateððs€argument.€€However,€the€Stateððs€reference€to€the€missing€witness€wasÐ 0"€  Ðnot€or€[sic]€extensive,€and€the€State€did€not€make€any€other€improper€comments.€€TheÐ #l! Ðprosecutor€did€not€appear€to€be€intentionally€trying€to€unfairly€prejudice€the€appellant.€Ð $X" ÐThe€appellant€did€not€request€a€curative€instruction.€€However,€the€trial€judge€didÐ ô$D # Ðexplain€to€the€jury€before€closing€arguments€that€the€State€had€the€burden€of€proofÐ à%0!$ Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Further,€the€trial€court€fully€and€accurately€instructed€theÐ Ì&"% Ðjury€on€the€difference€between€evidence€and€argument.€€Thus,€we€cannot€concludeÐ ¸'#& Ðthat€the€comment€shifted€the€burden€of€proof€from€the€State€to€the€Defendant€orÐ ¤(ô#' Ðunfairly€prejudiced€the€appellant.€.€.€.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€although€theÐ )à$( Ðcomment€was€improper,€this€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð|*Ì%)Ð Ð  ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ#†XuXX XuŽ#ÔWe€agree€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€reasoning€and€conclusion€that€the€Stateððs€commentÐ ° Ðregarding€the€missing€witness€was€harmless€error.Ð œì ÐòòÌÓ  ÓV.€€Accomplice€TestimonyÐ tÄ ÐÓK•ÓóóÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€defendant€challenges€the€testimony€of€Dante€Smith,€Edie€Jones,€and€DeannaÐ L œ ÐJones,€arguing€that€they€were€accomplices€whose€testimony€had€to€be€corroborated.€€It€is€well„settledÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€Tennessee€that€a€defendant€cannot€be€convicted€solely€upon€the€uncorroborated€testimony€of€anÐ $ t Ðaccomplice.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Baneóó,€57€S.W.3d€411,€419€(Tenn.€2001);€òòMonts€v.€Stateóó,€379€S.W.2d€34,Ð  ` Ð43€(Tenn.€1964).€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà8  àThere€must€be€some€fact€testified€to,€entirely€independent€of€the€accompliceððsÐ Ô$  Ðtestimony,€which,€taken€by€itself,€leads€to€the€inference,€not€only€that€a€crime€hasÐ À  Ðbeen€committed,€but€also€that€the€defendant€is€implicated€in€it;€and€this€independentÐ ¬ü  Ðcorroborative€testimony€must€also€include€some€fact€establishing€the€defendantððsÐ ˜è  Ðidentity.€€This€corroborative€evidence€may€be€direct€or€entirely€circumstantial,€andÐ „Ô  Ðit€need€not€be€adequate,€in€and€of€itself,€to€support€a€conviction;€òòit€is€sufficient€to€meetÐ pÀ Ðthe€requirements€of€the€rule€if€it€fairly€and€legitimately€tends€to€connect€the€defendantÐ \¬ Ðwith€the€commission€of€the€crime€charged.óóÐH˜Ð Ð  ÐÌòòBaneóó,€57€S.W.3d€at€419€(quoting€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.€1994))€(emphasisÐ  p Ðadded).€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àAn€accomplice€is€one€who€knowingly,€voluntarily,€and€with€common€intent€participates€withÐ ä4 Ðthe€principal€offender€in€the€commission€of€a€crime.€€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€36€S.W.3d€88,€94€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð Ð  ÐApp.€2000);€òòConner€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€119,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1975).€€To€satisfy€theÐ ¼  Ðdefinition€of€an€accomplice,€it€is€not€enough€that€the€witness€merely€possess€guilty€knowledge,€isÐ ¨ø Ðmorally€delinquent,€or€even€participated€in€a€distinct€but€related€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lawsonóó,€794Ð ”ä ÐS.W.2d€363,€369€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Rather,€the€test€for€whether€a€witness€is€an€accompliceÐ €Ð Ðis€whether€the€witness€could€have€been€convicted€of€the€offense.€€òòId.óóÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àWhile€each€of€these€witnesses€was€close€in€proximity€to€the€defendant€and€co„defendant€andÐ D!” Ðto€the€perpetration€of€the€offenses,€each€witnessððs€testimony€shows€that€none€of€the€witnesses€wereÐ 0"€  Ðactual€accomplices€to€the€conduct€of€the€defendant€and€co„defendant.€€The€evidence€is€clear€that€noneÐ #l! Ðof€them€ð ðknowingly,€voluntarily,€and€with€common€intent€participate[d]€with€the€principal€offenderÐ $X" Ðin€the€commission€of€[the]€offenses.ðð€€òòLewisóó,€36€S.W.3d€at€94.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€any€event,€the€defendant€never€requested€a€special€jury€instruction€on€accompliceÐ Ì&"% Ðcorroboration,€as€he€was€required€to€do€when€the€trial€court€did€not€give€one.€€à x àIn€òòState€v.Ð ¸'#& ÐAndersonóó,€985€S.W.2d€9€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997),€which€involved€a€similar€factual€situation,€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€because€the€defendant€failed€to€make€a€request€for€anÐ )à$( Ðaccomplice€instruction,€the€defendant€waived€the€issue.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  à[O]ur€supreme€court€has€held€that€an€instruction€on€the€rule€requiring€corroborationÐ ° Ðof€an€accompliceððs€testimony€is€not€fundamental.€€Upon€the€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ œì Ðinstruct€the€jury€regarding€accomplice€testimony€and€the€requirement€ofÐ ˆØ Ðcorroboration,€it€becomes€the€obligation€of€the€defendant€to€make€a€special€requestÐ tÄ Ðfor€the€instruction.€€In€the€absence€of€a€special€request,€the€trial€court€does€not€err€byÐ `° Ðfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€about€accomplice€testimony€even€if€the€circumstances€ofÐ L œ Ðthe€case€warrant€such€an€instruction.Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌòòAndersonóó,€985€S.W.2d€at€17€(citations€omitted).€€Therefore,€because€the€defendant€in€this€case€failedÐ  ` Ðto€request€a€special€jury€instruction€on€accomplice€testimony,€he€waived€the€issue.Ð ü L  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓVI.€€Out„Of„Court€ConfessionóóÐ Ô$  ÐÓ§ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€giving€a€jury€instruction€onÐ ¬ü  Ðcorroboration€of€confessions,€pointing€out€that€a€confession€must€be€corroborated€by€sufficientÐ ˜è  Ðindependent€proof€to€support€a€guilty€verdict.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€correctly€determinedÐ „Ô  Ðthat€the€defendant€waived€any€objection€to€the€testimony€of€Isaiah€Dixon€by€his€failure€to€raise€theÐ pÀ Ðissue€at€trial,€thereby€preventing€the€trial€court€from€having€an€opportunity€to€rule€on€the€matterÐ \¬ Ðbefore€the€witness€began€his€testimony€before€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a);€òòSmithóó,€24Ð H˜ ÐS.W.3d€at€280€(finding€that€a€failure€to€object€to€otherwise€inadmissible€evidence€will€allow€thatÐ 4„ Ðevidence€to€be€considered€as€if€it€were,€in€fact,€fully€admissible€under€the€law€of€evidence).Ð  p ÐÌà  àEven€if€the€defendantððs€confession€challenge€was€not€waived,€the€defendant€is€not€entitledÐ øH Ðto€relief€because€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€corroborate€his€confession.€€ð ðIt€is€a€well„establishedÐ ä4 Ðprinciple€of€law€in€this€state€that€a€conviction€cannot€be€founded€solely€upon€a€defendantððsÐ Ð  Ðconfession,€and€our€cases€have€long€required€some€corroborating€evidence€in€order€to€establish€theÐ ¼  Ðcorpus€delicti.ðð€€òòSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€281.€€However,€ð ð[the€corroborating]€evidence€is€sufficient€ifÐ ¨ø Ð.€.€.€it€tends€to€connect€the€defendant€with€the€commission€to€the€offense,€although€the€evidence€isÐ ”ä Ðslight,€and€entitled,€when€standing€by€itself,€to€but€little€consideration.ðð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòRicketts€v.Ð €Ð ÐStateóó,€241€S.W.2d€604,€606€(Tenn.€1951)).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€correctly€found€sufficient€corroboration€of€theÐ D!” Ðdefendantððs€confession€in€the€defendantððs€presence€at€the€motel€at€the€approximate€time€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðincident€as€well€as€in€the€testimony€of€Edie€Jones,€Deanna€Jones,€and€Dante€Smith.€€This€evidenceÐ #l! Ðis€sufficient€to€corroborate€the€confession€because€it€ð ðtends€to€connect€the€defendant€with€theÐ $X" Ðcommission€of€the€offense.ðð€€òòSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€281.€€Even€if€this€evidence€could€be€characterizedÐ ô$D # Ðas€ð ðslight,ðð€that€is€all€that€is€legally€required€for€corroboration€of€a€defendantððs€confession€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðculpability.€€òòId.óó€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÌVII.€€Issues€Pretermitted€by€Procedural€Ruling€of€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsóóÐ )à$( ÐÓбÓÌà  àBecause€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€the€motion€for€new€trial€was€late€as€to€theÐ h+¸&* Ðfelony€murder€conviction,€the€Court€did€not€address€the€issues€of€the€missing€witness€argument,€theÐ ° Ðaccomplice€testimony,€or€the€out„of„court€confession€with€respect€to€the€felony€murder€conviction.€Ð œì ÐAdditionally,€because€the€Court€found€that€the€amended€motions€for€new€trial€were€untimely,€theÐ ˆØ ÐCourt€did€not€address€any€of€the€issues€raised€therein€as€to€either€conviction.€€We€reverse€the€CourtÐ tÄ Ðof€Criminal€Appealsðð€rulings€as€to€the€timeliness€of€the€motions€for€new€trial€and€remand€the€caseÐ `° Ðto€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€to€consider€the€issues€pretermitted€by€its€procedural€rulings.Ð L œ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONó óÐ $ t ÐÓµÓÌà  àIn€summary,€we€find€that€the€motion€for€new€trial€filed€on€August€3,€2001,€was€timely€as€toÐ ü L  Ðthe€felony€murder€conviction€as€well€as€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction.€€We€furtherÐ è 8  Ðfind€that€the€two€amended€motions€for€new€trial€were€timely€filed€because€they€were€filed€while€theÐ Ô$  Ðtrial€court€still€retained€jurisdiction€over€the€case.€€On€these€two€issues,€we€reverse€the€Court€ofÐ À  ÐCriminal€Appeals.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€both€convictions,€and€affirm€theÐ „Ô  ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€on€that€issue.€€With€respect€to€the€especially€aggravated€robberyÐ pÀ Ðconviction,€we€agree€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€that:€(1)€while€the€Stateððs€reference€to€aÐ \¬ Ðð ðmissing€witnessðð€during€closing€argument€was€Ô‡ XuXXXuÔimproper,€the€error€was€harmless€beyond€aÐ H˜ Ðreasonable€doubtÔ#†XuXX Xu¹#Ô;€(2)€the€witnesses€Deanna€Jones,€Edie€Jones,€and€Dante€Smith€were€notÐ 4„ Ðaccomplices€whose€testimony€needed€corroboration,€and€therefore€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failingÐ  p Ðto€give€a€jury€instruction€on€accomplice€testimony;€and€(3)€the€defendant€waived€any€objection€toÐ  \ Ðthe€testimony€of€Isaiah€Dixon€regarding€the€defendantððs€out„of„court€confession€by€his€failure€to€raiseÐ øH Ðthe€issue€at€trial.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àBecause€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€did€not€address€these€last€three€issues€with€respectÐ ¼  Ðto€the€felony€murder€conviction€or€any€of€the€issues€raised€in€the€amended€motions€for€new€trial€asÐ ¨ø Ðto€either€conviction,€we€remand€the€case€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€for€consideration€of€thoseÐ ”ä Ðissues.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€costs€of€the€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€State€of€Tennessee.Ð X ¨ ÐÔ‡ XuXXXuÔÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_____________________________Ð #l! Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUSTICEÔ#†XuXX Xuë½#ÔÔ#†¼Y »XXuTs#Ô