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AS*/Æ}/ 0¤C0 0Dç0 A«+1˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»chÿ* (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular¤}â*¢Ø+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó 2Ý ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAggravated€rape€is€defined€by€statute€as€follows:Ð ° ÐÌà8  à(a)€€Aggravated€rape€is€unlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victim€by€the€defendant€or€the€defendant€byÐ 8ˆ Ða€victim€accompanied€by€any€of€the€following€circumstances:€€(1)€Force€or€coercion€is€used€toÐ üL Ðaccomplish€the€act€and€the€defendant€is€armed€with€a€weapon€or€any€article€used€or€fashioned€in€aÐ À Ðmanner€to€lead€the€victim€reasonably€to€believe€it€to€be€a€weapon;€(2)€The€defendant€causes€bodilyÐ „Ô Ðinjury€to€the€victim;€(3)€The€defendant€is€aided€or€abetted€by€one€(1)€or€more€other€persons;€€and€(A)Ð H ˜ ÐForce€or€coercion€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act;€€or€(B)€The€defendant€knows€or€has€reason€to€knowÐ  \ Ðthat€the€victim€is€mentally€defective,€mentally€incapacitated€or€physically€helpless.ÐÐ Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502(a). ßÝ ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðThe€aggravated€rape€statute€neither€expressly€requires€nor€plainly€dispenses€with€the€requirement€for€aÐ ° Ðculpable€mental€state.€€Consequently,€ððintent,€knowledge,€or€recklessnessðð€suffices€to€establish€the€necessary€culpableÐ tÄ Ðmental€state.ðð€€òòCrittendon€v.€Stateóó,€978€S.W.2d€929,€930€(Tenn.€1998). ~Ý ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€full,€the€criminal€attempt€statute€provides€as€follows:Ð ° ÐÌà8  à(a)€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,€acting€with€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€forÐ 8ˆ Ðthe€offense:ÐüLÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€€Intentionally€engages€in€action€or€causes€a€result€that€would€constitute€an€offense€if€theÐ À Ðcircumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€were€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be;ЄÔÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€€Acts€with€intent€to€cause€a€result€that€is€an€element€of€the€offense,€and€believes€the€conduct€willÐ H ˜ Ðcause€the€result€without€further€conduct€on€the€personððs€part;€orÐ \Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€€Acts€with€intent€to€complete€a€course€of€action€or€cause€a€result€that€would€constitute€the€offense,Ð Ð  Ðunder€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conductÐ ” ä  Ðconstitutes€a€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.ÐX ¨ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(b)€€Conduct€does€not€constitute€a€substantial€step€under€subdivision€(a)(3)€unless€the€personððs€entireÐ  l  Ðcourse€of€action€is€corroborative€of€the€intent€to€commit€the€offense.Ðà 0 Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(c)€€It€is€no€defense€to€prosecution€for€criminal€attempt€that€the€offense€attempted€was€actuallyÐ ¤ô  Ðcommitted.Ðh¸ Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€39„12„101€(2000). 6Ý ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòCf.óó€òòCrittendonóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€930€(establishing€ð ðintent,€knowledge,€or€recklessnessðð€as€the€necessary€culpableÐ ° Ðmental€state€for€aggravated€rape). LÝ ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô977€S.W.2d€101€(Tenn.€1998).€€I€dissented€in€òòWilliamsóó€because€I€disagreed€with€the€majorityððs€characterizationÐ ° Ðof€the€right€to€lesser„included€offense€instructions€as€ð ðderive[d]€primarily€from€statute.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€108€(Birch,€J.,€dissenting).€Ð tÄ ÐAt€the€time,€I€suggested€that€a€failure€to€give€a€lesser„included€offense€instruction€should€never€be€treated€as€harmlessÐ 8ˆ Ðerror.€€òòId.óó€at€109€(Birch,€J.,€dissenting).€€After€the€Courtððs€recent€re„evaluation€of€this€issue€in€òòEly€&€Bowersóó,€I€stand€byÐ üL Ðmy€assertion€in€òòWilliamsóó€that€ð ða€complete€charge€is€an€inherent€part€of€the€right€to€a€jury€trial,ðð€òòId.óó€at€108€(Birch,€J.,Ð À Ðdissenting),€but€I€am€persuaded€that€an€erroneous€failure€to€give€a€lesser„included€offense€instruction€may€be€subject€toÐ „Ô Ðthe€stringent€standards€of€constitutional€harmless€error€analysis. Ý ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€parties€have€not€raised,€and€we€need€not€consider,€whether€òòattemptedóó€sexual€battery€would€be€a€lesser„Ð ° Ðincluded€offense€of€attempted€rape.€€However,€even€were€we€to€assume€(without€deciding)€that€attempted€sexual€batteryÐ tÄ Ðwould€be€a€lesser„included€offense,€we€would€hold€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€give€an€attempted€sexual€batteryÐ 8ˆ Ðinstruction€was€harmless€error€because€the€jury€considered€and€rejected€the€more€serious€lesser„included€offense€ofÐ üL Ðattempted€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€òòSeeóó€òòWilliamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€at€106€(discussed€òòsupraóó). (ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ÔÝ ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThomas€Dobbs€suffered€from€severe€emphysema€and€was€unable€to€walk€without€assistance. ûÝ ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€realize€that,€as€a€practical€matter,€the€vast€majority€of€attempted€rape€cases€will€involve€bodily€contact.€Ð ° ÐOur€focus,€however,€is€strictly€upon€what€the€elements€of€each€offense€require€and€it€is€certainly€conceivable,€based€onÐ tÄ Ðthe€statutory€elements,€that€attempted€rape€could€be€proven€in€a€case€where€no€bodily€contact€had€occurred. $Ý ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFor€the€purposes€of€clarity€and€comparison,€the€elements€of€the€aggravated€rape€and€sexual€battery€statutes€setÐ ° Ðforth€below€have€been€paraphrased. ÑÝ ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€following€statutory€elements€have€been€paraphrased€for€the€purposes€of€clarity.- ù- ¾Ý ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Dominyóó,€6€S.W.3d€472€(Tenn.€1999),€and€òòState€v.€Rushóó,Ð ° Ð___€S.W.3d€___€(Tenn.€2001),€this€Court€has€fully€discussed€the€constitutional,€common,€and€statutory€law€regardingÐ tÄ Ðlesser„included€offense€instructions. mÝ ƒRA÷$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòCf.óó€òòRuff€v.€Stateóó,€978€S.W.2d€95,€97€(Tenn.€1998)€(relying€on€the€statutory€definition€of€ð ðsexual€contactðð€toÐ ° Ðestablish€that€the€required€culpable€mental€state€for€aggravated€sexual€battery€is€intent).(|G2A÷$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^õ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ­ò»»Ô d(|3G–$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^õ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G–$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^õ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^õ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼^õ»»»ÔÑ8€IXXdì»»d8Ñà@™ ™ ìàÔ‡îSÔ^õÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼^õ»îîSÔ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓOctober€5,€2000€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XIX»¼^õÔÌò òÔ#†¼^õ»XXIñ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€TIMOTHY€R.€BOWLESÔ‡XIX»¼^õÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Ð ú J ÐCriminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€96„C„1534€€€€Seth€Norman,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1997„00092„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€July€31,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼^õ»XXId#ÔÔ€XIX»¼^õÔTimothy€R.€Bowles€was€convicted€of€aggravated€rape,€attempted€rape,€and€robbery.€€The€Court€ofÐ xÈ  ÐCriminal€Appeals€affirmed€the€convictions€for€the€sexual€offenses,€but€because€the€trial€court€failedÐ d´ Ðto€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„included€offense€of€theft,€the€intermediate€court€reversed€the€robberyÐ P  Ðconviction.€€We€granted€the€Stateððs€application€for€review€to€determine€whether€the€trial€courtððsÐ <Œ Ðfailure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€theft€constituted€reversible€error.€€We€granted€BowlesððsÐ (x Ðapplication€for€review€to€decide:€€(1)€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction€forÐ d Ðaggravated€rape;€and€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€submit€the€offense€of€sexual€batteryÐ P Ðto€the€jury€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€either€aggravated€rape€or€attempted€rape.€€After€thoroughÐ ì< Ðreview€and€due€consideration,€we€hold€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€aggravated€rapeÐ Ø( Ðconviction.€€Ô‡XIXXXIÔWe€further€hold€that€any€error€on€the€part€of€the€trial€court€in€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÐ Ä Ðregarding€the€lesser„included€offense€of€sexual€battery€was€harmless.€€Regarding€the€robberyÐ ° Ðconviction,€however,€we€hold€that€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„includedÐ œì Ðoffense€of€theft€constitutes€reversible€error.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ ˆØ ÐAppeals€is€affirmed.Ð tÄ ÐÔ#†XIXXXIZ #ÔÌÓ¬Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;€Judgment€of€the€Ð L œ ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmedó óÐ 8!ˆ  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓAdolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ò òòòó óE.€Riley€Anderson,€C.J.,Ð #`" ÐFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,€€Janice€M.€Holder€óóand€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€JJ.,óó€joined.Ð ü#L# ÐÌTerry€J.€Canady,€Madison,€Tennessee,€(on€appeal)€and€Bill€Lane,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€(at€trial)€forÐ Ô%$!% Ðthe€appellant,€Timothy€R.€Bowles.Ð À&"& ÐÌÔ‡XIXXXIÔPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General,€KathyÐ ˜(è#( ÐMorante,€Deputy€Attorney€General,€Victor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General,€and€MaryÐ „)Ô$) ÐHausman,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€TennesseeÔ#†XIXXXIç #Ô.Ð p*À%* ÐÓ? ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ H,˜', ÐÐ 4-„(-ý ÐòòóóÓ  Óà@üüìàI.€€Facts€and€Procedural€HistoryòòˆÐ ° ÐóóÌà  àIn€the€late€evening€of€March€23,€1996,€€Timothy€R.€Bowles,€the€defendant,€broke€into€theÐ ˆØ Ðhome€of€Leland€Cutlip.€€Entering€his€bedroom,€Bowles€flung€back€the€bed€covers,€looked€at€CutlipÐ tÄ Ðclosely,€then€stated,€ð ðOh,€youððre€a€man.ðð€€Bowles€left€immediately.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àA€short€time€later,€Bowles€broke€into€the€home€of€Edna€Hampton,€his€aunt,€whose€residenceÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€near€the€Cutlip€residence.€€Pushing€her€into€her€bedroom,€Bowles€struggled€with€her.€€She€foughtÐ $ t Ðback,€screaming.€€Seemingly€becoming€aware€of€his€actions,€Bowles€stated,€ð ðIððve€gone€crazy,€IððveÐ  ` Ðlost€my€mind,€call€the€police.ðð€€Bowles€dialed€the€police€emergency€number€and€handed€theÐ ü L  Ðtelephone€to€his€aunt.€€Then€he€left.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àBowles€then€broke€into€the€home€of€Kathleen€and€Thomas€Dobbs.€€Kathleen€Dobbs,€eightyÐ À  Ðyears€old€at€the€time,€heard€Bowles€kicking€the€front€door€and€then€the€side€door.€€He€eventuallyÐ ¬ü  Ðmoved€to€the€back€door€and€broke€its€glass.€€Kathleen€Dobbs€called€the€police€emergency€number,Ð ˜è  Ðthen€walked€into€her€husbandððs€bedroom,€stating,€ð ðtheyððre€coming€in,€we€may€be€killed.ðð€€BowlesÐ „Ô  Ðentered€the€bedroom€and€slung€her€onto€the€floor€of€an€adjoining€bedroom,€causing€injuries€to€herÐ pÀ Ðhead,€arm,€and€hip.€€He€pulled€her€undergarments€off€and€attempted€penile€penetration.€€Bowles€thenÐ \¬ Ðwent€into€the€room€where€Thomas€Dobbs€was€abed.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Sweeping€his€arm€across€the€top€of€a€chest€ofÐ H˜ Ðdrawers,€Bowles€knocked€off€pictures,€a€clock,€and€the€top€of€Thomas€Dobbsððs€breathing€machine.€Ð 4„ ÐHe€picked€up€a€pair€of€pants€laying€on€the€bed,€removed€a€billfold,€and€left€through€the€back€door.Ð  p ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Bowles€admitted€breaking€into€each€of€these€three€homes€in€order€to€obtain€moneyÐ øH Ðwith€which€to€buy€drugs.€€He€denied,€however,€any€sexual€conduct€toward€either€of€the€two€women.€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àAt€the€close€of€trial,€the€court€instructed€the€jury€as€to€a€number€of€offenses.€€As€to€theÐ ¼  Ðoffenses€concerning€Hampton,€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€crimes€of€aggravated€burglary,Ð ¨ø Ðattempted€rape,€and€the€lesser„included€offense€of€attempted€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€As€toÐ ”ä ÐKathleen€Dobbs,€the€jury€was€instructed€regarding€especially€aggravated€burglary€and€the€lesser„Ð €Ð Ðincluded€offense€of€aggravated€burglary,€aggravated€rape,€and€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€rapeÐ l¼ Ðand€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€As€to€Thomas€Dobbs,€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€crime€of€robbery.€Ð X ¨ ÐThe€jury€convicted€Bowles€of€the€aggravated€burglary€of€Hamptonððs€residence,€the€attempted€rapeÐ D!” Ðof€Hampton,€the€especially€aggravated€burglary€of€Dobbsððs€residence,€the€aggravated€rape€ofÐ 0"€  ÐKathleen€Dobbs,€and€the€robbery€of€Thomas€Dobbs.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àBowles€appealed.€€He€contended€that:€€(1)€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€aÐ ô$D # Ðconviction€for€the€aggravated€rape€of€Dobbs,€and€(2)€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€instructing€the€juryÐ à%0!$ Ðregarding€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€sexual€battery€on€the€aggravated€rape€and€attempted€rapeÐ Ì&"% Ðcharges€and€theft€on€the€burglary€charge.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€affirmed€the€aggravatedÐ ¸'#& Ðrape€and€attempted€rape€convictions€but€reversed€the€robbery€conviction€because€the€trial€court€erredÐ ¤(ô#' Ðin€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€the€lesser„included€offense€of€theft.€€Both€sides€appealed€thatÐ )à$( Ðjudgment.€€We€granted€the€Stateððs€application€for€review€to€decide€whether€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ ° Ðfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€the€lesser„included€offense€of€theft,€and€we€granted€BowlesððsÐ œì Ðapplication€to€determine€whether:€€(1)€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€conviction€forÐ ˆØ Ðaggravated€rape,€and€(2)€the€trial€court€erred,€on€either€the€aggravated€rape€or€the€attempted€rapeÐ tÄ Ðcharges,€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€the€lesser„included€offense€of€sexual€battery.€€WeÐ `° Ðnow€hold€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€and€that€any€errorÐ L œ Ðin€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser„included€offense€of€sexual€battery€was€harmless.€€We€alsoÐ 8 ˆ Ðhold,€however,€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ $ t Ðlesser„included€offense€of€theft.Ð  ` ÐÌà@$ìàII.€€AnalysisˆÐ è 8  ÐòòÌà@ìàóóA.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ À  ÐÌà  àUnder€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502,€proof€of€an€unlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victimÐ ˜è  Ðduring€which€the€defendant€causes€bodily€injury€to€the€victim€establishes€the€crime€of€aggravatedÐ „Ô  Ðrape.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Bowles€asserts€that€because€Dobbs€did€not€testify€with€certainty€that€there€was€some€form€ofÐ pÀ Ðð ðpenetration,ðð€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€is€not€supported€by€sufficient€evidence.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€standard€for€reviewing€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€to€support€a€conviction€requiresÐ 4„ Ðus€to€determine€whether,€ð ðconsidering€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€anyÐ  p Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÐ  \ Ðdoubt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€599€(Tenn.€1999),€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.Ð øH ÐVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€Furthermore,€ð ð[q]uestions€aboutÐ ä4 Ðthe€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factualÐ Ð  Ðissues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€and€this€Court€does€not€reweigh€orÐ ¼  Ðreevaluate€the€evidence.ðð€€òòState€v.€Pierceóó,€23€S.W.3d€289,€293€(Tenn.€2000).Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àSexual€penetration€is€defined€as€any€ð ðintrusion,€however€slight,€of€any€part€of€a€personððs€bodyÐ €Ð Ðor€of€any€object€into€the€genital€or€anal€openings€of€the€victimððs€.€..€body€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Ð l¼ Ððð€39-13-501(7)€(1997).€€This€Court€has€recognized€that:Ð X ¨ Ðâ âÐ D!” Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[t]here€is€.€.€.€ððsexual€penetrationðð€in€a€legal€sense€if€there€is€theÐ ° Ðâ âslightest€penetration€of€the€sexual€organ€of€the€female€by€the€sexualÐ œì Ðorgan€of€the€male.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€vagina€be€entered€orÐ ˆØ Ðthat€the€hymen€be€ruptured;€the€entering€of€the€vulva€or€labia€isÐ tÄ Ðsufficient.€Ð`°` x` x ÐÌòòHart€v.€Stateóó,€21€S.W.3d€901,€905€(Tenn.€2000)(citing€òòWalker€v.€Stateóó,€197€Tenn.€452,€273€S.W.2dÐ 8 ˆ Ð707,€711€(Tenn.1954));€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€3€Charles€E.€Torcia,€òòWhartonððs€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð€278€(15òòthóó€ed.€1995)Ð $ t Ð(noting€that€entry€of€the€anterior€of€the€female€genital€organ,€known€as€the€vulva€or€labia,€is€sufficientÐ  ` Ðpenetration€for€forcible€rape€or€statutory€rape;€it€is€not€necessary€that€the€vagina€itself€be€penetratedÐ ü L  Ðor€that€the€hymen€be€ruptured.).€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  à€€The€jury,€in€finding€Bowles€guilty€of€aggravated€rape,€found€that€a€sexual€penetration€hadÐ À  Ðoccurred.€€The€occurrence€of€penetration,€even€though€penetration€is€statutorily€defined,€is€a€questionÐ ¬ü  Ðof€fact.€€Thus,€if€the€evidence€is€such€that€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€penetrationÐ ˜è  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€evidence€must€be€deemed€sufficient.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àIn€her€testimony,€Dobbs€clearly€described€how€Bowles€pressed€his€penis€against€her€vulvaÐ \¬ Ðwith€his€hand€and€was€only€prevented€from€full€penetration€by€his€failure€to€achieve€an€erection.€€TheÐ H˜ ÐState€introduced€evidence€of€the€location€and€structure€of€the€vulva,€which€evidence,€in€conjunctionÐ 4„ Ðwith€Dobbsðð€description€of€the€assault,€enabled€the€jury€to€determine€whether€the€facts€supported€aÐ  p Ðfinding€that€penetration€had€occurred.€€Although€Dobbsððs€testimony€was€not€entirely€consistentÐ  \ Ðregarding€whether€a€penetration€occurred,€the€jury€obviously€resolved€the€inconsistencies€in€theÐ øH ÐStateððs€favor€and€concluded€that€Bowlesððs€acts€involved€invasion€of€the€genital€opening.€€This€CourtÐ ä4 Ðwill€not€re„weigh€that€determination.€€ò òó óòòPierceóó,€23€S.W.3d€at€293ò òó ó.€€We€conclude€that€there€wasÐ Ð  Ðsufficient€evidence€for€the€jury€to€conclude€that€the€evidence€supports€a€finding€of€penetrationÐ ¼  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòà@iiìàóóB.€€Lesser„included€OffensesˆÐ €Ð ÐÌ€Ô‡XIXXXIÔà  àIn€every€criminal€case,€the€trial€court€has€a€duty€to€instruct€the€jury€on€any€lesser„includedÐ X ¨ Ðoffense€of€the€offense€charged€for€which€the€evidence€would€support€a€conviction,€whether€or€notÐ D!” Ðthe€defendant€has€requested€such€an€instruction.׃J×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€463€(Tenn.Ð 0"€  Ð1999);€òòState€v.€Langfordóó,€994€S.W.2d€126,€128€(Tenn.€1999).€€The€question€whether€a€court€has€erredÐ #l! Ðin€ascertaining€which€lesser„included€offense(s)€should€be€submitted€to€the€jury€is€a€mixed€questionÐ $X" Ðof€law€and€fact,€and€therefore€the€standard€for€reviewing€this€issue€is€de€novo€with€no€presumptionÐ ô$D # Ðof€correctness.€€òòSeeóó€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€461.€€Ô#†XIXXXIv6#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔIn€òòBurnsóó,€this€Court€established€a€three„part€test€forÐ à%0!$ Ðdetermining€whether€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€a€charged€crime.€òòId.óó€at€466„67.€UnderÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€òòBurnsóó€test,€an€offense€qualifies€as€a€lesser„included€offense€if:Ð ¸'#& Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(a)à0¸ ` x` xàall€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutoryÐ ° Ðelements€of€the€offense€charged;€orÐœì¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)à0¸ ` x` xàit€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€thatÐ ˆØ Ðit€contains€a€statutory€element€or€elements€establishing€(1)€aÐ tÄ Ðdifferent€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;Ð `° Ðand/or€(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€sameÐ L œ Ðperson,€property€or€public€interest;€orÐ8 ˆ¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(c)à0¸ ` x` xàit€consists€of€[facilitation,€attempt,€or€solicitation]€of€theÐ $ t Ðoffense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ  ` Ðdefinition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b)€.€.€.€.Ðü L ¸ x¸ x ÐòòÌId.óóÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àOnce€it€is€resolved€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€charged€offense,€theÐ ¬ü  ÐCourt€then€must€determine€ð ðwhether€the€evidence€justifies€a€jury€instruction€on€such€lesser€offense.ðð€Ð ˜è  ÐòòId.óó€at€467.€€As€stated€in€òòBurnsóó,€ð ð[t]he€mere€existence€of€a€lesser€offense€to€a€charged€offense€is€notÐ „Ô  Ðsufficient€alone€to€warrant€a€charge€on€that€offense.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€468.€€The€òòBurnsóó€Court€delineated€theÐ pÀ Ðfollowing€approach€for€deciding€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€justify€a€jury€instruction€on€aÐ \¬ Ðlesser„included€offense:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àFirst,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€thatÐ  p Ðreasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense.€€InÐ  \ Ðmaking€this€determination,€the€trial€court€must€view€the€evidenceÐ øH Ðliberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„Ð ä4 Ðincluded€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€the€credibility€ofÐ Ð  Ðsuch€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€must€determine€if€the€evidence,Ð ¼  Ðviewed€in€this€light,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€forÐ ¨ø Ðthe€lesser„included€offense.Дä` x` x ÐòòÌId.óó€at€469.€€If€the€evidence€would€support€a€finding€of€guilt€on€the€lesser€offense,€an€error€in€failingÐ l¼ Ðto€charge€that€lesser€offense€will€not€be€negated€merely€because€the€evidence€is€also€sufficient€toÐ X ¨ Ðconvict€on€the€greater€offense,€for€the€defendant€need€not€demonstrate€a€basis€for€acquittal€on€theÐ D!” Ðgreater€offense.€€òòSee€id.óó€at€472.Ð 0"€  ÐÔ#†XIXXXI(:#ÔÌòòà@š š ìàóó1.€€Sexual€battery€as€a€Lesser„included€OffenseˆÐ $X" ÐÌà  àBowles€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€denied€a€request€that€sexual€battery€beÐ à%0!$ Ðsubmitted€to€the€jury€as€a€lesser„included€offense€on€the€charges€of€the€aggravated€rape€of€Dobbs€andÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€attempted€rape€of€Hampton.€€This€Court€has€not€previously€determined€whether€sexual€batteryÐ ¸'#& Ðis€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravated€rape€or€attempted€rape€under€the€analysis€of€òòBurnsóó.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÔ‡XIXXXIÔTherefore,€we€now€must€compare€the€elements€of€these€offenses€pursuant€to€the€òòBurnsóó€test.Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* ÐÓ  Óa.€€Aggravated€RapeÐ ° ÐÌÓ«IÓà  àThe€statutory€elements׃'×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€of€aggravated€rape€are:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)à0¸ ` x` xàAn€unlawful€sexual€penetration,€defined€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð `° Ððð€39„13„501(7)€(1997)€as€an€ð ðintrusion,€however€slight,€of€anyÐ L œ Ðpart€of€a€personððs€body€or€of€any€object€into€the€genital€or€analÐ 8 ˆ Ðopenings€of€the€victimððs,€the€defendantððs,€or€any€otherÐ $ t Ðpersonððs€bodyðð;Ð `¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)à0¸ ` x` xàcommitted€with€intent,€knowledge,€or€recklessness;׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€andÐü L ¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)à0¸ ` x` xàaccompanied€by€either:Ðè 8 ¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(a)à0` x` xàforce€or€coercion,€while€the€defendant€is€armed€withÐ Ô$  Ða€weapon€or€any€article€which€the€victim€reasonablyÐ À  Ðbelieves€to€be€a€weapon;€Ð¬ü xx Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(b)à0¸ ¸ àbodily€injury€to€the€victim;€orÐ˜è    Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(c)à0` x` xàaiding€or€abetting€by€other€persons€and€either€(i)€forceÐ „Ô  Ðor€coercion€is€used€or€(ii)€the€defendant€has€reason€toÐ pÀ Ðknow€that€the€victim€is€ð ðmentally€defective,€mentallyÐ \¬ Ðincapacitated,€or€physically€helpless.ððÐH˜xx ÐÌòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502€(1997).€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àBy€comparison,€the€elements€of€sexual€battery€are€as€follows:Ð øH ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)à0¸ ` x` xàAn€unlawful€sexual€contact,€defined€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ Ð  Ð39„13„501(6)€as:м ¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` x` xàà8¸ x¸ xàthe€intentional€touching€of€the€victimððs,€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendantððs,€or€any€other€personððs€intimateÐ €Ð Ðparts,€or€the€intentional€touching€of€theÐ l¼ Ðclothing€covering€the€immediate€area€of€theÐ X ¨ Ðvictimððs€the€defendantððs,€or€any€other€personððsÐ D!” Ðintimate€parts,€if€that€intentional€touching€canÐ 0"€  Ðbe€reasonably€construed€as€being€for€theÐ #l! Ðâ âpurpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification;Ð$X"   Ðà8  àà ` à(2)à0¸ Ð Ð àcommitted€intentionally;׃M×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€andа¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðâ âà8  àà ` à(3)à0¸ Ð Ð àaccompanied€by€either:Ðœì¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà8 ¸ à(a)à  àforce€or€coercion;Јظ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(b)à0` x` xàlack€of€consent€by€the€victim,€if€ð ðthe€defendant€knowsÐ tÄ Ðor€has€reason€to€know€at€the€time€of€the€contact€thatÐ `° Ðthe€victim€did€not€consentðð;ÐL œxx Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(c)à0` x` xàknowledge€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€that€the€victimÐ 8 ˆ Ðis€ð ðmentally€defective,€mentally€incapacitated,€orÐ $ t Ðphysically€helplessðð;€orÐ `xx Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(d)à0` x` xàfraud€used€to€accomplish€the€sexual€contact.Ðü L xx ÐÌòòSeeóó€Ô#†XIXXXII#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„505€(1997).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThus,€under€part€(a)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test,€sexual€battery€is€not€a€lesser„included€offense€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðaggravated€rape€because€the€sexual€contact€element€of€sexual€battery€includes€a€requirement€that€theÐ ˜è  Ðsexual€contact€be€ð ðfor€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification,ðð€whereas€no€sexual€arousal€orÐ „Ô  Ðgratification€element€is€present€in€the€aggravated€rape€statute.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Caricoóó,€968€S.W.2d€280,Ð pÀ Ð286€(Tenn.€1998)€(recognizing€that€ð ðnot€all€rapes€are€committed€for€the€purpose€of€pleasure€orÐ \¬ Ðexcitementðð);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€864€S.W.2d€31,€34„35€(Tenn.€1993).€€Likewise,€sexual€batteryÐ H˜ Ðdoes€not€constitute€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravated€rape€under€part€(c)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€testÐ 4„ Ðbecause€the€elements€of€sexual€battery€do€not€constitute€the€facilitation,€attempt,€or€solicitation€ofÐ  p Ðaggravated€rape.€€Thus,€if€sexual€battery€is€to€be€considered€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravatedÐ  \ Ðrape,€it€would€be€under€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.Ð øH ÐÔ#†XIXXXIÜX#ÔÌà  àUnder€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis,€an€offense€still€may€be€a€lesser„included€offense€evenÐ Ð  Ðif€it€fails€to€satisfy€part€(a)ððs€test€of€inclusive€statutory€elements,€if€the€only€distinguishing€aspectsÐ ¼  Ðof€the€offense€are€elements€requiring€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability€and/or€a€less€serious€harm.€€InÐ ¨ø Ðassessing€ð ðculpability,ðð€we€look€to€whether€the€statutory€scheme€treats€the€greater€offense€as€a€ð ðmoreÐ ”ä Ðserious€offense€.€.€.€[meriting]€a€more€severe€punishment,ðð€and€we€also€consider€the€overall€degreeÐ €Ð Ðof€blameworthiness€associated€with€the€compared€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ely€&€State€v.€Bowersóó,€___Ð l¼ ÐS.W.3d€___€(Tenn.€2001);€Blackððs€Law€Dictionary€379€(6òòthóó€ed.€1990).€€Here,€in€reviewing€the€countÐ X ¨ Ðcharging€rape,€the€question€is€whether€the€culpability€or€harm€inherent€in€an€ð ðintentional€sexualÐ D!” Ðtouching€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousalðð€is€less€than€that€of€an€ð ðintentional,€knowing,€or€recklessÐ 0"€  Ðsexual€penetration.ðð€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Swindleóó,€30€S.W.3d€289,€293€(Tenn.€2000)(comparing€the€offensesÐ #l! Ðof€aggravated€sexual€battery€and€misdemeanor€assault€under€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test).€€We€concludeÐ $X" Ðthat€the€statutory€scheme€treats€rape€as€a€more€serious,€blameworthy€offense€than€sexual€battery€andÐ ô$D # Ðthat€an€intentional,€knowing,€or€reckless€unlawful€sexual€penetration€which€causes€bodily€injury€toÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€victim,€whether€done€in€the€pursuit€of€sexual€gratification€or€not,€establishes€a€more€culpableÐ Ì&"% Ðâ âmental€state€and€a€more€physically€intrusive€contact€(and€thereby€more€serious€harm)€to€the€victimÐ ¸'#& Ðthan€an€intentional€touching€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€arousal€or€gratification.€Accordingly,€underÐ ° Ðpart€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis,€sexual€battery€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravated€rape.€Ð œì Ðâ âÌÔ‡XIXXXIÔò òó óà  àHaving€found€that€sexual€battery€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravated€rape,€we€normallyÐ tÄ Ðwould€proceed€next€to€determine€whether€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€sufficient€to€justify€anÐ `° Ðinstruction€pertaining€to€that€offense.€€In€this€case,€however,€such€an€analysis€is€unnecessary€becauseÐ L œ Ðwe€find€that,€even€assuming€that€the€evidence€would€support€a€sexual€battery€instruction,€any€errorÐ 8 ˆ Ðon€the€part€of€the€trial€court€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€for€the€reasons€that€follow.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àRecently,€in€the€consolidated€cases€of€òòEly€&€Bowersóó,€this€Court€re„examined€the€standard€toÐ ü L  Ðbe€applied€when€assessing€whether€a€trial€courtððs€failure€to€give€lesser„included€offense€instructionsÐ è 8  Ðwas€harmless€error.€€___€S.W.3d€at€€___.€€After€thorough€review€of€prior€case€law,€we€concluded€thatÐ Ô$  Ðthe€defendantððs€right€to€lesser„included€offense€instructions€is€mandated€not€only€by€statute€but€alsoÐ À  Ðby€the€defendantððs€right€to€trial€by€jury€as€protected€by€Article€I,€section€6€of€the€TennesseeÐ ¬ü  ÐConstitution.€€òòId.óó€at€___.€€Accordingly,€because€a€failure€to€give€lesser„included€offense€instructionsÐ ˜è  Ðis€of€constitutional€dimensions,€it€ð ðis€ððpresumedðð€reversible;€it€òòwillóó€result€in€reversal€unless€the€StateÐ „Ô  Ðconvinces€the€reviewing€court€òòbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€error€did€not€affect€the€outcomeÐ pÀ Ðof€the€trialóó.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€___€(citing€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€989€S.W.2d€307,€315€(Tenn.€1999)).Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àIn€so€holding,€the€òòEly€&€Bowersóó€Court€looked€to€òòState€v.€Williamsóó׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€as€an€example€of€a€caseÐ 4„ Ðin€which€a€failure€to€give€lesser„included€offense€instructions€might€be€considered€harmless€beyondÐ  p Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€òòId.óó€at€___.€€Ô#†XIXXXI{f#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔIn€òòWilliamsóó,€the€jury€was€given€instructions€regarding€the€chargedÐ  \ Ðoffense€of€first€degree€murder€and€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder€and€recklessÐ øH Ðhomicide,€and€it€convicted€the€defendant€of€first€degree€murder.€€977€S.W.2d€101,€104€(Tenn.€1998).€Ð ä4 ÐThe€defendant€appealed,€contending€that€the€jury€should€have€been€given€instructions€regarding€theÐ Ð  Ðlesser„included€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€òòId.óó€€Though€the€òòWilliamsóó€Court€acknowledgedÐ ¼  Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€first€degree€murder,€it€concluded€that€the€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourtððs€error€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€that€offense€was€harmless.€€òòIdóó.€€at€104„07.€€TheÐ ”ä ÐCourt€explained,€ð ð[B]y€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€the€highest€offense€to€the€exclusion€of€theÐ €Ð Ðimmediately€lesser€offense,€second€degree€murder,€the€jury€necessarily€rejected€all€other€lesserÐ l¼ Ðoffenses,€including€voluntary€manslaughter.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€106;€òòbut€seeóó€òòEly€&€Bowersóó,€___€S.W.3d€at€___Ð X ¨ Ð(distinguishing€òòWilliamsóó€and€declining,€where€ð ðthe€jury€.€.€.€was€given€no€option€to€convict€of€aÐ D!” Ðlesser€offense,ðð€to€hold€that€a€failure€to€give€lesser„included€offense€instructions€was€harmlessÐ 0"€  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt).Ð #l! Ðâ âÐ $X" Ðà  àA€similar€analysis€applies€in€the€case€under€submission.€€On€the€aggravated€rape€charge,€theÐ ° Ðâ âjury€was€given€the€option€of€convicting€Bowles€not€only€of€the€charged€offense€but€also€of€the€lesser„Ð œì Ðincluded€offenses€of€rape€and€aggravated€sexual€battery.€€Either€of€these€lesser„included€offensesÐ ˆØ Ðwould€be€considered€more€serious€than€sexual€battery.€€By€finding€Bowles€guilty€of€aggravated€rapeÐ tÄ Ðto€the€exclusion€of€either€rape€or€aggravated€sexual€battery,€the€jury€necessarily€weighed€the€evidenceÐ `° Ðand€determined€that€aggravated€rape€was€the€most€appropriate€charge€supported€by€the€evidence.€Ð L œ ÐEven€if€the€jury€had€been€given€the€additional€option€of€convicting€Bowles€of€sexual€battery,€it€seemsÐ 8 ˆ Ðhighly€improbable€that€it€would€have€chosen€to€do€so€when€it€had€declined€to€consider€other,€moreÐ $ t Ðserious€lesser„included€offenses.€€Under€the€circumstances,€we€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÔ#†XIXXXIo#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔ€thatÐ  ` Ðthe€result€would€have€been€the€same€even€if€the€jury€had€received€a€sexual€battery€instruction;Ð ü L  Ðtherefore,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€sexual€battery€was€harmless€error.Ð è 8  ÐÌÔ#†XIXXXIy#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔò òó óÓ  Ób.€€Attempted€RapeÐ À  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àWe€turn€next€to€the€question€whether€sexual€battery€should€have€been€instructed€as€a€lesser„Ð ˜è  Ðincluded€offense€of€attempted€rape.€€In€order€to€prove€attempted€rape,€the€State€must€show€that€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€acted€with€intent€to€rape€and€that€his€conduct€constituted€a€substantial€step€toward€theÐ pÀ Ðcommission€of€a€rape.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€elements€of€rape€are€as€follows:׃,”×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð \¬ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)à0¸ ` x` xàunlawful€sexual€penetration;Ð4„¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)à0¸ ` x` xàcommitted€with€intent,€knowledge,€or€recklessness;׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€andÐ p¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)à0¸ ` x` xàaccompanied€by€either:€€Ð \¸ x¸ x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(a)à0¸ ¸ àforce€or€coercion;€€ÐøH   Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(b)à0¸ ¸ àlack€of€consent;€Ð°   Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(c)à0¸ ¸ àknowledge,€or€reason€to€know,€on€the€part€ofÐ œì Ðthe€defendant€that€ð ðthe€victim€is€mentallyÐ ˆØ Ðdefective,€mentally€incapacitated€or€physicallyÐ tÄ Ðhelplessðð;€or€€Ð`°   Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(d)à0¸ ¸ àfraud€in€the€accomplishment€of€the€sexualÐ L œ Ðpenetration.Ð8 ˆ   ÐÌòòSeeóó€Ô#†XIXXXIÜz#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„503€(1997).Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThus,€sexual€battery€cannot€be€a€lesser„included€offense€of€attempted€rape€under€part€(a)€ofÐ è 8  Ðthe€òòBurnsóó€test€because€sexual€battery€requires€proof€that€the€sexual€contact€be€for€the€purpose€ofÐ Ô$  Ðsexual€gratification,€an€element€not€required€to€prove€attempted€rape,€and€it€also€cannot€be€a€lesser„Ð À  Ðincluded€offense€under€part€(c)€of€that€test€because€sexual€battery€does€not€constitute€the€ð ðfacilitation,Ð ¬ü  Ðattempt,€or€solicitationðð€of€attempted€rape.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àUnlike€aggravated€rape,€however,€attempted€rape€does€not€include€the€lesser„included€Ð pÀ Ðoffense€of€sexual€battery€under€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€because€the€harm€or€risk€of€harmÐ \¬ Ðcontemplated€by€sexual€battery€is€not€less€serious€than€that€contemplated€by€attempted€rape.€€ThisÐ H˜ Ðis€because€an€attempted€rape€does€not€necessarily€involve€any€bodily€contact€at€all,׃"×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€whereas€aÐ 4„ Ðsexual€battery€always€will€involve€an€unlawful€sexual€contact.€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Rushóó,€___€S.W.3d€___Ð  p Ð(Tenn.€2001)€(holding€that€the€harm€contemplated€by€the€offense€of€reckless€aggravated€assault€isÐ  \ Ðnot€less€serious€than€the€harm€contemplated€by€the€offense€of€attempted€second€degree€murderÐ øH Ðbecause€reckless€aggravated€assault€always€involves€bodily€injury€to€the€victim,€whereas€attemptedÐ ä4 Ðmurder€can€be€committed€without€injuring€the€victim€and,€indeed,€without€the€victimððs€even€beingÐ Ð  Ðaware€of€the€attempt).€€€Thus,€it€was€not€error€for€the€trial€court€to€refuse€to€instruct€the€jury€regardingÐ ¼  Ðsexual€battery€as€a€lesser„included€offense€to€attempted€rape.׃Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¨ø ÐÔ#†XIXXXI‚‚#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIÔÌÔ#†XIXXXIèŠ#Ôòòà@þ þ ìàóó2.€€Theft€as€a€Lesser„included€OffenseˆÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àAs€to€the€offense€of€robbery,€the€trial€court€did€not€submit€theft€as€a€lesser„included€offenseÐ X ¨ Ðto€the€jury.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€found€that€this€was€error,€and€reversed€the€convictionÐ D!” Ðfor€robbery.€€The€State€appeals.€€It€is€uncontested€that€theft€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€robbery.€Ð 0"€  ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Fitzóó,€19€S.W.3d€213,€216€(Tenn.€2000).€€At€issue€is€the€second€inquiry€of€the€òòBurnsóóÐ #l! Ðanalysis,€whether€the€evidence,€viewed€liberally€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€a€finding€of€the€lesser„Ð ° Ðincluded€offense,€is€such€that€reasonable€minds€could€find€the€lesser„included€offense,€and€whetherÐ œì Ðthe€evidence€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser„included€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6Ð ˆØ ÐS.W.3d€at€469.Ô‡XIXXXIÔ€€In€making€this€determination,€this€Court€does€not€make€any€judgments€on€theÐ tÄ Ðcredibility€of€the€evidence€that€may€support€the€finding€of€the€lesser„included€offense,€nor€is€itÐ `° Ðnecessary€that€the€Court€find€that€a€basis€exists€for€acquitting€the€defendant€of€the€greater€offense.€Ð L œ ÐòòSeeóó€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€468„69.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÔ#†XIXXXIüŽ#Ôà  àTheft€is€committed€if,€ð ðwith€intent€to€deprive€the€owner€of€property,€the€person€knowinglyÐ $ t Ðobtains€or€exercises€control€over€the€property€without€the€ownerððs€effective€consent.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÐ  ` ÐAnn.€ðð€39„14„103€(1997).€€Robbery€is€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€the€personÐ ü L  Ðof€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„401(a)€(1997).€€Thus,Ð è 8  Ðit€is€the€use€of€ð ðviolenceðð€or€ð ðfearðð€that€elevates€a€theft€to€robbery.€€Violence€is€defined€as€ð ðphysicalÐ Ô$  Ðforce€unlawfully€exercised€so€as€to€injure,€damage€or€abuse.ðð€€òòFitzóó,€19€S.W.3d€at€217.€€ð ðThe€fearÐ À  Ðconstituting€an€element€of€[robbery]€is€fear€of€present€personal€peril€from€violence€offered€orÐ ¬ü  Ðimpending.ðð€€òòBritt€v.€Stateóó,€26€Tenn.€(7€Hum.)€45€(1846).€€It€must€be€a€fear€of€ð ðbodily€danger€orÐ ˜è  Ðimpending€peril€to€the€person,ðð€òòid.óó,€which€intimidates€and€promotes€submission€to€the€theft€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðproperty.€€Either€the€existence€of€ð ðviolenceðð€or€ð ðfearðð€will€heighten€the€offense€to€a€robbery.€€òòJamesÐ pÀ Ðv.€Stateóó,€385€S.W.2d€86,€88€(Tenn.€1964).Ð \¬ ÐÌÔ‡XIXXXIÔà  àBased€on€the€testimony€describing€the€violent€acts€which€occurred€in€Thomas€DobbsððsÐ 4„ Ðpresence,€including€the€admission€of€Bowles€himself€that€he€grabbed€Kathleen€Dobbs€and€threw€herÐ  p Ðto€the€floor,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€Bowlesððs€conviction€for€robbery.€Ð  \ ÐIn€proving€robbery,€however,€the€State€also€proved€theft,€for€all€of€the€elements€of€theft€are€includedÐ øH Ðwithin€the€elements€of€robbery.€€Thus,€evidence€existed€which€would€support€an€instruction€on€theÐ ä4 Ðlesser„included€offense€of€theft.€€As€established€above,€it€is€not€necessary€that€Bowles€demonstrateÐ Ð  Ða€rational€basis€for€acquittal€on€the€robbery€charge€before€theft€could€be€submitted€to€the€jury€as€aÐ ¼  Ðlesser„included€offense;€he€merely€must€demonstrate€that€evidence€also€exists€which€rational€mindsÐ ¨ø Ðcould€accept€as€to€the€offense€of€theft.€€Because€all€of€the€elements€of€theft€are€supported€by€theÐ ”ä Ðevidence,€it€was€error€for€the€trial€court€not€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€that€offense.€€Moreover,Ð €Ð Ðwhile€it€is€certainly€possible€that€the€jury€would€have€convicted€Bowles€of€robbery€even€if€it€had€beenÐ l¼ Ðgiven€an€instruction€concerning€theft,€we€cannot€say€that€the€State€has€demonstrated€beyond€aÐ X ¨ Ðreasonable€doubt€that€the€result€would€not€have€been€different€had€a€theft€instruction€been€given.€Ð D!” ÐThis€case€is€not€like€òòWilliamsóó,€where€the€jury€had€an€opportunity€to€consider€an€intermediate€lesser„Ð 0"€  Ðincluded€offense€but€rejected€it.€òòóó€òòSeeóó€977€S.W.2d€at€106.€€As€stated€in€òòEly€&€Bowersóó,€distinguishingÐ #l! ÐòòWilliamsóó€on€circumstances€similar€to€those€of€the€case€at€bar:Ð $X" ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€error€in€failing€to€charge€voluntary€manslaughter€[in€òòWilliamsóó]Ð à%0!$ Ðwas€deemed€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€by€rejectingÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€lesser€offense€of€second„degree€murder,€the€jury€clearlyÐ ¸'#& Ðdemonstrated€its€disinclination€to€convict€on€any€lesser€offenses,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðincluding€voluntary€manslaughter.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àIn€contrast,€the€jury€in€this€case€was€given€no€option€to€convictÐ ° Ðâ âof€a€lesser€offense€.€.€.€.€€Although€the€evidence€clearly€was€sufficientÐ œì Ðto€support€a€conviction€for€€[lesser„included€offenses],€the€decision€toÐ ˆØ Ðconvict€on€those€offenses€was€taken€away€from€the€jury.€€Under€theseÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances,€we€cannot€say€the€error€was€harmless€beyond€aÐ `° Ðreasonable€doubt.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌòòEly€&€Bowersóó,€___€S.W.3d€at€___.€€The€logic€of€òòEly€&€Bowersóó€applies€with€equal€force€to€the€caseÐ $ t Ðat€bar.€€Because€the€State€has€not€met€its€burden€of€proving€that€the€trial€courtððs€error€was€harmlessÐ  ` Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€Bowles€must€receive€a€new€trial€on€the€robbery€conviction.Ô#†XIXXXI–#ÔÔ‡XIXXXIԀРü L  ÐÔ#†XIXXXI5£#ÔÌà@||"ìàIII.€€ConclusionòòóóÔ‡XIXXXIԈРÔ$  ÐÌà  àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€hold€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€BowlesððsÐ ¬ü  Ðconviction€for€aggravated€rape,€and€we€further€hold€that€any€failure€on€the€part€of€the€trial€court€toÐ ˜è  Ðinstruct€the€jury€regarding€the€lesser„included€offense€of€sexual€battery€was€harmless€error.€€We€alsoÐ „Ô  Ðhold,€€however,€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€regarding€the€lesser„includedÐ pÀ Ðoffense€of€theft,€and€that€error€was€not€harmless.€€€The€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ \¬ Ðis,€therefore,€affirmed.€€Ô#†XIXXXI¶£#ÔIt€appearing€that€the€defendant,€Timothy€R.€Bowles,€is€indigent,€costs€ofÐ H˜ Ðappeal€are€taxed€to€the€State.Ð 4„ ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ä4 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àADOLPHO€A.€BIRCH,€JR.,€JUSTICE