ÿWPC¨ ù{õ„nÊÅEÿB^ÿÄ€Ûµ—Ý7k…r¯&s'Áª¡¾4ê»4 |Eý‚Fï§ Oª‡ÊT=ÐòØ’‡3…ÌÀNE±…<ª¤â_¹#‘Ö„æ¦{Uy@u$S¨.¢)NËïjcޱ‹+{¦§Žšu4–‚T²¶äˆÉr„™ÔÔP Ù.—ªûUŽÜø[?6 !ÛýÁMÂg£ÇZOðIí§è6¡óŒ?"šŸ"ía+×Î+**¬¹éMºÿ¿¿F¿ÏþDøð,‰Aÿî)Ïöz-T<}>H°4íá¦-ìRJào)ñ4É\$s#]¸ý,¤™ç*‹û“ðÅô†¯;LñJå|ðARõPUÁ+?¶Æî+D|ÂÔ¯£V®Z_ŠO€|e®c‰)ðJAÜ›hu!OÈc]cµêC[ìnÒ»¤öß6×ÃAJ‚ ‡¦-¤‚ðìîà  J—'D7çõÌ8' :w{„«³ÁAHXH9ôžÂÕjÃÞ ,ÜgnZyåc¦¸#ê'ÓÙQ‹Ûm)Eïö{×f0–oK¨•ÿ¿Úé» lÇ5œUÚ” Ñ|[Ió"Ëà]4\,¡N»³ž~<b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 0D‘ ÆÕ Æ› Æa Æ'UNíN;;;E==ê?U,)))))U@UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUb••• 0륥¥¥ B 0¤­ D3Q D-„ 0K±± ASüÆO 0¤ 0D¹ A«ý˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»iwJ+s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularj5+¢Ø+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3>xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular àÝ ƒR&Ì$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõMò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSection€67-4-507(b)(1)(A)€of€the€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€requires€that€the€owner€of€coin„operatedÐ ° Ðamusement€devices€pay€a€tax€for€each€such€device€maintained.€€Upon€payment€of€the€tax,€the€owner/operator€is€issuedÐ tÄ Ða€tax€stamp,€which€must€be€placed€on€the€amusement€device.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð67-4-507(c)(1989).,‘Î~AZ‹Arial (ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman - ù- (|G2&Ì$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€X…»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõMò»»Ô d(|3 `$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€X…»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3 `$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€X…»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€X…»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼X…»»»ÔÑ8€ÉXXdì»»d8Ñà@™ ™ ìàÔ‡î[ÄX…ÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼X…»îî[Ä #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓFebruary€7,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XÉX»¼X…ÔÌò òÔ#†¼X…»XXÉò#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€òòóóv.€RHONDA€BURKHARTÔ‡XÉX»¼X…Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÓ  Óò òó óÌÓšÓà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€by€Permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ú J ÐCircuit€Court€for€Montgomery€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€38568€€€€€€John€H.€Gasaway,€III,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1998„00344„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€October€1à0 @ à0,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÔ#†¼X…»XXÉc#ÔÔ‡XÉX»¼X…ÔWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€the€constitutionality€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€andÐ d´ Ð39-17-505.€€We€hold€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€and€39-17-505€are€neitherÐ P  Ðunconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€this€case€nor€overbroad€and€therefore€do€not€violate€theÐ <Œ Ðguarantees€of€due€process€provided€by€the€Constitution€of€the€United€States€and€the€Constitution€ofÐ (x ÐTennessee.€€The€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€affirmed.Ô#†XÉXXXÉü#ÔÐ d ÐÓðÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;Ð ì< ÐJudgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmed.ó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓJanice€M.€Holder,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,€C.J.,óóÐ ° Ðand€òòE.€Riley€Anderson,€Adolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€óóandòò€William€M.€Barkeróó,€JJ,€joined.ò òó óÐ œì ÐÌDavid€S.€Ardia,€Washington,€D.C.,€and€Robert€Michael€Friedman,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€theÐ tÄ Ðappellant,€Rhonda€Burkhart.Ð `° ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€and€DarylÐ 8!ˆ  ÐJ.€Brand,€Associate€Solicitor€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $"t! ÐÓJÓÌÔ  Ôà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ ü#L# ÐÌÓ  Óà@à à ìàI.€€òòFACTS€AND€PROCEDURAL€HISTORYóóˆÐ Ô%$!% ÐÌà  àOn€January€10,€1997,€Officer€Raymond€Macias€(Officer€Macias)€conducted€an€alcoholÐ ¬'ü"' Ðcontrol€inspection€at€the€Pit€Row€Bar€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee.€€The€bar€was€owned€by€RhondaÐ ˜(è#( ÐBurkhart€(Burkhart).€€While€performing€the€inspection€of€the€bar,€Officer€Macias€discovered€sixÐ „)Ô$) Ðvideo€slot€machines€known€as€One„Armed€Bandits,€Cherrymasters,€or€Fevers.€€The€machines€wereÐ p*À%* Ðin€a€locked€room€near€the€rear€of€the€bar.€€The€machines€were€plugged€in€but€were€not€beingÐ \+¬&+ Ðoperated.€Ð H,˜', ÐÐ 4-„(-ý Ðà  àEach€of€the€machines€accepted€paper€currency€and€coins.€€To€operate€a€machine,€a€playerÐ ° Ðwould€push€a€button.€€If€the€appropriate€sequence€of€symbols€appeared,€the€machine€accumulatedÐ œì Ðcredits.€€ð ðKnock„offðð€switches€and€retention€meters€inside€the€machines€recorded€the€number€ofÐ ˆØ Ðgames€or€credits€won€by€the€player.€€The€machines€did€not€distribute€monetary€winnings€to€players.€Ð tÄ ÐA€refund€switch,€however,€could€be€used€to€return€money€that€had€been€inserted.€€The€playerÐ `° Ðmaintained€no€control€over€the€results€of€the€game€by€using€any€skill.€€The€settings€within€theÐ L œ Ðmachines,€however,€could€be€changed€by€the€owner€of€the€devices€to€adjust€the€odds€of€winning.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐThe€machines€did€not€display€amusement€stickers.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð $ t ÐÌà  àOfficer€Macias€confiscated€the€machines.€€Burkhart€was€then€charged€with€possession€of€aÐ ü L  Ðgambling€device€in€violation€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-17-505€(1989).€€Burkhart€filed€a€motion€toÐ è 8  Ðdismiss€the€charge,€challenging€the€constitutionality€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€andÐ Ô$  Ð39-17-505.€€The€trial€court€granted€the€motion,€ruling€that€the€statutes€were€so€overly€broad€andÐ À  Ðunduly€vague€in€proscribing€ð ðgambling€devicesðð€that€application€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-17-505Ð ¬ü  Ðwas€unconstitutional.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€the€statutes€constitutional€and€remandedÐ ˜è  Ðthe€case€to€the€trial€court.€€We€affirm€the€ruling€of€the€intermediate€court€and€hold€that€Tenn.€CodeÐ „Ô  ÐAnn.€ðððð39-17-501€and€39-17-505€are€neither€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€this€case€norÐ pÀ Ðoverbroad.€Ð \¬ ÐÌÔ  Ôà@Ð Ð ìàII.€€òòVAGUENESS€CHALLENGE€TO€A€CRIMINAL€STATUTEóóˆÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àBurkhart€challenges€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-505€and€39-17-501€as€unconstitutionallyÐ  \ Ðvague.€€Section€39-17-505€reads€in€pertinent€part:Ð øH ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[A]€person€commits€an€offense€who€knowingly€owns,€manufactures,Ð Ð  Ðpossesses,€buys,€sells,€rents,€leases,€stores,€repairs,€transports,€printsÐ ¼  Ðor€makes€any€gambling€device€or€record.€€However,€it€is€not€anÐ ¨ø Ðoffense€for€a€person€to€own€or€possess€in€this€state€a€lottery€ticketÐ ”ä Ðoriginating€from€a€state€in€which€a€lottery€is€lawful,€if€such€ticket€isÐ €Ð Ðnot€owned€or€possessed€for€the€purpose€of€resale.Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌ(1989)€(amended€effective€July€1,€2001).€€Section€39-17-501€provides€the€following€definitions€forÐ D!” Ðapplication€in€ðð39-17-505:Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€ð ðGamblingðð€means€risking€anything€of€value€for€a€profit€whoseÐ $X" Ðreturn€is€to€any€degree€contingent€on€chance,€but€does€not€include€aÐ ô$D # Ðlawful€business€transaction;€...Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` à....Ð ¸'#& Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)€ð ðGambling€device€or€recordðð€means€anything€designed€for€use€inÐ ° Ðgambling,€intended€for€use€in€gambling,€or€used€for€gambling;Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(4)€ð ðLawful€business€transaction,ðð€as€used€in€subdivision€(1)€includesÐ tÄ Ðany€futures€or€commodities€trading€....Ð`°` x` x ÐÌ(1989).€€Burkhart€contends€(1)€that€the€definitions€of€ð ðgambling€deviceðð€and€ð ðgamblingðð€areÐ 8 ˆ Ðunconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€her€because€they€fail€to€provide€sufficient€notice€that€videoÐ $ t Ðslot€machines€are€gambling€devices;€and€(2)€that€the€statutes€are€facially€vague.Ð  ` ÐÌÔ  ÔÓ  Óà@@´´ ìàIII.€€òòVAGUENESS€OF€SECTIONS€39-17-501€&€39-17-505Ð è 8  ÐOF€THE€TENNESSEE€CODE€ANNOTATED€AS€APPLIED€TO€BURKHARTóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌÓèÓà  àA€statute€may€be€void€for€vagueness€if€it€is€not€ð ðsufficiently€precise€to€put€an€individual€onÐ ¬ü  Ðnotice€of€prohibited€activities.ðð€€òòState€v.€Wilkinsóó,€655€S.W.2d€914,€915€(Tenn.€1983).€€A€criminalÐ ˜è  Ðstatute€must€be€construed€according€to€the€fair€import€of€its€terms€when€determining€if€it€is€vague.€Ð „Ô  ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-11-104€(1989).€€Due€process€requires€that€a€statute€provide€ð ðfair€warningððÐ pÀ Ðand€prohibits€holding€an€individual€criminally€liable€for€conduct€that€a€person€of€commonÐ \¬ Ðintelligence€would€not€have€reasonably€understood€to€be€proscribed.€€òòGrayned€v.€City€of€Rockfordóó,Ð H˜ Ð408€U.S.€104,€108€(1972);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Lyonsóó,€802€S.W.2d€590,€591(Tenn.€1990).€€The€fairÐ 4„ Ðwarning€requirement,€however,€does€not€demand€absolute€precision€in€the€drafting€of€criminalÐ  p Ðstatutes.€€òòSeeóó€òòWilkinsóó,€655€S.W.2d€at€916.€€A€statute€is€not€vague€ð ðwhich€by€orderly€processes€ofÐ  \ Ðlitigation€can€be€rendered€sufficiently€definite€and€certain€for€purposes€of€judicial€decision.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ øH Ð(quoting€òòDonathan€v.€McMinn€Countyóó,€213€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.€1948)).€€Courts€should€considerÐ ä4 Ðany€limiting€instructions€of€the€challenged€statute€that€state€authorities€have€proffered.€€òòVillage€ofÐ Ð  ÐHoffman€Estates€v.€Flipside,€Hoffman€Estates,€Inc.óó,€455€U.S.€489,€495,€n.5€(1982)€(citing€òòGraynedóó,Ð ¼  Ð408€U.S.€at€110)).€€In€fact,€it€is€the€duty€of€the€courts€ð ðto€adopt€a€construction€which€will€sustain€aÐ ¨ø Ðstatute€and€avoid€constitutional€conflict€if€its€recitation€permits€such€a€construction.ðð€€òòLyonsóó,€802Ð ”ä ÐS.W.2d€at€592.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àApplying€these€standards€to€the€statutes€in€question,€we€hold€that€ðððð39-17-501€andÐ X ¨ Ð39-17-505€are€not€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€Burkhart€because€she€engaged€in€conductÐ D!” Ðthat€is€clearly€proscribed€by€the€statutes.€€A€gambling€device€is€defined€as€ð ðanything€designed€for€useÐ 0"€  Ðin€gambling,€intended€for€use€in€gambling,€or€used€for€gambling.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-17-501.Ð #l! ÐThis€definition€is€sufficiently€clear€to€provide€notice€that€a€slot€machine€is€a€gambling€device.€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àA€slot€machine€is€designed€for€use€in€gambling€and€normally€intended€for€use€in€gambling.Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€outcome€of€a€game€on€Burkhartððs€machines€is€contingent€upon€chance.€€Skill€is€not€required€toÐ Ì&"% Ðplay€the€slot€machines.€€The€confiscated€machines€were€equipped€with€knock„off€switches€andÐ ¸'#& Ðretention€meters.€€The€number€of€games€or€credits€won€by€the€player€could€be€recorded€by€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmachines.€€The€knock„off€switch€on€the€machines€allowed€credits€won€to€be€removed€from€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âscreen€but€remain€recorded€within€the€machine.€€Unlike€standard€arcade€games,€the€settings€on€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðslot€machines€could€be€changed€to€manipulate€the€odds€of€winning.€€The€characteristics€of€theÐ ° Ðmachines€demonstrate€their€design€for€use€in€gambling.Ô‡XŒg XXXÉÔ€€Ô#†XÉX XXŒgú+#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÐ œì Ðâ âÌà  àEven€if€uncertainty€existed€as€to€whether€slot€machines€are€gambling€devices€under€Tenn.Ð tÄ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð39-17-501,òòóó€it€is€not€ð ðunfair€to€require€that€one€who€deliberately€goes€perilously€closeÐ `° Ðto€an€area€of€proscribed€conduct€shall€take€the€risk€that€he€may€cross€the€line.ðð€€òòBoyce€Motor€LinesÐ L œ Ðv.€United€Statesóó,€342€U.S.€337,€340€(1952).Ô#†XÉXXXÉ>,#ÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔ€€A€person€who€is€aware€of€a€possible€application€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðstatute€and€nevertheless€proceeds€cannot€complain€of€inadequate€notice€when€arrested.€€Indeed,€anÐ $ t Ðuncertain€meaning€should€lead€to€citizens€ð ðsteer[ing]€far€wider€of€the€unlawful€zoneðð€than€if€theÐ  ` Ðstatute€were€more€precise€in€the€use€of€its€language.€€òòGrayned€v.€City€of€Rockfordóó,€408€U.S.€104,€109Ð ü L  Ð(1972).€Ð è 8  ÐÔ#†XÉXXXÉJ.#ÔÌà  àThe€legislative€intent€that€the€definition€of€ð ðgambling€devicesðð€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð À  Ððð39-17-501€include€slot€machines€is€evidenced€by€the€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðstatute.€€The€legislature€approved€the€publication€of€the€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€òòSeeóóÐ ˜è  ÐTenn.€Pub.€Acts,€ch.€591,€ðð114.€€The€Comments€are€therefore€evidence€of€legislative€intent.€€òòSeeóóÐ „Ô  ÐòòState€v.€Hortonóó,€880€S.W.2d€732,€735€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€The€comments€state€that€ð ð[t]hisÐ pÀ Ðsection€contains€the€definitions€for€gambling€offenses.€€òòThe€definitions€are€intentionally€broader€thanÐ \¬ Ðthose€found€in€prior€law.ððóó€(emphasis€added).€€The€pre„1989€statute€definition€of€a€ð ðgambling€deviceððÐ H˜ Ðstates€in€pertinent€part€that€Ð 4„ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[t]his€definition€shall€not€include€any€coin„operated€game€or€deviceÐ  \ Ðdesigned€and€manufactured€for€bona€fide€amusement€purposes€only,Ð øH Ðwhich€may,€by€application€of€skill,€entitle€the€player€to€replay€theÐ ä4 Ðgame€at€no€additional€cost€if:ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(A)€€The€game€or€device€accumulates€and€reacts€to€no€more€thanÐ ¨ø Ðfifteen€(15)€free€replays;Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(B)€€Discharges€accumulated€free€replays€only€by€reactivating€theÐ l¼ Ðgame€or€device€for€one€(1)€additional€play€for€each€accumulated€freeÐ X ¨ Ðreplay;€andÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(C)€€Makes€no€permanent€record,€directly€or€indirectly,€of€freeÐ #l! Ðreplays.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-6-601(4)€(1982€repl.).Ð à%0!$ ЀÌà  àThe€language€of€the€pre„1989€statute€establishes€that€the€legislature€clearly€intended€that€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdefinition€of€gambling€device€include€slot€machines€like€those€owned€by€Burkhart.€€Reading€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-17-501€in€conjunction€with€the€pre„Ð )à$( Ð1989€statute€shows€that€these€machines€continue€to€be€gambling€devices€under€the€current€statutes.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐBecause€the€legislature€intended€the€statutes€to€be€broader€than€the€prior€statute,€the€new€definitionÐ h+¸&* Ðof€gambling€devices€includes€items€deemed€gambling€devices€in€the€previous€statute€and€any€otherÐ ° Ðgambling€devices€that€the€previous€statute€may€not€have€included.€€Burkhart,€therefore,€was€clearlyÐ œì Ðon€notice€that€her€slot€machines€were€prohibited€by€the€broader€definition€of€a€gambling€deviceÐ ˆØ Ðfound€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-17-501.Ð tÄ ÐÌÔ  ÔÓ  Óà@@uu ìàIV.€€òòFACIAL€VAGUENESS€OF€SECTIONS€39-17-505€&€39-17-501Ð L œ ÐOF€THE€TENNESSEE€CODE€ANNOTATEDóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌÓñ;Óà  àDue€process€also€provides€that€a€criminal€law€may€be€facially€vague€if€it€authorizes€andÐ  ` Ðencourages€arbitrary€and€discriminatory€enforcement.€€òòSeeóó€òòCity€of€Chicago€v.€Moralesóó,€527€U.S.€41,Ð ü L  Ð56€(1999)€(plurality€opinion).€€A€statute€that€provides€ð ðno€legally€fixed€standards€and€leaves€toÐ è 8  Ðððpersonal€predilectionsðð€of€an€officer,€prosecutor,€judge€or€jury€the€determination€of€the€illegality€ofÐ Ô$  Ðconductðð€may€be€held€vague€on€its€face.€€òòLyonsóó,€802€S.W.2d€at€591€(citing€òòSmith€v.€Goguenóó,€415Ð À  ÐU.S.€566€(1974)).€While€law€enforcement€requires€some€degree€of€police€judgment,€a€statute€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðentrusts€lawmaking€to€the€moment„to„moment€judgment€of€the€policeman€on€his€beatðð€isÐ ˜è  Ðunconstitutionally€vague.€€òòGoguenóó,€415€U.S.€at€575.€€Therefore,€in€the€absence€of€guidelines€a€lawÐ „Ô  Ðis€impermissibly€vague€only€if€it€ð ðdelegates€basic€policy€matters€to€policemen,€judges,€and€juries€forÐ pÀ Ðresolution€on€an€ad€hoc€and€subjective€basis,€with€the€attendant€dangers€of€arbitrary€andÐ \¬ Ðdiscriminatory€application.ðð€€òòDavis„Kidd€Booksellers,€Inc.€v.€McWherteróó,€866€S.W.2d€520,€531Ð H˜ Ð(Tenn.€1993)€(citing€òòGraynedóó,€408€U.S.€at€114)).€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àFacial€vagueness€challenges,€however,€that€implicate€no€constitutionally€protected€conductÐ  \ Ðshould€be€sustained€only€if€the€statute€is€impermissibly€vague€in€all€its€applications.€€òòSeeóó€òòHoffmanÐ øH ÐEstatesóó,€455€U.S.€at€494-95.€€A€party€who€engages€in€conduct€that€is€clearly€proscribed€by€the€statuteÐ ä4 Ðcannot€complain€of€the€vagueness€of€the€law€as€applied€to€others.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€495;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòParker€v.Ð Ð  ÐLevyóó,€417€U.S.€733,€756€(1974)€(holding€that€ð ð[o]ne€to€whose€conduct€a€statute€clearly€applies€mayÐ ¼  Ðnot€successfully€challenge€it€for€vagueness.ðð).€€Courts€should€therefore€examine€the€conduct€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðmoving€party€before€analyzing€hypothetical€applications€of€the€law.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€In€the€absence€of€aÐ ”ä Ðfacial€infirmity,€the€Court€will€not€consider€ð ðin€advance€of€application€all€possible€contingencies€ofÐ €Ð Ðattempted€prosecution€under€a€criminal€statute,€and€declare€which€are€constitutional€and€which€areÐ l¼ Ðnot.ðð€€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€635€S.W.2d€113,€114€(Tenn.€1982).€€The€rationale€for€this€requirement€is€thatÐ X ¨ Ðð ðto€sustain€such€a€challenge,€the€complainant€must€prove€that€the€enactment€is€vague€ððnot€in€theÐ D!” Ðsense€that€it€requires€a€person€to€conform€his€conduct€to€an€imprecise€but€comprehensible€normativeÐ 0"€  Ðstandard,€but€rather€in€the€sense€that€no€standard€of€conduct€is€specified€at€all.ðððð€€òòHoffman€Estatesóó,Ð #l! Ð455€U.S.€at€495òòóó,€n.7.€(quoting€òòCoates€v.€City€of€Cincinnatiòòóóóó,€402€U.S.€611,€614€(1971)).Ð $X" ÐÌà  àBecause€the€statutes€are€not€vague€as€applied€to€Burkhartððs€possession€of€slot€machines,€weÐ à%0!$ Ðfurther€hold€that€she€may€not€successfully€challenge€the€statutes€as€facially€vague.€€She€alleges€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðher€conduct€is€not€clearly€proscribed€by€the€statutes€because€of€contradictory€interpretations€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðstatutes€by€law€enforcement€officials.€€In€òòHoffman€Estatesóó,€the€United€States€Supreme€CourtÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconsidered€whether€a€drug€paraphernalia€ordinance€was€vague€in€light€of€testimony€from€variousÐ )à$( Ðofficials€indicating€confusion€over€the€ordinanceððs€application.€€455€U.S.€at€503.€€The€Court€notedÐ |*Ì%) Ðthat€the€judgment€of€police€officers€was€heavily€relied€upon€to€interpret€and€enforce€the€ordinance.€Ð h+¸&* ÐòòId.óó€€The€Court,€however,€refused€to€rely€upon€these€contradictory€interpretations€to€find€the€ordinanceÐ ° Ðvague,€despite€the€Courtððs€acknowledgment€that€the€risk€of€discriminatory€enforcement€was€notÐ œì Ðinsignificant.€€òòId.óó€€Critical€to€the€Courtððs€reasoning€was€the€fact€that€no€evidence€was€introducedÐ ˆØ Ðestablishing€that€the€ordinance€had€actually€been€enforced€in€a€discriminatory€manner.€€òòId.óó€€The€CourtÐ tÄ Ðtherefore€concluded€that€the€ordinance€was€ð ðsufficiently€clear€that€the€speculative€danger€of€arbitraryÐ `° Ðenforcement€[did]€not€render€the€ordinance€void€for€vagueness.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ L œ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€like€òòHoffman€Estatesóó,€no€evidence€in€the€record€suggests€that€the€statutes€haveÐ $ t Ðactually€been€enforced€in€an€arbitrary€or€discriminatory€manner.€€Burkhart€offers€several€hypotheticalÐ  ` Ðsituations€to€which€the€statute€could€be€applied.€However,€ð ðspeculation€about€possible€vagueness€inÐ ü L  Ðhypothetical€situations€not€before€the€Court€will€not€support€a€facial€attack€on€a€statute.ðð€€òòHill€v.Ð è 8  ÐColoradoóó,€530€U.S.€703,€732€(2000).€€The€statutes€are€sufficiently€clear€and€objective€as€applied€toÐ Ô$  Ðthe€present€situation.€€Burkhartððs€speculations,€therefore,€do€not€support€a€facial€attack€on€theÐ À  Ðstatutes.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àWe€will€not€consider€in€advance€all€possible€contingencies€of€attempted€prosecution€underÐ „Ô  Ðthe€statutes€and€determine€which€are€constitutional.€€The€statutes€as€applied€to€the€machines€thatÐ pÀ ÐBurkhart€possessed€are€constitutional.€€Therefore,€Burkhartððs€facial€vagueness€challenge€does€notÐ \¬ Ðsucceed.€€Accordingly,€the€vagueness€challenges€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€and€39-17-505Ð H˜ Ðfail.Ð 4„ ÐÌÔ  Ôà@1 1 ìàV.€€òòOVERBREADTH€CHALLENGE€TO€A€CRIMINAL€STATUTEˆÐ  \ ÐÌà  àóóA€statute€may€be€challenged€as€overbroad€when€it€reaches€a€substantial€amount€ofÐ ä4 Ðconstitutionally€protected€conduct.€€€òòHoffman€Estates,€Inc.óó,€455€U.S.€at€494.€€A€statute€may€be€invalidÐ Ð  Ðon€its€face€if€it€inhibits€the€exercise€of€First€Amendment€rights€and€ð ðif€the€impermissible€applicationsÐ ¼  Ðof€the€law€are€substantial€when€ððjudged€in€relation€to€the€statuteððs€plainly€legitimate€sweep.ððððÐ ¨ø ÐòòMoralesóó,€527€U.S.€at€55€(quoting€òòBroadrick€v.€Oklahomaóó,€413€U.S.€601,€612-15€(1973)).€€ToÐ ”ä Ðmaintain€an€overbreadth€challenge,€Burkhart€must€first€show€that€the€statute€challenged€involvesÐ €Ð Ðconstitutionally€protected€conduct.€€òòSeeóó€òòHoffman€Estatesóó,€455€U.S.€at€494.€€If€the€statute€reaches€aÐ l¼ Ðsubstantial€amount€of€constitutionally€protected€conduct,€a€defendant€must€then€ð ðdemonstrate€fromÐ X ¨ Ðthe€text€of€the€law€and€actual€fact€that€there€are€a€substantial€number€of€instances€where€the€lawÐ D!” Ðcannot€be€applied€constitutionally.ðð€€òòLyonsóó,€802€S.W.2d€at€593.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àGambling€or€possessing€a€gambling€device€is€not€constitutionally€protected€conduct.€€TheÐ $X" Ðstatutes,€therefore,€do€not€reach€a€substantial€amount€of€constitutionally€protected€conduct.€€BurkhartÐ ô$D # Ðalleges,€however,€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€and€39-17-505€violate€freedom€of€speechÐ à%0!$ Ðunder€the€First€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðð19€of€the€TennesseeÐ Ì&"% ÐConstitution.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àShe€asserts€that€the€statutes€prohibit€the€right€to€publish€newsworthy€information€such€asÐ )à$( Ðlottery€numbers€from€adjacent€states.€€Based€upon€the€record,€no€evidence€reveals€that€newspaperÐ |*Ì%) Ðpublishers€or€owners€have€been€prohibited€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-17-505€from€publishing€thisÐ h+¸&* Ðinformation.€€Burkhart€further€does€not€allege€that€arrests€have€been€made€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð ° Ððððð39-17-501€and€39-17-505€for€such€newspaper€publications.€€Even€if€we€were€to€find€that€Tenn.Ð œì ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€and€39-17-505€reach€a€substantial€amount€of€constitutionally€protectedÐ ˆØ Ðconduct,€Burkhart€has€failed€to€ð ðdemonstrate€from€the€text€of€the€law€and€actual€fact€that€there€areÐ tÄ Ða€substantial€number€of€instances€where€the€law€cannot€be€applied€constitutionally.ðð€€òòLyonsóó,€802Ð `° ÐS.W.2d€at€593€(Tenn.€1990).€€The€overbreadth€challenge€to€the€statutes€is€therefore€without€merit.Ð L œ ÐÌÔ  Ôà@FF%ìàò òòòCONCLUSIONóóó óˆÐ $ t ÐÌà  àSlot€machines€are€gambling€devices€as€defined€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð39-17-501€andÐ ü L  Ð39-17-505.€€The€machines€confiscated€from€Burkhartððs€place€of€business€were€slot€machines.€Ð è 8  ÐBurkhart,€therefore,€engaged€in€conduct€clearly€proscribed€by€the€statutes.€€The€statutes€are€notÐ Ô$  Ðconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€her.€€Because€Burkhart€engaged€in€conduct€clearly€proscribedÐ À  Ðby€the€statutes,€she€cannot€maintain€a€successful€facial€vagueness€challenge€to€the€statutes.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  à€Sections€39-17-501€and€39-17-505€of€the€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€do€not€reach€aÐ „Ô  Ðsubstantial€amount€of€constitutionally€protected€conduct.€€The€statutes,€therefore,€are€not€overbroad.€Ð pÀ ÐThe€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€affirmed.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€toÐ \¬ ÐBurkhart€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.€Ð H˜ ÐÌÌÌà  àà0 ` àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à___________________________________€ÐøH(#(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJANICE€M.€HOLDER,€JUSTICEÔ#†¼X…»XXÉ>#Ô