WPC <=bBI2zh$\ߐG)c_0E⏅M5h^y{1طiաA֌B Es˴4+$u<Ԭ}o+cYp,q2S8VW7;ꡇ%fMhB7 tX먜F=l}+Fp%.gjbLXg;T+D}mbdZ=F^ʱ{' PmEj?Q۱`9%[E^@ߪX9LCA_q}|<*# L %Wb] 0(ew@4]qU: 0DU:U: 0, 0D U : ~2 U:  4 e U:~4U:U::U:== Bw AQ 0D 0D 0D33 D/ww B D3HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,,,,,,0nLhX- -($  )  .F6G:\TSC1\OPINIONS\BURNSK.OPNFG:\TSC1\OPINIONS\BURNSK.OPN/  D  D  D  D e Ӏ u[%+,,--../3|x ,  AZ"Arial Regular(3$ !    $X `   1    ݀XX Priortothesettingoforalargument,theCourtshallreviewtherecordandbriefsandconsider  allerrorsassigned.TheCourtmayenteranorderdesignatingthoseissuesitwishesaddressedatoralargument.Tenn.Sup.Ct.R.12.#X~X`#,rAZ"Arial Regular,  AZ"Arial Regular(8(2$ !  X `   0  (#$  0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular t $X `   2    X~XXXX X~ԀTheCourtofCriminalAppealsremandedthecasestothetrialcourtforpossibleretrialfor  attemptedpremeditatedmurder.# _##X~X~#,  AZ"Arial Regular  $X `   1    ݀XX Priortothesettingoforalargument,theCourtshallreviewtherecordandbriefsandconsider  allerrorsassigned.TheCourtmayenteranorderdesignatingthoseissuesitwishesaddressedatoralargument.Tenn.Sup.Ct.R.12.#XX`# * $X `   3     X~XXX X X~ԀInNesbit,wealsoobservedthatStatev.Cozzolino,584S.W.2d765(Tenn.1979),inwhichthis  Courthadsaidthatevidencemustberelevanttoanaggravatingcircumstanceormitigatingcircumstance,hadnotbeenappliedsoastoprecludeevidencethatisrelevanttothe natureandcircumstancesoftheoffense.___S.W.2dat___.Wealsonotethatthelegislaturehassinceenacted1998Pub.Acts,ch.916,whichexpresslyallowstheStatetointroducevictimimpactevidenceandargument.ThisprovisionbecameeffectiveJuly1,1998.# _##X~X~# ,  AZ"Arial Regular t $X `   2     X~XXX X X~ԀTheCourtofCriminalAppealsremandedthecasestothetrialcourtforpossibleretrialfor  attemptedpremeditatedmurder.# _##X~X~# * $X `   3    X~XXXX X~ԀInNesbit,wealsoobservedthatStatev.Cozzolino,584S.W.2d765(Tenn.1979),inwhichthis  Courthadsaidthatevidencemustberelevanttoanaggravatingcircumstanceormitigatingcircumstance,hadnotbeenappliedsoastoprecludeevidencethatisrelevanttothe natureandcircumstancesoftheoffense.___S.W.2dat___.Wealsonotethatthelegislaturehassinceenacted1998Pub.Acts,ch.916,whichexpresslyallowstheStatetointroducevictimimpactevidenceandargument.ThisprovisionbecameeffectiveJuly1,1998.# _##X~X~#,  AZ"Arial Regular,  AZ"Arial Regular ""  XXXXXX   Ad FILEDXX  November9,1998CecilW.CrowsonAppellateCourtClerkdAh ,cAZ"Arial Regular d!"#$&C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !  (3$ !  ($$   1  ((' dxdP Pd'dxd !     XXXXTR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T    7 u XXdd7=XXdd=Ӝ    r )<,(j 8` `@E ` 8ttxP,  r   @ INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEE t )>.*jx` `@E` 8ttxP"  tߛ @88)ATJACKSON `     h      p  񀀀 FOR  PUBLICATION  R J STATEOFTENNESSEE, h     ) $   `     h     ) p  Filed:November9,1998       `  Appellee, h     )    `     h     ) p     `     h     ) p  񀀀SHELBY  CRIMINAL   Vs. `     h     ) p       `     h     )XXX X p HON.JOSEPHB.BROWN,JR.,# XXXX~#      `     h      ) p   JUDGE   tl KEVINBURNS,   h      ) ZR  `     h     )   p  @8  `   Appellant.   h      )XXX X p No.02S019708CR00073# XXXX #   (#  &  `     h      p    ForAppellant:    h      ForAppellee:      Glenn  I.Wright   h     JohnKnoxWalkup vn WILSON&WRIGHT h     AttorneyGeneral&Reporter \T Memphis,Tennessee `     h     MichaelE.Moore `     h     SolicitorGeneral `     h     KennethW.Rucker `     h     AssistantAttorneyGeneral  $!  `     h     Nashville,Tennessee  %"     `     h     AtTrial: X(P!%  `     h     JohnW.Pierotti `     h     DistrictAttorneyGeneral `     h     ThomasD.Henderson `     h     JohnWheelerCampbell `     h     AssistantDistrictAttorneyGenerals `     h     Memphis,Tennessee     KyX X @88(OPINION # XX Ky>#Ԉ 4,2   AFFIRMED      h      p     ANDERSON,  C.J  9289      ` Thedefendant,KevinBurns,wasconvictedoftwocountsoffelonymurderandtwocountsofattemptedfelonymurder.Thejuryimposedthedeathpenaltyforoneofthefelonymurderconvictionsafterfindingthatevidenceofanaggravating  factor    thatthedefendantknowinglycreatedagreatriskofdeathtotwoormorepersonsotherthanthevictim  murdered    outweighedtheevidenceofmitigatingfactorsbeyondareasonabledoubt.Thejuryimposedalifesentencefortheotherfelonymurderconviction. ` Ondirectappeal,theCourtofCriminalAppealsaffirmedtheconvictionsandthesentencesforthefelonymurderconvictions,butreversedtheattemptedfelonymurderconvictions.AfterthecasewasdocketedasadeathpenaltyappealinthisCourtpursuanttoTenn.CodeAnn.  3913206(a)(1)(1997),    wereviewedtheCourtofCriminalAppealsdecision,therecord,andtheapplicablelaw,andweenteredanorderspecifying  three    issuesfororalargument.      #  1          d\  ` Wehavedeterminedthatnoneoftheallegederrors  claimedbythedefendantaffected    theconvictionsforfelonymurderorthesentencesimposedbythejury.Wehavefurtherconcludedthattheevidencesupportsthejurysfindingsastotheaggravatingandmitigatingcircumstances,andthesentenceofdeathisnotarbitraryordisproportionatetothesentenceimposedinsimilarcases,consideringthenatureofthecrimeandthisdefendant.Accordingly,thejudgmentoftheCourtofCriminalAppealsisaffirmed.   \0T).     @) BACKGROUND  @)GuiltPhase    ` OnApril20,1992,fouryoungmen,DamondDawson,TraceyJohnson,EricThomas,andTommieBlackman,weresittinginacarinDawsonsdrivewayinMemphis.Dawsonwasinthedriversseat,Johnsonwasinthefrontpassengerseat,ThomaswasinthebackseatbehindDawson,andBlackmanwasinthebackseatbehindJohnson. ` Thedefendant,KevinBurns,andCarlitoAdams,whoknewBlackman,walkeduptothepassengersideofthecar.AdamspulledoutahandgunandtoldBlackmantogetoutofthecar.WhenBlackmanrefused,Burnspulledoutahandgunandwentaroundtothedriverssideofthecar.Blackmangot  outof    thecarandfled.Adamssaid gethim,andthreeorfourmoremenappearedfrombehindhedgesandfiredatBlackman. ` EricJones,age  fourteen,    wasplayingbasketballatDawsonshousewiththreefriends.Jonessawthemeninthecarremovingjewelryandpullingmoneyfromtheirpockets.Secondslater,JonessawBlackmanrunningtowardhim.Amidstgunshots,JonesandBlackmanescapedtothebackofthehouse;Jonesthreefriendsrantoanadjacentyard.Onceinsidethehouse,Jonesheardsevenoreightmoregunshots. ` MaryJones,EricJonesmother,livedacrossthestreetfromthe  Dawsons.  ShesawAdamsshootJohnsononceinthechest.ShesawKevinBurnsshootDawsonseveraltimes,walktothefrontofthecar,andthenshootDawsonagain.Ms.JonesunequivocallyidentifiedBurnsandstatedthatshegot arealgoodlookinhisfaceasherantowardheraftertheshootings.  706  ` TraceyJohnsondiedatthescene.DamondDawson,whosufferedfive gunshotstohisarm,buttocks,chest,andhipwasalivewhenpolicearrivedbutdiedafterbeingtransportedtothehospital.EricThomas,whosustainedgunshotstohischestandstomach,survivedandmadeaphotoidentificationofKevinBurnstwodaysaftertheincident.ThomastestifiedthatBurnsandtheothershad openedfireafterrobbing  him    andhisfriendsoftheirjewelryandmoney.ThomassaidthatheinitiallytoldpolicehehadbeenshotbyAdams,butexplainedthathebelievedhewasgoingtodieandgavepolicetheonlynameheknew,whichwasAdams.̀ ` OnJune23,1992,BurnswasfoundinChicagoandarrested.Afterbeing 4, advisedofhisrightsandsigningawaiver,thedefendantgaveastatementinwhichheadmittedhisroleinthekillings.HesaidthathehadreceivedatelephonecallfromKevinShaw,whotoldhimthatfourmenhad jumpedShawscousin.Burns,Shaw,andfourothersintendedtofightthefourmen,andShawgaveBurnsa.32caliberhandgun.Astheothersapproachedacarwithfourmensittinginit,Burnsstayedbehind.Heheardashot,sawamanrunningacrosstheyard,andfiredthreeshots.Hethenleftthescenewiththeothermen. ` Aftertheguiltphaseofthetrial,thejurydeliberatedandreturnedverdictsofguiltyfortwocountsoffelonymurderandtwocountsofattemptedfelonymurder.Thetrialmovedintothepenaltyphaseoftheproceedingsforthejurytodeterminethepunishmentforeachofthefelonymurderconvictions.@( PenaltyPhase  \0T).  ` JonnieDawson,motherofDamondDawson,testifiedthatDamondwastheyoungestofherthreechildrenand  seventeen    yearsofagewhenhewaskilled.Shesaidhewasagoodsonwhowasverygoodatathletics.Theneighborhoodhadchangedafterthekillings;peoplelocked  their    doorsandwereafraid.Ms.Dawsontestifiedthatshenolongerknewwhatitwasliketobehappy. X9P28 Ї ` BrendaHudson,motherofTraceyJohnson,testifiedthatTraceywastheoldestofherthreechildrenand  twenty    yearsofagewhenhewaskilled.HehadbeenworkingatWalMartandsavingmoneyforhis  fourmonthold    daughter.TraceysdeathhadgreatlyaffectedMs.Hudsonothertwochildren,Traceysgrandfather,andTraceysyoungdaughter:     8 ` Whenyougoovertoherhousetoseeher,shehasapictureinaframeandshewillshowyou.Shellsay,thisismy  father    thisismydaddy,Tracey.HelivesinGodshouseupinheaven.Anditshardformetogoseeheralotbecauseitbreaksmyhearttohearhersaythat. ` !` !  ` Inmitigation,  LeslieBurns,thedefendantsmother,testifiedthatthe  defendantwas  twentysix    yearsofageandhad  twelve    brothersandsisters.Hehadgraduatedfromhighschoolandhadpresentednodisciplinaryproblemswhileinschool.Thedefendantsfather,  Reverend    ObraCarter,testifiedthathissonhadalwaysbeenobedientandwellmannered.PhillipCarter,thedefendantsbrother,testifiedthatthedefendanthadbeenactiveinthechurchandhadalwaystriedtoavoidtrouble. ` NormanMcDonald,thedefendantsSundaySchoolteacher,testifiedthathehadknownKevinBurnsforseveralyears.AccordingtoMcDonald,Burnswasa faithfulyoungmanwhohadalwaysattendedchurchregularly.MaryWilson,aCaptainwiththeShelbyCountySheriffsDepartment,andBennetDean,avolunteerchaplain,bothtestifiedthatBurnshadactivelyparticipatedinreligiousserviceswhileincustodyfortheseoffenses. ` Theprosecutionreliedontwoaggravatingcircumstancestoseekthedeathpenaltyforthefelonymurder  convictions    thatthedefendantknowinglycreatedagreatriskofdeathtotwoormore  persons,    otherthanthevictim  murdered,    duringtheactofmurder,andthatthemurderhadbeencommittedforthepurposeofavoiding,interferingwith,orpreventingalawfularrestorprosecutionofthe >:639 defendantoranother.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(3)  and     (6)(1997&Supp.1998).   ` WithregardtothefelonymurderofDamondDawson,thejuryimposedthedeathpenaltyafterfindingthattheevidencesupportedthe greatriskofdeathaggravatingcircumstanceandthatthisfactoroutweighedtheevidenceofmitigatingfactorsbeyondareasonabledoubt.WithregardtothefelonymurderofTraceyJohnson,thejuryimposedasentenceoflifeimprisonment. ` Thetrialcourtenteredjudgmentinaccordancewiththejurysverdict.TheCourtofCriminalAppealsaffirmedtheconvictionsandsentencesfortheoffensesoffelonymurder,butreversedtheconvictionsforattemptedfelonymurderbasedonouropinioninStatev.Kimbrough,924S.W.2d888(Tenn.1996).     #  2         Afterourreview  oftherecordandapplicableauthority,weaffirmtheCourtofCriminalAppeals.@zz" AGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCE !   ` ThedefendantarguesthattheCourtofCriminalAppealsreversalofthe #  attemptedfelonymurderconvictionsrequiresafindingthattheevidencefailedtosupportthesingleaggravatingcircumstancefoundbythe  jury    thatthedefendantknowinglycreatedagreatriskofdeathtotwoormore  persons,    otherthanthevictimmurdered.  Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(3).The  Statemaintainsthattheevidenceoverwhelminglysupportedthejurysfinding,notwithstandingthereversaloftheattemptedfelonymurders.      ` WebeginbyobservingthattheCourtofCriminalAppealsproperlyreversedtheattemptedfelonyconvictions.InKimbrough,supra,wenotedthatthestatutes 3,2 governingattemptedcrimesrequireadefendanttointendthecommissionofa 5.4 specificcrimeorresult,whiletheoffenseoffelonymurderrequires arecklesskilling  ofanotherinthecourseofcertainenumeratedfelonies.Tenn.CodeAnn.  3912101     (1997)&     3913202(a)(2)(1997&Supp.1998).    Likenearlyeveryjurisdictionthathasaddressedtheissue,weconcludedthattheoffenseofattemptedfelonymurderdoesnotexist:     8 ` [I]tisillogicalthatsomeonecouldintendtocausesomeoneelsesdeaththroughnegligenceorevenrecklessness.Whileonemayreasonablyconcludethatadefendantintentionallybehavedinarecklessmannerandmayhaveintendedtokillthevictim,itdoesnotmakesensetosaythatadefendantintendedtokillthevictimbybeingreckless. ` !` ! 8 `   We    concludethatonecannotintendtoaccomplishtheunintended.Consequently,theoffenseofattempted  felonymurder    doesnotexistin  Tennessee. ` !` !     Kimbrough,924S.W.2dat892.   `  Aggravating     circumstance(i)(3)    contemplateseithermultiplemurdersorthreatstoseveralpersonsatorshortlypriortoorshortlyafteranactofmurderuponwhichtheprosecutionisbased.Statev.Cone,665S.W.2d87,95(Tenn.),cert. " denied,467U.S.1210,104  S.Ct.    2400,81  L.Ed.2d  357(1984).Itmostoftenhas $! beenappliedwhereadefendantfiresmultiplegunshotsinthecourseofarobberyorotherincidentatwhichpersonsotherthanthevictimarepresent.Statev.McKay, F(>!% 680S.W.2d447(Tenn.1984),cert.denied,470U.S.1034,105  S.Ct.    1412,84  L. * #' Ed.2d    795(1985)(defendantskilledtwovictimsduring  robbery    andshotatandthreatenedtwootherpersonsinsidestore);Statev.Workman,667S.W.2d44 -&+ (Tenn.),cert.denied,469U.S.873,105  S.Ct.    226,83  L.Ed.2d    155  (1984)(during     v/n(- ashootoutwithpolice,thedefendantkilledoneofficer,woundedasecond,andnarrowlymissedathird);Statev.Johnson,632S.W.2d542(Tenn.),cert.denied, 3,1 459U.S.882,103  S.Ct.    183,74  L.Ed.2d    148  (1982)(three    shotandinjuredinsidestore;twoshotandkilledintheparkinglotasdefendantfled).  r8j17  ` Thedefendantsargumentisthattheprosecutionreliedupontheattempted felonymurderconvictionstoestablishthisaggravating  circumstance,    andthatthereversaloftheconvictionsrenderstheaggravating  circumstance    inapplicable.Thedefendantcitesthefollowingexcerptsfromtheprosecutorsclosingargument:     8 ` Wehaventprovenariskofdeathtotwoormorepeople?MyGod,youvereturnedaverdictthatheattemptedtomurdertwootherpeople.Itisestablished,beyondareasonabledoubt,andalreadybeenfoundasaverdictthattherewasariskofdeathtotwoormorepeople. ` !` !  `      h   ....    8 ` So,howanybodycansaythose[theaggravators]werentprovenwhentheverdictprovesoneofthemandgoingbackandshootinghimagainprovestheother. ` !` !  `      h   ....    8 ` Ifyoulookattheevidence,youknowtheaggravatingcircumstancesarethere,andoneofthemhasalreadybeenfound. ` !` !  ` Thetranscriptreveals,however,thattheabovestatementsweremadeinthecontextoftheprosecutionsdetailedargumentastotheevidencewhichsupportedthisaggravating  circumstance.    Initsinitialargument,forexample,theprosecutorsaid:     8 ` Now,whatweretalkingaboutiswhenMr.Blackmanwasrunningfromthecar,EricJoneswasinthewayoftheshooting.EricJonesconfrontedTommieBlackmanasheranfromthecarandwascaughtinthisgunfire....  But    alsotherewerethreeotheryoungmenplayingbasketballonthesideoftheyard.AllthreeofthoseyoungmenwerealsocaughtinthegunfireoftheindividualshootingatTommieBlackman.Thatisriskofdeathorgreatbodilyinjurytopersonsotherthantheintendedvictimsinthiscase...  .In    additiontoTommieBlackman,therewerefourpersonsthatwereinthelineoffire.Thatisoneoftheaggravatingfactors...  . ` !` !     Thesepointswerereiteratedintheprosecutorsrebuttalargumentaswell:     8 ` Therewasntariskofdeathtotwoormorepeople.Howabout  ...    EricThomaswhocaughtthreeroundsinhisbodyfirednotbyoneof[the]codefendantsbutbythatman[defendant]rightthere.Heshothimandshothimandshothim.Thatsaprettygoodriskofdeath. HowaboutTommieBlackmanwhosrunning?Theresariskofdeath X9P28 totwopeoplerightthere,notevencountingthechildrenplayingbasketball. ` !` !   `      h   ....    8 ` Hewentwithotherarmedmen.Herobbed.Heshotandwoundedanunarmedteenager.Hehelpedothersshootatandkillotherunarmedteenagers.Withothers,heshotinthedirectionofchildrenplayingbasketball;andhepersonallyshottwopeoplerepeatedly. ` !` !  ` Ofevengreatersignificance,however,isthattheevidenceinthisrecordoverwhelminglysupportstheprosecutors  argument    andthejurys  finding    thatthedefendantknowinglycreatedagreatriskofdeathtotwoormorepersonsother  thanthe    victimsmurdered.Thedefendant,whilearmedandactinginconcertwithothers,approachedacarcontainingfourunarmedmen.ThedefendantfiredhisweaponinsidethecarwhereDawson,  Johnson,    andThomaswereseated,killingDawsonandwoundingThomas.HeadmittedfiringshotsatthefleeingBlackman,which,accordingtotestimony,directlyimperiledEricJonesandthethreeindividualswhowereplayingbasketballintheDawsonsdriveway. ` Accordingly,theevidenceoverwhelmingly  supports    theprosecutorsargumentandthejurysfindingthatthedefendantknowinglycreatedagreatriskofdeathtotwoormorepersonsotherthanthevictimduringtheactormurder.Thereversaloftheattemptedfelonymurderconvictions,whichunderKimbroughwas ,)$"& predicateduponamatterofstatutorylaw,doesnotaffectthejurysfindingregardingtheaggravatingcircumstance.     @#   VICTIM    IMPACTEVIDENCE (2 +0   ` Thedefendantarguesthatthetrialcourterredinadmittingtestimonyofthe 3,2 victimsmothersduringthepenaltyphaseofthetrialandbyallowingtheprosecutortoemphasizethisevidenceduringitsclosingargument.Thedefendantcontendsthatsocalled victimimpactevidenceandargumentisinflammatory,irrelevantto X9P28 thesentencingdeterminationinacapitalproceeding,inadmissibleunderourdeathpenaltystatutes,andviolativeofArticleI,8and16oftheTennesseeConstitutionandtheEighthandFourteenthAmendmentstotheUnitedStatesConstitution.TheStatemaintainsthattheevidenceisrelevantandadmissibleinthepenaltyphaseofacapitaltrial. ` InStatev.Nesbit,___S.W.2d___(Tenn.1998),werecentlyheldthatvictim   impactevidenceandargumentisnotperseimproperundereitherstatutoryor   constitutionallaw.OuranalysisofthesentencingstatutesbeganwithTenn.CodeAnn.  3913204(c),    whichstates:     8 `  In    thesentencingproceeding,evidencemaybepresentedastoanymatterthatthecourtdeemsrelevanttothepunishmentandmayinclude,butnotbelimitedto,thenatureandcircumstancesofthe  crime;thedefendantscharacter,backgroundhistory,andphysical  condition;anyevidencetendingtoestablishorrebuttheaggravatingcircumstancesenumeratedinsubsection(i);andanyevidencetendingtoestablishorrebutanymitigatingfactors.Anysuchevidencewhich JB thecourtdeemstohaveprobativevalueontheissueofpunishmentmaybereceivedregardlessofitsadmissibilityundertherulesofevidence;  provided,    thatthedefendantisaccordedafairopportunityto ! rebutanyhearsaystatementssoadmitted.However,thissubsectionshallnotbeconstruedtoauthorizetheintroductionofanyevidencesecuredinviolationoftheconstitutionoftheUnitedStatesortheconstitutionof  Tennessee. ` !` !      (emphasis    added). ` Thisstatutedelineatesaprocedurewhichenablesthesentencingjurytobeinformedaboutthepresenceofstatutoryaggravatingcircumstances,thepresenceofmitigatingcircumstances,andthenatureandcircumstancesofthecrime.AswesaidinNesbit, theimpactofthecrimeonthevictimsimmediatefamilyisoneof B1:*/   those  myriadfactorsencompassed  within    thestatutorylanguagenatureandcircumstancesofthecrime.  ___  S.W.2dat___.Thestatute,therefore,allowsthesentencingjurytoberemindedthat justasthemurderershouldbeconsideredas anindividual,sotoothevictimisanindividualwhosedeathrepresentsauniqueloss r8j17 tosocietyandinparticulartohisfamily.Paynev.Tennessee,501U.S.808,825,  111  S.Ct.  2597,2608,115  L.Ed.2d  720(1991).     #  3           ` Wealso,inNesbit,recognizedthattheUnitedStatesSupremeCourthas l d heldthatEighthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutiondoesnotconstituteapersebartotheadmissionofvictimimpactevidenceandargument:   8 ` Weare  now  oftheviewthataStatemayproperlyconcludethatforthejurytoassessmeaningfullythedefendantsmoralculpabilityandblameworthiness,itshouldhavebeforeitatthesentencingphaseevidenceofthespecificharmcausedbythedefendant. ` !` !   Nesbit,___S.W.2dat____(quotingPayne,  501U.S.at825,111  S.Ct.  at  2608).    OurrecentdecisionshavefollowedPayneandhaveheldthatvictimimpact  evidenceandargumentislikewisenotprecludedbytheTennesseeConstitution.  E.g.,  Nesbit,___S.W.2dat___. d\  ` Notallvictimimpactevidenceandargument,however,isappropriate.Itshouldbelimitedto informationdesignedtoshowthoseuniquecharacteristicswhichprovideabriefglimpseintothelifeoftheindividualwhohasbeenkilled,thecontemporaneousandprospectivecircumstancessurroundingtheindividualsdeath,andhowthosecircumstancesfinancially,emotionally,psychologicallyorphysicallyimpacteduponmembersofthevictimsfamily.Id.at___  (citing,  Payne, *#( 501U.S.at822,111  S.Ct.  at  2607)(footnoteomitted).   ` Moreover,anyevidencethatthreatenstorenderthetrialfundamentallyunfairorposesariskofunfairprejudicemayviolatethedueprocessprovisionsoftheUnitedStatesandTennesseeConstitutionsandmustbeexcluded.Id.Thetrial 3,2 courtshouldalsoexcludeanyevidencewhereitsprobativevalueissubstantiallyoutweighedbyitsunfairprejudice.Tenn.R.Evid.403.Finally,theprosecutorandthetrialcourtshouldensurethattheprosecutionsargumentisrestrainedandreasoned,fairlybasedontheevidence,andnotmerelyanappealtothebiasoremotionalresponsesofthejury.Nesbit,___S.W.2dat___. 80  ` Here,thevictimsmotherstestifiedduringthepenaltyphase.Eachrelatedafewdetailsabouttheirdeceasedsons.Ms.Dawsontestifiedthattheshootingshadanegativeeffectonherownlife:shehaddivorced,movedtoanotherhouse,andnolongerknew  what  itwasliketofeelhappy.  Johnsons  mother,Ms.Hudson,testifiedthat ithadbeenhardtoletgoofthekillings,andshecriedeveryday.Shealsotestifiedthatthekillingaffectedherothertwochildren,herfather,andthevictimsyoungdaughter. ` Althoughevidenceregardingtheemotionalimpactofthemurder shouldbemostcloselyscrutinized,Nesbit,___S.W.2dat___,nearlyallofthisevidencewas ! limitedinscopetoaglimpseintothelivesofDawsonandJohnsonandtheeffectsofthekillingsontheirimmediatefamilies.Thistestimonywasreservedinnatureandnotinflammatory,anditsadmissionwasnotbarredbythecapitalsentencingstatutesortheConstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesandTennessee.Moreover,theprosecutordidnotextensivelydiscussoremphasizethisevidenceinsummation.Accordingly,neithertheadmissionofthisevidence  nor  theprosecutionsargumentwasimproper. ` Ms.Dawsonalsotestified,however,thatthekillingshadadverselyaffectedtheentire  community  forinstance,peoplewereafraidandkepttheirdoorslocked.Theprosecutoremphasizedthistestimonyduringclosing:8 `   ` !` ! 8 ` Do  yourememberthetestimonyofMissDawson?Stayhome.GetbackoverhereonDavidStreet.Stayinyourowndriveway.Stayinyourownyard.Youllbesafethere.Ineverthoughtanybodywould >:639 comeupintheyard.ItremindsmeoftheoldanonymousAfricanproverb:Ittakesawholevillagetoraiseachild.Andthatswhatthisvillagewas.ThatswhatDavidstreetwas.Thiswasntastreet.Youvehearditdescribedhere.ThisistheneighborhoodweallwishAmericareallyhad.Andthatwaspartoftheimpactevidenceinthiscase.TheydidntjustkillacoupleofmoreMemphisteenagersandtrytokillacouplemore.Theykilledanentirevillage.Theykilledanentireneighborhood.Theydestroyedtheverybackboneofthiscommunitywhentheydothingslikethat.... ` !` !  `      h     ....  8 ` YouveheardwhatitdidtothispartofOrange  Mound  notjusttofamiliesandnotjusttoindividuals,butwhatitdidtoOrangeMound. ` !` !  ` Thisevidenceandargumentwentbeyond informationdesignedtoshowthoseuniquecharacteristicswhichprovideaglimpseintothelifeoftheindividualwhohasbeenkilled,thecontemporaneousandprospectivecircumstancessurroundingtheindividualsdeath,andhowthosecircumstancesfinancially,emotionally,psychologicallyorphysicallyimpacteduponmembersofthevictims ~v family.Nesbit,___S.W.2dat  ___(footnoteomitted)(emphasisadded).  񀀀The JB testimonywasnotobjectedtobythedefendant,however,andtheprosecutorsargumentwasbasedonthisevidence.AlthoughbeyondthescopeofNesbit, " neithertheevidencenortheargumentwasinflammatory,anditdidnotrendertheproceedingsfundamentallyunfairorundulyprejudicialtothedefendant.See z&r# Dardenv.Wainwright,477U.S.168,106  S.Ct.  2464,91  L.Ed.2d  144(1986). F(>!% Thus,weconcludethedefendantisnotentitledtoreliefonthisissue.@' PROPORTIONALITY -&+   ` Acomparativeproportionalityreviewmustbeundertakenincapitalcases v/n(- pursuanttoTenn.CodeAnn.  3913206(c)(4)(1997).  Theanalysisisdesignedtoidentifyaberrant,arbitraryorcapricioussentencesbydeterminingwhetherthedeathpenaltyinagivencase  is disproportionate  tothepunishmentimposedonothersconvictedofthesamecrime.Statev.Bland,958S.W.2d  651,662  (Tenn.1997) 6/5 (quoting,Pulleyv.Harris,465U.S.37,42,104  S.Ct.  871,875,79  L.Ed.2d  29 r8j17 (1984)).Ifacaseis plainlylackingincircumstances  consistentwith  thosein  cases   >:639   wherethe  deathpenaltyhasbeen  imposed,  thenthesentenceis  disproportionate.  Bland,958S.W.2dat668.   ` AswediscussedinBland,wehaveconsistentlyemployedtheprecedent l d seekingmethodofcomparativeproportionalityreview,whichcomparesthecaseatissuewithothercasesinwhichdefendantswereconvictedofthesameorsimilarcrimes.Sincenocrimesarepreciselyalike,theprecedentseekingmethodofreviewisnotarigid,mechanicalformula.Insteadweconsidernumerousfactorsregardingtheoffenseitself:(1)themeansofdeath;(2)themannerofdeath;(3)themotivationforthekilling;(4)theplaceofdeath;(5)thevictimsage,physicalandpsychologicalcondition;(6)theabsenceorpresenceof  premeditation;(7)  theabsenceorpresenceofprovocation;(8)theabsenceorpresenceofjustification;and(9)theinjurytoandeffectsonnondecedentvictims.Id.at667.Wealsoconsider  numerousfactorsaboutthedefendant:(1)age,raceandgender;(2)priorcriminalrecord;(3)mental,emotional,orphysicalcondition;(4)roleinthemurder;(5)remorse;(6)cooperationwithauthorities;(7)thedefendantsknowledgeofavictimshelplessness;and(8)thedefendantspotentialforrehabilitation.Id. #   ` Here,thedefendantshotthevictimDawson,walkedaroundthesideofthecar,andthenreturnedtoshootDawsonagain.Actinginconcertwithothers,thedefendantshotandkilledDawson,shotandwoundedThomas,andshotatthefleeingBlackman.Oneapparentmotivationforthekillingwasrobbery;another,offeredinthedefendantsownstatement,wastoassistinarevengescheme.Therewasnoevidencetosuggestthedefendantwasprovokedorjustifiedinhisactions.Thedefendantsmainargumentwithregardtothenatureoftheoffenseisthathedidnotknowthatthevictimswereunarmed. ` Thedefendantwas  twentythree  yearsofagewhentheoffensewascommitted.Hehadpriorcriminalconvictionsforburglaryandtheft.There  is  no X9P28 evidencethathesufferedfromanyemotional,mental,orphysicalconditions.Thereisnoevidencethatthedefendantshowedremorsefor  thesecrimes  orthatheassisted  the  authorities;indeed,theproof  shows  thatthedefendantfledtoChicagoaftercommittingthesecrimes.Thedefendantplayedamajorroleinthecommissionofthecrimes,killingDawson,woundingThomas,andfiringatBlackman.There  is  extensiveevidenceofthedefendantsreligiousfaithandactivitiesbothbeforeandaftertheoffenses,butnootherevidenceastohisrehabilitativepotential. ` Ourreviewrevealsnumerouscasessimilartothisoneinwhichthedeathpenaltywasupheld.InBland,supra,thedefendantwasconvictedofpremeditated  murderforshootinganunresistingvictim.Asinthiscase,Blandandseveralcodefendantshadplannedtorobthevictims.Whenoneofthevictimstriedtoflee,Blandshothimintheleg,pursuedhimaconsiderabledistance,andthenshothimseveralmoretimesasthevictimtriedtohideunderatruck.Inadditiontothesimilaritiesinhowthekillingsoccurred,Bland,age  nineteen,  wasthesameapproximateageasBurns,andhehadnoprioradultcriminalrecord.Alsolikethepresentcase,onlyasingleaggravatingcircumstancefoundbythe  jury  thatthe murderwasespeciallyheinous,  atrocious,  orcruelinthatitinvolvedtortureorseriousphysicalabusebeyondthatnecessarytoproducedeath.Tenn.CodeAnn.  3913204(i)(5).   ` InStatev.VanTran,864S.W.2d465(Tenn.1993),thedefendantkilleda .',   seventyfouryearold  victiminthecourseofarobbery.Thevictimhadbeenshotonceandwaslyingonthefloorwhenthedefendantshotherinthehead.Thedefendantwasage  nineteen  andhadnopriorrecord.Mitigatingevidenceincludedthedefendantsgoodworkrecord,cooperationwithlawenforcement,remorse,andeducationalproblems.Thejuryimposedthedeathsentenceafterfindingonlyoneaggravating  circumstance  thatthe murderwasespeciallyheinous,  atrocious,  or X9P28 cruelinthatitinvolvedtortureorseriousphysicalabusebeyondthatnecessarytoproducedeath.Tenn.CodeAnn.  3913204(i)(5).   ` InStatev.McKay,680S.W.2d447(Tenn.1984),codefendantsMcKayand l d Samplewereconvictedoftwocountsoffelonymurderforshootingtodeathtwostoreclerksinthecourseofarobbery.Thedefendantsandvictimswerethesamerace,genderandapproximateage.ForSample,thejuryfoundthreeaggravatingcircumstances:greatriskofdeathtotwoormorepersons,murderwascommittedtopreventprosecution,andthekillingoccurredintheperpetrationofafelony.Tenn.CodeAnn.  392203(i)(3),(6),  and  (7)(1982)[now  Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(3),(6),and  (7)].  񀀀McKayhadthesesameaggravatorsinadditiontoapriorconvictionforaviolentfelony.Tenn.CodeAnn.  392203(i)(2)(1982)[now  Tenn.CodeAnn.  3913204(i)(2)].  SeealsoStatev.Johnson,632S.W.2d542(Tenn.    1982)(defendant  andcodefendantshotthreepeopleduringarobberyandshotandkilledtwopeopleintheparkinglot). ` InStatev.King,694S.W.2d941(Tenn.1985),thedefendantandaco #  defendantenteredatavern,firedashotintotheceilingandorderedeveryonetolieonthefloor.Afterrobbingeachindividualandtakingmoneyfromthecashregister,thedefendantshotandkilledtheownerofthetavern.Thedefendantwasconvictedoffelonymurderandwassentencedtodeathbaseduponthreeaggravating  circumstances:  previousconvictionsforviolent  felonies;  riskofdeathtotwoormorepersons;andfelonymurder.Tenn.CodeAnn.392203(i)(2),(3),and(7)(1982)[nowTenn.CodeAnn.  3913204(i)(2),(3),  and  (7)].   ` InStatev.Hurley,876  S.W.2d57  (Tenn.1993),  cert.denied,513U.S.933, 3,2 115S.Ct.328,130L.Ed.2d287(1994),the  defendantkilledthevictimbyshootinghimonceinthehead.Thejuryfoundthedefendantguiltyofpremeditatedmurderandimposedthesentenceofdeathuponfindingthatthemurderwascommitted X9P28 whilethedefendantwasengagedincommittinga  felonyrobbery.  Tenn.CodeAnn.392203(i)(7)(1982)[nowTenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(7)]. ` InStatev.Cooper,718S.W.2d256(Tenn.1986),  cert.denied479U.S. l d 1101,107S.Ct.1332,94L.Ed.2d183(1987),the   thirtythreeyearold  defendantshothisestrangedwifefourtimewhileshewastrappedinsideacashier'sbooth.Aftershootingthevictimonce,hewalkedaway,thenturnedbackandresumedfiringather.Thejuryimposedthedeathpenalty,asinthiscase,uponfindingthatthemurderwasespeciallyheinous,atrocious,orcruelinthatitinvolvedtortureordepravityofmind.Tenn.CodeAnn.392203(i)(5)  (1982)[now  Tenn.CodeAnn.3913204(i)(5)]. ` Thesecases,althoughnotidentical,containnumeroussimilaritiestoboththeoffenseandthedefendantbeforeus.  In  eachcase,thedefendantshotandkilledunarmedvictims,withrobbery  beingthe  apparentmotive.Infourofthecases,Bland,VanTran,Hurley,andCooper,thedeathpenaltywasimposedbasedupona ! singleaggravating  circumstance  foundbythejury.Intwoofthecases,Kingand #  McKay,oneoftheaggravating  circumstances  was,asinthiscase,thatthe %" defendantknowinglycreatedagreatriskofdeathtotwoormorepersonsotherthanthevictimmurdered.Intwoofthecases,BlandandVanTran,mitigating ,)$"&   circumstances  includedtheyouthoftheoffenderandtheirminimalcriminalrecordsasadults.Inallofthesecases,thisCourtupheldthedeathpenaltyafterfindingthatitwasneitherarbitrarynordisproportionate. ` Thedefendantarguesthatunlikethedefendantsinthesepriorcases,hedidnotknowthatthevictimswereunarmed.HearguesthatthecaseissimilartoState 3,2 v.JackJayNorth,No.02C019512CC00369(Tenn.Crim.App.,Jackson,Dec.12, 5.4  1996),andStatev.HoraceJones,No.117(Tenn.Crim.App.,Jackson,Dec.4, 706   1980)   firstdegree  murdercasesinwhichthedefendantsreceivedsentencesoflifeimprisonment.  ` InNorth,thedefendantandacodefendantenteredthevictimshomeand l d shotthevictimseveraltimeswithashotgun.Theevidenceshowedthatthekillingwascommittedforthedefendantstoprovetheirworthinesstoothermembersofagang.Inmitigation,Northwasonly  twenty  yearsofage,hadreceivedaG.E.D,didnothavealengthypriorcriminalrecord,andtestifiedina tearful,emotionalmanner.Thejuryfoundthreeaggravatingcircumstanceswereprovenbutreturnedaverdictoflifeimprisonment. ` InJones,thedefendantshotthevictimseveraltimesinapoolhall.Afterthe  gunmisfiredandthedefendantstoppedtoreload,thevictimattemptedtofleeandwasshotandkilled.Thedefendant,whowas  twentyfour,  wasapprehendedandarrestedonemonthlater.Therewasextensivemitigatingevidenceincludingthedefendantsrehabilitativepotential,extremeemotionaldisturbance,andthreateningactionsbythevictim.Thejuryreturnedalifesentencefortheoffense. ` Althoughnotcitedbythedefendantorthe  State,  weobservethatthepresentcasebears  obvious  similaritiestoBurnscodefendants,CarlitoAdamsandDerrickGarrin,whoweretriedseparatelyandreceivedlifesentences.GarrinhadgivenastatementadmittinghewaspresentatthesceneandfiredshotsatBlackman;  but,  hedeniedfiringshotsinsidethecar.Statev.DerrickK.Garrin,No.02C019501 .', CR00028(Tenn.Crim.App.,Jackson,May24,1996).AdamstestifiedthatheandBlackmanhadaprioraltercationinwhichBlackmanpulledagun.Headmitted  being  atthescenebutdeniedshootinganyone.Inthesentencingphase,hisfamilymembersandotherwitnessestestifiedabouthisemploymenthistory,character,and rehabilitativepotential.Hisfamilymembersaskedthejurytosparehislife.Statev. 706 CarlitoAdams,No.02C019608CR00267(Tenn.Crim.App.,Jackson,Dec.11,  1997).  ` Despitethesesimilaritiestothepresentcase,ourfunctionisnottoinvalidateadeathsentencemerelybecausethecircumstancesoftheoffensearesimilartothoseinwhichanotherdefendantorevenacodefendantreceivedalifesentence.SeeStatev.Cauthern,  967S.W.2d   726  (Tenn.  1998)(defendants  deathsentence   notdisproportionatemerelybecausecodefendantreceivedlifesentence).Instead,wemustreviewfactorsaboutthecrimesandthedefendantand,incomparingthesefactorswithpriorcases,determinewhetherthecaseplainlylackscircumstancesfoundinsimilarcasesinwhichthedefendantreceivedthedeathpenalty.Bland,  957S.W.2dat687.Ourreviewinthiscaserevealsnumerouscomparablecasesinwhichthedeathpenaltywasupheld.Thus,weconcludethatthedeathsentencewasnotdisproportionateorarbitraryasappliedinthiscase.@) CONCLUSION !   ` InaccordancewithTenn.CodeAnn.  3913206(c)  andtheprinciples #  adoptedinpriordecisions,wehaveconsideredtheentirerecordandconcludethatthesentenceofdeathwasnotimposedarbitrarilyorcapriciously,thattheevidencesupportsthejurysfindingofthestatutoryaggravatingcircumstance,andthattheevidencesupportsthejurysfindingthattheaggravatingcircumstanceoutweighedevidenceofmitigating circumstancess  circumstances beyondareasonabledoubt. ` Wehavereviewedalloftheissuesraisedbythedefendantandconcludethattheyarewithoutmerit.Withrespecttoissuesnotspecificallyaddressedinthisopinion,weaffirmthedecisionoftheCourtofCriminalAppealsauthoredbyJudgeJohnPeayandjoinedinbyJudgesJoeB.JonesandJoeRiley.Relevantportions ofthatopinionareattachedasanappendix.Thedefendantssentenceofdeathby 706 electrocutionisaffirmedandshallbecarriedoutonthe  ___  9th  dayof  ____________  February ,   199 8  9 ,  unlessotherwiseorderedbythisCourtorproperauthority.  ` Costsoftheappealaretaxedtothedefendant,forwhichexecutionshallissueifnecessary. `     h     _________________________________ `     h      RILEY   ANDERSON,     CHIEF     JUSTICE     PANEL  CONCUR :  NF     Drowota,Birch,andHolder,JJ.