ÿWPC“ ”tQQÓ)>7®]9à( Õ†³K¦¦ïï9Û†l¦î!¬¶Ì¦Œ1Ce„]†=n4A³Á•g÷Å ëXlåVË{-j¯%„¬À‚6#úuI:H¨Ž®¥ßÈÞ5ÞeU¡5îg˜CÎ@«ÚßÅ ’²û´Ža«üi¢ý¾›uŒâ£¹§ž/éÑá¡Ú)# >U:I %ƒ 0D‰w@Í4 !Z0 0 ˆŠ 0 DV<e ˜¡ U<9 Mu  1mÙ 0cF AQ©(úU:""Ë\6''''']] BeÆ‚ 0DH 0DŒ 0DÐÐ D/ BC D3`˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(ñÄ$¡¡Ò€°ÒÒX°Ò ñDòóDôEõ[ö«÷EøùÓ€Aq$%3|x PÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ôõ ôXXÔThe€penalty€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€was€established€by€our€legislature€in€1993,Ð  Ðapproximately€one€year€after€òòMiddlebrooksóó.€€òòSeeóó€1993€Pub.€Acts€Ch.€473,€ðð€16.(8(3Åå$¤¤Ý ƒñÄ!ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°ÒÝ  Ýà Ø àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ôµ ôXXÔThe€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€Frederick€Butlerððs€motion€to€strike€was€not€made€a€part€of€the€recordÐ  Ðon€appeal.€ 2Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ôõ ôXXÔThe€felony€murder€aggravator€has€since€been€amended€to€provide€that,€ð ð[t]he›€murder€wasÐ  Ðknowingly€committed,€solicited,€directed,€or€aided€by€the€defendant,€while€the€defendant€had€aÏsubstantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€having€a€substantial€role€inÏcommitting€or€attempting€to€commit,€anyðð€of€the€enumerated€felonies.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼204(i)(7)€(Supp.€1995). ŽÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ôµ ôXXÔOral€argument€was€heard€in€this€case€on€May€13,€1998,€in€Memphis,€Shelby›€CountyÐ  ÐTennessee,€as€part€of€this€Courtððs€œS.C.A.L.E.S›€(ò òSó óupreme€ò òCó óourt€ò òAó ódvancing€ò òLó óegal€ò òEó óducation€forРƾ Ðò òSó ótudents)€project.-šBu Z‹$Arrus BT Roman CÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ôõ ôXXÔThe€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„117Ð  Ð(1989)€were€adopted€before€the€enactment€of€the€penalty€of€life€imprisonment€without€parole.€€€€ Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ôõ ôXXÔòòId.óó€(citing€òòEddings›€v.€Oklahomaóó,€455€U.S.€104,€102€S.Ct.€869,€71€L.Ed.2d€1€(1982);€òòœRummel›€v.Ð  ÐEstelleóó,€445€U.S.€263,€100€S.Ct.€1133,€63€L.Ed.2d€382€(1980);€òòœLockett›€v.€Ohioóó,€438€U.S.€586,€98€S.Ct.Рƾ Ð2954,€57€L.Ed.2d€973€(1978);€òòWoodson€v.€North€Carolinaóó,€428€U.S.€280,€96€S.Ct.€2978,€49€L.Ed.2d€944Ð „| Ð(1976)).€#2e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;³½$´´Ô22eÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à !"#%Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€Xš¡XXXÔÔ€-1 XXš¡ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xš¡X -1ÔÐ  ÐÌò òOctober€12,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ôµ ôXXš¡ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ÁÝ ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ôõ ôXXÔA€majority€of€this€Court€has€held€that€the€òòMiddlebrooks›óó€decision€was€based€independently€onÐ  ÐArticle€I,€section€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€òòState€v.€œBigbee›óó,€885€œS.W.2d›€797,€816€(Tenn.€1994);Рƾ ÐòòState€v.€œHowell›óó,€868€œS.W.2d›€238,€259€n.7€(Tenn.€1993).€€€€€ ,Ý ƒ Åå$ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°Òà Ø àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ôõ ôXXÔJustice€Drowota›€and€former€Justice€OððBrien€dissented€as€to€this€holding.€€òòœMiddlebrooks›óó,€840Ð  МS.W.2d›€at€347„350€(œDrowota›,€J.,€dissenting).€€ dƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒñÄ!ÝÒ€°ÒÒX°ÒÝ  ÝѰÑÑ€°ÑÑ7€š¡XXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ  ÑÔ‡ŠzíŠXXÔñùñ›ñùñÓ=€š¡XÐXdÐd=Óñññùñßr€(<,(j 8` `€€@E  ` ttx$Xð Õrßñùññññññññññùñ›ñùñññññññññ›ññññßt€(>.*jx‘¤` `€€@E±¬` ttx$éà x tß›ññà@ê ê €àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌà@ÙÙ+€àAT€JACKSONˆÌÔ#†Xš¡XŠŠzí÷#Ôà@  '€à(Heard€at€Memphis)ˆÐ øð ÐÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àò òFOR€PUBLICATIONó óÐ v n Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌñöñÓ=€:‡XÐXdXÐXd=ÓñöññöñÓ=€š¡XÐXdXÐXd=Óñöñà Ø àà 0 àAppelleeà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àœòòñôñò òñôññõñò òñõñFILED:›€œOctober€ñññ€€€€€€€€€€€€ññññòñ12,€1998ñòññóñ€€€€ñóññôñ€€€€€€€€ó óñôññõñó óñõñóó›Ð H@  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìv.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àSHELBY€COUNTYÐ   Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌœDEWAYNE›€B.€BUTLER,à à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àHon.€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeÐ æÞ  МFREDRICK›€D.€BUTLER,€andà 8 àà  à)Ð ÌÄ  ÐERIC€D.€ALEXANDERà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àNO.€œ02S01›„9711„CR„00094Ð ²ª  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àà 0 àAppellants.à à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ à(Interlocutory€Appeal)Ð ~v Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)ÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantsóó:à ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð âÚ ÐÌA.C.€Whartonà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ ®¦ ÐShelby€County€Public€Defenderà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ ”Œ Ðà Ø àÌW.€Mark€Ward€&€œSherrye›€Brownà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àMichael€E.€MooreÐ ` X ÐAssistant€Public€Defendersà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àSolicitor€Generalà H! àà  # àÐ F!> ÐMemphisÌ(Attorneys€for€œDewayne›€Butler)à 8 àà  àà è àà @ àKathy€œMorante›à H! àÐ #  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àDeputy€Attorney€Generalà  # àÐ ø#ð  ÐLeslie€I.€œBallin›€&€Mark€A.€œMesler›à 8 àà  àà è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð àÐ Þ$Ö! ÐMemphisà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àÐ Ä%¼" Ð(Attorneys€for€œFredrick›€Butler)à 8 àà  àà è àà @ àÐ ª&¢# ÐÌWilliam€MasseyÌMemphisÌ(Attorney€for€Eric€Alexander)€€à 8 àà  àà è àà @ àÐ B*:#' ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ‡ 8p XXš¡Ôà@˜˜-€àò òÔ#†Xš¡X  8p£#ÔÔ‡„‰„XXš¡ÔÔ‡„“x„„„‰ÔOPINIONó óÔ#†Xÿg X„„“xú#ÔÔ#†Xš¡X XXÿg#ԈР>36,1 ÐÌÌÌCOURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€à  àà è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð à€€€€€€€€€€BARKER,€J.Ð r7j05 ÐAFFIRMEDÐ X8P16 ÐÓÓà@ÙÙ-€àò òOPINIONó óˆÐ  ÐÌà Ø àThe€sole€issue€in€this€interlocutory€appeal€is€whether€the€State€may€rely€upon€Ìthe€felony€murder€aggravating€circumstance€when€seeking€a€sentence€of€life€withoutÏthe€possibility€of€parole€for€defendants€charged€with€felony€murder.œ×ƒ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€We€hold€thatÐ D< Ðthere€are€no€constitutional€or€statutory€prohibitions€and€accordingly€affirm€theÏjudgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€ÌÌà@§§+€àò òBACKGROUNDó óˆÐ tl ÐÌà Ø àIn€1994,€indictments€were€returned€charging€the€appellants€with€especiallyÏaggravated€robbery,€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€and€felony€murder.€€During€pre„¼trial€proceedings,€the€State€filed€a€notice€of€intent€to€seek€life€imprisonment€without€theÏpossibility€of€parole,€for€each€appellant,€based€upon€the€felony€murder€aggravatingÏcircumstance.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7)€(Supp.€1994).€€The€appellants€filedÏmotions€to€strike€the€felony€murder€aggravator.€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€trial€court€denied€the€motion€in€Frederick€Butlerððs€case׃ Ú×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€but€grantedÐ ¬%¤" МDewayne›€Butler€and€Eric€Alexanderððs€motions€to€strike€upon€finding€that€ð ðthe€[felonyÏmurder]€aggravating€circumstance€is€merely€a€duplication€of€the€essential€elements€ofÏthe€underlying€offense.ðð€€The€trial€courtððs€rationale€was€based€upon€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€section€40„35„114€(Supp.€1994),€and€this€Courtððs€decision€in€òòState€v.Ð Ü,Ô%* ÐMiddlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317€(Tenn.€1992).Ð ¨. ', ÐÐ t0l). Ðà Ø àOn€interlocutory€appeal€by€the€State,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€reversedÏthe€trial€courtððs€ruling€with€respect€to€œDewayne›€Butler€and€Eric€Alexander€and€affirmedÏthe€ruling€as€to€Frederick€Butler.€€The€court€determined€that€our€holding€in€òòState€v.Ð   ˜ ÐMiddlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317€(Tenn.€1992),€does€not€bar€the€use€of€€aggravator€(i)(7)Ð l d Ðto€enhance€a€life€sentence€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€following€a€convictionÏof€felony€murder.€€€ÌÌà@,€àò òANALYSISó óˆÐ œ”  ÐÌà Ø àIn€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€a€majority€of€this€Court€held€that€when€a€defendant€isÐ @8 Ðconvicted€of€felony€murder,€the€use€of€the€felony€murder€aggravating€circumstance€toÏsupport€a€death€sentence€violates€the€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€provisions€ofÏboth€the€federal€and€state€constitutions׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€because€the€aggravator€does€not€sufficientlyÐ ¤œ Ðnarrow€the€class€of€death„eligible€offenders.€€òòSeeóó€840€S.W.2d€at€346.׃Ê×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Finding,Ð ph Ðhowever,€no€statutory€or€constitutional€counterpart€to€òòMiddlebrooksóó€requiring€theÐ < 4 Ðnarrowing€of€the€class€of€defendants€eligible€for€life€sentences€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole,€the€intermediate€appellate€court€concluded€that€the€felony€murder€aggravatorÏcan€be€used€to€enhance€appellantsðð€sentences€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€ifÏthey€are€convicted€of€felony€murder.€€ÌÌà Ø àAt€the€time€of€the€killing€in€this€case,€the€felony€murder€aggravator€read€asÏfollows:€€ÌÓaÓà8 Ø à(7)€The€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€was€engaged€inÏcommitting,€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commission€of,€or€wasÏattempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attempting€toÏcommit,€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,Ð N1F*/ Ðkidnaping,€aircraft€piracy,€or€unlawful€throwing,€placing€or€discharging€ofÏa€destructive€device€or€bomb.Ð Ø (#Ø (# ÐÌÓ4,ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7)€(Supp.€1994).׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓÓÓÐ º ² ÐÌÓÓÌà Ø àIn€comparison,€the€indictment€charging€felony€murder€in€this€case€states€thatÏthe€appellants€ð ðon€August€12,€1994,€in€Shelby€County,€Tennessee€...€did€unlawfullyÏand€recklessly€kill€CHARLES€œCANTRELL›€during€the€perpetration€of€EspeciallyÏAggravated€Robbery,€in€violation€of€œT.C.A.›€39„13„202.ðð€ÌÓš ÓÓÓÌà Ø àAs€in€òòMiddlebrooksóó,€the€felony€murder€aggravator€contains€language€that€isÐ NF Ðvirtually€identical€to€the€language€in€the€indictment€charging€felony€murder.€€Both€theÏState€and€the€appellants€agree,€however,€that€the€constitutional€mandates€fromÏòòMiddlebrooksóó€are€not€implicated€in€this€case€since€the€State€is€not€seeking€the€deathÐ ²ª Ðpenalty.€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€decision€in€òòMiddlebrooksóó€involved€this€Courtððs€review€of€capital€murderÐ ! Ðsentencing€in€Tennessee€and€the€provisions€against€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€inÏboth€the€Eighth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€section€16Ïof€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Particular€attention€was€given€to€the€United€StatesÏSupreme€Court€progeny€of€cases€addressing€the€need€to€narrow€the€class€of€death„¼eligible€offenders€in€line€with€the€constitutional€protection€against€cruel€and€unusualÏpunishment.€€òòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó€òòFurman€v.€Georgiaóó,€408€U.S.€238,€92€S.Ct.€2726,€83€L.Ed.2dÐ Þ+Ö$) Ð346€(1972).€€€Ìâ âÐ v/n(- Ðà Ø àThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€refused€to€extend€the€constitutionalÏâ ârequirements€in€òòœFurman›óó€to€cases€not€involving€the€death€penalty.€€òòSeeóó€òòœHarmelin›€v.Ð ÔÌ ÐMichiganóó,€501€U.S.€957,€995,€111€S.Ct.€2680,€2701,€2702,€115€L.Ed.2d€836€(1991).€Ð   ˜ ÐJustice€œScalia›€writing€for€a€majority€of€the€Court€in€òòœHarmelin›óó€stated€that,€ð ð[the€SupremeÐ l d ÐCourt]€cases€creating€and€clarifying€the€ððindividualized€capital€sentencing€doctrineððÏhave€repeatedly€suggested€that€there€is€no€comparable€requirement€outside€theÏcapital€context,€because€of€the€qualitative€difference€between€death€and€all€otherÏpenalties.ðð׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð œ”  ÐÌà Ø àJustice€œScalia›€distinguished€capital€punishment€by€noting€that€ð ðthe€penalty€ofÏdeath€differs€from€all€other€forms€of€criminal€punishment,€not€in€degree€but€in€kind.€€ItÏis€unique€in€its€total€irrevocability.€€It€is€unique€in€its€rejection€of€rehabilitation€of€theÏconvict€as€a€basic€purpose€of€criminal€justice.€€And€it€is€unique,€finally,€in€its€absoluteÏrenunciation€of€all€that€is€embodied€in€our€concept€of€humanity.ðð€€òòœHarmelin›óó,€501€U.S.€atÐ d\ Ð995„96,€111€S.Ct.€at€2702€(quoting€òòFurman€v.€Georgiaóó,€408€U.S.€238,€306,€92€S.Ct.Ð 0 ( Ð2726,€2760,€83€L.Ed.2d€346€(Stewart,€J.,€concurring)).€ÌÌà Ø àWe€agree€that€the€penalty€of€death€is€unique€to€all€other€forms€of€punishmentÏand€should€be€distinguished€accordingly€under€both€the€federal€and€stateÏconstitutions.€€With€that€in€mind,€we€note€that€Óý!ÓÓÓthe€appellants€in€this€case€are€not€onÏtrial€for€their€lives.€€If€convicted€of€premeditated€murder€or€felony€murder,€they€will€beÏsentenced€to€either€life€imprisonment€or€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€We,Ïtherefore,€conclude€that€the€constitutional€concerns€involving€the€death€penalty€are€notÏat€issue€here.€€Our€focus,€instead,€is€upon€the€statutory€construction€of€the€sentencingÏprovisions€governing€life€imprisonment€and€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€€€€€Ð (2 +0 ЇÓ=€:‡XÐXdXÐXd=Ó€€à Ø àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„207€governs€sentencing€in€firstÐ  Ðdegree€murder€cases€where€the€State€does€not€seek€the€death€penalty.€€Section€39„¼13„207(a)€provides€that€the€jury€shall€determine€in€a€separate€sentencing€hearingÏwhether€a€defendant€shall€be€sentenced€to€either€life€imprisonment€or€life€without€theÏpossibility€of€parole.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€bifurcated€hearing€must€be€conducted€in€accordance€withÐ 80 ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204,€excluding€references€to€the€deathÏpenalty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(a)€(Supp.€1994).ÌÌà Ø àSection€39„13„204€prescribes€the€manner€in€which€evidence€is€to€be€presentedÏand€considered€during€the€sentencing€phase€of€a€first€degree€murder€trial.€€AttorneysÏfor€both€the€State€and€the€defense€are€given€an€opportunity€to€present€evidenceÏrelevant€to€the€issue€of€punishment.€€Such€evidence€may€include,€but€is€not€limited€to,Ïð ðthe€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€crime;€the€defendantððs€character,€backgroundÏhistory,€and€physical€condition;€any€evidence€tending€to€establish€or€rebut€theÏaggravating€circumstances€enumerated€in€subsection€(i);€and€any€evidence€tending€toÏestablish€or€rebut€any€mitigating€factors.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(c)€(Supp.Ï1994).€€ÌÌà Ø àSections€39„13„207€and€39„13„204€combine€to€set€forth€the€juryððs€role€in€fixingÏthe€appropriate€life€sentence.€€œThe›€jury€must€œfirst€determine€if€there€are€any€statutory›Ïaggravating€œcircumstances€proven€by€the€State€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€anyÏmitigating›€œcircumstances.òò€€òòóóSeeóó›€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„204(e)(1)€and€39„13„Ð Ä,¼%* Ð207(d).Ó-ÓÓÓ€€If€the€jury€unanimously€finds€the€existence€of€at€least€one€statutoryÏaggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€then€in€its€consideredÏdiscretion,€the€jury€may€sentence€the€defendant€either€to€life€imprisonment€or€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„207(c)€and€39„13„Ð ø3ð,2 Ð204(f)(2).€€In€exercising€its€discretion,€the€jury€is€required€to€weigh€and€consider€theÏstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances€proven€beyond€a€reasonableÏdoubt€and€any€mitigating€circumstances.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„207(d)€and€39„¼13„204(e)(1)€(Supp.€1994).ÌÓV6ÓÓ ÓÌà Ø àNothing€in€the€text€of€either€section€39„13„207€or€39„13„204€prohibits€the€juryÏfrom€considering€an€aggravating€circumstance€when€the€aggravator€duplicates€anÏelement€of€the€underlying€offense.€€The€appellants,€however,€argue€that€the€languageÏand€context€of€section€39„13„207€reveal€an€inherent€legislative€intent€to€apply€theÏòòMiddlebrooksóóðð€rationale€to€sentences€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofÐ 4, Ðparole.€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€appellants€contend€that€by€enacting€section€39„13„207€after€the€decision€inÏòòMiddlebrooksóó€and€by€referring€to€section€39„13„204€in€the€text€of€section€39„13„207,Ð d\ Ðthe€legislature€intended€for€the€òòMiddlebrooksóó€rationale€to€apply€in€non„capital€felonyÐ 0 ( Ðmurder€cases.€€Otherwise,€according€to€the€appellants,€every€defendant€convicted€ofÏfelony€murder€would€be€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole.€€We€disagree.ÌÌà Ø àThe€appellantsðð€reading€of€sections€39„13„207€and€39„13„204€overlooks€theÏlanguage€in€both€statutes€stating€that€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€or€life€withoutÏthe€possibility€of€parole€shall€be€determined€by€a€jury€inòò€óóits€considered€discretion.€€òòSeeóóÐ Ä,¼%* ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„207(c)€and€39„13„204(f)(2).€€The€jury€is€not€required€to€òòperÐ ”.Œ', Ðseóó€impose€a€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€even€if€it€finds€anÐ d0\). Ðaggravating€circumstance€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€The€statutes€requireÏthe€jury€to€consider€mitigating€circumstances€and€other€evidence€from€trial€beforeÏdetermining€the€appropriate€life€sentence.€€A€defendant€convicted€of€felony€murder,Ð Ì5Ä.4 Ðtherefore,€will€not€necessarily€be€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibilityÏof€parole€even€when€the€felony€murder€aggravator€is€applicable€to€the€case.ÌÌà Ø àBoth€sections€39„13„207€and€39„13„204€are€silent€as€to€the€use€of€anÏaggravating€circumstance€when€the€aggravator€duplicates€an€element€of€the€offense.€ÏWe€must€therefore€rely€upon€well„known€principles€of€statutory€construction€toÏdetermine€the€proper€reading€of€those€statutes.€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€construction€of€a€statute€is€a€question€of€law€which€we€review€òòde€novoóó,Ð h` Ðwithout€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòœRoseman›€v.€œRoseman›óó,€890€S.W.2d€27,€29Ð 80 Ð(Tenn.€1994).€€Our€role€in€that€regard€is€to€determine€and€to€ð ðgive€effect€to€theÏlegislative€intent€without€unduly€restricting€or€expanding€a€statuteððs€coverage€beyondÏits€intended€scope.ðð€€òòCarter€v.€Stateóó,€952€S.W.2d€417,€419€(Tenn.€1997);€òòOwens€v.Ð œ” ÐStateóó,€908€S.W.2d€923,€926€(Tenn.€1995).€€Legislative€intent€must€be€ascertained€fromÐ h` Ðthe€natural€and€ordinary€meaning€of€the€statutory€language,€ð ðread€in€context€of€theÏentire€statute,€without€any€forced€or€subtle€construction€which€would€extend€or€limit€itsÏmeaning.ðð€€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€940€S.W.2d€558,€561€(Tenn.€1997).€€€Ð Ì#Ä  ÐÌà Ø àKeeping€those€caveats€in€mind,€we€address€the€specific€language€of€section€39„¼13„207€and€its€reference€to€section€39„13„204.€€Section€39„13„207(d)€provides€thatÌð ð[œt]he›€jury€shall€be€instructed€that,€in€imposing€sentence,€it€shall€weigh€and€considerÏthe€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances€proven€by€the€state€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€and€any€mitigating€circumstance€or€circumstances.ðð€€Subsection€(c)€€€Ïfurther€provides€that:€€€€ÌÓè8Óà8 Ø àIf€the€jury€unanimously€determines€that€the€state€has€proven€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€one€or€more€of€the€statutory€aggravatingÏcircumstances€set€forth€in€[section]€39„13„204(i),€the€jury€shall,€in€itsÏconsidered€discretion,€sentence€the€defendant€either€to€imprisonment€forÏlife€without€possibility€of€parole€or€imprisonment€for€life.€Ó¼,ÓÐÄ5¼.4Ø (#Ø (# ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„207(c)€(Supp.€1994).ÌÌà Ø àSection€39„13„204(i)€contains€the€exclusive€list€of€aggravating€circumstancesÏfor€first€degree€murder€cases.€€Subsection€(i)€states€that€ð ð[œn]o›€death€penalty€orÏsentence€of€imprisonment€for€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€shall€be€imposed€butÏupon€a€unanimous€finding€that€the€state€has€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€theÏexistence€of€one€(1)€or€more€of€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances,€which€areÏlimited€to€the€following€...€.ðð€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€above€provisions€set€forth€the€strictures€for€considering€aggravatingÏcircumstances€in€first€degree€murder€cases€where€the€State€seeks€the€penalty€of€lifeÏimprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€The€statutory€text€is€unambiguous€andÏcontains€no€restriction€upon€the€use€of€an€aggravating€circumstance€when€theÏaggravator€duplicates€an€element€of€the€offense.€€Accordingly,€we€do€not€accept€theÏargument€that€section€39„13„207€was€intended€to€incorporate€the€rationale€fromÏòòMiddlebrooksóó.€€Such€a€holding€would€extend€the€meaning€of€the€statute€beyond€itsÐ ü!ô Ðactual€text.€€€ÌÌà Ø àIf€the€legislature€had€intended€for€section€39„13„207€to€prohibit€the€use€of€anÏaggravating€circumstance€when€œduplicative›€of€an€element€of€the€offense,€it€could€haveÏso€provided€in€the€text€of€the€statute.€€Such€language,€for€example,€was€included€inÏTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„114€(1989).€€Section€40„35„114,€part€of€theÏSentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,€governs€the€use€of€enhancement€factors€in€criminalÏsentencing€and€contains€a€list€of€statutory€œenhancers›€which€may€be€relied€upon€if€theÏœenhancers›€are€not€essential€elements€of€the€underlying€offenses.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„114€(Supp.€1994).€€That€statute€provides€that€ð ð[œi]f›€appropriate€for€the€offense,Ïenhancement€factors,€if€not€themselves€essential€elements€of€the€offense€as€chargedÏin€the€indictment,€may€include€[the€following].ððÐ Œ7„06 Їà Ø àThe€appellants€argue€that€section€40„35„114€reveals€the€legislatureððsÏdisapproval€of€using€an€aggravating€circumstance€when€the€aggravator€duplicates€anÏelement€of€the€offense.€€This€contention,€however,€overlooks€the€unique€sentencingÏscheme€established€for€first€degree€murder€cases.€€ð ðBecause€first€degree€murder€isÏpunished€by€either€life€imprisonment׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€or€death,€first€degree€murder€is€not€punishedÐ 80 Ðaccording€to€the€sentencing€structure€provided€in€section€40„35„105€òòet€seqóó.ðð€€Tenn.Ð ü  ÐCode€Annotated€section€39„11„117€(Sentencing€Commission€Comments).€ÏAccordingly,€the€provisions€in€40„35„114€have€no€bearing€on€the€sentencingÏprocedures€in€first€degree€murder€cases.€€ÌÌà Ø àMoreover,€in€construing€section€39„13„207,€we€must€presume€that€theÏlegislature€had€knowledge€of€our€decision€in€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó€and€the€sentencingÐ ÐÈ Ðguidelines€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„114,€when€it€enacted€sectionÏ39„13„207€in€1993.€€òòSeeóó€òòOwens€v.€Stateóó,€908€S.W.2d€923,€926€(Tenn.€1995).€€TheÐ h` Ðlegislature,€nevertheless,€established€the€sentencing€procedures€in€section€39„13„207Ïwithout€any€reference€to€òòMiddlebrooksóó€or€section€40„35„114,€and€without€any€limitationÐ "ø Ðupon€the€use€of€aggravating€circumstances€in€cases€where€the€defendant€is€eligible€forÏlife€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.ÌÌà@àà+€àò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ 0)("& ÐÌà Ø àTennessee€Code€Annotated€sections€39„13„207€and€39„13„204€provide€theÏexclusive€sentencing€scheme€for€first€degree€murder€convictions.€€Having€foundÏnothing€in€those€statutes€to€prohibit€the€use€of€an€aggravating€circumstance€when€theÏaggravator€duplicates€an€element€of€the€offense,€we€conclude€that€the€appellantsððÏcontention€is€without€merit.€€The€felony€murder€aggravator€(i)(7)€can€be€used€toÐ 4ü,2 Ðenhance€a€sentence€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€when€the€defendant€isÏconvicted€of€felony€murder.€€€ÌÌà Ø àThe€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€affirmed€and€the€case€isÏremanded€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.ÌÓkHÓÌÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è à_____________________________Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUSTICEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌAnderson,€C.J.ÌœDrowota›,€Birch,€Holder,€JJ.ÌœñøñÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌœñøññ÷ñÌñ÷ññøñ›œñøññ÷ñ̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛̛Ìñ÷ññöñœñöññøñ›ñøñ›