ÿWPC©* m˜IWþýJg[Jí%Sƒ¿­ÙHoß`AXKÐ`Û¸Ûü,îžÅ%Óš&@oÍZé“*ˆÆhu÷óèˆþ Ò4Ñw€!ê1P=¯ØC!C«íÇE«ÛZ%‘ׯG¼Õì¶iNYÔÚá 7…|˜y˜½<*MžrQ ›*2êT †|0RC«J‡/­+x¸ˆ G #T+îÌkm ¼4­æ3}夬OiN¦#9V4—÷?Å /nsúh:ÍbSñ‹ð‹ß:µÞáS¡^džMåf ÒÒœwkªØ7­¦òݺ?Ÿ WÅ<àѱŒï]öB¥šÃåÚØë¥:¹á|yÇÕãÅ£IÑ]2"ž½JÅüñyAAq¦«Ú;\ £J.áݤi‘ÙOv@v%C]säæú.M. íÂ}áãÏŒ‰¿ášW‡Ð¦<×)õµr8Û‘slš«ï1w-nEU0˜¡–â'¾g–ÊKRfÌ–Y¤¡Ê¨Â:Ö²-E†'€€¿%çSÏ´ì¾v/o\К®^+Ïé”GÕ)élœo’³ÌE/$Øpå4R@zb8¸²%)¯΂Dq*…Ð"?r¦ÁºR¥¼Á±ê´T,ËLk\«Óü=µ}›ñ±…# F U :Q %‹ 0ˆ‘ wš 4³ Ç 0 Ö U:Ý 0D*c U:šÔÔÔ+ââââ> U:K…U:“+ÍU:ø>2 U:p$'ª$U:Ñ& B '+('U:S(S(S(S(S(S(S(S( D3((( 0DÀ(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À(À( AO)ÆS)S) 0D* D/]* BŒ*˜HP LaserJet 4HPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLdÒ, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX(`zZ$¡¡ÑTRY,3Ø'ÿ Letter3Ø'3Ø'ÿ Letterÿ3Ø'TÑÔ  ÔDte ÆU U E D b UEUEDÉEÉEDbDD•Ó€6S/%ÔüÔô3|x&(·(2ïµ$¤¤Ý ƒzZ!ÝÑTRY3Ø'ÿ Letter3Ø' 3Ø'&Avery 8163 Shippingÿ3Ø'TÑÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ôpÿôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó, øð AZ"Arial Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant€argues€that€while€the€majority€of€jurisdictions€have€declined€to€adopt€a€òòperóóÐ  Ðòòseóó€exclusionary€rule,€those€jurisdictions€"hold€that€the€absence€of€a€warning€about€adultÐ ÐÈ Ðprosecution€is€at€least€one€factor€to€be€considered€in€ascertaining€the€voluntariness€of€a€purportedÏwaiver€.€.€."€€This€is€an€inaccurate€assessment€of€the€status€of€the€law.€€Most€jurisdictions€utilizingÏthe€totality„of„the„circumstances€test€have:€€(1)€€held€that€police€officers€are€not€required€to€informÏjuveniles€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€adults;€and€(2)€€incorporated€the€òòFareóó€factorsÐ ð è  Ðwhen€analyzing€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€€The€òòFareóó€factors,€listed€òòinfraóó,€do€not€include€anÐ  Ðinquiry€into€whether€police€officials€have€informed€a€juvenile€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecutedÏas€an€adult. Ô€XÏÍXXXÔÔ€öt XXÏÍÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XÏÍX ötÔÐ  ÐÌò òOctober€12,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ôpÿôXXÏÍÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant's€brief€fails€to€reflect€that€òòState€v.€Benoitóó,€490€A.2d€295€(1985),€is€noÐ  Ðlonger€precedent€in€New€Hampshire.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dandurantóó,€567€A.2d€592€(N.H.€1989)€(holdingÐ ÐÈ Ðthe€standard€òòMirandaóó€warnings€and€not€the€òòBenoitóó€juvenile€warnings€applicable€to€juvenileÐ ˜ Ðinterrogations). !Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝWhile€a€waiver€may€ultimately€lead€to€a€conviction,€a€waiver€neither€dictates€the€methodÐ  Ðof€prosecution€nor€the€mode€of€punishment. 4Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant€argues€that€while€the€majority€of€jurisdictions€have€declined€to€adopt€a€òòperóóÐ  Ðòòseóó€exclusionary€rule,€those€jurisdictions€"hold€that€the€absence€of€a€warning€about€adultÐ ÐÈ Ðprosecution€is€at€least€one€factor€to€be€considered€in€ascertaining€the€voluntariness€of€a€purportedÏwaiver€.€.€."€€This€is€an€inaccurate€assessment€of€the€status€of€the€law.€€Most€jurisdictions€utilizingÏthe€totality„of„the„circumstances€test€have:€€(1)€€held€that€police€officers€are€not€required€to€informÏjuveniles€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€adults;€and€(2)€€incorporated€the€òòFareóó€factorsÐ ð è Ðwhen€analyzing€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€€The€òòFareóó€factors,€listed€òòinfraóó,€do€not€include€anÐ ¸ ° Ðinquiry€into€whether€police€officials€have€informed€a€juvenile€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecutedÐ € x  Ðas€an€adult., øð AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant's€brief€fails€to€reflect€that€òòState€v.€Benoitóó,€490€A.2d€295€(1985),€is€noÐ  Ðlonger€precedent€in€New€Hampshire.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dandurantóó,€567€A.2d€592€(N.H.€1989)€(holdingÐ ÐÈ Ðthe€standard€òòMirandaóó€warnings€and€not€the€òòBenoitóó€juvenile€warnings€applicable€to€juvenileÐ ˜ Ðinterrogations)., øð AZ‹"Arial Regular !Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝWhile€a€waiver€may€ultimately€lead€to€a€conviction,€a€waiver€neither€dictates€the€methodÐ  Ðof€prosecution€nor€the€mode€of€punishment., øð AZ‹"Arial Regular 4Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant€argues€that€while€the€majority€of€jurisdictions€have€declined€to€adopt€a€òòperóóÐ  Ðòòseóó€exclusionary€rule,€those€jurisdictions€"hold€that€the€absence€of€a€warning€about€adultÐ ÐÈ Ðprosecution€is€at€least€one€factor€to€be€considered€in€ascertaining€the€voluntariness€of€a€purportedÏwaiver€.€.€."€€This€is€an€inaccurate€assessment€of€the€status€of€the€law.€€Most€jurisdictions€utilizingÏthe€totality„of„the„circumstances€test€have:€€(1)€€held€that€police€officers€are€not€required€to€informÏjuveniles€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€adults;€and€(2)€€incorporated€the€òòFareóó€factorsÐ ð è Ðwhen€analyzing€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€€The€òòFareóó€factors,€listed€òòinfraóó,€do€not€include€anÐ ¸ ° Ðinquiry€into€whether€police€officials€have€informed€a€juvenile€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecutedÐ € x ¯ Ðas€an€adult., øð AZ‹"Arial Regular Ð   ÐÝ ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€defendant's€brief€fails€to€reflect€that€òòState€v.€Benoitóó,€490€A.2d€295€(1985),€is€noÐ  Ðlonger€precedent€in€New€Hampshire.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dandurantóó,€567€A.2d€592€(N.H.€1989)€(holdingÐ ÐÈ Ðthe€standard€òòMirandaóó€warnings€and€not€the€òòBenoitóó€juvenile€warnings€applicable€to€juvenileÐ ˜ Ðinterrogations)., øð AZ‹"Arial Regular d !Ý ƒóú$ÝÔ  ÔÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€"ô¦…ôXXÔà Œ àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝWhile€a€waiver€may€ultimately€lead€to€a€conviction,€a€waiver€neither€dictates€the€methodÐ  Ðof€prosecution€nor€the€mode€of€punishment., øð AZ‹"Arial Regular 'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒzZ!ÝÑTRY3Ø'ÿ Letter3Ø' 3Ø'&Avery 8163 Shippingÿ3Ø'TÑÔ  ÔÝ  Ýñ ñññ›ñññ÷ñѰÑñ÷ññ ññññ ñÑ(°Ññ ñññññšññ›ññœññññѰÑññѰÑÒ4°ÒÒ„°ÒœññÑTR[¨ AØ' LegalYD3Ø'ÿ Letter AØ' Legal3Ø'ÿ LetterTÑ›ññÑ  ÑÑ7€ÏÍXXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑññÓ=€I X°XdÐd=ÓññÔ"*US ú\ú\ú (ú:!ú&ú)*Ôò òññ›ññññÑTR[  AØ'ÿLegal RedY3Ø'ÿ Letter AØ'ÿ Legal 3Ø'&Avery 8163 ShippingTÑññññ›ññññßr€ *<,(j 8 ` `€€@Eÿ ` ttx$7ð Õrß›ññà@PPDàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ  Ðà@ii)DàAT€KNOXVILLEˆÌÌœññÌññññ›ñññññ ñÌñ ñññ›ÌÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àFOR€PUBLICATIONÌÌó óà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àò òFiled:ó ó€òò€€€€ññœññññ€€ññññ›ññ€ññœññOctober€12,€1998ññ›ññà€T$T$MT$àóóˆÐ TL  ÐÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à@##/Dà)ˆÐ ¾¶  Ðà@##/Dà)ˆÌà Œ àAPPELLEE,à@##/Dà)ˆà œ àSULLIVAN€CRIMINALÐ Š‚ Ðà@##/Dà)ˆÌv.à@##/Dà)ˆà œ àHon.€R.€Jerry€Beck,€JudgeÐ VN Ðà@##/Dà)ˆÌNATHAN€ALLEN€CALLAHAN,à@##/Dà)ˆà œ àNo.€03S01„9711„CC„00136Ð " Ðà@##/Dà)ˆÌà Œ àAPPELLANT.à@##/Dà)ˆÐ îæ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌòòFOR€APPELLANTóó:à < àà ” àà ì àà D àòòFOR€APPELLEEóó:Ð 8"0 ÐÌSTEPHEN€M.€WALLACEà ” àà ì àà D àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ $ü  ÐBlountvilleà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ ê$â! ÐÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àDARIAN€B.€TAYLORÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashvilleÌÌÌÌÌññœññÌññ›ññÌÌœññÌññ›Ìà@ss)Dàò òÔ‡èE$èXXÔO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÔ#†XÏÍXèèE$™ #ԈР˜0). Мñ ññ ñÌñ ññ ñññ›Ì›ññññÌññññ›ññÌññññ›ÌÌÌÌÌññœññAFFIRMEDññ›ññà€  CT$àHOLDER,€J.ˆÐ  €7x05| ÐññœññÔ  ÔÓÓà Œ àÔ‡ X`aXXXÏÍÔà@,Dàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ  ÐÌà Œ àññœññÔ#†XÏÍXX X`aÓ #ÔWeññ›ññ€granted€this€appeal€to€decide€whether€a€juvenile€can€constitutionallyÐ È À Ðwaive€the€right€to€remain€silent€when€the€juvenile€has€not€been€informed€of€theÏpossibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€an€adult.€€We€hold€that:€€(1)€neither€theÏTennessee€Constitution€nor€the€United€States€Constitution€requires€policeÏofficers€to€inform€the€defendant€that€he€may€be€prosecuted€as€an€adult;€and€(2)Ïjuvenile€waivers€shall€be€analyzed€under€a€totality„of„the„circumstances€test,Ïwhich€requires€consideration€of€factors€consistent€with€those€enumerated€in€òòFareÐ ˆ Ðv.€Michael€C.óó,€442€U.S.€707,€724„25€(1979).€€The€decision€of€the€Court€ofÐ \T ÐCriminal€Appeals€affirming€the€defendant's€conviction€is€affirmed.ÌÌÔ  Ôò òÓ  ÓBACKGROUNDó óÐ À¸ ÐÓkÓÌà Œ àOn€March€30,€1994,€the€defendant,€Nathan€Allen€Callahan,€murdered€bothÏhis€mother€and€his€thirteen„year„old€sister€in€the€garage€of€the€Callahan€familyÏhome.€€Both€victims€died€as€the€result€of€multiple€shotgun€wounds.€€The€motherÏsustained€close€range€shotgun€blasts€to€the€buttocks,€to€the€back,€to€theÏshoulder,€and€to€the€head.€€The€defendant€shot€his€sister€at€close€range,€once€inÏthe€buttocks€and€once€in€the€head.€€The€shotgun€blasts€to€the€victims'€headsÏdisplaced€most€of€the€victims'€brain€matter€from€their€cranial€cavities.€€TheÏdefendant€was€fifteen€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€murders.ÌÌà Œ àPrior€to€the€murders,€the€defendant€resided€with€his€parents€and€his€sisterÏin€their€upper„middle„class€family€home.€€The€defendant€indicated€that€he€wasÏnever€abused€and€described€members€of€his€family€as€people€"who€try€to€do€theÏright€thing."€€The€defendant's€relationship€with€his€family€began€to€deteriorateÏwhen€the€defendant€began€abusing€drugs.€€The€defendant's€father,€GlenÐ À7¸06 ÐCallahan,€learned€of€the€defendant's€drug€abuse€around€January€1,€1994,€andÏattempted€to€restrict€the€defendant's€activities.€€The€Callahans€disciplined€theÏdefendant€by:€€selling€his€1994€Pontiac€Trans€Am,€restricting€his€contact€withÏdrug„abusing€friends,€ceasing€his€allowance,€and€informing€him€that€he€could€notÏobtain€a€learner's€permit€until€he€passed€a€drug€screen€and€improved€his€grades.ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant€continued€to€test€positive€on€drug€screens€despite€hisÏparents'€disciplinary€measures.€€In€February€of€1994,€the€defendant's€motherÏtraded€her€car€for€a€1994€black€Camaro.€€She€informed€the€defendant€that€heÏcould€have€the€Camaro€if€he€passed€two€drugs€screens.€€The€situation,€however,Ïremained€relatively€unchanged.€€Approximately€two€days€before€the€murders,€theÏdefendant€asked€his€sister€in€the€presence€of€a€friend,€"What€would€you€do€if€IÏkilled€my€Mom€and€Dad?"€€His€sister€replied:€€"Nathan,€shut€up.€€That's€not€niceÏto€say.€€You€shouldn't€do€that,€I€would€hate€you€forever€if€you€did."€€TheÏdefendant,€however,€devised€a€plan€to€kill€his€parents€and€his€grandparents€inÏresponse€to€his€activities€being€restricted.ÌÌà Œ àOn€the€day€of€the€murders,€the€defendant€had€several€lengthy€telephoneÏconversations€with€James€Saylor€and€Jonathan€Mann.€€The€defendant€discussedÏhis€plan€with€both€Saylor€and€Mann.€€Saylor€offered€suggestions€as€to€how€theÏdefendant€might€murder€his€mother€and€other€members€of€the€Callahan€family.€ÏUnbeknownst€to€the€defendant,€these€telephone€conversations€were€recorded.ÌÌà Œ àThe€first€recorded€conversation€admitted€into€evidence€occurred€betweenÏthe€defendant€and€James€Saylor.€€The€defendant€informed€Saylor€that€he€wasÏ"getting€ready€to€go€upstairs€and€get€the€gun."€€The€defendant€discussed€theÐ È7À04 Ðpossibility€of€remaining€at€the€"house€for€a€couple€of€weeks"€after€he€murderedÏhis€parents.€€He€stated€that€he€would€kill€his€father€when€his€father€returnedÏhome€from€a€business€trip€and€that€he€would€also€kill€his€grandparents.€€TheÏdefendant,€however,€expressed€concern€that€others€would€became€suspicious€ifÏbills€were€not€paid€and€his€parents€failed€to€appear€for€work.€€During€the€secondÏand€third€conversations€with€Saylor,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€could€not€findÏthe€pistol€and€was€going€to€have€to€use€the€shotgun.€€The€defendant€alsoÏexpressed€concern€that€he€would€not€be€able€to€sneak€up€behind€the€victims€withÏa€shotgun.ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant€went€into€detail€about€his€devised€plan€to€kill€his€motherÏand€sister€during€the€third€recorded€conversation€with€Saylor.€€He€informedÏSaylor€that€his€mother€and€sister€"went€out€to€eat."€€He€told€Saylor,€"Why€don'tÏyou€come€over,€I'm€gonna€shoot€them€as€they€walk€in€the€door.€€Come€up€behindÏthem,€and€shoot€them€in€the€garage€so€I€don't€get€blood€all€over€the€house."€€TheÏdefendant€elaborated€that€he€was€"going€to€wait€around€the€corner,€you€know€atÏthe€garage,€when€they€walk€in,€I'm€going€to€come€up€behind€them,€pow,€pow.€Ï(Laughs)."€€Saylor€responded,€"Why€don't€you€just€push€them€in€the€garage,€andÏturn€the€car€on."ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant€had€a€subsequent€taped€phone€conversation€withÏJonathan€Mann.€€He€told€Mann€that€"I've€got€the€goddamn€gun€outside€the€car,Ïand€I'm€looking€out€the€blind.€€As€soon€as€I€see€that€fuckin'€car,€I'm€gonna€run€outÏthere€and€wait€for€them.€€I'm€gonna€shoot€them€in€the€garage,€'fore€they€can€getÏin€the€house."€€He€further€told€Mann€that€"I'll€go€to€jail"€"if€I€get€caught."€€TheÏdefendant€asked€Mann,€"How€many€years€do€you€think€I'd€get?€€Life?"€€MannÏresponded€affirmatively.€€The€defendant€then€called€Saylor€on€a€three„way€lineÐ È7À04 Ðand€again€explained€his€plan.€€The€defendant€reiterated€that€"[w]e€gotta€kill€myÏgrandparents€tomorrow."€€Saylor€recommended€poisoning€the€defendant'sÏmother's€food.€€The€defendant€responded,€"No,€I'm€shooting€her€ass,€bitch."ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant's€mother€and€sister€returned€home€while€the€defendantÏwas€on€the€phone.€€He€placed€the€receiver€down,€leaving€it€off€the€hook€so€thatÏSaylor€could€hear€the€events.€€He€walked€outside,€retrieved€the€shotgun,€andÏwaited€on€his€mother€and€sister€to€open€the€garage€door.€€The€garage€doorÏopened,€and€they€entered€the€garage.€€The€defendant€first€shot€his€sister€once.€ÏHe€then€shot€his€mother€in€the€shoulder.€€His€sister€knelt€down€on€the€garageÏfloor.€€The€defendant€walked€within€a€few€feet€of€his€sister€and€shot€her€in€theÏhead.€€The€defendant€again€pointed€the€shotgun€in€the€direction€of€his€motherÏand€pulled€the€trigger.€€The€gun€was€empty.€€He€reloaded€the€shotgun€and€shotÏhis€mother€in€the€buttocks.€€He€then€shot€her€in€the€back€and€in€the€head.€€TheÏdefendant€left€the€garage€and€re„entered€the€house.€€He€picked€up€the€telephoneÏreceiver€and€told€Saylor€that€he€had€killed€his€mother€and€his€sister.ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant€was€apprehended€by€the€police€approximately€four€hoursÏafter€he€murdered€the€victims.€€He€was€transported€to€the€sheriff's€department.€ÏThe€defendant's€father€had€returned€from€his€business€trip€and€granted€the€policeÏpermission€to€question€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€was€advised€of€hisÏòòMirandaóó€rights€on€several€occasions.€€At€the€sheriff's€department,€he€wasÐ h.`'* Ðinformed:ÌÌÓÓà8 Œ àYou€have€the€right€to€remain€silent,€anything€you€say€can€be€usedÏagainst€you€in€court.€€You€have€the€right€to€talk€to€a€lawyer€forÏadvice€before€we€ask€you€any€questions,€and€have€him€with€youÏduring€questioning.€€If€you€cannot€afford€to€hire€a€lawyer,€one€willÏbe€appointed€before€any€questioning€if€you€wish€one.€€If€you€decideÐ È7À04 Ðto€stop€answering€questions€now€without€a€lawyer€present,€you€canÏstop€answering€any€time€you€wish.Ój(ÓÐ Œ ü!Œ ü! ÐÌThe€defendant€read€the€waiver€of€rights€form€and€then€signed€the€form.€€TheÏdefendant€stated€that€he€understood€his€rights.ÌÌà Œ àThe€officers€testified€that€the€defendant's€demeanor€was€"very€calm."€€HeÏwas€not€crying,€shaking,€or€visibly€upset.€€The€defendant€did€not€appear€to€beÏunder€the€influence€of€any€substances.€€€A€drug€screen€later€confirmed€that€theÏdefendant€was€not€under€the€influence€of€any€substances€at€the€time€he€waivedÏhis€right€to€remain€silent.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€wished€to€speak.€€TheÏofficers€then€read€the€second€part€of€the€òòMirandaóó€form€to€the€defendant€whichÐ ¸° Ðstated:ÌÌÓÓà8 Œ àI€have€read€this€statement€of€my€rights,€and€I€know€what€my€rightsÏare.€€I€want€to€make€a€statement€and€answer€questions.€€I€do€notÏwant€a€lawyer€at€this€time.€€I€understand,€and€know€what€I€amÏdoing.€€No€promises€or€threats€have€been€made€to€me,€and€noÏpressure€or€force€of€any€kind€has€been€used€against€me.Óù,ÓÐ Œ ü!Œ ü! ÐÌThe€defendant€then€reread€and€signed€the€form.€€He€stated€that€he€understoodÏwhat€he€was€signing.ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant,€after€reading,€signing,€and€indicating€that€he€understoodÏboth€forms,€began€to€speak€about€the€murders.€€The€defendant's€lengthyÏstatement€was€transcribed€by€an€officer.€€€A€bathroom€break€was€taken€duringÏthe€statement.€€The€defendant€was€given€a€pack€of€cookies€or€crackers€and€aÏsoft€drink.€€The€defendant€neither€requested€additional€breaks€nor€complainedÏabout€the€facility's€quality.€€He€neither€requested€an€attorney€nor€indicated€thatÐ Ø6Ð/3 Ðhe€wished€to€cease€speaking.€€He€never€requested€to€see€his€father€or€any€familyÏmembers.€€Officers€testified€that€the€defendant's€demeanor€was€"calm"€andÏ"polite"€during€the€statement.€The€transcribed€statement€was€read€to€theÏdefendant.€€The€defendant€acknowledged€that€the€statement€was€accurate€andÏsigned€every€page€of€the€statement.ÌÌà Œ àThe€defendant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€his€statement.€€He€asserted€thatÏwhile€he€"may€have€understood€the€literal€language"€of€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings,Ð (  Ðthe€officers€failed€to€inform€him€of€the€"ramifications"€of€his€waiver.€€He€claimedÏthat€the€officers€should€have€provided€him€with€an€"explanation€of€the€judicialÏsystem"€and€that€the€police€officers€should€have€informed€him€of€the€possibility€ofÏbeing€prosecuted€as€an€adult.ÌÌà Œ àThe€trial€court€denied€the€defendant's€motion€to€suppress.€€The€trial€courtÏheld€that€under€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€the€defendant€knowingly€andÏvoluntarily€waived€his€right€to€remain€silent.€€The€court€stated€that€the€waiverÏforms€were€"simple€[and]€straightforward,€and€perhaps€designed€to€address€allÏlevels€of€education."€€The€court€noted€that€the€atmosphere€of€the€interrogationÏroom€was€calm;€that€no€undue€pressure€was€placed€upon€the€defendant;€andÏthat€the€defendant€was€calm,€clear,€and€cognizant€during€the€waiver€process.ÌÌà Œ àThe€trial€court€rejected€the€defendant's€argument€that€a€police€officer€isÏunder€an€obligation€to€inform€juveniles€of€the€possibility€they€may€be€prosecutedÏas€adults.€€The€court€stated€that€a€"police€officer€could€not€predict€the€future."€ÏThe€court€found€that€such€a€requirement€could€be€dangerous€because€"anytimeÏthe€police€officer€steps€over€that€boundary"€and€attempts€to€predict€the€future,€theÏofficer€runs€the€risk€of€misleading€the€juvenile.Ð È7À04 Їà Œ àThe€defendant€raised€the€suppression/waiver€issue€at€the€appellate€level.€ÏThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€noted€that€the€defendant€did€not€contend€that€hisÏconfession€was€coerced.€€The€defendant€merely€argued€that€his€age€and€the€factÏthat€he€was€not€informed€that€he€might€later€be€prosecuted€as€an€adult€precludedÏhim€from€making€a€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver.€€The€court€rejected€theÏdefendant's€argument€and€held€that€under€a€totality„of„the„circumstances€reviewÏthe€defendant's€waiver€was€the€result€of€a€free€and€deliberate€choice.€€The€CourtÏof€Criminal€Appeals€affirmed€the€trial€court's€denial€of€the€motion€to€suppress€andÏaffirmed€the€defendant's€convictions.€€Upon€review,€we€affirm.ÌÌÔ  Ôò òÓ  ÓANALYSISó óÐ ÈÀ ÐÓÕ:ÓÌà Œ àThe€defendant€argues€that€both€the€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€StatesÏConstitution€and€Article€I,€ðð€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€mandate€that€aÏjuvenile€suspect€be€informed€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€an€adultÏbefore€the€juvenile€can€make€a€knowing,€intelligent,€and€voluntary€waiver€of€theÏright€against€self„incrimination.€€Accordingly,€the€defendant€asks€this€Court€toÏadopt€a€òòperóó€òòseóó€exclusionary€rule€barring€the€use€of€a€juvenile's€confession€whenÐ è&à" Ðthe€juvenile€has€not€been€warned€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€anÏadult.€€In€the€alternative,€the€defendant€argues€that€if€this€Court€declines€to€adoptÏa€òòperóó€òòseóó€exclusionary€rule,€this€Court€should€add€to€the€list€of€factors€consideredÐ ˆ,€%( Ðunder€the€totality„of„the„circumstances€ññœññtestññ›ññ€the€inquiry€of€whether€a€juvenile€wasÏinformed€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€an€adult.ññññ׃ ×ññññ׃×ññññññ׃×ññÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendantÐ H0@), Ðmaintains€that€his€confession€was€unconstitutional€even€when€analyzed€under€aÏtotality„of„the„circumstances€test.€€We€disagree€and€decline€to€adopt€a€òòperóó€òòseóóÐ èà Ðexclusionary€rule.ÌÌœññÔ  ÔññññññÔ  ÔññññññÔ  Ôññòò›Ó  Óò òPERóó€òòSEóó€EXCLUSIONARY€RULEó óÐ ˆ€ ÐÓ¸@ÓÌà Œ àThe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€as€applied€throughÏthe€Due€Process€Clause€of€Fourteenth€Amendment€provides€that€no€person€shallÏbe€compelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.€€TheÏTennessee€Constitution€also€provides€that€a€defendant€cannot€be€compelled€toÏgive€evidence€against€himself.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9.ÌÌà Œ àAn€accused€may€waive€the€right€against€self„incrimination.€€òòMiranda€v.Ð ˆ€ ÐArizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€444€(1966).€€In€òòMirandaóó,€the€United€States€SupremeÐ h` ÐCourt€held€that€a€suspectÌÌÓÓà8 Œ àmust€be€warned€prior€to€any€questioning€that€he€has€the€right€toÏremain€silent,€that€anything€he€says€can€be€used€against€him€in€aÏcourt€of€law,€that€he€has€the€right€to€the€presence€of€an€attorney,Ïand€that€if€he€cannot€afford€an€attorney€one€will€be€appointed€forÏhim€prior€to€any€questioning€if€he€so€desires.òòÓrCÓÐÈ(À!$Œ ü!Œ ü! ÐÌIdóó.€at€479.€€The€Court€held€that€a€suspect€may€knowingly€and€intelligently€waiveÐ ˆ,€%( Ðthe€right€against€self„incrimination€only€after€being€apprised€of€his€or€her€òòMirandaóóÐ h.`'* Ðâ ârights.€€òòIdóó.€€Accordingly,€a€constitutional€waiver€of€the€right€against€self„Ð H0@), Ðincrimination€requires€the€accused€to€make€an€intelligent,€knowing,€and€voluntaryÏwaiver€of€the€rights€afforded€by€òòMirandaóó.€€òòIdóó.€at€444.Ð èà Ðâ âÌà Œ àUnder€federal€constitutional€law,€courts€must€look€to€the€totality€of€theÏcircumstances€when€determining€whether€an€adult€has€made€a€knowing,Ïintelligent,€and€voluntary€waiver€under€òòMirandaóó.€€òòNorth€Carolina€v.€Butleróó,€441Ð h`  ÐU.S.€369,€373€(1979).€€The€totality„of„the„circumstances€test€enunciated€in€òòButleróóÐ H@  Ðwas€later€adopted€to€analyze€cases€involving€a€juvenile's€waiver€of€òòMirandaóóÐ (  Ðrights.€€In€òòFare€v.€Michael€C.óó,€442€U.S.€707€(1979),€the€Court€held€that€aÐ  Ðjuvenile's€request€for€his€probation€officer€during€questioning€was€not€"a€òòper€seóóÐ èà Ðinvocation€of€that€juvenile's€Fifth€Amendment€rights€under€òòMirandaóó."€€òòIdóó.€atÐ ÈÀ Ð727-28.€€The€Court€concluded€that€the€"totality„of„the„circumstances€approachÏ[was]€adequate€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€a€waiver€even€whereÏinterrogation€of€juveniles€is€involved."€€òòIdóó.€at€724„25.€€The€factors€enumerated€inÐ h` ÐòòFareóó€for€evaluation€were:€€"the€juvenile's€age,€experience,€education,Ð H!@ Ðbackground,€and€intelligence,€and€into€whether€he€has€the€capacity€toÏunderstand€the€warnings€given€him,€the€nature€of€his€Fifth€Amendment€rights,Ïand€the€consequences€of€waiving€those€rights."€€òòIdóó.€at€725.Ð è&à" ÐÌà Œ àTennessee€courts€have€adhered€to€the€federal€totality„of„the„¼circumstances€test€when€examining€waivers€of€òòMirandaóó€rights.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð ˆ,€%( ÐBentonóó,€759€S.W.2d€427,€431€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988)€(adhering€to€the€totality„Ð h.`'* Ðof„the„circumstances€test€as€stated€ññœññin€òòNorth€œññò òññCarolina›€v.€œButlerññó óññóó);›€œòòññò òññseeóó›€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.Ð H0@), ÐStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2dÐ (2 +. Ð465,€472€(Tenn.€œ1993)ññó óññ.ññ›ññ›€€The€defendant,€however,€urges€this€Court€to€replace€theÏtotality„of„the„circumstances€approach€with€the€òòperóó€òòseóó€exclusionary€rule€adoptedÐ è5à.2 Ðby€the€New€Hampshire€Supreme€Court€in€òòState€v.€Benoitóó,€490€A.2d€295€(N.H.Ð È7À04 Ð1985).€€In€òòBenoitóó,€the€court€required€that€a€juvenile€be€informed€of€the€possibilityÐ  Ðof€a€waiver€of€jurisdiction€into€an€adult€court€as€a€constitutional€prerequisite€to€theÏadmission€of€a€police€statement.ññññ׃×ññññ׃€×ññññññ׃×ññÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Accordingly,€the€defendant€would€have€thisÐ È À ÐCourt€append€a€new€and€mandatory€warning€to€the€litany€of€established€òòMirandaóóÐ ¨   Ðrights€and€warnings.ÌÌà Œ àThe€underpinnings€of€òòMirandaóó€are€to€dissipate€the€compulsion€inherent€inÐ H@  Ðcustodial€interrogations,€to€prevent€coerced€self„incrimination,€and€to€preventÏrelevant€defendant€ignorance.€€òòMoran€v.€Burbineóó,€475€U.S.€412,€425€(1986);Ð  ÐòòColorado€v.€Connellyóó,€479€U.S.€157,€167€(1986);€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878Ð èà ÐS.W.2d€530,€547€(Tenn.€1994).€€Neither€the€United€States€Constitution€nor€theÏTennessee€Constitution€mandates€that€a€criminal€suspect€be€apprised€of€everyÏpossible€consequence€of€a€òòMirandaóó€waiver.€€òòSeeóó€òògenerallyóó€òòColorado€v.€Springóó,Ð ˆ€ Ð479€U.S.€564,€574€(1987).€€Moreover,€neither€the€federal€constitution€nor€theÏstate€constitution€requires€that€a€police€officer€admonish€a€suspect€concerning€allÏpossible€methods€of€prosecution,€modes€of€punishment,€and€maximum€penalties.€ÏWhether€a€juvenile€shall€be€prosecuted€as€an€adult€is€a€method€of€prosecution.€ÏMethods€of€prosecution€are€simply€not€within€the€purview€of€law€enforcementÏofficials.€€Decisions€concerning€methods€of€prosecution€and€modes€ofÏpunishment€are€legal€decisions€within€the€authority€of€the€district€attorneys€andÏthe€courts.€€An€officer's€representation€as€to€either€the€mode€of€punishment€orÏthe€method€of€prosecution€is€prophetic€and€potentially€misleading.€€Accordingly,Ïâ âneither€the€Tennessee€Constitution€nor€the€United€States€Constitution€requiresÐ H0@), Ðpolice€officers€to€inform€juveniles€of€the€possibility€that€they€may€be€prosecutedÏas€adults.Ìâ âÌÔ  Ôò òÓ  ÓTOTALITY€OF€THE€CIRCUMSTANCESó óÐ ¨   ÐÓpXÓÌà Œ àThe€defendant€argues€in€the€alternative€that€whether€a€juvenile€is€informedÏof€the€possibility€of€being€prosecuted€as€an€adult€should€now€be€a€factor€in€theÏtotality„of„the„circumstances€test.€€His€argument€is€premised€on€the€assertionÏ"that€a€juvenile€suspect€cannot€truly€be€aware€of€the€consequences€of€waving€hisÏconstitutional€rights€without€knowledge€of€[sic]€that€adult€punishment€may€beÏimposed."€€We€disagree.ÌÌà Œ àProsecution€as€an€adult€is€not€a€consequence€of€a€waiver€of€òòMirandaóóÐ ˆ€ Ðrights.€€A€consequence€of€a€òòMirandaóó€waiver€is€"that€anything€he€says€can€beÐ h` Ðused€against€him€in€a€court€of€law."€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.€at€444.€€Whether€aÐ H!@ Ðjuvenile€may€be€prosecuted€as€an€adult,€however,€is€contingent€upon€the€gravityÏof€the€offense€and€the€juvenile's€background.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„134Ð %  Ð(noting€that€juveniles€less€than€sixteen€years€of€age€may€be€prosecuted€as€anÏadult€for€first€degree€murder€and€second€degree€murder).€€In€the€case€nowÏbefore€us,€the€defendant€was€prosecuted€as€an€adult€as€a€consequence€ofÏcommitting€a€double€homicide€that€included€a€premeditated€and€deliberate€killingÏand€not€as€a€consequence€of€waiving€his€òòMirandaóó€rights.ññññ׃×ññññ׃!×ññññññ׃×ññÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô‡ XI XXXI ÔÐ h.`'* ÐÌà Œ àWe€have€held€that€warning€a€juvenile€of€the€possibility€of€being€prosecutedÏas€an€adult€is€not€required€for€an€effective€òòMirandaóó€waiver.€€Enumerating€aÐ 4-0 Ðwarning€that€is€not€required€as€a€factor€under€the€totality„of„the„circumstancesÏtest€is€illogical€and€would€in€effect€mandate€the€non„required€warning.€ÏAccordingly,€we€hold€that€juvenile€waivers€shall€be€analyzed€under€a€totality„of„¼the„circumstances€test€that€requires€consideration€of€the€following€factors:€ÌÌà8 Œ à(1)€€consideration€of€all€circumstances€surrounding€the€interrogationÏincluding€the€juvenile's€age,€experience,€education,€andÏintelligence;Ð Œ ü!Œ ü! Ðà8 Œ à(2)€€the€juvenile's€capacity€to€understand€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings€andÐ  Ðthe€consequences€of€the€waiver;Ð Œ ü!Œ ü! Ðà8 Œ à(3)€€the€juvenile's€familiarity€with€òòMirandaóó€warnings€or€the€ability€toÐ ÈÀ Ðread€and€write€in€the€language€used€to€give€the€warnings;Ð Œ ü!Œ ü! Ðà8 Œ à(4)€€any€intoxication;Ð Œ ü!Œ ü! Ðà8 Œ à(5)€€any€mental€disease,€disorder,€or€retardation;€andÐ Œ ü!Œ ü! Ðà8 Œ à(6)€€the€presence€of€a€parent,€guardian,€or€interested€adult.Ð Œ ü!Œ ü! ÐÌThese€factors€are€sufficiently€capacious€to€encompass€coercive€tactics€such€asÏthreatening€a€juvenile€with€adult€prosecution€or€promising€leniency.€€While€courtsÏshall€exercise€special€care€in€scrutinizing€purported€waivers€by€juvenile€suspects,Ïno€single€factor€such€as€mental€condition€or€education€should€by€itself€render€aÏconfession€unconstitutional€absent€coercive€police€activity.€€òòColorado€v.Ð ˆ,€%( ÐConnellyóó,€479€U.S.€157,€167€(1986).Ð h.`'* ÐÌññœññà Œ àIn€theññ›ññ€case€now€before€us,€the€defendant€does€not€allege€that€his€waiverÏwas€the€result€of€coercion.€€The€defendant€was€read€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€onÐ 4-0 Ðseveral€occasions.€€The€defendant€reread€his€rights€and€verbally€acknowledgedÏthat€he€understood€his€rights.€€He€signed€the€òòMirandaóó€forms.€€Both€theÐ È7À04 Ðatmosphere€of€the€interrogation€and€the€defendant's€demeanor€were€calm.€€TheÏdefendant€was€permitted€to€take€a€break€and€was€provided€a€snack€and€a€softÏdrink.€€He€possessed€above„average€intelligence€and€was€able€to€read€and€writeÏin€the€language€used€to€convey€his€òòMirandaóó€rights.€€The€defendant€was€notÐ ¨   Ðunder€the€influence€of€any€intoxicants€at€the€time€of€the€waiver€and€did€notÏappear€to€be€suffering€from€any€mental€disorders.€€His€demeanor€during€hisÏstatement€was€calm,€polite,€and€cooperative.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€trialÏcourt's€finding€of€a€voluntary,€knowing,€and€intelligent€waiver.ÌÌà Œ àThe€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€affirming€the€trial€court'sÏjudgment€is€affirmed.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€shall€be€taxed€against€the€defendant,ÏNathan€Allen€Callahan,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ô#†XI XX XI o^#ÔÐ ¨  ÐÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àòòà€T$T$MT$àóóˆÐ H!@ Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àJANICE€M.€HOLDER,€JUSTICEÌÌÌÌññœññò òConcurring:ó óññ›ññÐ ø%ð! ÐÌAnderson,€C.J.ÌDrowota,€Birch,€and€Barker,€J.J.