ÿWPCp áh*µÁ-`Rßf%> Ú0 Åƒ:f7x1za€öt£[†µð÷Ëî>žÊ{sO÷ž›VIˆ?Õ›H–g8°¦söH2¢/`$è#¡äú5xÅ­‘gz)gFPn ˆe²%iEhPl¬ŽùÁ<²…Àôä?‡MÝÐ-ó¬ýCKÐÍÎÔÂØ6Ä®ù™…ï~'öœ¥bçB¼é¤Ø±öÏ2«°¹kò$ÕgJMn¬¨_ì4jèHƒ0Q`[ÐË,ÜP]ÿ«ÓªQI¯Т5®‘Š6Ùì}}óˆÚ%wšHi«sÛsºNÖ¶§ý jÌÂÊý\^R¸´È%8šY½¥œ¤LÊYñ-2ÿø˜pÐNÙËîù¸@„Ö¨ízæ]d#¿mн¬Ì噯u4ÙA»Ï›}è¨Âò µ¿9}`!öª'†¼’øÅl#¶1kQ é—Y[á&¸TT3•À+¾—·7Yà ÉE!:”裸¦~ˆ"b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz U@‘ ÆÑ Æ— Æ] Æ# 0DéN-U>/mEuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuubwwwwwwoîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîî 0ëmmmm BXX 0¤u D3 D-L 0Kyy ASÄÆ 0¤Ý 0D A«Å˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»"‘+s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÑB+Œ2©˜ª ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3>xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóô\  `‹&Times New Roman - ù- eÝ ƒRÕ$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€ôômò»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðA€person€may€not€be€convicted€of€.€.€.€kidnapping€when€his€criminal€purpose€is€the€commission€of€[another]Ð ° Ðoffense€.€.€.€and€his€interference€with€the€victim's€liberty€occurs€immediately€with€and€incidental€to€the€commission€ofÐ tÄ Ðthat€offense,€unless€the€interference€exceeds€that€which€is€ordinarily€incident€to€commission€of€the€offense€which€is€theÐ 8ˆ Ðobjective€of€his€criminal€purpose.ðð€€Ky.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð509.050. uÝ ƒRÕ$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€ôômò»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€person€commits€kidnapping€when€that€person€"knowingly€removes€or€confines€another€unlawfully€so€as€toÐ ° Ðinterfere€substantially€with€the€other's€liberty,"€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-302;€and€the€removal€or€confinement€isÐ tÄ Ðcommitted€ð ð(1)€Under€circumstances€exposing€the€other€person€to€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury;€or€(2)€Where€theÐ 8ˆ Ðconfinement€of€another€is€in€a€condition€of€involuntary€servitude.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-303.(›(2Õ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E•»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€ôômò»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó d(|3I]$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E•»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3I]$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E•»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E•»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼E•»»»ÔÑ8€™XXdì»»d8Ñà@™ ™ ìàÔ‡îOE•ÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼E•»îîO #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓApril€4,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X™X»¼E•ÔÌò òÔ#†¼E•»XX™í#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€òòóóv.€KERMIT€MAURICE€COZARTÔ‡X™X»¼E•Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€by€Permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ú J ÐCircuit€Court€for€Henry€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€12354€€€€€€Julian€P.€Guinn,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„00022„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€August€31,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼E•»XX™d#ÔÔ€X™X»¼E•ÔWe€granted€review€of€this€case€to€decide€whether€a€trial€court€must€instruct€the€jury€based€upon€thisÐ d´ ÐCourtððs€holding€in€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991).€€We€hold€that€the€trial€courtÐ P  Ðproperly€declined€to€instruct€the€jury€that€it€should€determine€whether€the€confinement,€movement,Ð <Œ Ðor€detention€inherent€in€the€kidnapping€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€robbery.€Ð (x ÐApplying€the€principles€first€enunciated€in€òòAnthonyóó,€we€further€hold€that€the€dual€convictions€forÐ d Ðaggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€kidnapping€in€this€case€do€not€violate€due€process.€€Accordingly,Ð P Ðwe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.Ð ì< ÐÓºÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ Ä ÐAffirmed.ó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓJanice€M.€Holder,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòE.€Riley€Anderson,€C.J.,óó€andÐ ˆØ ÐòòFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,€Adolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€óóandòò€William€M.€Barker,€JJóó,€joined.Ð tÄ ÐÌJim€L.€Fields,€Paris,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Kermit€Maurice€Cozart.Ð L œ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€and€PatriciaÐ $"t! ÐC.€Kussman,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð #`" ÐÌÔ  ÔÓÎÓà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ è$8 $ ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ‡ X™XXX™Ôà  àOn€the€afternoon€of€August€31,€1995,€Terry€Dale€Wilkinson€was€working€as€the€manager€atÐ À&"& ÐEssaryððs€Service€Station€in€Paris,€Tennessee,€when€the€defendant,€Kermit€Maurice€Cozart,€drove€upÐ ¬'ü"' Ðto€the€gasoline€pump.€€After€Wilkinson€pumped€the€€gasoline€for€Cozart,€Cozart€demanded€theÐ ˜(è#( Ðmoney€in€Wilkinsonððs€pocket.€€When€Wilkinson€turned€to€walk€away,€Cozart€left€the€car,€grabbedÐ „)Ô$) ÐWilkinson€by€the€arm,€and€placed€a€gun€in€his€ribs.€€Cozart€forced€Wilkinson€into€the€service€stationÐ p*À%* Ðat€gunpoint€and€took€both€Wilkinsonððs€wallet€and€seven€to€eight€hundred€dollars€from€the€station.€Ð \+¬&+ ÐCozart€then€locked€Wilkinson€in€a€storage€room€inside€the€station€and€left.Ð H,˜', ÐÐ 4-„(-ý÷ Ðà  àApproximately€ten€minutes€later,€Wilkinson€was€freed€by€another€customer,€Carolyn€Cheek,Ð ° Ðwho€heard€Wilkinsonððs€shouts€for€help.€€Cheek€unlocked€the€padlock€on€the€storage€room€door€withÐ œì Ðthe€keys€Wilkinson€gave€her€through€a€crack€in€the€door.€€Cheek€identified€Cozart€as€the€man€sheÐ ˆØ Ðsaw€leaving€the€service€station€when€she€arrived.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àCozartò òó ó€gave€a€statement€to€Detective€Eddie€Snow€of€the€Paris€Police€Department.€€In€hisÐ L œ Ðstatement,€Cozart€admitted€being€armed,€robbing€the€service€station,€and€forcing€Wilkinson€into€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðstorage€room.€€Cozart€was€charged€with€aggravated€robbery€and€aggravated€kidnapping.€€He€pledÐ $ t Ðguilty€to€the€charges€pursuant€to€a€plea€agreement€and€received€concurrent€ten„year€sentences.€€TheÐ  ` Ðtrial€court€subsequently€set€aside€Cozartððs€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnapping,€finding€thatÐ ü L  ÐCozartððs€attorney€incorrectly€advised€him€of€his€release€eligibility€date.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àAt€Cozartððs€new€trial€on€the€aggravated€kidnapping€charge,€he€requested€a€special€juryÐ À  Ðinstruction€based€upon€this€Courtððs€opinion€in€Ô#†X™XX X™[ #ÔòòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991)Ô‡ X™XXX™Ô.€Ð ¬ü  ÐCozart€argued€that€the€jury€should€be€instructed€toÔ#†X™XX X™&#ÔÔ‡ X™XXX™Ô€determine€whether€the€confinement,€movement,Ð ˜è  Ðor€detention€inherent€in€the€kidnapping€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€robberyÔ#†X™XX X™²#ÔÔ‡ X™XXX™Ô.€€TheÐ „Ô  Ðtrial€court€declined€to€charge€the€requested€instruction.€€The€jury€found€Cozart€guilty€of€aggravatedÐ pÀ Ðkidnapping.€€He€was€sentenced€to€serve€ten€years€as€a€violent€offender€and€to€pay€a€$25,000€fine.€Ð \¬ ÐThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€affirmed€the€conviction€and€sentence.€€We€granted€review.Ð H˜ ÐÌÔ  Ôà@&ìàANALYSISˆÐ  p ÐÌà  àÔ#†X™XX X™”#ÔÔ‡ X™XXX™ÔIn€òòAnthonyóó,€we€recognized€that€a€separate€kidnapping€conviction€may€violate€due€processÐ øH Ðwhen€the€kidnapping€is€essentially€incidental€to€an€accompanying€felony€conviction€and€notÐ ä4 Ðð ðsignificant€enough,€in€and€of€itself,€to€warrant€independent€prosecution.ðð€€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€atÐ Ð  Ð306.€€The€first€question€is€whether€the€movement€or€confinement€used€was€beyond€that€necessaryÐ ¼  Ðto€commit€the€accompanying€felony.€€òòState€v.€Dixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€532,€535€(Tenn.€1997)€(citingÐ ¨ø ÐòòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306).€€ð ðIf€so,€the€next€inquiry€is€whether€the€additional€movement€orÐ ”ä Ðconfinement:€€(1)€prevented€the€victim€from€summoning€help;€(2)€lessened€the€defendantððs€risk€ofÐ €Ð Ðdetection;€or€(3)€created€a€significant€danger€or€increased€the€victimððs€risk€of€harm.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àCozart€requested€that€the€jury€be€given€a€special€instruction€based€on€this€Courtððs€holding€inÐ D!” ÐòòAnthonyóó.€€The€instruction€requested€the€jury€to€determine€if€the€confinement,€movement,€orÐ 0"€  Ðdetention€inherent€in€the€kidnapping€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€accompanying€robbery.€€TheÐ #l! Ðtrial€court€denied€Cozartððs€request€for€the€special€instruction.€€Instead,€the€trial€court€instructed€theÐ $X" Ðjury€on€the€elements€of€aggravated€kidnapping,€kidnapping,€and€false€imprisonment.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€proper€function€of€a€special€instruction€is€to€supply€an€omission€or€correct€a€mistakeÐ Ì&"% Ðmade€in€the€general€charge,€to€present€a€material€question€not€treated€in€the€general€charge,€or€toÐ ¸'#& Ðlimit,€extend,€eliminate,€or€more€accurately€define€a€proposition€already€submitted€to€the€jury.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐòòChesapeake,€O.€&€S.W.R.€Co.€v.€Fosteróó,€88€Tenn.€671,€13€S.W.€694,€694€(1890).Ô#†X™XX X™—#ÔÔ‡X™XXX™Ô€€Ô#†X™XXX™ª#ÔÔ‡ X™XXX™ÔÔ_ÔDenial€of€a€specialÐ )à$( Ðor€additional€instruction€is€error€only€if€the€trial€courtððs€jury€charge€does€not€fully€and€fairly€state€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðapplicable€lawÔ_Ô.€€òòState€v.€Bryantóó,€654€S.W.2d€389,€390€(Tenn.€1983);€òòState€v.€Thien€Duc€Leóó,€743Ð h+¸&* ÐS.W.2d€199,€202-03€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€Ô#†X™XX X™î#ÔÔ‡X™XXX™Ô€On€appeal,€we€review€the€denial€of€a€specialÐ ° Ðinstruction€in€the€context€of€the€entire€jury€charge,€read€as€a€whole.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Phippsóó,€883€S.W.2dÐ œì Ð138,€142€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Ô_ÔWe€will€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€only€Ô_Ôif€the€jury€wasÐ ˆØ Ðunfairly€instructed€on€the€legal€issues€or€was€misled€regarding€the€applicable€law.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óóÔ#†X™XXX™§!#Ô€€AfterÐ tÄ Ðcareful€review€of€the€trial€courtððs€jury€charge€in€this€case,€we€find€that€denial€of€the€òòAnthonyóóÐ `° Ðinstruction€was€proper.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àOur€decision€in€òòAnthonyóó€follows€the€majority€view€that€broadly„drafted€kidnapping€statutesÐ $ t Ðwere€not€intended€to€apply€to€unlawful€restraints€of€the€victimððs€liberty€occurring€incidentally€to€theÐ  ` Ðcommission€of€another€crime€and€should€be€narrowly€construed.€€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€305.€Ð ü L  ÐCourts€have€explained€that€the€underlying€basis€for€this€majority€view€is€the€need€to€protectÐ è 8  Ðdefendants€from€uncurbed€prosecutorial€zeal,€as€kidnapping€often€carries€a€relatively€harsh€penaltyÐ Ô$  Ðin€comparison€to€the€accompanying€offense.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòVirgin€Islands€v.€Berryóó,€604€F.2d€221,€226Ð À  Ð(3d€Cir.€1979);Ô‡ X™XXX™Ô€òòPeople€v.€Danielsóó,€459€P.2d€225,€237€(Cal.€1969);òòóó€òòsee€generallyóó€òòChatwin€v.€UnitedÐ ¬ü  ÐStatesóó,€326€U.S.€455,€464€(1946).Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€issue€of€whether€to€specially€instruct€the€jury€on€the€òòAnthonyóó€holding€is€one€of€firstÐ pÀ Ðimpression€for€this€Court.€€Other€jurisdictions,€however,€have€reached€the€logical€conclusion€thatÐ \¬ Ðsuch€statutory€interpretation€articulates€a€judicially€created€doctrine€operating€as€a€matter€of€law.€€ForÐ H˜ Ðexample,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Rhode€Island€has€interpreted€its€similarly€broad€kidnapping€statute,Ð 4„ Ðholding€that€in€order€for€there€to€be€a€separate€charge€of€kidnapping,€the€confinement€orÐ  p Ðimprisonment€must€have€some€ð ðindependent€significanceðð€exceeding€that€necessary€to€facilitate€theÐ  \ Ðunderlying€crime.€€òòState€v.€Innisóó,€433€A.2d€646,€655€(R.I.€1981).€€In€òòState€v.€Warneróó,€626€A.2d€205,Ð øH Ð207-208€(R.I.€1993),€the€court€then€considered€the€same€issue€as€is€now€before€us.€€The€court€heldÐ ä4 Ðthat€ð ðthe€curbing€of€prosecutorial€zeal€and€the€independent€significance€of€a€kidnapping€areÐ Ð  Ðappropriately€questions€of€policy€and€law€....ðð€€òòId.óó€at€208.€€The€court€pointed€out€that€the€doctrineÐ ¼  Ðdoes€not€affect€the€elements€of€the€crime€of€kidnapping€and€is€therefore€not€an€issue€of€fact€for€theÐ ¨ø Ðjury.€€òòId.óó€€Instead,€the€doctrine€establishes€an€additional€legal€barrier€to€the€charging€process.€€òòId.óó€€TheÐ ”ä Ðcourt€concluded€that€implementation€of€the€doctrine€is€a€judicial€function€because€the€complex€issueÐ €Ð Ðmust€be€weighed€in€light€of€prior€case€law.€€òòId.óó€€ð ðAdding€this€factor€to€the€already€burdensome€taskÐ l¼ Ðof€jurors€is€neither€necessary€nor€desirable€in€the€carrying€out€of€their€essential€role€in€determiningÐ X ¨ Ðthe€facts€of€the€case.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ D!” ÐÌà  àThe€Supreme€Court€of€Kentucky€reached€a€similar€conclusion.€€The€Kentucky€legislature€hasÐ #l! Ðcodified€an€exemption€from€kidnapping€charges€for€confinement€occurring€incidentally€to€theÐ $X" Ðcommission€of€another€crime.€€Ky.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð509.050.׃4×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€òòCalloway€v.€Commonwealthóó,€550Ð ô$D # ÐS.W.2d€501,€502€(Ky.€1977),€the€Supreme€Court€of€Kentucky€considered€whether€the€jury€shouldÐ à%0!$ Ðdetermine€if€the€interference€with€the€victim's€liberty€exceeded€that€which€is€ordinarily€incidental€toÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€commission€of€the€other€offense.€€The€court€reasoned€that€application€of€the€exemption€statuteÐ ° Ðshould€not€be€determined€by€a€jury€ð ðin€the€absence€of€standards€by€which€a€jury€could€make€such€aÐ œì Ðdetermination.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€503.€€The€court€considered€legislative€intent€and€held€that€the€purpose€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðexemption€statute€was€to€curb€prosecutorial€misuse€of€the€kidnapping€statute€to€obtain€more€severeÐ tÄ Ðpunishments€for€other€offenses.€€òòId.óó€€The€court€then€concluded€that€it€was€a€judicial€function€toÐ `° Ðdetermine€whether€a€kidnapping€charge€constitutes€an€abuse€of€the€statutes€under€the€circumstancesÐ L œ Ðof€each€case.€€òòId.óóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àHence,€holdings€similar€to€the€òòAnthonyóó€holding€interpret€modern€kidnapping€statutes€in€anÐ  ` Ðeffort€to€curb€prosecutorial€zeal€as€a€matter€of€policy€and€law.€€The€results€reached€by€the€courts€inÐ ü L  ÐRhode€Island€and€Kentucky€on€this€issue€are€consistent€with€Tennessee€cases€limiting€the€juryððs€roleÐ è 8  Ðto€resolution€of€factual€issues.€€òòHopkins€v.€Nashville,€Chattanooga€&€St.€Louis€Ry.óó,€96€Tenn.€409,Ð Ô$  Ð34€S.W.€1029,€1040€(1896)€(The€province€of€the€jury€is€appropriately€limited€to€questions€of€fact,Ð À  Ðwhile€questions€of€law€should€be€determined€by€the€trial€judge.);€òòsee,€e.g.óó,€òòGrove€v.€Stateóó,€211€Tenn.Ð ¬ü  Ð448,€456,€365€S.W.2d€871,€874€(1963)€(The€voluntariness€of€a€confession€is€a€question€of€law€to€beÐ ˜è  Ðdetermined€by€the€trial€judge;€the€credibility€and€weight€given€to€the€testimony€after€the€confessionÐ „Ô  Ðis€admitted€is€within€the€juryððs€province.);€òòTown€of€Alamo€v.€Forcum„James€Co.óó,€205€Tenn.€478,Ð pÀ Ð481-83,€327€S.W.2d€47,€49€(1959)€(Questions€of€law€or€complicated€questions€of€mixed€law€and€factÐ \¬ Ðare€not€suitable€for€consideration€by€the€jury.);€òòNashville,€Chattanooga€&€St.€Louis€R.R.€Co.€v.Ð H˜ ÐBrundigeóó,€114€Tenn.€31,€84€S.W.€805,€805€(1905)€(The€degree€of€mental€capacity€required€to€makeÐ 4„ Ðaò ò€ò òó óó óvalid€contract€is€a€question€of€law€for€the€court;€whether€a€party€possesses€the€required€mentalÐ  p Ðcapacity€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury.ò òó ó);€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€36€S.W.3d€88,€94€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ` Ð2000)€(The€jury€must€resolve€factual€disputes€on€the€issue€of€whether€a€witness€is€an€accomplice,€butÐ üL Ðwhen€the€facts€are€undisputed,€the€issue€is€one€of€law€for€the€trial€court.);€òòBeaty€v.€McGrawóó,15Ð è8 ÐS.W.3d€819,€827€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998)€(The€amount€of€damages€to€be€awarded€is€a€question€of€fact;Ð Ô$ Ðthe€proper€measure€of€damages€is€a€question€of€law€to€be€decided€by€the€court.).Ð À ÐÌà  àThe€juryððs€role€is€to€determine€whether€the€State€has€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€theÐ ˜è Ðessential€elements€of€both€kidnapping€and€the€accompanying€felony.€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Howardóó,€30€S.W.3dÐ „Ô Ð271,€277€(Tenn.€2000).€€ò òó óThe€ð ðessentially€incidentalðð€inquiry€required€by€òòAnthonyóó€is€not€one€of€theÐ pÀ Ðelements€of€the€kidnapping€statute.׃5×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€It€is,€instead,€part€of€a€due€process€analysisò òó ó.€€òòAnthonyóó,€817Ð \ ¬ ÐS.W.2d€at€303.€€The€determination€of€whether€due€process€has€been€violated€is€purely€a€question€ofÐ H!˜ Ðlaw.€€òòSeeóó€òòLowe€v.€Stateóó,€805€S.W.2d€368,€369€(Tenn.€1991);€òòBillups€v.€Neb.€Depððt€of€Corr.€Serv.Ð 4"„  ÐAppeals€Bd.óó,€469€N.W.2d€120,€123€(Neb.€1991)€(ð ðThe€determination€of€whether€the€proceduresÐ  #p! Ðafforded€an€individual€comport€with€constitutional€requirements€for€procedural€due€process€presentsÐ  $\" Ða€question€of€law.ðð).Ð ø$H # Ðâ âò òó óÐ ä%4!$ Ðà  àMoreover,€the€due€process€issue€involved€in€òòAnthonyóó€does€not€arise€until€the€convictions€forÐ ° Ðâ âkidnapping€and€the€accompanying€felony€are€rendered.€€We€have€held€that€permitting€convictionsÐ œì Ðfor€both€kidnapping€and€the€accompanying€felony€is€consistent€with€the€intent€of€the€GeneralÐ ˆØ ÐAssembly.€€òòAnthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€at€306-07.€€Upholding€that€legislative€intent,€we€should€permit€theÐ tÄ Ðjury€to€return€verdicts€of€guilty€as€to€both€felonies€absent€some€constitutional€violation.€€Only€afterÐ `° Ðthose€convictions€have€occurred,€however,€do€we€apply€constitutional€scrutiny.€€We€held€in€òòAnthonyóóÐ L œ Ðthat€dual€convictions€for€robbery€and€kidnapping€do€not€violate€double€jeopardy€principles.€€òòId.óó€atÐ 8 ˆ Ð302-03.€€òòAnthonyóó€requires€a€subsequent€inquiry€to€determine€if€the€dual€convictions€violate€dueÐ $ t Ðprocess.€€The€due€process€inquiry€must€necessarily€occur€following€the€juryððs€entry€of€conviction€forÐ  ` Ðboth€crimes.€€We€therefore€agree€with€the€trial€courtððs€refusal€to€submit€the€requested€òòAnthonyóóÐ ü L  Ðinstruction€in€this€case.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àHaving€held€that€the€òòAnthonyóó€inquiry€is€not€a€jury€question,€we€turn€to€the€application€ofÐ À  ÐòòAnthonyóó€to€the€facts€of€this€case.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€concluded€that€Cozartððs€dualÐ ¬ü  Ðconvictions€of€aggravated€kidnapping€and€aggravated€robbery€do€not€violate€due€process.€€We€agree.€Ð ˜è  ÐThe€movement€and€confinement€of€Wilkinson€was€beyond€that€necessary€to€commit€aggravatedÐ „Ô  Ðrobbery.€€òòDixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€at€535.€The€confinement€in€this€case€both€prevented€the€victim€fromÐ pÀ Ðsummoning€help€and€lessened€the€defendantððs€risk€of€detection.€€òòId.óó€€Accordingly,€the€additionalÐ \¬ Ðmovement€and€confinement€rose€to€a€level€sufficient€to€support€both€convictions.Ð H˜ ÐÌÔ  ÔÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ  p ÐÓKÓÌà  àWhether€a€separate€charge€of€kidnapping€is€warranted€when€the€kidnapping€chargeÐ øH Ðaccompanies€a€charge€of€another€crime€is€a€question€of€law,€not€fact.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€courtÐ ä4 Ðproperly€declined€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€òòAnthonyóó€issueòòóó.€€We€also€conclude€that€Cozartððs€dualÐ Ð  Ðconvictions€of€aggravated€kidnapping€and€aggravated€robbery€do€not€violate€due€process.€€WeÐ ¼  Ðtherefore€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourt.€€It€appearing€that€Kermit€Maurice€Cozart€is€indigent,€costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€State,Ð ”ä Ðfor€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ô#†X™XX X™k'#ÔÐ €Ð ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 0"€  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJANICE€M.€HOLDER,€JUSTICE