ÿWPCE\ ü¨ƒ´8 :£’Qö¢n‡°{¾ãÃTšže+J3à¼+4G¢A”ž1T¥Ï¦(–fTŸ½g\/þœ?¶0âÈë¿Ü/è _¡ªœvqÑL‘¨’9Àä™ß„M¯÷IÙ·f3§l·|òqyV¾ç3âUn} ¤/14¸<õ-9)ëtBE(DÍŽ0·# ê)±©ÁëÝï†ð]Ò}/PÍ\÷'vÑy– ­Rýw»;X¼ß‘ÄldôþÞS„8ûÉ›dGqFṤ€öÃ|N1?ƒº!ÏäOîŸ2|f'­~°-«ËtÛ»µ`ÓìÓnH××c&«€Ò'sŽÜR‹ê¼_Óƒ8–z·O¬STÚ]#Ò8çO‹‚h‘h~­ƒ²¡îø—™dzµ\H=yˆ “üX£GbL\µ„ŒLã†wö=¡ŸµþÿBêNäé”È9òL; ŒT 2QWÒù}Ww4¥Å]ù£&¥¦g>ððbnŒí̌ˮؗ¡@‚‘zçéºWI\ˆ#Ép UN9 %‡ 0:  Ç U Nç U>5 Bs 1u 72^ 7ãC 0©& 0DÏw.4EYh·jò!à 72Öªÿ²Þ±±e!! 0Åô#ô# 0ѹ$ 0³Š%,=&³i*‘.–­/ 0­C2 0§ð2 0¡—3 0›84 0•Ó4 mh5N5E555555 0Uƒ5 0ãØ5 0Å»6 0:€7 0Yº7 0¿8 0¹Ò8 0³‹9 0­>: 0§ë: 0¡’; 03< 0ÂÀ< 0΂= 0°P> 0ª? 0¤ª? 0žN@ 0˜ì@ 0’„A 1eB 0Š{B 0²C 0¾·C 0¾uD 0>3E 0øqE 0âiFiF 0âKG 0â-H 0âI 0âñI 0ºÓJ 0NK 0ÒÛK 02­L­L­L 0üßL 0_ÛM 0 :N 0‚DO 0ÆP B*ÌR D/öR D+%S 0PS D/VU 0Î…U 06SV 0‰V 0:‘W 0^ËWËW 0<)XU6eXU*›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X›X€ÅX˜\\IB01S01\CLERK1NASÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô Ñ€ ÀÀ` Ñ(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularô\  `‹&Times New Roman d3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)ÆT/Ï  ÙÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÝ ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€ð ðPrior€to€the€setting€of€oral€argument,€the€Court€shall€review€the€record€and€briefs€and€consider€òòallóó€errorsÐ ° Ðassigned.€€The€Court€may€enter€an€order€designating€those€issues€it€wishes€addressed€at€oral€argument....ðð€€Tenn.€R.Ð tÄ ÐSup.€Ct.€12.2.(:G25—$¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó $Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€At€oral€argument,€Davidsonððs€counsel€stated€that€Davidsonððs€ð ðidentity€as€the€perpetratorðð€was€not€beingÐ ° Ðchallenged.o=/\ ê:i¢×+003|x ­Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€For€purposes€of€investigation,€the€general€location€where€the€body€and€other€evidence€was€found€was€brokenÐ ° Ðdown€into€two€areas:€the€grave€site€area€where€the€body€was€actually€found€and€the€campsite€area€across€the€logging€roadÐ tÄ Ðfrom€the€grave.€ èÝ ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€In€this€case,€the€defendant€was€indicted€on€charges€of€premeditated€murder€and€felony€murder.€€The€trial€courtÐ ° Ðinstructed€the€jury€that€it€could€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€count€1€(premeditated€murder)€or€count€2€(felony€murder),Ð tÄ Ðbut€not€both.€€As€we€explained€in€òòState€v.€Howardóó:Ð 8ˆ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWhile€it€was€not€error€for€the€trial€court€to€deliver€sequential€jury€instructions,€weÐ À Ðhave€previously€urged€trial€courts€to€allow€juries€to€consider€all€theories€of€first„Ð „Ô Ðdegree€murder.€€We€are€compelled€to€emphasize€this€point€again:€€a€trial€courtÐ H ˜ Ðshould€instruct€a€jury€to€render€a€verdict€as€to€each€count€of€a€multiple€countÐ  \ Ðindictment€which€requires€specific€jury€findings€on€different€theories€of€first„degreeÐ Ð  Ðmurder.€€If€the€jury€does€return€a€verdict€of€guilt€on€more€than€one€theory€of€first„Ð ” ä  Ðdegree€murder,€the€court€may€merge€the€offenses€and€impose€a€single€judgment€ofÐ X ¨  Ðconviction.€€The€benefits€of€instructing€the€jury€in€this€manner€are€important.€€First,Ð  l  Ðthe€double€jeopardy€problem€of€retrying€a€defendant€after€a€subsequent€appellateÐ à 0  Ðopinion€reverses€a€conviction€as€unsupported€by€evidence€is€precluded.€€Second,€theÐ ¤ô  ÐState€will€have€a€basis€to€protect€other€convictions€to€which€it€may€be€entitled.€Ð h¸  ÐThird,€in€light€of€our€decision€in€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317€(1992),Ð ,|  Ða€jury€verdict€on€each€charged€offense€will€allow€the€State€to€use€the€felony€murderÐ ð@  Ðaggravator€as€an€aggravating€circumstance€in€sentencing.д ` x` x ÐÌ30€S.W.3d€271,€275€n.4€(Tenn.€2000)€(citations€omitted). ¹Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Jacksonððs€dog€was€found€at€her€home.€ i)  Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Although€the€State€is€correct€that€Davidsonððs€failure€to€object€waives€review€of€the€issue,€we€elect€to€ò òó óreviewÐ ° Ðthe€merits€of€the€issue.€€òòSeeóóòòState€v.€McKinneyóó,€74€S.W.3d€291,€303€Ô_Ôn.5Ô_Ô€(Tenn.€2002).€ õÝ ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÔ_Ô39-13-204(i)(5)Ô_Ô(1991€&€Supp.€1995). ÔÝ ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAdditionally,€Davidson€argues€that€admission€of€Harveyððs€testimony€violated€his€rights€to€due€process€underÐ ° ÐArticle€I,€sections€8€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€under€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€theÐ tÄ ÐUnited€States€Ô_ÔConstitution.Ô_Ô [Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€For€reasons€that€are€not€clear€from€the€statute,€the€statutory€provisions€governing€life€and€life€without€paroleÐ ° Ðsentences€include€the€ð ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubtðð€language€in€the€jury€verdict€form.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð tÄ Ððð39-13-204(f)(1),€ò òó ó(2)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€It€would€appear€that€the€statutory€verdict€form€for€imposing€the€deathÐ 8ˆ Ðpenalty€should€be€amended€for€uniformity.*AA ÿÿ(_17Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó*GG ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*88 ÿÿ(_15Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó "Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Davidson€did€not€challenge€Sensing€for€cause€on€this€basis€but€did€challenge€her€participation€for€cause€basedÐ ° Ðon€her€views€on€the€death€penalty.€€Although€Sensing€stated€that€she€believed€in€capital€punishment€in€ð ðcertainÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances,ðð€her€responses€clarified€that€she€would€consider€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€follow€the€applicable€law,Ð 8ˆ Ðand€render€a€verdict€based€on€the€evidence.€Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€She€said€that€she€would€not€vote€for€the€death€penalty€automatically.€Ð üL ÐAccordingly,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€excuse€her€for€cause€on€this€basis.€€òòSeeóó€òòWainwright€v.€Wittóó,€469€U.S.Ð À Ð412,€424€(1985)€(removal€for€cause€only€when€ð ðthe€jurorððs€views€would€prevent€or€substantially€impair€the€performanceÐ „Ô Ðof€[the€jurorððs]€dutiesðð). ©Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€In€a€related€issue,€Davidson€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€his€motion€for€additional€peremptoryÐ ° Ðchallenges€and€that€the€error€was€prejudicial€because€it€allowed€Anderson€and€Sensing€to€participate€as€jurors.€€DavidsonÐ tÄ Ðhas€not€claimed€that€he€was€denied€the€fifteen€peremptory€challenges€permitted€in€capital€cases€by€Rule€24(d)€of€theÐ 8ˆ ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€and€he€has€cited€no€authority€for€the€trial€court€to€grant€additional€peremptoryÐ üL Ðchallenges.€€òòSeeóó€òòRoss€v.€Oklahomaóó,€487€U.S.€81,€89€(1988)€(holding€that€the€right€to€peremptory€challenges€is€ð ðdeniedÐ À Ðor€impairedðð€only€when€a€defendant€does€not€receive€that€which€the€state€law€permits). ‡Ý ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€It€is€not€clear€from€Davidsonððs€brief€whether€the€issue€was€pursued€solely€on€statutory€grounds€or€as€part€ofÐ ° Ðthe€pre„trial€publicity€issue.€€In€either€case,€the€issue€is€without€merit€for€the€reasons€given€in€this€opinion. ŒÝ ƒ 5—$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€On€appeal,€Davidson€has€presented€an€attachment€to€his€brief€that€contains€various€statistics€apparently€takenÐ ° Ðfrom€juror€questionnaires.€€The€State€argues€that€the€information€was€not€presented€to€the€trial€court€and€that,€in€anyÐ tÄ Ðevent,€the€statistics€establish€that€the€venire€selection€was€proportional.€€The€State€is€correct€that€the€information€cannotÐ 8ˆ Ðbe€considered€by€this€Court€because€it€was€not€introduced€as€evidence€in€the€trial€court.€*55 ÿÿ(_14Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó*22 ÿÿ(_13Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó*// ÿÿ(_12Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó*,, ÿÿ(_11Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó*)) ÿÿ(_10Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À ÓÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ*+ ÿÿ(_26Ô2ÔÔ3  Ôà..à*G+G ÿÿ(_25Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*8+8 ÿÿ(_24Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô*5+5 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RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÓ  Ó<Ûïÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€a(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡m%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€b(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó&ÿÿ  d d`)1dxd'dxd<Ûïÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€d(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡m%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€b(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó`)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡l<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡l<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New%ä2¼A`‹Arial DicksonkidnappingDarlaMehlerGoodlettLustreAlsobrooks"disarticulationMelindaWaverly EadsLakeviewRubbermaidHumphreysTarpleyLabCorpMiddlebrooksaggravatorCheatham Crim"sensationalizedDellingerBondurantZwingleSuttlesLaChanceTooleykidnappedSheppeardMcKinney Teelr]educes]ignifyGodsey C]onsiderationHinesChalmersCribbs VannNicholsCazesÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡Xñ¨XXXÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ‡¼›-»XXñ¨ÔÑ8€ñ¨XXdìdÈ8ÑÑ€ ® Ñà@™ ™ ìàÔ#†Xñ¨X»¼›-„#ÔÔ‡îœdîXXñ¨ÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†Xñ¨Xîîœd!#ÔÔ‡¼›-»XXñ¨ÔˆÐ Ö& ÐÓ  ÓFebruary€4,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ#†Xñ¨X»¼›-¸#ÔÓ  ÓÌÓIÓò òÔ‡¼›-»XXñ¨ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€JERRY€RAY€DAVIDSONÔ#†Xñ¨X»¼›-i#Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÓ  ÓÌÓëÓà@@½½ìàò òAutomatic€Appeal€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ú J ÐCriminal€Court€for€Dickson€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€CR2232€€€€€€Allen€Wallace,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€.) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1998„00105„SC„DDT„DD€„€Filed€October€20,€2003ó óÔ#†Xñ¨XXXñ¨M#ÔÔ‡Xñ¨XXXñ¨Ôò òÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€.) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÔ#†Xñ¨XXXñ¨»#ÔÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Jerry€Ray€Davidson,€was€convicted€of€premeditated€murder€and€aggravatedÐ d´ Ðkidnapping.€€He€was€sentenced€to€death€for€the€premeditated€murder€and€to€a€consecutive€sentenceÐ P  Ðof€twenty€years€for€the€aggravated€kidnapping.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€affirmed€theÐ <Œ Ðconvictions€and€the€sentences.€€Thereafter,€the€case€was€automatically€docketed€in€this€CourtÐ (x Ðpursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39-13-206(a)(1).€€We€entered€an€order€designatingÐ d Ðthe€following€issues€for€oral€argument:׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€(1)€whether€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€inÐ P Ðdenying€the€defendantððs€motions€for€change€of€venue€and€for€additional€peremptory€challenges;€(2)Ð ì< Ðwhether€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€in€refusing€to€strike€the€venire;€(3)€whether€theÐ Ø( Ðevidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€defendantððs€convictions;€(4)€whether€the€trial€court€committedÐ Ä Ðreversible€error€by€admitting€the€testimony€of€Darla€Harvey;€(5)€whether€the€sentencing€verdict€formÐ ° Ðwas€incomplete€and€erroneous;€and€(6)€all€issues€mandated€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ œì Ð39-13-206Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)(1).€€Having€carefully€reviewed€these€issues€and€the€remainder€of€the€issues€raised€byÐ ˆØ Ðthe€defendant,€we€find€no€merit€to€his€arguments.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€CourtÐ tÄ Ðof€Criminal€Appeals.Ð `° ÐÌò òÓ  ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-206(a)(1)€(1997);€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ 8!ˆ  ÐAffirmedó óÐ $"t! ÐÓ ÓÌòòJanice€M.€Holder,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,€C.J.,€Ð ü#L# Ðóóand€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€JJ.óó,€joined.€€E.€Ròòiley€óóAòòndersonóó,€J.,€filed€a€dissenting€opinion,€joined€inÐ è$8 $ Ðpart€by€òòÔ_ÔAdolphoÔ_Ô€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€J.,€óówho€also€filed€a€dissenting€opinion.€Ð Ô%$!% Ðâ âÐ À&"& ÐÔ_ÔBrock€Mehler,€Nashville,€Tennessee€(on€appeal),€Michael€J.€Love€(trial€and€appeal),€and€Collier€W.Ð ° Ðâ âGoodlett€(trial€only),€Clarksville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Jerry€Ray€Davidson.Ð œì ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Alice€B.Ð tÄ ÐLustre,€Assistant€Attorney€General€(on€appeal);€and€Dan€Alsobrooks,€District€Attorney€General€(trialÐ `° Ðonly),€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð L œ ÐÌÔ  ÔÔ‡Xñ¨XXXñ¨Ôà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ $ t ÐÌà@!ìàò òFACTUAL€BACKGROUNDó óˆÐ ü L  ÐÌÔ#†Xñ¨XXXñ¨–#Ôà  àBetween€8€and€9€p.m.€on€September€26,€1995,€the€victim,€Virginia€Jackson,€and€her€dogÐ Ô$  Ðarrived€in€a€taxi€cab€at€Broncoððs€Bar€in€Dickson,€Tennessee.€€Jackson€was€carrying€a€large€purse€andÐ À  Ða€white€bed€pillow€and€wearing€multicolored€hair€clips.€€When€Jackson€arrived€at€Broncoððs€Bar,€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant,€Jerry€Ray€Davidson,€was€sitting€quietly€by€himself€drinking€beer.€€Jackson€spent€the€nextÐ ˜è  Ðseveral€hours€at€the€bar€drinking€two€beers€and€talking€with€the€bartender,€Carol€Owens,€and€otherÐ „Ô  Ðbar€patrons.€€Although€Jackson€and€Davidson€sat€next€to€one€another€at€one€point,€the€two€did€notÐ pÀ Ðconverse,€and€the€evidence€does€not€suggest€that€they€were€acquainted.€€By€closing€time,€onlyÐ \¬ ÐJackson,€Davidson,€and€Owens€remained€in€the€bar.€€Owens€tried€to€call€a€cab€for€Jackson,€but€theÐ H˜ Ðcab€company€was€closed€for€the€night.€€Jackson€accepted€a€ride€home€from€Davidson€and€was€lastÐ 4„ Ðseen€alive€around€11:30€p.m.,€carrying€her€purse€and€pillow€as€she€got€into€Davidsonððs€red€pickupÐ  p Ðtruck€with€her€dog.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àMembers€of€Jacksonððs€family€became€worried€when€they€did€not€hear€from€her€for€severalÐ ä4 Ðdays.€€On€October€1,€1995,€her€family€filed€a€missing€person€report€with€law€enforcement€officials,Ð Ð  Ðwho€began€an€investigation€of€her€disappearance.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àOn€September€30,€1995,€only€a€few€days€after€Jackson€was€last€seen,€Jacksonððs€brother„in„Ð ”ä Ðlaw€observed€a€pile€of€clothing€lying€along€a€farm€road€leading€to€her€house.€€At€that€time,€he€did€notÐ €Ð Ðconnect€the€clothing€with€her€disappearance.€€On€October€18,€however,€he€reported€the€clothing€toÐ l¼ Ðlaw€enforcement€authorities.€€On€October€18€and€19,€law€enforcement€officers€found€the€followingÐ X ¨ Ðitems€belonging€to€Jackson€along€the€farm€road:€€hair€clips,€a€cell€phone,€panties,€a€pillow,€aÐ D!” Ðsweatshirt,€and€a€sock.€€On€October€19,€1995,€two€deer€hunters€found€Jacksonððs€decomposing,€nudeÐ 0"€  Ðbody.€€The€body€was€partially€buried€in€a€shallow€grave€several€miles€from€her€house€in€a€woodedÐ #l! Ðarea€off€an€old€logging€road€along€the€Houston/Dickson€County€line.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€the€condition€of€Jacksonððs€body€was€described€by€Dr.€Murray€Marks,€the€forensicÐ à%0!$ Ðanthropologist€who€disinterred€the€body,€and€by€Dr.€Charles€Harlan,€the€forensic€pathologist€whoÐ Ì&"% Ðperformed€the€autopsy€on€the€body.€€Dr.€Marks€stated€that€the€body€was€found€lying€chest€down.€€TheÐ ¸'#& Ðhead€was€missing,€although€it€appeared€that€a€space€had€originally€been€dug€for€it€in€the€grave.€€PartÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€torso€and€left€arm€of€the€body€were€exposed,€and€the€left€hand€was€missing.€€There€wasÐ )à$( Ðevidence€that€animals€had€gnawed€on€the€left€arm,€the€neck,€and€the€shoulder€area.€€However,€otherÐ ° Ðtrauma€to€the€body€was€inconsistent€with€animal€activity.€€Dr.€Harlan€observed€that€the€skin€at€theÐ œì Ðfront€and€back€of€the€neck€had€been€cut;€the€trachea€exhibited€a€clean,€sharp€cut;€the€hyoid€bone,Ð ˆØ Ðwhich€is€located€in€the€upper€throat,€had€also€been€cut;€and€there€was€clear€disarticulation€of€theÐ tÄ Ðcervical€vertebral€column.€€In€addition,€the€torso,€including€the€breast€bone,€had€been€cleanly€cutÐ `° Ðopen€with€some€type€of€sharp€instrument.€€This€incision€ran€almost€the€entire€length€of€the€torso€fromÐ L œ Ðthe€sternum€to€the€navel€and€exposed€the€internal€organs.€€Several€superficial€cuts€had€been€madeÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€the€soft€tissue€next€to€the€large€incision.€€Dr.€Harlan€opined€that€both€the€major€incision€and€theÐ $ t Ðlesser€cuts€were€inflicted€after€death.€€Toxicology€tests€revealed€the€presence€of€alcohol€and€ProzacÐ  ` Ðin€the€body,€although€the€quantity€of€these€substances€was€not€determined.€€According€to€Dr.€Marks,Ð ü L  Ðit€was€possible€that€Jacksonððs€neck€had€been€cut€and€her€head€removed€after€death€by€either€animalÐ è 8  Ðor€human€activity.€€Dr.€Harlan€opined€that€a€human€being,€not€an€animal,€had€removed€the€head€afterÐ Ô$  Ðdeath.€€Relying€on€changes€in€the€bodyððs€color€and€texture,€Dr.€Marks€concluded€that€Jackson€hadÐ À  Ðbeen€dead€for€four€to€six€weeks.€€Based€on€the€degree€of€the€bodyððs€decomposition,€Dr.€HarlanÐ ¬ü  Ðtestified€that€death€had€probably€occurred€within€twenty„four€hours€of€Jacksonððs€departure€fromÐ ˜è  ÐBroncoððs€Bar€on€September€26,€1995.€€A€cause€of€death€could€not€be€determined€from€JacksonððsÐ „Ô  Ðremains.€€Dr.€Harlan,€however,€expressed€his€belief€that€her€death€was€a€result€of€homicide€and€thatÐ pÀ Ðshe€could€have€died€from€wounds€to€her€neck€or€head.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àAll€of€the€evidence€regarding€Davidsonððs€role€in€the€killing€is€circumstantial.€€For€example,Ð 4„ ÐDavidson€was€a€janitor€in€a€hospital€department€where€surgical€instruments€were€cleaned.€€AlthoughÐ  p Ðhe€had€been€a€good€and€reliable€employee,€he€did€not€return€to€work€as€scheduled€after€SeptemberÐ  \ Ð26,€1995.€€He€did€not€contact€anyone€at€work€about€his€absence,€and€he€was€eventually€fired.€€InÐ øH Ðaddition,€he€did€not€return€to€his€residence€at€his€motherððs€home€for€almost€three€weeks€afterÐ ä4 ÐJacksonððs€disappearance.€€On€October€2,€1995,€Davidsonððs€mother€informed€the€Dickson€police€thatÐ Ð  Ðhe€was€missing.€€Mrs.€Davidson€withdrew€the€missing€person€report€on€October€8,€1995,€afterÐ ¼  ÐDavidson€telephoned€her.€€Davidson€later€returned€to€his€motherððs€house,€once€spending€the€night,Ð ¨ø Ðand€a€second€time€retrieving€a€camper€top€for€his€pickup€truck.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThere€was€also€evidence€that€Davidson€was€in€the€area€where€the€body€was€found€in€the€daysÐ l¼ Ðfollowing€Jacksonððs€disappearance.€€Between€October€4€and€6,€1995,€approximately€a€week€afterÐ X ¨ ÐJackson€disappeared,€Melinda€Jones€saw€Davidson€driving€a€red€truck€very€slowly€down€Old€YellowÐ D!” ÐCreek€Road€in€Dickson€County.€€Jones€saw€an€object€in€the€passenger€seat€that€was€tightly€wrappedÐ 0"€  Ðin€a€white€sheet€and€was€about€as€high€as€Davidsonððs€shoulder.€€As€the€truck€went€by,€Jones€saw€theÐ #l! Ðwhite€object€fall€over€onto€Davidson,€who€pushed€it€away.€€Later€that€evening,€Jones€observed€theÐ $X" Ðsame€truck€traveling€in€the€opposite€direction€at€a€high€rate€of€speed.€€Jones€also€testified€that€sheÐ ô$D # Ðremembered€seeing€the€same€truck€go€down€the€road€a€few€days€to€a€week€earlier,€shortly€afterÐ à%0!$ ÐJackson€disappeared.€€At€that€time,€the€truck€was€going€very€slowly,€and€Jones,€who€was€able€to€seeÐ Ì&"% Ðinside€the€vehicle€as€it€passed,€noticed€that€ð ðthere€was€something€that€wasnððt€right€about€theÐ ¸'#& Ðpassengerððs€seat.ðð€€Jacksonððs€body€was€discovered€about€one€and€a€half€miles€from€Jonesððs€home.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€between€October€2€and€6,€1995,€around€8€to€9€a.m.,€Davidson€came€into€KimððsÐ |*Ì%) ÐOne€Stop€Market€not€far€from€Jonesððs€home.€€He€was€wearing€work€pants€and€was€covered€with€dirtÐ h+¸&* Ðto€his€waist.€€According€to€one€witness,€Davidson€looked€ð ðlike€heððd€been€digging€in€like€a€gardenÐ ° Ðor€something.ðð€€Davidson€sat€in€the€store€drinking€a€cup€of€coffee€for€about€an€hour€before€drivingÐ œì Ðaway€in€a€red€pickup€truck€with€a€camper€top.€€A€week€later€he€returned€to€the€market€to€purchaseÐ ˆØ Ða€soft€drink.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€proof€also€showed€that€on€September€29€and€30,€1995,€Davidson€made€purchasesÐ L œ Ðat€a€grocery€store€and€at€a€Wal„Mart€in€Waverly,€Tennessee,€in€the€county€just€southwest€of€the€areaÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhere€Jacksonððs€body€was€found.€€On€October€4,€1995,€around€the€time€Melinda€Jones€sawÐ $ t ÐDavidson€driving€his€truck€down€Old€Yellow€Creek€Road,€Davidson€also€made€a€withdrawal€fromÐ  ` Ðan€automatic€teller€at€a€bank€in€Erin,€Tennessee,€in€Houston€County.€€All€of€these€transactions€placeÐ ü L  ÐDavidson€in€the€vicinity€where€Jacksonððs€body€was€found€at€a€time€shortly€after€her€disappearance.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àOther€sightings€of€Davidson€after€Jacksonððs€disappearance€also€connect€him€with€the€killing.€Ð À  ÐFor€example,€on€October€9,€1995,€Davidson€reappeared€at€Broncoððs€Bar€in€Dickson.€€When€Owens,Ð ¬ü  Ðthe€bartender,€asked€him€where€he€had€taken€Jackson€on€September€26,€1995,€Davidson€told€her€thatÐ ˜è  Ðhe€had€dropped€Jackson€off€at€a€Kroger€grocery€store.€€Later€that€same€day,€when€Timothy€Eads€ofÐ „Ô  Ðthe€Dickson€County€Sheriffððs€Department€went€to€Broncoððs€Bar€to€speak€with€Owens,€€Davidson€wasÐ pÀ Ðstill€there.€€After€Owens€identified€Davidson€as€the€man€who€had€taken€Jackson€home,€EadsÐ \¬ Ðquestioned€Davidson€about€Jackson€for€several€minutes.€€Davidson€informed€Eads€that€he€had€leftÐ H˜ ÐJackson€at€the€Kroger€parking€lot€around€midnight.€€Davidson€appeared€nervous€and€uncomfortableÐ 4„ Ðduring€his€conversation€with€Eads€and€left€the€bar€soon€after€Eads.€€When€Eads€tried€to€contactÐ  p ÐDavidson€again,€Davidson€could€not€be€located.€€On€October€18,€1995,€Eads€executed€a€searchÐ  \ Ðwarrant€at€Davidsonððs€residence.€€He€seized€an€expended€20„gauge€shotgun€shell€that€was€laterÐ øH Ðdetermined€to€have€been€fired€from€a€shotgun€found€in€Davidsonððs€truck.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àOn€October€12,€1995,€Davidson€came€into€the€Lakeview€Tavern€in€Cumberland€City€andÐ ¼  Ðordered€a€beer.€€The€bartender,€Darla€Harvey,€testified€that€his€pants€and€shoes€were€covered€withÐ ¨ø Ðdirt.€€For€over€an€hour,€Davidson€sat€in€the€bar€and€stared€at€Harvey€while€sipping€his€beer.€Ð ”ä ÐDisturbed€by€Davidsonððs€appearance€and€behavior,€Harvey€went€outside€and€examined€DavidsonððsÐ €Ð Ðtruck.€€At€that€time,€the€bed€of€the€truck€was€covered€with€a€camper€top€that€had€been€spray€paintedÐ l¼ Ðred€everywhere€but€the€back€window.€€Harvey€looked€inside€the€camper€and€saw€a€dirty€sleeping€bag,Ð X ¨ Ða€dirty€shovel,€a€chain,€and€two€Rubbermaid€containers.€€According€to€Harvey,€the€truck€was€ð ðveryÐ D!” Ðmessy,ðð€as€if€Davidson€had€been€living€in€it.€€Harvey€informed€some€of€the€bar€patrons€that€she€wasÐ 0"€  Ðafraid€of€Davidson,€who€then€left€the€bar€at€the€patronsðð€request.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àOn€October€19,€1995,€Davidson€was€arrested€at€Robertððs€Creek€Bar€near€Cuba€Landing€inÐ ô$D # ÐHumphreys€County.€€At€the€time€of€the€arrest,€Investigator€Ted€Tarpley€spoke€with€Davidson.€Ð à%0!$ ÐDavidson€denied€giving€Jackson€a€ride€on€September€26.€€After€Officer€Eads€joined€the€interrogation,Ð Ì&"% ÐDavidson€changed€his€story€and€stated€that€he€had€left€Jackson€at€the€Kroger€parking€lot€beforeÐ ¸'#& Ðdriving€to€Nashville.€€He€claimed€that€he€stayed€in€Nashville€until€3€or€4€a.m.,€returned€home,€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthen€left€the€next€morning€for€East€Tennessee.€€Eads€and€Tarpley€did€not€inform€Davidson€thatÐ )à$( ÐJacksonððs€body€had€been€found.€€When€asked€to€hypothesize€about€what€might€have€happened€toÐ |*Ì%) ÐJackson,€Davidson€responded,€ð ðMaybe€somebody€got€her€and€chained€her€to€a€tree.ðð€€Davidson€alsoÐ h+¸&* Ðtold€Eads€and€Tarpley€that€they€might€find€Jackson€with€her€head€and€hands€missing€to€keep€anyoneÐ ° Ðfrom€identifying€the€body.€€After€Davidson€was€informed€that€the€body€had€been€found,€he€was€askedÐ œì Ðwhat€he€had€done€with€the€head,€and€he€replied,€ð ðI€havenððt€told€you€that€I€killed€her€yet.ðð€€DavidsonÐ ˆØ Ðlater€said€that€he€might€have€something€to€say€but€could€not€say€it€yet.€€He€also€told€the€officers€thatÐ tÄ Ðhe€had€quit€his€job€because€ð ðthings€were€just€getting€tenseðð€and€he€decided€to€leave.Ð `° ÐÌà  àSearches€of€Davidson,€his€truck,€and€the€area€where€the€body€was€discovered€yielded€severalÐ 8 ˆ Ðitems€linking€him€to€the€killing.€€On€his€person,€the€arresting€officers€found€a€.25€caliber€automaticÐ $ t Ðpistol,€a€chrome€knuckle€knife€with€the€blade€open,€a€pair€of€handcuffs,€a€box€of€.25€caliber€bullets,Ð  ` Ðand€a€live€20„gauge€shell.€€The€pistol€was€loaded€and€ready€to€fire.€€At€the€time€of€his€arrest,Ð ü L  ÐDavidsonððs€truck€did€not€have€a€camper€top€on€it.€€His€truck€appeared€to€have€been€driven€throughÐ è 8  Ðmud€and€vegetation.€€Moreover,€the€truck€contained€the€following€items:€an€Ozark€Trails€tent,€twoÐ Ô$  Ðshotguns,€a€knife,€handcuff€keys,€clothing,€flashlights,€cans€of€red€spray€paint,€and€MarlboroÐ À  Ðcigarettes.€€Officers€also€found€numerous€items€at€the€campsite€or€grave€site׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€that€belonged€to€eitherÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€defendant€or€to€Jackson.€€The€items€included€a€box€for€an€Ozark€Trails€tent,€shells€that€had€beenÐ ˜è  Ðfired€from€the€shotgun€found€in€Davidsonððs€truck,€a€knife,€handcuffs€that€matched€the€keysÐ „Ô  Ðdiscovered€in€the€Davidsonððs€truck,€packages€and€fragments€of€Marlboro€cigarettes,€a€tool€boxÐ pÀ Ðresembling€one€previously€seen€on€Davidsonððs€truck,€cans€of€red€spray€paint,€clothing€and€flashlightsÐ \¬ Ðsimilar€to€those€in€Davidsonððs€truck,€and€two€receipts€reflecting€a€withdrawal€from€Davidsonððs€bankÐ H˜ Ðaccount€on€October€4,€1995,€at€an€automatic€teller€in€Erin,€Tennessee.€€Personal€items€belonging€toÐ 4„ ÐJackson,€such€as€her€sandals,€billfold,€a€hair€clip,€a€brush,€a€prescription€bottle,€and€cigarette€case,Ð  p Ðwere€found€at€the€campsite€as€well.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€the€bottom€of€the€passenger€seat€in€Davidsonððs€truck€had€been€cut€out.€€A€chainÐ ä4 Ðand€padlock€found€around€the€passenger€seat€were€arranged€in€such€a€manner€that€they€could€be€usedÐ Ð  Ðto€restrain€a€passenger.€€Blood€on€the€passenger€seat€and€head€rest€tested€positive€for€human€blood.€Ð ¼  ÐDNA€testing€indicated€that€the€blood€samples€from€the€truck€did€not€match€Davidsonððs€DNA.€Ð ¨ø ÐInstead,€the€samples€were€consistent€with€Jacksonððs€DNA.€€According€to€a€report€from€LabCorp,Ð ”ä ÐInc.,€only€one€in€265,000€people€would€be€expected€to€have€DNA€matching€that€of€Jackson.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€defense€presented€evidence€attempting€to€counter€the€prosecutionððs€circumstantialÐ X ¨ Ðevidence.€€There€was€testimony€that€two€tires€on€Jacksonððs€truck€had€been€punctured€by€a€knife€aboutÐ D!” Ðtwo€days€before€she€disappeared.€€In€addition,€a€forensic€pathologist€who€testified€for€the€defenseÐ 0"€  Ðcriticized€the€manner€in€which€the€Stateððs€forensic€pathologist€had€performed€the€autopsy€andÐ #l! Ðpreserved€the€body.€€The€defense€pathologist€also€complained€that€the€quantity€of€alcohol€and€ProzacÐ $X" Ðin€Jacksonððs€body€should€have€been€determined.€€The€defense€introduced€Jacksonððs€medical€recordsÐ ô$D # Ðreflecting€her€hospitalizations€between€1978€and€1995€for€depression€and€drug€and€alcohol€abuse€inÐ à%0!$ Ðan€attempt€to€show€that€Jackson€might€have€died€from€an€overdose€of€alcohol€and/or€Prozac.€€HerÐ Ì&"% Ðmedical€records€include€a€report€that€she€had€once€overdosed€on€the€drug€Soma€and€had€beenÐ ¸'#& Ðpronounced€dead.€€In€addition,€a€bottle€labeled€for€a€prescription€for€thirty€pills€of€Prozac€dispensedÐ ° Ðon€September€25,€1995,€contained€only€five€tablets€when€found€at€Jacksonððs€home€after€herÐ œì Ðdisappearance.€€To€counter€the€inference€that€Davidson€could€have€used€a€surgical€instrument€fromÐ ˆØ Ðhis€workplace€to€cut€Jacksonððs€body,€the€defense€presented€testimony€that€no€surgical€instrumentsÐ tÄ Ðhad€been€reported€missing€from€Davidsonððs€place€of€employment.€€Finally,€the€defense€presentedÐ `° Ðthe€testimony€of€a€DNA€expert€who€was€unable€to€corroborate€the€findings€of€the€Stateððs€experts.€Ð L œ ÐThe€expert€challenged€the€opinion€that€the€DNA€test€ruled€out€Davidson€as€the€source€of€the€bloodÐ 8 ˆ Ðfound€on€the€passenger€seat€of€his€truck.€€The€defense€expert€admitted,€however,€that€she€had€madeÐ $ t Ðno€independent€examination€or€analysis€and€was€only€reviewing€LabCorp,€Inc.ððs€findings.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€evidence,€the€jury€convicted€Davidson€of€first€degree€premeditatedÐ è 8  Ðmurder€and€aggravated€kidnapping.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€trial€then€moved€to€the€sentencing€phase€to€determine€theÐ Ô$  Ðpunishment.Ð À  ÐÌà  àDuring€the€sentencing€phase,€the€State€presented€proof€that€Davidson€had€been€convicted€inÐ ˜è  Ð1971€for€assault€and€battery€with€the€intent€to€commit€rape,€in€1976€for€assault€and€battery€with€theÐ „Ô  Ðintent€to€ravish€and€to€have€unlawful€carnal€knowledge€of€a€female€over€12€years€of€age,€and€in€1983Ð pÀ Ðfor€felonious€crime€against€nature€and€for€felonious€sexual€battery.€€A€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÐ \¬ ÐInvestigation€agent€testified€that€Jacksonððs€body€had€been€mutilated€by€cutting€the€neck€area€andÐ H˜ Ðtorso.€€Photographs€showing€the€mutilation€were€re„introduced.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àIn€mitigation,€the€defense€presented€the€testimony€of€Davidsonððs€mother,€several€of€his€co„Ð  \ Ðworkers,€and€his€minister.€€Davidsonððs€mother€related€that,€as€a€child,€he€had€lived€with€hisÐ øH Ðgrandparents€and€had€not€completed€school€because€he€was€always€in€trouble€with€the€law.€€SheÐ ä4 Ðdescribed€her€son€as€a€quiet€boy€who€had€few€friends.€€He€had€no€contact€with€his€father€throughoutÐ Ð  Ðhis€life.€€At€some€indefinite€time€in€the€past,€he€had€spent€one€to€two€years€at€Central€State€HospitalÐ ° Ðfor€mental€problems.€€Davidsonððs€mother€testified€about€how€badly€Davidson€had€taken€his€youngerÐ œì Ðbrotherððs€death€in€Vietnam€and€how€he€had€helped€her€at€home.€€Next,€several€of€Davidsonððs€co„Ð ˆØ Ðworkers€testified€that€he€was€a€good€worker,€a€good€friend,€and€a€nice,€considerate€man€who€wouldÐ tÄ Ðhelp€anyone.€€They€found€Davidsonððs€involvement€in€Jacksonððs€murder€inconsistent€with€hisÐ `° Ðbehavior€when€he€was€around€them.€€The€last€witness€for€the€defense€was€Joe€Ingle,€a€minister,€whoÐ L œ Ðdescribed€Davidson€as€quiet€and€passive,€with€an€interest€in€the€Bibleððs€prophetic€books€and€anÐ 8 ˆ Ðopenness€to€learning€new€things.€€Ingle€opined€that€Davidson€would€not€be€a€threat€in€prison€andÐ $ t Ðwould€participate€in€work€or€educational€programs.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àBased€on€this€proof€the€jury€found€that€the€State€had€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€theÐ è 8  Ðfollowing€statutory€aggravating€circumstances:€€(1)€the€defendant€was€previously€convicted€of€oneÐ Ô$  Ð(1)€or€more€felonies,€other€than€the€present€charge,€whose€statutory€elements€involve€the€use€ofÐ À  Ðviolence€to€the€person;€(2)€the€murder€was€knowingly€committed€by€the€defendant€while€in€theÐ ¬ü  Ðcommission€of€a€kidnapping;€and€(3)€the€defendant€knowingly€mutilated€the€body€of€the€victim€afterÐ ˜è  Ðdeath.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(i)(2),€(7),€(13)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€In€addition,€the€juryÐ „Ô  Ðfound€that€the€State€had€proven€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweighed€any€mitigatingÐ pÀ Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€As€a€result,€the€jury€sentenced€Davidson€to€death€for€theÐ \¬ Ðmurder€of€Virginia€Jackson.Ð H˜ ÐÌÔ  Ôò òà@òò&ìàANALYSISˆÐ  p ÐÌà@#ìàChange€of€Venueó óˆÐ øH ÐÌà  àDavidson€filed€a€pre„trial€motion€for€a€change€of€venue€in€April€1997,€and€the€trial€courtÐ Ð  Ðconducted€a€full€evidentiary€hearing.€€Davidson€presented€articles€from€the€òòTennesseanóó,€the€òòNashvilleÐ ¼  ÐBanneróó,€and€the€òòDickson€County€Heraldóó€newspapers€that€had€appeared€from€October€1995€to€JuneÐ ¨ø Ð1996,€as€well€as€a€videotaped€newscast€from€a€Nashville€television€station€that€had€aired€in€JanuaryÐ ”ä Ð1997.€€He€argued€that€the€news€accounts€had€reported€information€about€the€discovery€of€JacksonððsÐ €Ð Ðbody,€the€details€of€the€crime,€and€his€prior€criminal€behavior,€including€his€convictions€for€sexualÐ l¼ Ðoffenses.€€Davidson€further€argued€that€media€coverage€often€mentioned€this€case€and€JacksonððsÐ X ¨ Ðname€in€connection€with€proposed€legislation€for€monitoring€convicted€sex€offenders.€€DavidsonÐ D!” Ðargued€that€the€media€coverage€also€reported€information€about€Jacksonððs€ð ðprominent€family,ðð€whichÐ 0"€  Ðincluded€the€founders€of€a€local€hospital,€a€probate€judge,€and€a€state€representative.€€DavidsonÐ #l! Ðasserted€that€the€information€had€been€disseminated€so€widely€and€was€so€prejudicial€that€a€fair€trialÐ $X" Ðcould€not€be€held€in€Dickson€County.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€State€argued€that€Davidson€failed€to€establish€grounds€for€a€change€in€venue€andÐ Ì&"% Ðpresented€the€testimony€of€a€criminal€investigator€and€a€court€clerk€who€had€conducted€ð ðinformalððÐ ¸'#& Ðsurveys€in€Dickson€and€Cheatham€Counties.€€These€individuals€approached€numerous€adult€citizens,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðpresumably€at€random,€and€asked€several€questions€designed€to€gauge€the€citizensðð€level€ofÐ )à$( Ðfamiliarity€with€the€defendant,€the€victim,€and€the€pending€murder€charge.€€Both€witnesses€testifiedÐ |*Ì%) Ðthat€the€majority€of€persons€they€interviewed€in€Dickson€and€Cheatham€Counties€had€formed€noÐ h+¸&* Ðopinion€with€respect€to€the€pending€trial€against€Davidson.€€Although€many€individuals€knew€thatÐ ° ÐJackson€had€been€killed,€most€did€not€recognize€Davidsonððs€name.€€The€State€also€presented€severalÐ œì Ðwitnesses,€including€the€Dickson€County€Sheriff,€who€opined€that€a€fair€trial€could€be€conductedÐ ˆØ Ðwithout€a€change€of€venue.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€entered€a€detailed€written€order€stating€that€it€had€considered€the€evidenceÐ L œ Ðintroduced€at€the€evidentiary€hearing€and€had€analyzed€a€number€of€factors€with€respect€to€venue.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hooveróó,€594€S.W.2d€743,€746ò òó ó€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979)€(enumerating€seventeen€factorsÐ $ t Ðthat€are€relevant€in€determining€whether€a€change€in€venue€is€necessary).€€In€denying€the€motion,€theÐ  ` Ðtrial€court€found:Ð ü L  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWhile€the€severity€of€the€offense€charged€is€very€grave€and€is€capableÐ Ô$  Ðof€being€sensationalized,€the€defendant€has€presented€no€evidence€thatÐ À  Ðthis€has€occurred.€€Likewise,€there€has€been€no€evidence€presented€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðany€threats,€demonstrations,€or€other€hostility€against€the€defendantÐ ˜è  Ð....Ð„Ô ` x` x Ðà@=='ìà....ˆÐ pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWhile€the€defendant€did€produce€evidence€of€publicity,€he€presentedÐ H˜ Ðno€affidavits€or€other€evidence€that€this€publicity€affected€or€infectedÐ 4„ Ðthe€community.€€While€this€court€declines€to€give€substantial€weightÐ  p Ðto€the€Stateððs€surveys,€the€State€also€provided€testimony€from€variousÐ  \ Ðcounty€officials€that€a€jury€could€be€obtained€in€Dickson€County.€€InÐ øH Ðthe€courtððs€opinion,€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€show€that€venueÐ ä4 Ðshould€be€changed€at€this€time.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€begin€our€analysis€with€the€familiar€principle€that€a€criminal€offense€shall€be€prosecutedÐ ¨ø Ðin€the€county€where€the€offense€was€committed,€unless€otherwise€provided€by€statute€or€court€rule.€Ð ”ä ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€18(a).€€Venue€may€be€changed€on€motion€of€the€defendant€ð ðif€it€appears€to€theÐ €Ð Ðcourt€that,€due€to€undue€excitement€against€the€defendant€in€the€county€where€the€offense€wasÐ l¼ Ðcommitted€or€any€other€cause,€a€fair€trial€probably€could€not€be€had.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€21(a);€òòseeóóÐ X ¨ Ðòòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Dellingeróó,€79€S.W.3d€458,€481€(Tenn.€2002)€(appendix).€€A€motion€for€a€change€ofÐ D!” Ðvenue€shall€be€accompanied€by€affidavits€alleging€the€facts€that€constitute€ð ðundue€excitementðð€orÐ 0"€  Ðother€grounds.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€21(b).Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€fact€that€a€juror€has€been€exposed€to€pre„trial€publicity€does€not€by€itself€warrant€aÐ ô$D # Ðchange€in€venue.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Mannóó,€959€S.W.2d€503,€532€(Tenn.€1997).€€A€court€must€insteadÐ à%0!$ Ðconsider€a€number€of€factors,€including€the€nature€and€extent€of€pre„trial€publicity,€the€degree€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðpublicity€in€the€area€from€which€the€venire€will€be€drawn,€the€existence€of€hostility€or€demonstrationsÐ ¸'#& Ðagainst€the€defendant,€and€the€length€of€time€between€the€pre„trial€publicity€and€the€trial.€€òòSeeóóÐ ¤(ô#' ÐòòHooveróó,€594€S.W.2d€at€746.€€A€court€must€also€consider€the€òòeffectóó€that€pre„trial€publicity€may€haveÐ )à$( Ðon€jury€selection.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Relevant€factors€in€this€regard€include€the€size€of€the€area€from€which€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðvenire€will€be€drawn,€the€potential€jurorsðð€familiarity€with€the€pre„trial€publicity,€the€effect€onÐ h+¸&* Ðpotential€jurors€shown€during€jury€selection,€and€the€defendantððs€use€of€peremptory€challenges€andÐ ° Ðfor„cause€challenges.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óóÐ œì ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€has€the€discretion€to€determine€whether€to€grant€a€change€of€venue,€and€itsÐ tÄ Ðdecision€will€be€reversed€only€for€a€clear€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòSeeóó€òòDellingeróó,€79€S.W.3d€at€481.€Ð `° ÐMoreover,€before€a€conviction€will€be€reversed€for€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€grant€a€change€of€venue,Ð L œ Ðan€accused€must€establish€ð ðthat€the€jurors€who€actually€sat€were€biased€and/or€prejudiced.ðð€€òòId.óó;€òòseeÐ 8 ˆ Ðalsoóó€òòMannóó,€959€S.W.2d€at€532.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€record€demonstrates€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€denying€DavidsonððsÐ ü L  Ðmotion€for€a€change€of€venue.€€The€trial€court€considered€numerous€relevant€factors€and€determinedÐ è 8  Ðthat€the€nature€and€conduct€of€the€pre„trial€publicity€was€informative€but€not€sensational€or€unfairlyÐ Ô$  Ðprejudicial.€€Moreover,€although€the€news€accounts€affected€the€area€in€which€the€venire€was€laterÐ À  Ðselected,€the€trial€court€found€that€most€of€the€pre„trial€publicity€occurred€several€months€before€theÐ ¬ü  Ðtrial€and€was€not€prejudicial€or€pervasive€either€shortly€before€or€during€the€trial.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€record€also€demonstrates€that€the€trial€court€conducted€a€meticulous€and€detailed€juryÐ pÀ Ðselection€process€from€August€4€to€August€19,€1997.€€The€voir€dire€examination€involved€over€twoÐ \¬ Ðhundred€potential€jurors.€€As€Davidson€asserts,€approximately€twenty€percent€of€the€jurors€knew€ofÐ H˜ Ðhis€prior€criminal€record,€and€ten€percent€of€the€jurors€were€familiar€with€Jacksonððs€family.€€The€trialÐ 4„ Ðcourt,€however,€removed€nearly€half€of€the€venire€by€excusing€for€cause€all€potential€jurors€whoÐ  p Ðcould€not€set€aside€their€opinions€of€the€case.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€record€does€not€support€Davidsonððs€contention€that€two€of€the€jurors€wereÐ ä4 Ðactually€prejudiced€against€him.€€Joy€Anderson€stated€during€voir€dire€that€her€younger€brother€wasÐ Ð  Ða€friend€of€Jacksonððs€son.€€She€clarified,€however,€that€she€would€not€ð ðlean€one€way€or€the€otherðð€ifÐ ¼  Ðselected€to€serve€as€a€juror€and€that€her€sonððs€relationship€with€Jacksonððs€family€would€not€influenceÐ ¨ø Ðher€in€any€way.€€Similarly,€Myra€Sensing€said€during€voir€dire€that€she€had€known€Jackson€severalÐ ”ä Ðyears€earlier€and€that€her€mother€had€worked€with€Jacksonððs€aunt.€€Sensing€also€stated€that€she€hadÐ €Ð Ðread€news€accounts€indicating€that€Davidson€had€mental€health€problems€and€had€been€a€ð ðsexÐ l¼ Ðoffender.ðð€€Upon€additional€questioning,€however,€Sensing€clarified€that€her€knowledge€of€JacksonððsÐ X ¨ Ðfamily€would€not€affect€her€ð ðdecision€makingðð€if€she€was€selected€to€serve€as€a€juror€and€that€sheÐ D!” Ðwould€base€her€decision€solely€on€the€evidence€at€trial.׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àAn€individual€examined€during€voir€dire€is€not€required€to€have€a€complete€lack€ofÐ $X" Ðknowledge€of€the€facts€and€issues€to€be€selected€as€a€juror.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€924Ð ô$D # Ð(Tenn.€1998)€(appendix).€€As€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€said,€it€is€ð ðsufficient€if€the€jurorÐ ° Ðcan€lay€aside€his€impression€or€opinion€and€render€a€verdict€based€on€the€evidence€presented€inÐ œì Ðcourt.ðð€€òòIrvin€v.€Dowdóó,€366€U.S.€717,€723€(1961);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòMannóó,€959€S.W.2d€at€531€(recognizingÐ ˆØ Ðthat€jurors€may€be€selected€to€hear€a€trial€if€they€are€able€to€set€aside€an€opinion€and€render€a€verdictÐ tÄ Ðbased€on€the€evidence€in€court).Ð `° ÐÌà  àThe€voir€dire€examination€demonstrated€that€neither€Anderson€nor€Sensing€was€prejudicedÐ 8 ˆ Ðagainst€the€defendant€or€biased€in€favor€of€Jackson€or€her€family.€€Indeed,€Davidson€did€notÐ $ t Ðchallenge€either€juror€for€cause€on€this€basis.׃$×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Moreover,€Anderson€and€Sensing€both€clarified€thatÐ  ` Ðtheir€decisions€would€not€be€affected€by€any€influence€or€information€outside€of€the€courtroom€andÐ ü L  Ðthat€they€would€base€their€decisions€solely€on€the€evidence€presented€at€trial.€€òòSeeóó€òòMannóó,€959€S.W.2dÐ è 8  Ðat€531.€€In€sum,€Davidson€has€failed€to€show€that€either€Anderson€or€Sensing€was€actually€prejudicedÐ Ô$  Ðor€biased€against€him.Ð À  ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€record€shows€that€the€trial€court€held€an€extensive€evidentiary€hearing€andÐ ˜è  Ðconsidered€numerous€relevant€factors€in€determining€whether€to€grant€a€change€of€venue.€€The€trialÐ „Ô  Ðcourt€also€conducted€a€lengthy€and€detailed€voir€dire€process€that€was€devoted€to€determining€theÐ pÀ Ðnature€and€extent€of€exposure€to€media€coverage€of€the€defendant€and€victim€as€well€as€its€potentialÐ \¬ Ðeffect€on€the€views€of€the€potential€jurors.€€There€is€no€evidence€that€any€juror€was€actually€biasedÐ H˜ Ðor€prejudiced€against€Davidson.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€itsÐ 4„ Ðdiscretion€in€denying€Davidsonððs€motion€for€a€change€of€venue.Ð  p ÐÌÔ  Ôò òà@ÇÇ!ìàSelection€of€Venireó óˆÐ øH ÐÌà  àThe€relevant€statutory€provisions€governing€the€selection€of€the€jury€venire€or€a€special€juryÐ Ð  Ðvenire€are€established€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotation€section€22-2-302€and€related€sections.€€AsÐ ¼  Ðrelevant€to€this€case,€the€provisions€require€the€board€of€jury€commissioners€to€select€qualifiedÐ ¨ø Ðpersons€ð ðfrom€each€district€in€the€county€and€in€proportion€to€the€population€of€such€districts,€as€nearÐ ”ä Ðas€may€be,€to€serve€as€jurors€in€the€circuit€and€criminal€courts€of€such€county€....ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð €Ð Ððð22-2-302(a)(1)€(1994).€€Although€minor€or€inadvertent€deviations€from€the€statutory€jury€selectionÐ l¼ Ðprovisions€may€not€warrant€a€reversal€of€a€conviction,€we€have€emphasized€that€the€courts€ð ðwill€notÐ X ¨ Ðsanction€flagrant€and€unnecessary€deviations.ðð€€òòState€v.€Bondurantóó,€4€S.W.3d€662,€670€(Tenn.€1999);Ð D!” Ðòòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Lynnóó,€924€S.W.2d€892,€898€(Tenn.€1996)€(holding€that€the€selection€of€a€specialÐ 0"€  Ðvenire€was€an€improper€and€unnecessary€deviation€from€the€statutory€procedures).Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€record€reflects€that€Sue€Zwingle,€the€Criminal€and€Circuit€Court€Clerk€for€DicksonÐ ô$D # ÐCounty,€testified€that€the€venire€was€randomly€selected€by€a€computer€from€a€list€of€every€licensedÐ à%0!$ Ðdriver€over€eighteen€years€of€age€in€Dickson€County.€€Although€she€did€not€determine€the€populationÐ ° Ðspread€among€the€districts€in€Dickson€County,€Zwingle€testified€that€the€method€of€selecting€theÐ œì Ðvenire€was€in€accordance€with€her€training,€experience,€and€discussions€with€judges.€€DavidsonÐ ˆØ Ðintroduced€no€further€evidence.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€denied€relief€after€finding€that€Davidson€had€introduced€no€evidence€toÐ L œ Ðestablish€the€number€of€persons€selected€from€each€district€and€no€evidence€to€establish€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðnumber€of€persons€selected€from€each€district€was€disproportionate€in€any€way.€€The€issue€apparentlyÐ $ t Ðwas€not€addressed€by€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.׃%×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  ` ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€Davidson€failed€toÐ è 8  Ðestablish€the€number€of€persons€selected€from€each€district€and€that€he€failed€to€show€that€theÐ Ô$  Ðselection€in€any€district€was€disproportionate.€€Moreover,€Davidson€has€not€demonstrated€anyÐ À  Ðgrounds€for€concluding€that€the€selection€procedures€were€a€ð ðflagrant€and€unnecessaryðð€deviationÐ ¬ü  Ðfrom€the€statute.€€òòSeeóó€òòBondurantóó,€4€S.W.3d€at€670.€€In€sum,€Davidson€has€failed€to€establish€groundsÐ ˜è  Ðfor€relief.׃&×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð „Ô  ÐÌÔ  Ôà@iiìàò òSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ \¬ ÐÌà@ìàòòò òFirst€Degree€Premeditated€Murderóóó óˆÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àDavidson€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€prove€that€the€victimððs€murder€was€premeditated.׃ð×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р \ ÐIn€reviewing€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€we€must€examine€all€of€the€evidence€to€determineÐ øH Ðwhether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€element€of€premeditation€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ä4 Ðdoubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€45€S.W.3d€1,€7€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€599€(Tenn.Ð Ð  Ð1999).€€We€are€required€to€afford€the€prosecution€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€in€theÐ ¼  Ðrecord€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòSeeóóÐ ¨ø ÐòòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).€€Questions€regarding€the€credibility€of€witnesses,Ð ”ä Ðthe€weight€to€be€given€the€evidence,€and€any€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€theÐ €Ð Ðtrier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óóÐ l¼ Ðâ âÐ X ¨ Ðà  àAt€the€time€of€the€offense,€first€degree€murder€included€a€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentionalÐ ° Ðkilling€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(a)(1)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€The€statute€definedÐ œì Ðpremeditation€as€follows:Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAs€used€in€subdivision€(a)(1)€ð ðpremeditationðð€is€an€act€done€after€theÐ `° Ðexercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€ð ðPremeditationðð€means€that€theÐ L œ Ðintent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€is€notÐ 8 ˆ Ðnecessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accusedÐ $ t Ðfor€any€definite€period€of€time.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€theÐ  ` Ðtime€the€accused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefullyÐ ü L  Ðconsidered€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€accused€was€sufficientlyÐ è 8  Ðfree€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(d)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€Whether€premeditation€is€present€in€a€givenÐ ¬ü  Ðcase€is€a€question€of€fact€to€be€determined€by€the€jury€from€all€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ ˜è  Ðkilling.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Suttlesóó,€30€S.W.3d€252,€261€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914Ð „Ô  Ð(Tenn.€1998).Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àBecause€premeditation€involves€the€defendantððs€state€of€mind,€concerning€which€there€isÐ H˜ Ðoften€no€direct€evidence,€Tennessee€cases€have€long€recognized€that€premeditation€may€be€provedÐ 4„ Ðby€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€541€(Tenn.€1992).€€We€haveÐ  p Ðpreviously€identified€several€circumstances€that€may€warrant€the€trier€of€fact€to€find€or€inferÐ  \ Ðpremeditation:€€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€the€particular€cruelty€of€aÐ øH Ðkilling;€the€defendantððs€threats€or€declarations€of€intent€to€kill;€the€defendantððs€procurement€of€aÐ ä4 Ðweapon;€any€preparations€to€conceal€the€crime€undertaken€before€the€crime€is€committed;€destructionÐ Ð  Ðor€secretion€of€evidence€of€the€killing;€and€a€defendantððs€calmness€immediately€after€a€killing.€€òòSeeóóÐ ¼  ÐòòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660;€òòPikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€914-15.€€These€factors,€however,€are€not€exhaustive.€Ð ¨ø ÐòòSeeóó€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660;€òòPikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€914-15€(stating€that€these€are€but€some€of€severalÐ ”ä Ðfactors€that€may€be€considered€on€the€issue€of€premeditation).€€A€jury€is€not€limited€to€any€specificÐ €Ð Ðevidence€when€determining€whether€a€defendant€intentionally€killed€the€victim€ð ðafter€the€exerciseÐ l¼ Ðof€reflection€and€judgment.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(d)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€TheÐ X ¨ Ðfactors€listed€in€òòBlandóó€and€other€cases€simply€serve€to€demonstrate€that€premeditation€may€beÐ D!” Ðestablished€by€any€evidence€from€which€a€rational€trier€of€fact€may€infer€that€the€killing€was€doneÐ 0"€  Ðð ðafter€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgmentðð€as€required€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ #l! Ð39-13-202(d).Ð $X" ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€question€is€close€in€this€case,€we€believe€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€for€aÐ à%0!$ Ðrational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€the€element€of€premeditation€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€SeveralÐ Ì&"% Ðfacts€support€a€finding€of€premeditation€when€viewed€cumulatively€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ ¸'#& ÐState.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€LaChanceóó,€524€S.W.2d€933,€937€(Tenn.€1975)€(looking€at€the€entire€pattern€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€defendantððs€conduct€in€determining€whether€evidence€of€premeditation€is€sufficient).Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àWhile€there€is€no€direct€evidence€that€Davidson€intended€to€kill€Jackson€when€they€left€theÐ ° Ðâ âbar€together€on€the€night€of€September€26,€1995,€circumstantial€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€verdict.€Ð œì ÐIt€is€undisputed€that€Davidson€sat€quietly€near€Jackson€for€approximately€three€hours€before€offeringÐ ˆØ Ðher€a€ride€home.€€It€was€reasonable€for€the€jury€to€infer€that€during€this€time€Davidson€became€awareÐ tÄ Ðthat€Jackson€had€no€means€of€transportation€and€that€Davidson€remained€in€the€bar€after€all€otherÐ `° Ðpatrons€had€left,€waiting€to€offer€Jackson€a€ride€in€order€to€kidnap€and€murder€her.€€Evidence€thatÐ L œ Ðhair€clips,€a€cell€phone,€panties,€a€pillow,€a€sweatshirt,€and€a€sock,€all€belonging€to€Jackson,€wereÐ 8 ˆ Ðstrewn€across€a€field€near€her€home€supports€a€finding€that€there€was€a€struggle€between€DavidsonÐ $ t Ðand€Jackson.€€The€search€of€Davidsonððs€truck€revealed€two€sets€of€handcuffs€and€a€chain€with€aÐ  ` Ðpadlock€around€the€passenger€seat.€€Blood€consistent€with€Jacksonððs€was€also€found€on€the€passengerÐ ü L  Ðseat.€€Furthermore,€Davidson€told€the€police€that€Jackson€may€have€been€chained€to€a€tree.€€From€allÐ è 8  Ðof€this€evidence,€the€jury€could€have€reasonably€inferred€that€Davidson€left€the€bar€with€aÐ Ô$  Ðpreconceived€plan,€handcuffed€and€chained€Jackson€to€the€passenger€seat€in€his€truck,€drove€her€toÐ À  Ða€secluded€location,€again€restrained€her,€and€then€killed€her.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àWhile€the€precise€cause€of€Jacksonððs€death€was€undetermined,€the€search€of€Davidson€andÐ „Ô  Ðhis€truck€yielded€a€veritable€arsenal€of€weapons€including€knives,€shotguns,€a€.25€caliber€pistol,€andÐ pÀ Ðnumerous€rounds€of€live€and€spent€ammunition.€€Shotgun€shells€found€in€the€truck€and€at€theÐ \¬ Ðcampsite€were€determined€to€have€been€fired€from€one€of€the€shotguns€in€Davidsonððs€truck.€€InÐ H˜ Ðcontrast,€there€was€no€evidence€that€suggested€Jackson€was€armed€or€in€possession€of€a€weaponÐ 4„ Ðwhen€she€was€killed.€€òòSeeóó€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660€(mentioning€use€of€a€weapon€upon€an€unarmedÐ  p Ðvictim€as€a€circumstance€relevant€to€premeditation).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€jury€could€also€have€inferred€premeditation€from€Davidsonððs€treatment€of€Jacksonððs€bodyÐ ä4 Ðin€this€case.€€The€mutilation€of€the€body,€particularly€the€slicing€of€Jacksonððs€torso€from€the€neck€toÐ Ð  Ðthe€abdomen,€indicates€that€the€killing€was€motivated€by€a€desire€for€some€sort€of€gratification€andÐ ¼  Ðwas€not€a€rash€or€impulsive€killing.€€òòSeeóó€òòTooley€v.€Stateóó,€448€S.W.2d€683,€687€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¨ø Ð1969)€(concluding€that€horrible€mutilation€of€victim€was€circumstance€from€which€premeditationÐ ”ä Ðcould€be€inferred).€€Davidsonððs€calculated€behavior€during€his€interrogation€by€law€enforcement,Ð €Ð Ðdescribed€by€a€witness€as€a€ð ðcat„and„mouse€game,ðð€likewise€is€relevant€to€the€question€ofÐ l¼ Ðpremeditation€in€this€case.€€Davidson€first€claimed,€for€instance,€that€he€had€simply€given€JacksonÐ X ¨ Ða€ride€to€the€Kroger€parking€lot.€€Later,€unaware€that€Jacksonððs€body€had€been€found,€DavidsonÐ D!” Ðcoolly€speculated€that€someone€may€have€chained€her€to€a€tree€and€severed€her€head€and€hands€toÐ 0"€  Ðavoid€identification€of€the€corpse.€€When€officers€said€they€had€found€Jacksonððs€body€and€askedÐ #l! ÐDavidson€what€he€had€done€with€the€head,€he€replied,€ð ðI€havenððt€told€you€I€killed€her€yet.ððÐ $X" ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€while€no€single€piece€of€evidence€was€sufficient€in€and€of€itself€to€establishÐ à%0!$ Ðpremeditation€in€this€case,€we€believe€that€the€facts€and€circumstances€as€a€whole€were€sufficient€forÐ Ì&"% Ða€rational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€the€elements€of€premeditated€first€degree€murder€beyond€aÐ ¸'#& Ðreasonable€doubt.€€Davidson€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€ground.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðâ âÐ )à$( ÐÑ ®Ñâ âÑ€ ÀÀ` Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ  Ôâ âà@ßß ìàò òòòAggravated€Kidnappingó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€offense€of€kidnapping€is€committed€when€a€person€ð ðknowingly€removes€or€confinesÐ ˆØ Ðanother€unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€otherððs€liberty.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð tÄ Ððððð39-13-302,€-303€(1991).€€The€offense€is€aggravated€when€the€victim€suffers€bodily€injury.€€òòSeeóóÐ `° ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-304€(1991).Ð L œ ÐÌà  àWhen€viewed€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€it€is€clear€from€the€evidence€discussedÐ $ t Ðabove€that€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€find€the€elements€of€aggravated€kidnapping€beyond€aÐ  ` Ðreasonable€doubt.€€The€jury€could€have€reasonably€inferred€from€the€proof€presented€at€trial€thatÐ ü L  ÐDavidson€handcuffed€and€chained€Jackson€to€the€passenger€seat€in€his€truck€in€order€to€prevent€herÐ è 8  Ðescape€before€killing€her.€€Furthermore,€Davidsonððs€suggestion€that€Jackson€may€have€been€chainedÐ Ô$  Ðto€a€tree€also€supports€a€finding€that€she€was€kidnapped.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€Ð À  ÐÌÔ  Ôà@\\ìàò òTestimony€of€Darla€Harveyó óˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€next€issue€raised€is€whether€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€admitting€DarlaÐ pÀ ÐHarveyððs€testimony€regarding€her€opinions€about€Davidson€when€he€came€into€the€Lakeview€TavernÐ \¬ Ðtwo€weeks€after€Jacksonððs€disappearance.€€We€note€that€Davidson€concedes€that€Harveyððs€testimonyÐ H˜ Ðregarding€his€activities€while€in€the€bar€was€admissible.€€However,€he€complains€that€it€is€cumulativeÐ 4„ Ðto€the€testimony€given€by€other€witnesses€about€his€habit€of€sitting€and€watching€people.€€DavidsonÐ  p Ðargues€that€Harveyððs€opinions€were€improper€lay€opinions€in€violation€of€Tennessee€Rule€ofÐ  \ ÐEvidence€701.€€He€also€contends€that€they€were€irrelevant€and€unfairly€prejudicial€under€TennesseeÐ øH ÐRules€of€Evidence€401€and€403.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€State€asserts€that€any€error€was€harmless.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àDarla€Harvey€testified€that€on€the€afternoon€of€October€12,€1995,€Davidson€sat€silently€in€theÐ ¼  ÐLakeview€Tavern€and€stared€at€her€for€over€an€hour€while€sipping€a€beer.€€She€stated€that€she€thoughtÐ ¨ø Ðthat€Davidsonððs€staring€wasnððt€ð ðright,ðð€made€her€ð ðkind€of€wary,ðð€and€led€her€to€conclude€thatÐ ”ä Ðð ðsomething€ainððt€rightðð€and€ð ðthis€ainððt€working€out€too€good.ðð€€Harvey€further€testified€that,€asÐ €Ð ÐDavidson€continued€staring,€she€got€a€ð ðgut€feelingðð€that€she€should€go€outside€and€look€at€his€truck.€Ð l¼ ÐAfter€examining€Davidsonððs€truck,€she€said€to€herself,€ð ðGood,€I€got€me€a€nut.ðð€€The€defenseððsÐ X ¨ Ðobjection€to€this€remark€was€sustained.€€Harvey€testified€that,€after€re„entering€the€bar,€she€wasÐ D!” Ðð ðbotheredðð€when€Davidson€continued€to€stare€at€her€and€then€went€to€the€restroom€and€looked€outÐ 0"€  Ðthe€back€door.€€She€testified€that,€as€Davidson€remained€in€the€bar,€he€made€her€ð ðnervous,ðð€that€sheÐ #l! Ðð ðfelt€real€uneasy€about€the€whole€situation,ðð€and€that€his€staring€ð ðwas€making€[her]€veryÐ $X" Ðuncomfortable.ðð€€Harvey€testified€that€it€was€ð ðfunnyðð€and€that€ð ðsomething€wasnððt€rightðð€whenÐ ô$D # ÐDavidson€left€the€bar€at€one€point€to€get€a€cigarette€since€he€had€just€opened€a€pack€of€cigarettes.€Ð à%0!$ ÐHarvey€said€that,€when€she€saw€Davidson€get€something€out€of€his€truck,€she€placed€her€gun€closeÐ Ì&"% Ðat€hand€and€released€the€safety.€€She€continued€to€believe€that€ð ðsomething€wasnððt€rightðð€whenÐ ¸'#& ÐDavidson€returned€because€he€did€not€speak€to€her€when€she€addressed€him€and€because€he€kept€hisÐ ° Ðhand€in€his€pocket.€€Harvey€stated€that€she€had€been€ready€to€shoot€Davidson€if€he€had€come€anyÐ œì Ðcloser.€€She€commented€that€she€ð ðjust€had€a€bad€feeling,€this€guy€wasnððt€making€me€feel€right.ðð€Ð ˆØ ÐFinally,€Harvey€testified€that€she€felt€so€afraid€at€this€point,€that€she€urged€some€customers€to€askÐ tÄ ÐDavidson€to€leave€and€that€Davidson€then€left.Ð `° ÐÌà  àUnder€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€401€evidence€is€relevant€if€it€has€ð ðany€tendency€to€makeÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€orÐ $ t Ðless€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€However,€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€403Ð  ` Ðexcludes€any€relevant€evidence€ð ðif€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€ofÐ ü L  Ðunfair€prejudice.ðð€€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€701(a)€provides:Ð è 8  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIf€a€witness€is€not€testifying€as€an€expert,€the€witnessððs€testimony€inÐ À  Ðthe€form€of€opinions€or€inferences€is€limited€to€those€opinions€orÐ ¬ü  Ðinferences€which€are€(1)€rationally€based€on€the€perception€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðwitness€and€(2)€helpful€to€a€clear€understanding€of€the€witnessððsÐ „Ô  Ðtestimony€or€the€determination€of€a€fact€in€issue.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà  àInitially,€we€disagree€that€all€parts€of€Harveyððs€testimony€challenged€by€Davidson€in€thisÐ H˜ ÐCourt€amount€to€lay€opinion.€€While€Harveyððs€testimony€that€ð ðsomething€ainððt€rightðð€and€that€ð ðthisÐ 4„ Ðainððt€working€out€too€goodðð€were€opinions,€her€statements€that€she€was€ð ðkind€of€wary,ðð€had€a€ð ðgutÐ  p Ðfeelingðð€or€a€ð ðbad€feeling,ðð€and€was€frightened,€uneasy,€and€uncomfortable€were€not€opinions€butÐ  \ Ðdescriptions€of€her€state€of€mind€during€the€time€that€Davidson€was€in€the€tavern.€€This€testimonyÐ øH Ðwas€relevant€to€explain€Harveyððs€examination€of€Davidsonððs€truck.€€Furthermore,€those€portions€ofÐ ä4 ÐHarveyððs€testimony€that€are€opinions€were€observations€rationally€based€on€her€perception€of€theÐ Ð  Ðfacts.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€550€(stating€that€opinion€testimony€is€admissible€when€itÐ ¼  Ðdescribes€the€witnessððs€observations€in€the€only€way€in€which€they€can€be€clearly€described).€€ThisÐ ¨ø Ðtestimony€was€helpful€to€the€jury€in€understanding€why€Harvey€acted€as€she€did€while€Davidson€wasÐ ”ä Ðin€the€tavern.€€Harveyððs€statements€were€therefore€relevant.€€òòSeeóó€Cohen,€Sheppeard€&€Paine,Ð €Ð ÐòòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó€ðð7.01[4][c]€(4th€ed.€2002)€(stating€that€implicit€in€the€requirement€thatÐ l¼ Ðlay€opinion€be€helpful€is€the€concept€of€relevance).€€Moreover,€Harveyððs€assessment€of€DavidsonððsÐ X ¨ Ðbehavior€was€unlikely€to€result€in€any€unfair€prejudice.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€the€probativeÐ D!” Ðvalue€of€this€testimony€outweighed€any€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€We€thus€hold€that€the€trial€courtÐ 0"€  Ðdid€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€admitting€these€portions€of€Harveyððs€testimony.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€even€if€the€challenged€statements€were€inadmissible,€in€light€of€the€entire€recordÐ ô$D # Ðon€appeal,€we€would€conclude€that€any€error€in€the€admission€of€Harveyððs€statements€would€haveÐ à%0!$ Ðbeen€harmless.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a).€€Several€other€witnessesÐ Ì&"% Ðtestified€concerning€similar€behavior€by€Davidson.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð ¸'#& Ðâ âÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÔ  Ôâ âà@¼ ¼ ìàò òJury€Verdict€Form€ð!ð€Aggravating€Circumstancesó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àDavidson€next€contends€that€the€death€sentence€was€invalid€because€the€juryððs€verdict€formÐ ˆØ Ðdid€not€establish€that€the€jury€found€the€aggravating€circumstances€relied€upon€by€the€State.€€TheÐ tÄ ÐState€argues€that€Davidson€waived€review€of€the€issue€by€failing€to€object€contemporaneously׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€andÐ `° Ðthat,€in€any€event,€the€verdict€form€was€sufficiently€clear€to€show€that€the€jury€found€all€of€theÐ L œ Ðaggravating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€State€relied€upon€three€aggravating€circumstances€in€seeking€the€death€penalty:€€(1)€thatÐ  ` Ðthe€defendant€had€a€prior€conviction€for€a€felony€whose€statutory€elements€involved€the€use€ofÐ ü L  Ðviolence€to€the€person;€(2)€that€the€defendant€knowingly€committed€the€murder€in€the€commissionÐ è 8  Ðof€a€kidnapping;€and€(3)€that€the€defendant€knowingly€mutilated€the€body€of€the€victim€after€death.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(i)(2),€(7),€(13)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€The€trial€court€instructedÐ À  Ðthe€jury€on€the€precise€statutory€language€of€these€aggravating€circumstances.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àIn€imposing€the€death€penalty,€the€juryððs€verdict€form€stated:€€ð ðWe,€the€jury,€unanimouslyÐ „Ô  Ðfind€the€following€listed€statutory€aggravating€circumstance[]€or€circumstancesðð:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)à0¸ ` x` xàPreviously€convicted€of€one€(1)€or€more€felonies,€etc.ÐH˜¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)à0¸ ` x` xàThe€murder€was€knowingly€committed,€etc.Ð p¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)à0¸ ` x` xàThe€Defendant€knowingly€mutilated€the€body€of€the€victimÐ øH Ðafter€death.Ðä4¸ x¸ x ÐÌThe€verdict€form€concluded€that€ð ð[w]e,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€State€has€proven€beyondÐ ¼  Ða€reasonable€doubt€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€so€listed€above€outweigh€any€mitigatingÐ ¨ø Ðcircumstances.ððÐ ”ä ÐÌà  àThis€Court€has€never€held€that€the€juryððs€verdict€form€must€be€an€exact€or€verbatim€statementÐ l¼ Ðof€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances€relied€upon€by€the€State.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2dÐ X ¨ Ð651,€661€n.6€(Tenn.€1997)€(holding€that€ð ð[t]he€failure€of€the€verdict€to€repeat€the€language€of€theÐ D!” Ðstatute€defining€the€aggravating€circumstance€does€not€invalidate€the€juryððs€findingsðð).€€The€juryððsÐ 0"€  Ðverdict€must€be€sufficiently€clear,€however,€to€indicate€that€the€jury€has€found€the€elements€of€theÐ #l! Ðaggravated€circumstance€or€circumstances€relied€upon€by€the€prosecution.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€McKinneyóó,Ð $X" Ð74€S.W.3d€291,€303€(Tenn.€2002).€€The€verdict€is€sufficient€where€ð ðthe€aggravating€circumstancesÐ ô$D # Ðfound€are€clearly€those€allowed€by€the€statute€and€permit€effective€appellate€review€of€the€sentence.ðð€Ð à%0!$ ÐòòId.óóat€304€(quoting€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€250€(Tenn.€1990)).Ð Ì&"% Ðâ âÐ ¸'#& Ðà  àWe€agree€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€conclusion€that€the€juryððs€verdict€in€this€caseÐ ° Ðâ âestablished€that€the€jury€found€the€aggravating€circumstances€relied€upon€by€the€State€in€seeking€theÐ œì Ðdeath€sentence.€€The€State€relied€upon€three€aggravating€circumstances€and€the€trial€courtððsÐ ˆØ Ðinstructions€to€the€jury€tracked€the€precise€statutory€language€of€each€of€the€three€aggravatingÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances.€€Although€the€juryððs€verdict€form€did€not€specifically€restate€the€precise€statutoryÐ `° Ðlanguage,€it€plainly€indicates€that€the€jury€found€all€three€aggravating€circumstances.€€Indeed,€as€theÐ L œ ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€observed,€the€verdict€formððs€use€of€ð ðetc.ðð€demonstrates€that€the€juryÐ 8 ˆ Ðfound€the€exact€aggravating€circumstances€upon€which€it€had€been€instructed€and€then€used€a€short,Ð $ t Ðcommon€term€for€incorporating€the€entire€statutory€language€by€reference.€€Indeed,€any€otherÐ  ` Ðconclusion€would€be€unreasonable.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€303-04.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThis€Courtððs€decision€in€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€989€S.W.2d€307€(Tenn.€1999),€upon€which€DavidsonÐ Ô$  Ðrelies,€is€distinguishable.€€In€òòHarrisóó,€we€held€that€a€sentencing€verdict€was€error€where€the€jury€foundÐ À  Ðthat€the€murder€was€ð ðespecially€heinous€and€atrociousðð€and€did€not€recite€the€complete€statutoryÐ ¬ü  Ðlanguage€of€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physicalÐ ˜è  Ðabuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.ðð€€989€S.W.2d€at€313-14.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Moreover,€the€statementsÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€jury€foreperson€revealed€that€the€jury€òòintendedóó€to€omit€the€remaining€critical€language€of€theÐ pÀ Ðaggravating€circumstance,€òòi.e.óó,€ð ðtorture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produceÐ \¬ Ðdeath.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€314.€€We€held€that€verdict€was€incomplete€and€erroneous€under€the€circumstances€ofÐ H˜ Ðthat€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€In€contrast,€there€is€no€indication€in€this€case€that€the€jury€intended€to€omit€anyÐ 4„ Ðelements€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€or€that€it€altered€the€aggravating€circumstances€to€suit€itsÐ  p Ðfindings.€€Accordingly,€Davidson€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€ground.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àIn€a€related€argument,€Davidson€asserts€that€the€death€sentence€was€invalid€because€theÐ ä4 Ðverdict€form€did€not€state€that€the€jury€found€the€aggravating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonableÐ Ð  Ðdoubt.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€relevant€statutory€provision€requires€that€the€jury€unanimously€determine€that€at€least€oneÐ ”ä Ðaggravating€circumstance€has€been€proven€by€the€State€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€that€suchÐ €Ð Ðaggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances€have€been€proven€by€the€State€to€outweigh€any€mitigatingÐ l¼ Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(g)(1)(A),€(B)€(1991Ð X ¨ Ð&€Supp.€1995).€€The€statute€further€provides€that€if€the€sentence€imposed€is€a€death€sentence,€the€juryÐ D!” Ðshall€ð ð[r]educe€to€writing€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€or€statutory€aggravatingÐ 0"€  Ðcircumstances€so€foundðð€and€ð ð[s]ignify€that€the€state€has€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ #l! Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances.ðð€€Tenn.Ð $X" ÐCode€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(g)(2)(A)(i),€(ii)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).€€Finally,€the€statute€requires€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðjuryððs€verdict€form€substantially€appear€as€follows:Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWe,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€the€following€listed€statutoryÐ ¸'#& Ðaggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances:Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÐ )à$( Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Here€list€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances€soÐ ° Ðfound.]Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWe,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€state€has€proven€beyond€aÐ tÄ Ðreasonable€doubt€that€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€orÐ `° Ðcircumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTherefore,€we,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€punishment€shallÐ $ t Ðbe€death.Ð `` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(g)€(Supp.€1995).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àAs€stated€above,€the€juryððs€verdict€form€stated,€ð ðWe,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€the€followingÐ À  Ðlisted€statutory€aggravating€circumstance[]€or€circumstances,ðð€which€it€then€listed.€€The€verdictÐ ¬ü  Ðconcluded,€ð ðWe,€the€jury,€unanimously€find€that€the€State€has€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€thatÐ ˜è  Ðthe€aggravating€circumstances€so€listed€above€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances.ðð€€Accordingly,Ð „Ô  Ðthe€verdict€mirrored€and€satisfied€the€relevant€statutory€language€regarding€the€required€jury€verdictÐ pÀ Ðform€in€a€death€penalty€case.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(g)€(1991€&€Supp.€1995).Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€the€trial€courtððs€instructions€to€the€jury€emphasized€the€precise€statutoryÐ 4„ Ðrequirements€with€respect€to€the€Stateððs€burden€of€proof.€€For€instance:Ð  p ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTennessee€law€provides€that€no€sentence€of€death€.€.€.€shall€beÐ øH Ðimposed€by€a€jury€but€upon€a€òòunanimous€finding€that€the€state€hasÐ ä4 Ðproven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€one€(1)€or€more€ofÐ Ð  Ðthe€statutory€aggravating€circumstancesóó€....м ` x` x ÐÌà@oo(ìà.€.€.ˆÐ ”ä ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMembers€of€the€Jury,€the€court€has€read€to€you€òòthe€aggravatingÐ l¼ Ðcircumstances€which€the€law€requires€you€to€find€beyond€a€reasonableÐ X ¨ Ðdoubt€that€the€evidence€was€establishedóó.ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà@oo(ìà.€.€.ˆÐ #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àòòIf€you€unanimously€determine€that€at€least€one€statutory€aggravatingÐ ô$D # Ðcircumstance€or€several€aggravating€circumstances€have€been€provenÐ à%0!$ Ðby€the€state,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtóó,€and€said€circumstance€orÐ Ì&"% Ðcircumstances€have€been€proven€by€the€state€to€outweigh€anyÐ ° Ðmitigating€circumstance€or€circumstances,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,Ð œì Ðthe€sentence€shall€be€death.€€The€jury€shall€reduce€to€writing€theÐ ˆØ Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€or€statutory€aggravatingÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances€so€found,€and€signify€that€the€state€has€proven€beyondÐ `° Ða€reasonable€doubt€that€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€orÐ L œ Ðcircumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌ(Emphasis€added).€€Accordingly,€there€is€no€doubt€that€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€correctÐ  ` Ðstandards€of€proof€and€that€its€verdict€complied€with€the€controlling€statutory€provisions.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ ü L  Ðv.€Shawóó,€37€S.W.3d€900,€904€(Tenn.€2001)€(providing€that€the€jury€is€presumed€to€follow€the€trialÐ è 8  Ðcourtððs€instructions).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€courtððs€detailed€instructions€to€the€jury€and€the€use€of€the€statutorily„required€verdictÐ ¬ü  Ðform€distinguish€this€case€from€our€decisions€in€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145€(Tenn.€1999),€andÐ ˜è  ÐòòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€òòStephensonóó,€the€juryððs€verdict€was€faciallyÐ „Ô  Ðvoid€because€Ô‡Xñ¨XXXñ¨Ôthe€court€gave€conflicting€instructions€as€to€the€applicable€burden€of€proof€and€theÐ pÀ Ðsentencing€verdict€form€omitted€the€applicable€burden€of€proofÔ#†Xñ¨XXXñ¨#Ô.€€òòSeeóó€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€557„Ð \¬ Ð58.€€In€òòCarteróó,€the€verdict€forms€also€omitted€the€applicable€burden€of€proof,€and€thus€they€wereÐ H˜ Ðfacially€void,€despite€the€jury€having€been€given€proper€instructions.€€òòSeeóó€òòCarteróó,€988€S.W.2d€at€152.€Ð 4„ ÐIn€contrast,€it€is€clear€that€the€trial€court€in€this€case€properly€instructed€the€jury€and€that€the€juryððsÐ  p Ðverdict€was€based€on€the€applicable€law.€€Accordingly,€Davidson€is€not€entitled€to€relief€based€on€thisÐ  \ Ðissue.Ð øH ÐÌÔ  Ôò òÓ  ÓMandatory€Review€Factorsó óÐ Ð  ÐÌÓwÓà  àIn€reviewing€the€mandatory€review€factors€on€appeal,€we€first€note€that€there€is€no€indicationÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€juryððs€imposition€of€the€death€sentence€was€arbitrary.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð ”ä Ððð39-13-206(c)(1)(A)€(1997).€€Moreover,€the€evidence€overwhelmingly€supports€the€juryððs€findingsÐ €Ð Ðwith€respect€to€the€three€aggravating€circumstances.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-206(c)(1)(B)Ð l¼ Ð(1997).€€Specifically,€Davidson€had€prior€convictions€for€felonies€whose€elements€involved€the€useÐ X ¨ Ðof€violence€to€the€person,€he€committed€the€killing€in€the€course€of€a€kidnapping,€and€he€knowinglyÐ D!” Ðmutilated€the€victim€after€the€killing.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-204(i)(2),€(7),€(13)€(1991€&Ð 0"€  ÐSupp.€1995).€€Finally,€the€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€determination€that€the€aggravatingÐ #l! Ðcircumstances€outweigh€the€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ $X" ÐAnn.€ðð39-13-206(c)(1)(C)€(1997).Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€a€case€where€a€defendant€has€been€sentenced€to€death,€we€must€apply€a€comparativeÐ Ì&"% Ðproportionality€analysis€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39-13-206(c)(1).€€TheÐ ¸'#& Ðpurpose€of€the€analysis€is€to€identify€aberrant,€arbitrary,€or€capricious€sentencing€by€determiningÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwhether€the€death€sentence€is€ð ðdisproportionate€to€the€punishment€imposed€on€others€convicted€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€same€crime.ðð€€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€662(quoting€òòPulley€v.€Harrisóó,€465€U.S.€37,€42-43€(1984)).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àOur€comparative€proportionality€analysis€employs€the€ð ðprecedent€seekingðð€method,€in€whichÐ ° Ðwe€compare€the€case€under€review€with€other€cases€involving€similar€defendants€and€similar€crimes.€Ð œì ÐòòSeeóó€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€667.€€Although€no€two€defendants€or€crimes€are€precisely€alike,€a€deathÐ ˆØ Ðsentence€is€disproportionate€only€if€a€case€is€ð ðplainly€lacking€in€circumstances€consistent€with€thoseÐ tÄ Ðin€cases€where€the€death€penalty€has€been€imposed.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€668.Ð `° ÐÌà  àThe€relevant€pool€of€cases€in€our€comparative€proportionality€review€includes€those€firstÐ 8 ˆ Ðdegree€murder€cases€in€which€the€State€seeks€the€death€penalty,€a€capital€sentencing€hearing€is€held,Ð $ t Ðand€the€sentencing€jury€determines€whether€the€sentence€should€be€life€imprisonment,€lifeÐ  ` Ðimprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole,€or€death.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Godseyóó,€60€S.W.3d€759,€783Ð ü L  Ð(Tenn.€2001).€€The€pool€does€not€include€first€degree€murder€cases€in€which€a€plea€bargain€is€reachedÐ è 8  Ðwith€respect€to€the€punishment€or€in€which€the€State€does€not€seek€the€death€penalty:Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[C]onsideration€of€cases€in€which€the€State,€for€whatever€reasons,€didÐ ¬ü  Ðnot€seek€the€death€penalty€would€necessarily€require€us€to€scrutinizeÐ ˜è  Ðwhat€is€ultimately€a€discretionary€prosecutorial€decision.€€WeÐ „Ô  Ðpreviously€have€declined€to€review€the€exercise€of€prosecutorialÐ pÀ Ðdiscretion,€and€it€would€be€particularly€inappropriate€to€do€so€inÐ \¬ Ðconducting€comparative€proportionality€review,€where€our€functionÐ H˜ Ðis€limited€to€identifying€aberrant€death€sentences,€not€identifyingÐ 4„ Ðòòpotentialóó€capital€cases€....€€Such€a€course€could€potentiallyÐ  p Ðdiscourage€the€State€both€from€exercising€its€discretion€to€not€seek€theÐ  \ Ðdeath€penalty€and€from€engaging€in€plea€bargaining€with€a€defendantÐ øH Ðcharged€with€first€degree€murder.€€Indeed,€such€a€course€could€resultÐ ä4 Ðin€the€State€seeking€the€ultimate€penalty€in€every€first€degree€murderÐ Ð  Ðcase.м ` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€784€(citations€omitted).Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€our€comparative€proportionality€review€of€the€applicable€pool€of€cases€considersÐ l¼ Ðnumerous€factors€regarding€the€offense:€€(1)€the€means€of€death;€(2)€the€manner€of€death;€(3)€theÐ X ¨ Ðmotivation€for€the€killing;€(4)€the€place€of€death;€(5)€the€victimððs€age,€physical€condition,€andÐ D!” Ðpsychological€condition;€(6)€the€absence€or€presence€of€premeditation;€(7)€the€absence€or€presenceÐ 0"€  Ðof€provocation;€(8)€the€absence€or€presence€of€justification;€and€(9)€the€injury€to€and€effect€upon€non„Ð #l! Ðdecedent€victims.€€òòSeeóó€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€667.€€We€also€consider€numerous€factors€about€theÐ $X" Ðdefendant:€(1)€prior€criminal€record,€if€any;€(2)€age,€race,€and€gender;€(3)€mental,€emotional,€andÐ ô$D # Ðphysical€condition;€(4)€role€in€the€murder;€(5)€cooperation€with€authorities;€(6)€level€of€remorse;€(7)Ð à%0!$ Ðknowledge€of€the€victimððs€helplessness;€and€(8)€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óóÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€in€this€case€shows€that€Davidson€met€Jackson€on€September€26,€1995,€afterÐ ¤(ô#' Ðoffering€to€give€her€a€ride€home€from€Broncoððs€Bar€in€Dickson,€Tennessee.€€Davidson€kidnapped€andÐ )à$( Ðthen€killed€the€unarmed,€unsuspecting€victim.€€Jacksonððs€body€was€later€found€in€a€remote€locationÐ |*Ì%) Ðwith€lacerations€and€blunt€trauma€to€her€neck.€€Her€head€and€left€hand€had€been€severed€from€herÐ h+¸&* Ðbody,€and€her€torso€had€been€sliced€from€navel€to€sternum.€€There€was€evidence€that€a€struggleÐ ° Ðoccurred€between€Jackson€and€Davidson.€€Jacksonððs€clothing€and€belongings€were€found€along€aÐ œì Ðroad€near€her€house€and€blood€matching€Jacksonððs€DNA€was€found€in€Davidsonððs€truck.€€There€wasÐ ˆØ Ðno€evidence€of€provocation€or€justification€for€the€killing.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àAt€the€time€of€his€trial,€Davidson€was€a€52„year„old€white€male€who€had€three€felonyÐ L œ Ðconvictions€for€prior€violent€sexual€offenses.€€Davidson€did€not€cooperate€with€authorities€or€expressÐ 8 ˆ Ðremorse€for€the€crime.€€To€the€contrary,€he€evaded€responsibility€by€giving€law€enforcement€officersÐ $ t Ðconflicting€statements.€€Davidson€was€later€found€in€possession€of€numerous€weapons€andÐ  ` Ðrestraining€devices.€€Items€belonging€to€Davidson€matched€several€items€that€were€found€near€theÐ ü L  Ðvictimððs€body.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àWe€hold€that€the€death€sentence€in€this€case€is€not€excessive€or€disproportionate€whenÐ À  Ðcompared€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€For€instance,€this€Court€has€upheld€the€deathÐ ¬ü  Ðpenalty€in€numerous€cases€involving€killings€in€the€course€of€a€kidnapping.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Carruthersóó,Ð ˜è  Ð35€S.W.3d€516€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Hinesóó,€919€S.W.2d€573€(Tenn.€1995);€òòState€v.€Batesóó,€804Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€868€(Tenn.€1991);€òòState€v.€Alleyóó,€776€S.W.2d€506€(Tenn.€1989);€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€768Ð pÀ ÐS.W.2d€239€(Tenn.€1989);€òòState€v.€Houseóó,€743€S.W.2d€141€(Tenn.€1987);€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€718€S.W.2dÐ \¬ Ð241€(Tenn.€1986).€€The€death€penalty€has€also€been€upheld€in€similar€cases€in€which€a€defendant€hasÐ H˜ Ðkilled€the€victim€and€has€either€dismembered€the€victimððs€body€or€disposed€of€the€body€in€a€secludedÐ 4„ Ðlocation.€€òòSeeóó€òòTerry€v.€Stateóó,€46€S.W.3d€147€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236€(Tenn.Ð  p Ð1990);€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€768€S.W.2d€239€(Tenn.€1989).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àSimilarly,€this€Court€has€frequently€upheld€death€sentences€in€cases€where€one€of€theÐ ä4 Ðaggravating€circumstances€was€a€prior€conviction€for€a€felony€whose€statutory€elements€involved€theÐ Ð  Ðuse€of€violence€to€the€person.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€McKinneyóó,€74€S.W.3d€291€(Tenn.€2002);€òòState€v.€Stoutóó,Ð ¼  Ð46€S.W.3d€689€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€45€S.W.3d€1€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Chalmersóó,€28Ð ¨ø ÐS.W.3d€913€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Cribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€771Ð ”ä ÐS.W.2d€387€€(Tenn.€1989);€òòState€v.€Harriesóó,€657€S.W.2d€414€(Tenn.€1983).€€Indeed,€a€prior€violentÐ €Ð Ðfelony€is€an€aggravating€circumstance€that€is€ð ðmore€qualitatively€persuasive€and€objectively€reliableÐ l¼ Ðthan€others.ðð€€òòState€v.€Howellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238,€261€(Tenn.€1993);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòMcKinneyóó,€74€S.W.3dÐ X ¨ Ðat€313.€€Many€such€cases€have€involved€defendants€whose€prior€felony€convictions€were€for€sexualÐ D!” Ðoffenses.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Vannóó,€976€S.W.2d€93€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Nicholsóó,€877€S.W.2d€722€(Tenn.Ð 0"€  Ð1994);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253€(Tenn.€1994).€€Finally,€we€have€upheld€numerous€deathÐ #l! Ðsentences€in€which€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€premeditated€murder€and€the€killing€wasÐ $X" Ðcommitted€in€the€course€of€a€kidnapping.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Powersóó,€101€S.W.3d€383€(Tenn.€2003);€òòStateÐ ô$D # Ðv.€Carruthersóó,€35€S.W.3d€516€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Batesóó,€804€S.W.2d€868€(Tenn.€1991);€òòState€v.Ð à%0!$ ÐAlleyóó,€776€S.W.2d€506€(Tenn.€1989);€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€768€S.W.2d€239€(Tenn.€1989).Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àAlthough€we€recognize€and€have€considered€that€there€are€first€degree€murder€cases€in€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðapplicable€pool€in€which€the€defendant€received€a€sentence€less€than€death€after€a€capital€sentencingÐ )à$( Ðhearing,€our€analysis€does€not€require€a€determination€of€whether€a€given€case€is€subjectively€ð ðmoreÐ |*Ì%) Ðor€lessðð€like€other€ð ðdeathðð€cases€or€other€ð ðlifeðð€cases.€€òòMcKinneyóó,€74€S.W.3d€at€313.€€Instead,€ourÐ h+¸&* Ðreview€requires€that€we€identify€aberrant€death€sentences€by€determining€whether€a€case€ð ðplainlyÐ ° Ðlacksðð€circumstances€found€in€similar€cases€in€which€the€death€penalty€has€been€imposed.€€òòGodseyóó,Ð œì Ð60€S.W.3d€at€783.€€As€we€have€explained,€the€facts€of€this€offense,€the€nature€of€this€defendant,€andÐ ˆØ Ðthe€aggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances€in€this€case€reveal€that€this€case€does€not€plainly€lackÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances€consistent€with€those€in€the€numerous€similar€cases€in€which€a€death€sentence€hasÐ `° Ðbeen€upheld.€€Accordingly,€the€death€sentence€is€not€excessive€or€disproportionate€as€applied€toÐ L œ ÐDavidson.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÔ  Ôò òà@FF%ìàCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ  ` ÐÌà  àIn€accordance€with€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39-13-206(c)(1)€and€the€principlesÐ è 8  Ðadopted€in€prior€decisions,€we€have€considered€the€entire€record€and€conclude€that€the€sentence€ofÐ Ô$  Ðdeath€has€not€been€imposed€arbitrarily,€that€the€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€of€the€statutoryÐ À  Ðaggravating€circumstances,€that€the€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€aggravatingÐ ¬ü  Ðcircumstances€outweigh€the€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€that€theÐ ˜è  Ðsentence€is€not€excessive€or€disproportionate.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àWe€have€reviewed€all€of€the€issues€raised€by€Davidson€and€conclude€that€they€do€not€warrantÐ \¬ Ðrelief.€€With€respect€to€issues€that€were€raised€in€this€Court€but€not€addressed€in€this€opinion,€weÐ H˜ Ðaffirm€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€Relevant€portions€of€that€opinion€are€incorporated€herein€andÐ 4„ Ðare€attached€as€an€appendix.€€Davidsonððs€sentence€of€death€is€affirmed€and€shall€be€carried€out€onÐ  p Ðthe€3rd€day€of€March,€2004,€unless€otherwise€ordered€by€this€Court€or€proper€authority.€€It€appearingÐ  \ Ðthat€the€defendant,€Jerry€Ray€Davidson,€is€indigent,€costs€of€the€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€State€ofÐ øH ÐTennessee.Ð ä4 ÐÌÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à______________________________Дä(#(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJANICE€M.€HOLDER,€JUSTICE