ÿWPCQ0 d¸.ô¼/Áš¼/Áš-›_Ÿ”œ"ÃéÅø¨0¨¬˜¨DÉ/Ðè/=ä§Lf#·Ä>ƒÓÕÝ‰Ì’ó¼ ’è^÷Gg÷ÇÉÐN`ø¨"*E;fŒ:ûÄiGôERq˜ùMÌÛª\Õ¢&†!G–üZ†–™Í¥…gD‚/À?Xìb¦ç8 c4Ã8+.–'ÏA°› =ÍÚkŸ@„.2¤)ôm[ô¿Ë‡_c½8õjú©à‡hÒñCaË'è5?ifiÁº®S7„‹¥xab2@À×Ï.ò’–+Ρ…‡„CÎÑr›­Þ§Y°²k—þÛ”Øbµf›MYœÚÿ .ÖØQ¤JDL+âas£Ÿ¤º wné–-QPÈòDZÖ·O÷õÄzú]»{§Œ_7®PùéIlË Ÿ?3òç½wœ+.Vñˆü§n] åà-él° ÔÒ ë@ñüà×Ê£8ËðLkäXŽìÚ>‰¹ýöóJÇ=·÷ÒñD}©¼ÚéÚ¾7|íR-\GâÞ&°³p;ÑcE .û8&5‹š5-Ù_•ó¼¼°V€:VñêR½=pÿzaâÞk®Ú¤þ^ Ì\ÞQ7oÔω –Oa¿aë=sób#É\ %% U'@+ 0§k UN ^ ` wl zp Òê 4¼ Ð ß má Æø ƾ Æ„ÆJ¾N΢ЇrEùûFäWØ; º"ºÍ"L‡#‰Ó%E\'\'\'\'\'\'\'\'\'\'\'\' 0 D¡*¡*¡*bå*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å*å* 0 í*í*í*í* Bù+ù+ 0Ã, D5Ù, D-- 0K;-;- AS†-ÆÙ- 0ß. 0Db/ A«¦/˜\\ib01s01\clerk1nasÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman (ðš$¡¡Ô€»Ì »»»ÔÑ€..ÑÑ8€í»»d »»d 8ÑÑ ýý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular´}r1  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt„‚–0ê:i¢×+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ´Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThis€indictment€also€charged€two€counts€of€illegally€prescribing€€Schedule€IV€drugs€in€violation€of€TennesseeÐ ° ÐCode€Annotated€sections€53„11„308€and€53„11„401.€€These€counts€were€later€dismissed€and€are€not€included€within€ourÐ tÄ Ðdiscussion. McMinn BebbFulksEstes TBIPatrice T.J.RitnerDessieDelzellTennCarehurt[sLoudonToliverSpicer t]wo Crim EvidTolliverDrowota J.S.SJSchermerhornMullinaxGillilandcorroborate[dHallock DelkBlakelyAlfordGencoLavinRaineyHoffmeyer COA J.W.Jeana }Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThis€conviction€was€later€reversed€by€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€for€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ ° Ðdefense€of€consent.€€The€State€did€not€appeal€the€reversal,€and€we€do€not€consider€it€further. Ñ ° Ñ <Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Parksóó,€No.€M2003„02002„CCA„R3„CD,€2004€WL€1936404€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Aug.€30,€2004)Ð ° Ð(defendant€was€victimððs€stepfather);€òòState€v.€Pointeróó,€No.€M2003„00893„CCA„R3„CD,€2004€WL€603419€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð tÄ ÐApp.€March€26,€2004)€(defendant€was€victimððs€stepfather);€€òòState€v.€Rainey,€Jr.óó,€No.€M2001„01870„CCA„R3„CD,€2003Ð 8ˆ ÐWL€21302993€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€June€6,€2003)(defendant€was€the€victimððs€school€principal€and€coach)€òòpermóó.€òòapp.óóÐ üL Ðòòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€,€Nov.€3,€2003);€òòTenn.€Dept.€€of€Childrenððs€Services€v.€Hoffmeyeróó,€No.€M2002„00076„COA„R3„JV,€2003Ð À ÐWL€1092779€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Mar.€13,€2003)€(defendant€was€the€victimððs€father);€òòJ.W.€ex€rel.€Jeana€Watts€v.€MauryÐ „Ô ÐCountyóó,€No.€M2001„02768„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV,€2003€WL€1018138€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€€Mar.€11,€2003)€(defendant€was€theÐ H ˜ Ðvictimððs€school€resource€officer);€òòState€v.€McGillóó,€No.€E2001„01074„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€WL€707936€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  \ ÐApr.€24,€2002)€(defendant€was€the€victimððs€teacher),€òòpermóó.€òòapp.óó€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.,€Sept.€9,€2002);€òòState€v.€Milleróó,€No.Ð Ð  ÐE2000„01867„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€WL€957464€€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€€Aug.€23,€2001)€(defendant€was€the€victimððs€father)Ð ” ä  Ðòòperm.óó€òòapp.óó€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.,€Feb.€25,€2002);òòóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔTrivetteÔ_Ôóó,€No.€E1999„00944„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€1470530€(Tenn.Ð X ¨  ÐCrim.€App.€Oct.€4,€2000)€(defendant€was€victimððs€cousin)òòóó. ÚÝ ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee,€e.g.óó,€Ark.€Code€Ann.€ðð€5„14„124(a)(2)€(2003)€(person€commits€first€degree€sexual€assault€if€the€victimÐ ° Ðis€a€child€and€the€person€is€in€a€position€of€trust€or€authority€over€the€victim);€Miss.€Code€Ann.€ðð€97„3„95€(1998)Ð tÄ Ð(defendant€holds€a€position€of€trust€or€authority€over€a€child);€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔMarcumÔ_Ôóó,€811€P.2d€963,€965€(Wash.€Ct.€App.€1991)Ð 8ˆ Ð(holding€in€a€child€molestation€case€that€a€position€of€trust€and€a€position€of€authority€are€not€the€same€thing). ÎÝ ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee,€e.góó,€Julie€Ô_ÔGantzÔ_Ô,€òòState€Statutory€Preclusion€of€Wrongful€Birth€Relief:€A€Troubling€Re„Writing€of€aÐ ° ÐWomanððs€Right€to€Choose€and€the€Doctor„Patient€Relationshipóó,€4€Va.€J.€Soc.€Ô_ÔPolððyÔ_Ô€&€L.€795€(1997). °Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòId.óó€at€799. °Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòId.óó€at€801. BÝ ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendant€also€raised€the€issue€on€appeal€that€the€enhancement€of€his€sentence€by€the€trial€court€wasÐ ° Ðunconstitutional€under€the€recent€United€States€Supreme€Court€decision€in€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€124€S.€Ct.€2531Ð tÄ Ð(2004).€€However,€as€we€have€reversed€the€defendantððs€convictions,€the€sentencing€issue€is€rendered€€moot€and€we€doÐ 8ˆ Ðnot€address€it. Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(16)€(2003)€(listing€an€abuse€of€a€position€of€public€or€private€trust€as€oneÐ ° Ðof€several€enhancement€factors€that€a€trial€court€may€apply€in€criminal€sentencing).€ ;Ý ƒR!‰$ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAs€we€stated€in€òòSpiceróó,€a€motion€to€consolidate€offenses€is€€typically€a€pre„trial€motion€with€evidence€tendingÐ ° Ðto€support€or€negate€the€propriety€of€consolidation€being€presented€at€a€pre„trial€hearing.€€òòSpiceróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€445.€Ð tÄ ÐConsequently,€in€reviewing€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€consolidate€the€offenses,€we€necessarily€look€to€the€evidenceÐ 8ˆ Ðpresented€at€the€pre„trial€hearing,€ð ðalong€with€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law,€to€determineÐ üL Ðwhether€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€by€improperly€joining€the€offenses.ðð€€òòId.óó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(›I2!‰$¤¤Ý ƒðš!ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÑ€.ÑÑ8€JE»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô,Üò»»JEÔ€€ d(›3"†$££Ý ƒðš!ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÑ€.ÑÑ8€JE»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(›3"†$¢¢Ý ƒðš!ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÑ€.ÑÑ8€JE»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒðš!ÝÔ€»JE»»»ÔÑ€.ÑÑ8€JE»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼JE»»»JEÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8ÑÑ€OYÑà@™ ™ ìàÔ‡îŽ]JEÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼JE»îîŽ]<#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓSeptember€2004€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XX»¼JEÔÌÔ#†¼JE»XX #Ôò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€STEPHEN€L.€DENTONó óÔ‡XX»¼JEÔÐ úJ Ðò òAppeal€by€permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,Ð  ^ ЀÔ#†¼JE»XX#ÔÔ‡XX»¼JEÔCriminal€Court€of€McMinn€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNos.€98„535€to€98„539,€98„694€to€98„705,€99„244,€99„246€€€€R.€Steven€Bebb,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2000„02615„SC„R11„CDÔ#†¼JE»XX8#ÔòòóóÔ‡XX»¼JEÔ€„€Filed€November€15,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼JE»XXÁ#ÔÓÓÓÓÔ‡XX»¼JEÔÓ=€JE»Ð»dÐd=ÓThe€defendant,€a€physician,€was€charged€in€three€separate€indictments€with€a€total€of€twenty€sexualÐ d´ Ðoffenses€involving€eleven€different€victims.€€The€counts€charged€in€the€indictments€were€alleged€toÐ P  Ðhave€occurred€over€a€time€span€of€six€years.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€pre„trial€motionÐ <Œ Ðto€sever€the€counts€for€separate€trials€and€granted€the€Stateððs€motion€to€consolidate€all€threeÐ (x Ðindictments€for€a€single€trial.€€The€defendant€was€subsequently€found€guilty€of€one€count€of€sexualÐ d Ðbattery€by€an€authority€figure,€six€counts€of€sexual€battery,€and€three€counts€of€assault.€€He€wasÐ P Ðacquitted€on€three€counts€of€rape€and€three€counts€of€sexual€battery.€€The€defendant€then€presentedÐ ì< Ðseveral€issues€on€appeal,€including:€(1)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€motion€to€sever€theÐ Ø( Ðoffenses;€and€(2)€that€the€defendant€was€improperly€convicted€of€sexual€battery€by€an€authorityÐ Ä Ðfigure.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held,€among€other€things,€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denyingÐ ° Ðthe€motion€to€sever.€However,€the€Court€found€this€error€to€be€harmless€and€therefore€affirmed€theÐ œì Ðconvictions.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€also€held€that€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€sexualÐ ˆØ Ðbattery€by€an€authority€figure€was€proper€as€a€physician€fell€within€the€ambit€of€the€applicable€statute.€Ð tÄ ÐFor€the€reasons€stated€herein,€we€hold€that€the€failure€to€sever€the€counts€against€the€defendant€wasÐ `° Ðreversible€error,€and€therefore€we€€reverse€the€convictions.€€Further,€we€hold€that€a€physician€is€notÐ L œ Ðan€authority€figure€as€contemplated€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„527€(2003)€andÐ 8!ˆ  Ðtherefore€the€defendantððs€conviction€under€this€statute€was€improper.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€ofÐ $"t! Ðthe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€reversed,€and€the€case€remanded€for€new€trials.Ð #`" ÐÓ‹ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Application€for€Permission€to€Appeal;€Ð è$8 $ ÐJudgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmed€in€Part,€Reversed€in€Part,€andÐ Ô%$!% ÐRemanded.ó óÐ À&"& ÐÌòòÓ  ÓWilliam€M.€Barker,€Jóó.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òò€Frank€F.€Drowota,€III,€C.J.,€óóÐ ˜(è#( ÐòòE.€Riley€Andersonóó€and€òòJanice€M.€Holderóó,€JJ.,€and€J.S.€(Steve)€Daniel,€SJ.,€joined.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÌÌD.€Mitchell€Bryant,€Cleveland,€Tennessee,€and€Victoria€B.€Eiger,€New€York,€New€York,€for€theÐ H,˜', Ðappellant,€Stephen€L.€Denton.Ð 4-„(-ý ЇPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Mark€A.Ð ° ÐFulks,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Jerry€N.€Estes,€District€Attorney€General;€and€William€W.€ReedyÐ œì Ðand€Amy€Reedy,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ˆØ ÐÌÓ”ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ L œ Ðò òFACTSó óÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ=€JE»Ð»d»Ð»d=Óà  àThe€defendant,€Dr.€Stephen€Denton,€was€a€physician€practicing€in€Athens,€Tennessee.€€InÐ  ` Ð1998€a€patient€complained€to€authorities€that€the€defendant€had€acted€improperly€during€a€physicalÐ ü L  Ðexamination,€including€inappropriately€touching€the€patientððs€breast€and€genital€area.€€Local€police,Ð è 8  Ðjoined€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(TBI),€launched€an€investigation.€€An€undercoverÐ Ô$  ÐTBI€agent,€Patrice€Schermerhorn,€posed€as€a€friend€of€the€complaining€patient,€Amanda€Pritchett,Ð À  Ðand€€the€two€women€returned€to€the€defendantððs€office€on€July€30,òòóó€1998.€€Pritchett€carried€€a€videoÐ ¬ü  Ðcamera€concealed€in€her€purse€for€the€purpose€of€recording€the€defendantððs€conduct€during€the€visit.€Ð ˜è  ÐWhile€Agent€Schermerhorn€waited€outside,€Pritchett€and€the€defendant€went€into€an€examinationÐ „Ô  Ðroom.€€Pritchett€complained€of€a€rash,€and€the€defendant€proceeded€to€perform€an€examination,Ð pÀ Ðduring€which€he€touched€Pritchettððs€breasts,€rubbed€against€her€leg,€massaged€her€shoulders,€andÐ \¬ Ðdiscussed€the€possibility€of€himself€and€Pritchett€having€a€romantic€encounter.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àFollowing€this€incident,€Agent€Schermerhorn,€posing€as€ð ðTeresa€Price,ðð€made€an€appointmentÐ  p Ðwith€the€defendant,€ostensibly€seeking€medical€treatment.€€During€this€visit€on€August€17,òòóó€1998,Ð  \ ÐSchermerhorn€carried€a€video€camera€concealed€in€her€purse€along€with€an€audio€transmitter.€Ð øH ÐSchermerhorn€complained€of€sinus€problems,€and€the€defendant€examined€her€throat,€ears,€nose,€andÐ ä4 Ðthe€glands€in€her€throat.€€Agent€Schermerhorn€proceeded€to€ask€the€defendant€if€he€would€beÐ Ð  Ðinterested€in€a€romantic€liaison€involving€herself,€Pritchett,€and€the€defendant.€€€He€expressed€interestÐ ¼  Ðand€began€to€massage€Ô_ÔSchermerhornÔ_Ôððs€neck€and€back.€€The€defendant€asked€if€they€could€all€meetÐ ¨ø Ðin€a€hotel€room€for€several€hours.€€When€the€defendant€attempted€to€kiss€her,€she€pushed€him€away.€Ð ”ä ÐThe€defendant€then€pressed€his€body€against€Schermerhorn,€kissed€her€on€the€neck,€and€began€to€askÐ €Ð Ðher€questions€of€a€sexual€nature.€€He€told€Schermerhorn€that€he€liked€kinky€sex,€ð ðthe€kinkier€theÐ l¼ Ðbetter.ðð€€Meanwhile,€the€defendant€rubbed€his€hand€on€Ô_ÔSchermerhornÔ_Ôððs€thigh€until€she€pushed€hisÐ X ¨ Ðhand€away.€€The€defendant€then€wrote€Schermerhorn€a€prescription€and€she€left,€returning€to€theÐ D!” ÐAthens€Police€Department€to€report€the€incident€to€other€officers€involved€in€the€investigation.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àThe€next€day,€based€upon€these€incidents,€the€case€was€presented€to€the€Grand€Jury€and€anÐ $X" Ðindictment€returned€against€the€defendant€charging€him€with€one€count€of€rape,€one€count€of€sexualÐ ô$D # Ðbattery€by€an€authority€figure,€and€one€count€of€sexual€battery.׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendant€was€arrested€later€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðâ âday€at€his€office€by€Detective€Bill€Matthews€of€the€Athens€Police€Department€and€Agent€T.J.€JordanÐ Ì&"% Ðof€the€TBI.€€Following€the€arrest,€the€defendantððs€office€was€searched,€and€the€defendant€wasÐ ° Ðquestioned€by€the€arresting€officers.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àWhen€news€spread€of€the€arrest,€other€women€began€to€come€forward€with€complaints€againstÐ tÄ Ðthe€defendant.€€These€new€complaints€were€investigated€and€a€second€indictment€was€subsequentlyÐ `° Ðreturned€against€the€defendant€on€November€17,òòóó€1998,€charging€him€with€three€counts€of€rape,€eightÐ L œ Ðcounts€of€sexual€battery€and€one€count€of€attempted€rape.€€The€offenses€alleged€in€this€indictmentÐ 8 ˆ Ðinvolved€five€other€patients€of€the€defendant:€€Jamie€Hunt,€Melissa€Martin,€Kathy€Ritner,€DessieÐ $ t ÐEllis,€and€Brenda€Mullinax.€€à  àÐ  ` ÐÌà  àStill€more€women€continued€to€come€forward€with€complaints,€and€a€third€indictment€wasÐ è 8  Ðreturned€against€the€defendant€on€March€16òòóó,€1999.€€This€indictment€charged€the€defendant€with€fourÐ Ô$  Ðcounts€of€sexual€battery€and€one€count€of€rape€involving€four€more€female€patients:€€Carolyn€Grant,Ð À  ÐSharon€Roberts,€April€Martin,€and€Sandra€Harley.€€In€all,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€twenty€sex„Ð ¬ü  Ðrelated€offenses€involving€eleven€different€victims.€€The€victims€were€all€patients€of€the€defendantÐ ˜è  Ðand€ranged€in€age€from€seventeen€to€forty„six€years€of€age.€€The€time€period€during€which€theseÐ „Ô  Ðcrimes€were€alleged€to€have€been€committed€covered€six€years.€€The€earliest€incident€involvedÐ pÀ ÐSandra€Harley€and€occurred€in€November€of€1992.€€The€other€incidents€occurred€between€April€1996Ð \¬ Ðand€August€1998.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àPrior€to€trial,€the€State€moved€the€trial€court,€pursuant€to€Rules€8€and€13€of€the€TennesseeÐ  p ÐRules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€to€consolidate€all€counts€contained€within€the€three€indictments€for€aÐ  \ Ðsingle€trial.€€The€defendant€objected€and€subsequently€filed€a€motion,€pursuant€to€Rule€14€of€theÐ øH ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure,€€to€sever€all€counts€as€to€each€victim.€€However,€prior€toÐ ä4 Ðtrial€the€defendant€agreed€that€the€charges€involving€Pritchett€and€Schermerhorn€could€be€triedÐ Ð  Ðtogether.€€As€to€the€other€counts,€the€defendant€requested€a€separate€jury€trial€be€held€for€each€allegedÐ ¼  Ðvictim,€in€which€all€charges€related€to€that€victim€would€be€tried.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àAt€a€pre„trial€hearing€on€this€issue,€the€State€pointed€out€the€factual€similarities€among€theÐ €Ð Ðcharges€and€argued€that€consolidation€was€proper€as€each€crime€ð ðconstitutes€a€fingerprintðð€of€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€and€the€similarities€exhibited€the€defendantððs€ð ðcrowning€modus€operandi.ðð€€The€court€alsoÐ X ¨ Ðreviewed€videotapes€showing€each€victimððs€statement€to€police€and€the€recorded€visits€to€theÐ D!” Ðdefendantððs€office€by€Pritchett€and€Schermerhorn.€€The€trial€court€agreed€with€the€Stateððs€argumentÐ 0"€  Ðfor€consolidation,€stating€there€was€a€ð ðpattern€involvedðð€to€the€acts€and€that,€considered€all€together,Ð #l! Ðthey€ð ðtold€a€story.ðð€€Thus,€the€motion€to€sever€was€denied,€and€the€indictments€were€consolidated€forÐ $X" Ða€single€trial.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€case€proceeded€to€trial€in€April,€2000,€during€the€course€of€which€several€of€the€victims,Ð Ì&"% Ðalong€with€investigating€law€enforcement€officers€and€other€witnesses,€offered€testimony.€€The€firstÐ ¸'#& Ðwitness€for€the€State€was€Sandra€Harley,€who€testified€concerning€the€events€of€a€visit€to€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendantððs€office€in€November€of€1992.€€Harley€stated€that,€at€that€time,€she€was€eighteen€years€oldÐ )à$( Ðand€had€delivered€a€baby€earlier€in€the€year.€€She€went€to€the€defendant€due€to€ð ðsome€sort€of€femaleÐ |*Ì%) Ðproblem.ðð€€The€defendant€had€been€her€doctor€since€she€was€fourteen€years€old,€and€she€had€seenÐ h+¸&* Ðhim€as€a€patient€on€numerous€occasions.€€On€this€visit,€after€hearing€her€complaints,€the€defendantÐ ° Ðasked€her€to€undress€from€the€waist€down,€with€him€leaving€the€room€while€she€did€so.€€HarleyÐ œì Ðtestified€that€she€lay€down€on€the€examination€table€with€her€feet€in€stirrups€and€a€sheet€covering€her.Ð ˆØ ÐWhen€the€defendant€reentered€the€room,€he€pushed€on€her€abdomen,€then€inserted€first€one,€thenÐ tÄ Ðanother,€finger€into€her€vagina€and€then€removed€them.€€The€defendant€then€began€to€massage€herÐ `° Ðclitoris€and€asked€her€if€it€hurt.€€At€this€point,€Harley€stated€she€stopped€the€examination€and€steppedÐ L œ Ðoff€the€table.€€She€quickly€put€on€her€shorts,€grabbed€her€purse€in€one€hand€and€her€shoes€in€the€other,Ð 8 ˆ Ðand€immediately€left€the€office.€€Harley€went€directly€to€her€fatherððs€house€and€told€him€what€hadÐ $ t Ðhappened.€€Subsequently,€the€police€were€called,€and€Harley€spoke€to€an€officer,€who€made€a€report.€Ð  ` ÐHarley€then€went€to€the€emergency€room€at€a€local€hospital€where€a€rape€examination€wasÐ ü L  Ðperformed.€€Harley€testified€that€she€never€heard€anything€else€about€the€case€and€never€took€anyÐ è 8  Ðother€action€until€1998,€when€she€learned€the€defendant€had€been€arrested.€€At€that€time,€she€gaveÐ Ô$  Ða€statement€to€Detective€Matthews€and€Agent€Jordan€concerning€the€1992€incident.€€€€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àJames€Landers,€Sandra€Harleyððs€father,€testified€that€Harley€had€arrived€at€his€house,€cryingÐ ˜è  Ðand€shaking,€following€her€appointment€with€the€defendant€in€1992.€€Within€a€few€minutes€ofÐ „Ô  Ðhearing€Harleyððs€description€of€the€incident,€Landers€went€to€see€the€defendant€and€asked€him€whatÐ pÀ Ðhe€had€done€to€his€daughter.€€€The€defendant€stated€all€he€had€done€was€ð ðmash€on€her€stomachðð€andÐ \¬ Ðwrite€her€a€prescription.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àMelissa€Martin,€the€second€victim€to€testify,€stated€she€first€saw€the€defendant€in€1997Ð  p Ðseeking€treatment€for€lower€back€pain€she€was€experiencing€following€an€automobile€accident.€Ð  \ ÐDuring€this€visit,€the€defendant€told€Martin€she€was€pretty€and€had€a€pretty€smile€and€pretty€hair.€Ð øH ÐMartin€testified€that€the€defendant€ð ðmashed€aroundðð€on€her€back€and€laid€his€head€on€her€shoulderÐ ä4 Ðwhile€he€listened€with€a€stethoscope.€€Martin€thought€it€unusual€for€the€defendant€to€place€his€headÐ Ð  Ðon€her€shoulder€like€this.€€On€her€second€visit€to€the€defendantððs€office,€Martin€said€that€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendant€sat€in€a€chair€and€she€could€see€that€the€defendant€had€ð ðlike,€an€erection€on€him.ðð€€TheÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€rolled€the€chair€up€close€to€Martin,€and€she€could€feel€the€defendantððs€erect€penis€touchingÐ ”ä Ðher€leg.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àMartin€further€testified€that,€during€an€appointment€in€May€of€1998,€the€defendant€again€hadÐ X ¨ Ða€noticeable€erection€and€rubbed€it€against€her€leg.€€The€defendant€also€asked€her€to€stand€up€andÐ D!” Ðunbutton€her€pants€and,€as€she€did€so,€he€went€over€to€the€door€and€locked€it.€€The€defendant€stoodÐ 0"€  Ðbehind€Martin€and€ran€his€hands€up€her€shirt,€massaging€and€rubbing€her€back,€and€asked€her€if€sheÐ #l! Ðhad€anyone€at€home€to€do€that.€€The€defendant€then€ran€his€hands€down€her€pants,€massaged€herÐ $X" Ðbuttocks,€and€placed€his€hand€between€her€legs.€€Martin€testified€the€defendant€then€ð ðstuck€his€fingerÐ ô$D # Ðin€my€bottom,ðð€at€which€point€she€pulled€up€her€pants€and€told€him€ð ðitððs€not€hurting€there.ðð€€TheÐ à%0!$ Ðexam€ended€abruptly,€and€Martin€left,€immediately€going€to€see€her€mother.€€Martin€testified€she€toldÐ Ì&"% Ðher€mother,€Doris€Delzell,€about€the€incident€and€also€consulted€her€attorney€the€next€day.€€However,Ð ¸'#& ÐMartin€stated€she€did€not€pursue€the€matter€because€she€was€afraid€no€one€would€believe€her.€€It€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnot€until€the€defendant€was€arrested€in€1998€that€Martin€came€forward€and€reported€her€allegationsÐ )à$( Ðto€police.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àDoris€Delzell€testified€that,€after€Martin€related€the€events€of€her€visit€to€the€defendantððsÐ ° Ðoffice,€Delzell€wanted€to€confront€the€defendant.€€However,€she€decided€not€to€do€so€when€MartinÐ œì Ðagreed€to€speak€to€her€attorney,€Randy€Rogers,€about€the€incident.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àRogers€testified€that€he€was€already€representing€Martin€in€a€civil€case€arising€out€of€theÐ `° Ðautomobile€accident€in€which€Martin€had€injured€her€back.€€Rogers€stated€that€Martin€told€him€thatÐ L œ Ðshe€did€not€want€to€continue€seeing€the€defendant€as€her€doctor.€€When€Rogers€urged€her€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðreconsider,€Martin€became€distraught€and€told€him€what€had€occurred€at€her€last€visit€with€theÐ $ t Ðdefendant.€€Rogers€then€suggested€ð ðsome€remediesðð€such€as€filing€a€civil€suit€and€reporting€theÐ  ` Ðincident€to€police.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àCarolyn€Grant€testified€that€she€was€living€in€McMinn€County€in€1996€and€1997€and€wasÐ Ô$  Ðassigned€the€defendant€as€her€physician€through€TennCare.€€Grant€testified€that€she€saw€theÐ À  Ðdefendant€every€other€week€during€this€period€due€to€pain€in€her€back€and€abdomen.€€She€said€sheÐ ¬ü  Ðfelt€uncomfortable€with€some€of€the€defendantððs€actions€and€comments€during€these€visits.€€GrantÐ ˜è  Ðstated€the€defendant€would€hold€and€squeeze€her€breasts€while€he€listened€to€her€heart.€€TheÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€would€also€roll€his€chair€between€her€legs€and€ð ðrub€his€genitalia€on€[her]€kneesðð€while€heÐ pÀ Ðhad€an€erection.€€Grant€testified€that€this€happened€on€every€visit.€€During€her€last€visit,€GrantÐ \¬ Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€hugged€her€and€kissed€her€on€the€neck€ð ðin€a€way€no€doctor€should€everÐ H˜ Ðbe€kissing€you€on€the€neck.ðð€€The€defendant€also€gave€his€pager€number€to€Grant,€telling€her€that€ifÐ 4„ Ðshe€needed€to€talk€to€someone€they€could€get€together€for€drinks.€€Grant€testified€that,€following€thisÐ  p Ðlast€visit,€she€contacted€law€enforcement€authorities€but€nothing€came€of€her€report.€€It€was€not€untilÐ  \ Ð1998,€when€Grant€heard€that€the€defendant€had€been€arrested,€that€she€again€came€forward€and€gaveÐ øH Ða€statement€to€the€investigating€officers.Ð ä4 Ðà  àÌà  àSharon€Roberts€testified€that€she€began€seeing€the€defendant€as€her€phÔ_ÔysicianÔ_Ô€because€she€wasÐ ¼  Ðexperiencing€back€pain€and€the€defendant€was€the€only€TennCare€approved€doctor€in€the€area€takingÐ ¨ø Ðnew€patients.€€Roberts€testified€that€the€defendant€ran€his€hands€inside€the€back€of€her€pants€whileÐ ”ä Ðexamining€her€back.€€Roberts€told€the€defendant€to€move€his€hand€and€ð ðthatððs€not€where€my€backÐ €Ð Ðhurt[s].ðð€€The€defendant€complied€with€her€request€at€that€time.€€However,€Roberts€testified€that€heÐ l¼ Ðcontinually€did€other€things€that€made€her€feel€uncomfortable.€€She€testified€that€the€defendant€wouldÐ X ¨ Ðalways€place€his€hand€on€her€breast€while€listening€to€her€heart€with€a€stethoscope€and€would€tell€herÐ D!” Ðshe€looked€pretty€and€smelled€good.€€Roberts€also€noticed€that€the€defendant€would€not€do€anythingÐ 0"€  Ðinappropriate€if€Robertsðð€daughter€accompanied€her€into€the€examination€room.€€Roberts€€continuedÐ #l! Ðto€see€the€defendant€professionally€until€he€was€arrested.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àBrenda€Mullinax€testified€that€she€is€forty„six€years€old€with€three€children€and€twoÐ à%0!$ Ðgrandchildren.€€Mullinax€sought€treatment€from€the€defendant€on€only€one€occasion,€January€29òòóó,Ð Ì&"% Ð1997,€to€get€her€cholesterol€checked.€€During€this€visit,€Mullinax€testified€that€the€defendant€sat€onÐ ¸'#& Ða€chair,€rolled€it€up€between€her€legs,€and€attempted€to€put€his€ð ðprivatesðð€on€her€legs.€€The€defendantÐ ¤(ô#' Ðalso€continuously€rubbed€his€hands€on€Ô_ÔMullinaxÔ_Ôððs€legs€during€this€examination.€€Later,€Mullinax€Ð )à$( Ðcomplained€to€a€nurse€about€the€defendantððs€actions.€€The€nurse€told€her€to€speak€to€another€womanÐ |*Ì%) Ðwho€worked€in€the€office€if€she€wanted€to€lodge€a€complaint.€€Mullinax€testified€that€she€spoke€toÐ h+¸&* Ðthis€woman€two€days€later€and€complained€about€the€incident.€€However,€she€did€not€report€it€to€theÐ ° Ðpolice€at€that€time€as€she€was€afraid€no€one€would€believe€her.€€It€was€not€until€she€saw€that€theÐ œì Ðdefendant€had€been€arrested€that€Mullinax€came€forward€to€authorities.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àKathy€Ritner€testified€that€she€had€previously€been€sexually€assaulted€while€serving€in€the€Ð `° ÐNavy.€€This€incident€had€traumatized€her€and€caused€her€to€leave€the€Navy€on€medical€retirement.€Ð L œ ÐFollowing€her€military€service,€she€moved€to€Tennessee€where€she€first€saw€the€defendant€inÐ 8 ˆ ÐNovember€of€1997.€€Ritner€testified€that€she€had€been€prescribed€several€types€of€anti„depressantsÐ $ t Ðand€nerve€medication€while€in€the€Navy€and€had€come€to€the€defendant€to€continue€the€treatment€andÐ  ` Ðmedication.€€Ritner€testified€that€during€her€visits,€the€defendant€would€place€his€hand€on€her€breasts.€Ð ü L  ÐDuring€one€visit€in€which€she€complained€of€back€pain,€Ritner€testified€the€defendant€ran€his€handsÐ è 8  Ðdown€her€back€and€ð ðkept€going€until€he€was€into€my€private€area.ðð€€The€defendant€would€also€rubÐ Ô$  Ðagainst€her€leg,€and€on€some€visits€Ritner€could€tell€that€he€was€sexually€aroused.€€Later,€Ritner€toldÐ À  Ðthe€defendant€that€she€wished€to€stop€seeing€him€and€was€going€to€find€another€doctor.€€At€that€point,Ð ¬ü  Ðaccording€to€Ritner,€the€defendant€became€agitated,€and€Ritner€became€scared€to€be€locked€in€a€roomÐ ˜è  Ðwith€him.€€On€her€last€visit,€Ritner€testified€that€the€defendant€placed€his€hands€on€her€breast,€in€herÐ „Ô  Ðrectum,€and€near€her€vagina;€all€of€which,€according€to€Ritner,€was€unnecessary.€€€Ritner€told€herÐ pÀ Ðhusband€about€these€incidents€but€did€not€inform€police€until€after€the€defendant€was€arrested€on€theÐ \¬ Ðother€charges.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àJamie€Hunt€sought€treatment€from€the€defendant€in€August€1997€complaining€of€chest€painÐ  p Ðfollowing€an€automobile€accident.€€Hunt€testified€that,€after€informing€the€defendant€of€her€chestÐ  \ Ðpain,€the€defendant€used€a€stethoscope€to€listen€to€her€chest.€€However,€the€defendant€told€Hunt€heÐ øH Ðcould€not€hear€her€heart€and€asked€her€to€remove€her€shirt€and€bra.€€Hunt€testified€that,€after€sheÐ ä4 Ðremoved€her€clothing,€the€defendant€put€down€the€stethoscope€and€held€her€breasts,€lifted€them,€andÐ Ð  Ðrubbed€them€in€what€Hunt€described€as€ð ða€sexual€rub.ðð€€The€defendant€began€to€prepare€Hunt€for€anÐ ¼  ÐEKG€but€continued€to€rub€Huntððs€breasts€and€thighs€all€the€while,€and€the€defendant€also€insertedÐ ¨ø Ða€finger€inside€Huntððs€vagina.€€Hunt€testified€that€after€this€visit€she€told€her€mother„in„law€what€hadÐ ”ä Ðoccurred€and€also€later€told€her€attorney.€€Hunt€also€contacted€the€medical€board€regarding€theÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€but€took€no€further€action€until€she€learned€about€the€other€charges€against€the€defendant.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àAmanda€Pritchett€testified€that€she€was€seventeen€years€old€and€recently€married€when€sheÐ D!” Ðsought€treatment€from€the€defendant€in€July€1998.€€Pritchett€told€the€defendant€that€she€had€ringwormÐ 0"€  Ðjust€below€her€belly€button.€€Pritchett€testified€the€defendant€began€the€exam€by€listening€to€her€chestÐ #l! Ðwith€a€stethoscope€and€that€he€placed€his€hand€on€her€breast€while€doing€so.€€The€defendantÐ $X" Ðcomplimented€Pritchett€on€how€pretty€she€was,€telling€her€she€could€be€a€ð ðPlayboy€model.ðð€€PritchettÐ ô$D # Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€leaned€over€very€close€to€her€and€reached€around€to€listen€to€her€back,Ð à%0!$ Ðand€as€he€did€so,€Pritchett€could€feel€the€defendantððs€erect€penis€pressing€against€her€leg.€€TheÐ Ì&"% Ðdefendant€then€told€Pritchett€to€pull€her€pants€down€so€he€could€see€the€ringworm.€€€Pritchett€repliedÐ ¸'#& Ðthat€he€could€see€it€without€pulling€down€her€pants€because€it€was€right€below€her€belly€button;Ð ¤(ô#' Ðhowever€Pritchett€did€undo€the€first€button€of€her€pants.€€Pritchett€testified€that€the€defendant€thenÐ )à$( Ðpulled€her€pants€down€further,€ran€his€hands€down€inside€her€pants,€and€put€his€fingers€inside€herÐ |*Ì%) Ðvagina€lips.€€Pritchett€told€the€defendant€that€ð ðthere€was€no€ringworm€down€there,ðð€and€the€defendantÐ h+¸&* Ðbrusquely€told€her€to€pull€up€her€pants.€€The€defendant€then€wrote€Pritchett€a€prescription€and€sheÐ ° Ðleft.€€Pritchett€testified€that€she€had€been€on€the€verge€of€crying€during€the€exam€and€had€never€beenÐ œì Ðso€scared.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àPritchett€immediately€went€and€informed€her€mother€of€what€had€happened.€€Three€days€later,Ð `° ÐPritchett€reported€the€incident€to€Detective€Matthews€of€the€Athens€Police€Department.€€It€was€thisÐ L œ Ðcomplaint€that€led€to€the€investigation€of€the€defendant.€€With€the€assistance€of€the€TBI,€a€plan€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðdeveloped€whereby€Pritchett€and€Agent€Schermerhorn,€using€the€fictitious€name€of€ð ðTeresa€Price,ððÐ $ t Ðwould€return€to€the€defendantððs€office€with€a€concealed€video€camera€to€record€the€visit.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThis€investigatory€visit€was€accomplished€on€July€30,€1998,€with€Pritchett€complaining€toÐ è 8  Ðthe€defendant€of€a€rash€on€her€neck.€€Pritchett€testified€that€on€this€occasion€the€defendant€againÐ Ô$  Ðplaced€his€hand€on€her€breast€while€listening€to€her€chest.€€Pritchett€testified€she€had€been€instructedÐ À  Ðby€investigators€as€to€the€type€of€conversation€to€carry€on€with€the€defendant,€so€she€began€to€ask€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€questions€regarding€her€previous€visit.€€Pritchett€recalled€asking€the€defendant€if€he€reallyÐ ˜è  Ðthought€Pritchett€could€be€a€Playboy€model.€€The€defendant€replied,€ð ðYeah,€you€have€great€featuresððÐ „Ô  Ðand€began€to€massage€Pritchettððs€shoulders.€€Later€in€the€visit,€Pritchett€and€the€defendant€discussedÐ pÀ Ðthe€possibility€of€themselves€secretly€meeting€somewhere€for€a€romantic€encounter.€€The€videotapeÐ \¬ Ðof€this€visit€was€viewed€by€the€jury.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAgent€Patrice€Schermerhorn€of€the€TBI€testified€that€she€posed€as€a€friend€of€Pritchettððs€andÐ  p Ðwent€to€the€defendant€as€part€of€the€investigation.€€Schermerhorn€made€an€appointment€with€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€for€August€17,€1998,€ostensibly€seeking€treatment€for€sinus€pain.€€Schermerhorn€carriedÐ øH Ða€concealed€video€recorder€with€her€during€this€visit.€€Schermerhorn€testified€that€during€the€courseÐ ä4 Ðof€the€exam€she€commented€to€the€defendant,€ð ðI€hear€you€might€want€to€go€out€with€Mandy€and€IÐ Ð  Ð[òòsicóó]€one€time,ðð€referring€to€Amanda€Pritchett€as€ð ðMandy.ðð€€The€defendant€responded€affirmativelyÐ ¼  Ðand€they€discussed€the€details€of€such€a€meeting.€€Meanwhile,€the€defendant€had€begun€to€massageÐ ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔSchermerhornÔ_Ôððs€neck€and€shoulders.€€Schermerhorn€testified€that€the€defendant€then€tried€to€hug€andÐ ”ä Ðkiss€her,€but€she€pushed€him€away.€€Schermerhorn€also€testified€that€the€defendant€placed€his€groinÐ €Ð Ðagainst€her€knee€and€ð ðstarted€moving€back€and€forth.ðð€€Schermerhorn€stated€that€the€defendant€hadÐ l¼ Ðan€erection€as€he€did€this.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àLater€during€this€visit,€the€defendant€asked€Schermerhorn€if€she€liked€sex€toys.€€SchermerhornÐ 0"€  Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€told€her€he€liked€ð ðsex,€kinky€sex,€the€kinkier€the€better.ðð€€SchermerhornÐ #l! Ðalso€stated€that€the€defendant€told€her€he€had€his€favorite€sex€toy€with€him,€at€which€point€theÐ $X" Ðdefendant€ð ðopened€up€his€mouth,€stuck€out€his€tongue,€and€flicked€it€at€me.ðð€€The€defendant€alsoÐ ô$D # Ðreportedly€told€Schermerhorn€that€the€next€time€she€visited€the€office€with€Pritchett€€they€could€allÐ à%0!$ Ðgo€into€a€room€together.€€The€jury€then€reviewed€the€videotape€of€this€visit.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àDetective€Bill€Matthews€of€the€Athens€Police€Department€testified€that€Amanda€Pritchett€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðher€husband€came€to€the€police€department€in€July€of€1998€to€report€the€events€of€Pritchettððs€firstÐ )à$( Ðvisit€with€the€defendant.€€Upon€hearing€Pritchettððs€allegations,€Detective€Matthews€contacted€the€TBIÐ |*Ì%) Ðfor€assistance€€and€was€put€in€touch€with€TBI€Agent€T.J.€Jordan,€who€helped€plan€the€undercoverÐ h+¸&* Ðvisits€to€the€defendantððs€office€later€conducted€by€Pritchett€and€Schermerhorn.€€Following€theseÐ ° Ðvisits,€Detective€Matthews€testified€that€he€presented€the€case€to€a€grand€jury€and€the€first€indictmentÐ œì Ðcharging€the€defendant€was€returned.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àDetective€Matthews€testified€that€as€soon€as€the€indictment€was€issued,€he,€along€with€AgentÐ `° ÐJordan,€went€to€the€defendantððs€office€and€arrested€him.€€Detective€Matthews€testified€that,€after€theÐ L œ Ðarrest,€they€advised€the€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€questioned€him.€€It€was€during€thisÐ 8 ˆ Ðinterview,€Detective€Matthews€testified,€that€the€defendant€admitted€to€having€inappropriatelyÐ $ t Ðtouched€female€patients€before€and€that€he€had€ð ðhunched€on€female€patientsðð€legs.ðð€The€defendantÐ  ` Ðstated,€however,€€that€he€did€not€have€a€problem,€he€just€got€carried€away€sometimes.€€DetectiveÐ ü L  ÐMatthews€also€reported€that€the€defendant€admitted€to€having€had€consensual€sex€with€femaleÐ è 8  Ðpatients€in€his€office€and€to€having€erections€while€touching€female€patientsðð€breasts€and€genitalia.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àAgent€T.J.€Jordan€of€the€TBI€also€testified€concerning€the€interview€with€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðfollowing€his€arrest.€€Agent€Jordan€testified€that€the€defendant€admitted€to€having€sexual€contact€withÐ ˜è  Ðfemale€patients€and€that€some€of€the€contact€was€ð ðnon„consensual€or€unwanted€or€unsolicited€orÐ „Ô  Ðsomething€along€those€lines.ðð€€Similar€to€the€testimony€of€Detective€Matthews,€Agent€Jordan€alsoÐ pÀ Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€admitted€during€questioning€to€ð ðhunchingðð€on€female€patients€and€toÐ \¬ Ðhaving€an€erection€while€doing€so.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€first€witness€to€testify€for€the€defense€was€Dr.€Michael€Hood,€a€practicing€physician€fromÐ  p ÐNewport,€Tennessee.€€Dr.€Hood€testified€as€to€the€standard€of€care€required€of€male€doctorsÐ  \ Ðconducting€examinations€of€female€patients.€€Dr.€Hood€testified€that€the€presence€of€a€nurse€is€ð ðprettyÐ øH Ðmuch€accepted€as€being€necessary€during€a€pelvic€exam.ðð€€However,€Dr.€Hood€also€testified€that€suchÐ ä4 Ðwas€not€the€case€with€breast€exams,€stating€that€he€does€not€have€a€nurse€present€during€breast€examsÐ Ð  Ðabout€eighty€percent€of€the€time.€€Dr.€Hood€testified€that€he€often€sits€on€a€rolling€stool€whenÐ ¼  Ðexamining€patients€and€that€occasionally€his€ð ðprivate€areaðð€would€come€in€contact€with€a€patientððsÐ ¨ø Ðleg.€€Also,€Dr.€Hood€testified€that€it€was€sometimes€necessary€to€manipulate€a€female€patientððs€breastÐ ”ä Ðwhen€using€a€stethoscope.€€Dr.€Hood€further€explained€that€during€an€examination€of€a€patientððs€backÐ €Ð Ðor€spine€it€was€often€necessary€to€press€on€or€ð ðpalpateðð€the€patientððs€lower€back,€including€the€areaÐ l¼ Ðnear€the€coccyx€which€is€very€near€the€rectum.€Dr.€Hood€testified€that€it€was€often€essential€to€do€aÐ X ¨ Ðrectal€examination,€including€digitally€penetrating€the€rectum,€of€a€person€complaining€of€a€backÐ D!” Ðinjury.€€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àDr.€Hood€also€reviewed€medical€files€of€some€of€the€victims€and€testified€that,€in€his€opinion,Ð $X" Ðit€would€have€been€proper€for€a€doctor€to€palpate€the€lower€back€of€both€Melissa€Martin€and€KathyÐ ô$D # ÐRitner€during€an€examination.€€Dr.€Hood€also€testified€that€he€had€reviewed€the€EKG€performed€onÐ à%0!$ ÐJamie€Hunt€and€opined€that€it€was€not€consistent€with€what€would€be€expected€from€a€person€beingÐ Ì&"% Ðsexually€assaulted€at€the€time.€€However,€on€cross„examination,€Dr.€Hood€did€admit€that€several€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€acts€alleged€by€the€victims€were€not€part€of€normal€medical€protocol€and€would€not€usually€beÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdone€based€upon€the€types€of€physical€complaints€the€patients€had€presented€to€the€defendant.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€defendant,€Dr.€Stephen€Denton,€testified€that€he€was€originally€from€Loudon€County,Ð ° Ðâ âTennessee;€had€graduated€from€medical€school€in€1971;€and€had€thereafter€been€on€active€duty€inÐ œì Ðthe€United€States€Air€Force€until€1981.€€The€defendant€moved€to€Athens,€Tennessee€in€1981€and€firstÐ ˆØ Ðworked€at€Athens€Regional€Hospital€and€later€began€his€own€private€practice€in€1987.€€The€defendantÐ tÄ Ðtestified€that€by€1998€he€had€over€five€thousand€active€patient€files€and€was€seeing€up€to€sixtyÐ `° Ðpatients€a€day.€€The€defendant€denied€ever€touching€any€of€the€victims€for€sexual€gratification€andÐ L œ Ðstated€that€he€never€intentionally€put€his€genitalia€on€any€of€the€victims.€€The€defendant€testified,€€ð ðIÐ 8 ˆ Ðwouldnððt€call€any€of€them€liars,€€I€would€say€that€perhaps€in€their€mind€they€perceived€it€that€way,Ð $ t Ðbut€thatððs€not€what€was€being€done.ððÐ  ` ÐÌà  àDuring€his€direct€examination,€the€defendant€attempted€to€explain€his€actions€toward€eachÐ è 8  Ðvictim.€€The€defendant€testified,€in€regard€to€Carolyn€Grant,€that€he€had€to€touch€her€breast€to€listenÐ Ô$  Ðto€her€heart.€€The€defendant€denied€ever€inserting€his€finger€into€Sandra€Harleyððs€vagina.€€He€deniedÐ À  Ðtouching€Brenda€Mullinax€for€the€purpose€of€sexual€gratification.€€The€defendant€reviewed€the€EKGÐ ¬ü  Ðchart€of€Jamie€Hunt€and€testified€that€it€was€not€consistent€with€that€of€a€patient€under€stress.€€InÐ ˜è  Ðexplaining€his€actions€toward€Kathy€Ritner,€the€defendant€testified€that€it€was€medically€necessaryÐ „Ô  Ðto€palpate€her€lower€back,€near€her€rectal€area,€in€order€to€properly€diagnose€her€condition.€€TheÐ pÀ Ðdefendant€also€testified€that€it€was€necessary€to€touch€the€breasts€of€Sharon€Roberts€in€order€to€listenÐ \¬ Ðto€her€heart,€and€he€denied€doing€so€for€sexual€gratification.€€The€defendant€opined€that€Roberts€mayÐ H˜ Ðhave€believed€otherwise€but€ð ðthatððs€not€what€occurred.ðð€€Regarding€Melissa€Martin,€the€defendantÐ 4„ Ðexplained€that€she€had€a€bulging€disc€in€her€back€and€therefore€it€was€necessary€to€palpate€very€lowÐ  p Ðon€her€back,€including€her€buttocks.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àTurning€to€his€treatment€of€Amanda€Pritchett,€the€defendant€testified€he€had€treated€her€andÐ ä4 Ðother€members€of€her€family€for€a€number€of€years.€€He€denied€ever€touching€Pritchett€for€sexualÐ Ð  Ðgratification.€€The€defendant€denied€rubbing€Pritchettððs€vaginal€lips€and€offered€that€PritchettððsÐ ¼  Ðrecollection€was€mistaken€if€she€believed€otherwise.€€As€for€Pritchettððs€allegations€that€he€improperlyÐ ¨ø Ðtouched€her€breast,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€had€very€extensive€training€in€cardiac€surgery€andÐ ”ä Ðcardiology€and€therefore€he€would€ð ðtake€much€more€interest€in€listening€to€your€heart€than€anyoneÐ €Ð Ðelse€in€town.ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€recalling€his€encounter€with€Patrice€Schermerhorn,€who€posed€as€ð ðTeresa€Price,ðð€theÐ D!” Ðdefendant€said€he€was€surprised€during€her€visit€when€Schermerhorn€told€him,€ð ðIððm€here€to€chat.ðð€Ð 0"€  ÐThe€defendant€testified€that€Schermerhorn€told€him€she€was€a€ð ðparty€girlðð€and€a€friend€of€AmandaÐ #l! ÐPritchett.€€He€also€recalled€viewing€the€videotape€of€Ô_ÔSchermerhornÔ_Ôððs€visit€and€acknowledged€that€heÐ $X" Ðwas€embarrassed€by€his€behavior€on€the€tape.€€The€defendant€apologized€to€his€family€and€offeredÐ ô$D # Ðno€excuse€for€his€conduct€toward€Schermerhorn.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÌà  àThe€defendant€next€testified€concerning€the€events€on€the€day€of€his€arrest.€€He€related€howÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhe€was€arrested€at€his€office€by€Detective€Matthews€and€Agent€Jordan€and€taken,€in€handcuffs,€to€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âjustice€center€for€questioning.€€The€defendant€denied€ever€telling€the€officers€that€he€had€touchedÐ |*Ì%) Ðfemale€patients€for€sexual€gratification.€€The€defendant€also€denied€that€he€had€ð ðhunchedðð€on€femaleÐ ° Ðpatientsðð€legs€or€had€made€unwanted€advances.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àOther€witnesses€testifying€for€the€defense€included€Karen€Franklin,€a€nurse€employed€by€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€during€much€of€the€time€at€issue.€€Franklin€testified€that€she€remembered€Jamie€Hunt€asÐ `° Ðbeing€calm€when€she€underwent€the€EKG€and€also€that€the€defendant€was€very€thorough€inÐ L œ Ðconducting€cardiac€examinations€and€often€discovered€heart€murmurs€in€patients.€€Franklin€alsoÐ 8 ˆ Ðrecalled€Brenda€Mullinax€complaining€about€the€defendantððs€conduct.€€Franklin€testified€that€she€toldÐ $ t Ðthe€office€manager€about€Ô_ÔMullinaxÔ_Ôððs€complaints.€€The€defendantððs€daughter,€Stephanie€Denton,€alsoÐ  ` Ðtestified,€offering€that€the€defendant€was€ð ða€very€affectionate€personðð€and€also€a€ð ðvery€touchyÐ ü L  Ðperson.ðð€€Several€character€witnesses€also€testified€to€the€defendantððs€good€reputation€in€theÐ è 8  Ðcommunity.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àBased€on€this€evidence,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of:€sexual€battery€on€Amanda€PritchettÐ ¬ü  Ð(committed€during€her€first€visit€to€the€defendant);€sexual€battery€by€an€authority€figure€on€AmandaÐ ˜è  ÐPritchett€(for€the€second€incident€in€which€she€carried€the€concealed€camera);€assault€on€AgentÐ „Ô  ÐPatrice€Schermerhorn;׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€sexual€battery€on€Jamie€Hunt;€two€counts€of€assault€on€Melissa€Martin;€twoÐ pÀ Ðcounts€of€sexual€battery€on€Kathy€Ritner;€sexual€battery€on€Brenda€Mullinax;€and€sexual€battery€onÐ \¬ ÐSharon€Roberts.€€The€jury€acquitted€the€defendant€on€three€charges€of€rape€involving€Jamie€Hunt,Ð H˜ ÐMelissa€Martin€and€Sandra€Harley€and€also€acquitted€on€three€counts€of€sexual€battery€involvingÐ 4„ ÐKathy€Ritner€and€Carolyn€Grant.Ð  p ÐÌÌà@òò&ìàò òANALYSISˆÐ ä4 ÐÌÓ  ÓI.€€Consolidation€and€Severance€of€Offensesó óÐ ¼  ÐÌÓP£ÓòòÓ  Óò òStandard€of€Reviewó óóóÐ ”ä ÐÌÓ³£Óà  àDecisions€concerning€consolidation€and€severance€of€offenses€pursuant€to€Rules€of€CriminalÐ h¸ ÐProcedure€8(b),€13€and€14(b)(1)€will€be€reviewed€for€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Toliveróó,€117Ð T ¤ ÐS.W.3d€216,€231€(Tenn.€2003);€òòSpicer€v.€Stateóó,€12€S.W.3d€438,€442€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Shirleyóó,Ð @! Ð6€S.W.3d€243,€247€(Tenn.€1999).€€An€abuse€of€discretion€in€this€context€implies€that€the€trial€courtÐ ,"|  Ðapplied€an€incorrect€legal€standard€or€reached€a€decision€against€logic€or€reasoning€which€caused€anÐ #h! Ðinjustice€to€the€complaining€party.€€òòSpiceróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€443;€òòShirleyóó,€S.W.3d€at€247.Ð $T" ÐÌà  àÌÓ  Óà @ àòòò òTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€8,€13€and€14ó óóóÐ È&"% Ðâ âÓò¦Óà  àÐ °'#& Ðà  àConsolidation€of€multiple€offenses€against€a€single€defendant€for€a€single€trial€is€governedÐ ° Ðâ âby€Rules€8,€13,€and€14€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure.€€The€interaction€of€these€rulesÐ œì Ðhas€been€previously€analyzed€by€this€Court€in€a€recent€line€of€cases.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Toliveróó,€117Ð ˆØ ÐS.W.3d€216€(Tenn.€2003)€(involving€a€defendant€charged€with€child€abuse€in€two€separateÐ tÄ Ðindictments,€with€the€trial€court€consolidating€these€indictments€for€a€single€trial);€òòSpicer€v.€Stateóó,Ð `° Ð12€S.W.3d€438€(Tenn.€2000)€(defendant€€charged€under€two€separate€indictments€which€wereÐ L œ Ðconsolidated€in€a€single€trial);€òòState€v.€Mooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€235€(Tenn.€1999)€(involving€a€singleÐ 8 ˆ Ðindictment€charging€multiple€offenses,€with€the€defendant€€requesting€that€certain€offenses€be€severedÐ $ t Ðand€tried€separately);€òòState€v.€Shirleyóó,€6€S.W.3d€243€(Tenn.€1999)€(defendant€charged€with€multipleÐ  ` Ðoffenses€in€single€indictment€and€requested€offenses€be€tried€separately).€€In€the€case€before€us€today,Ð ü L  Ðthe€defendant€was€charged€with€multiple€offenses€in€each€of€three€separate€indictments,€and€theseÐ è 8  Ðindictments€were€then€consolidated€and€for€a€single€trial.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àRule€8(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides€that€ð ð[t]wo€or€moreÐ ¬ü  Ðoffenses€may€be€joined€in€the€same€indictment,€presentment,€or€information,€with€each€offense€statedÐ ˜è  Ðin€a€separate€count€or€consolidated€pursuant€to€Rule€13€if€the€offenses€constitute€parts€of€a€commonÐ „Ô  Ðscheme€or€plan€or€if€they€are€of€the€same€or€similar€character.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€8(b).€€Rule€13(a)Ð pÀ Ðgives€the€trial€court€the€option€to€consolidate€two€or€more€indictments€for€trial€if€the€offenses€couldÐ \¬ Ðhave€been€joined€in€a€single€indictment€pursuant€to€Rule€8(b).€€Tenn.€R.€Crim€P.€13(a).€€Rule€13(b)Ð H˜ Ðallows€the€trial€court€the€option€of€severing€offenses€for€trial€if€either€the€prosecution€or€theÐ 4„ Ðdefendant€could€have€obtained€a€severance€under€Rule€14.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€13(b).€€Finally,€RuleÐ  p Ð14€provides€that€where€ð ðtwo€or€more€offenses€have€been€joined€or€consolidated€for€trial€pursuant€toÐ  \ ÐRule€8(b),€the€defendant€shall€have€a€òòrightóó€to€a€severance€of€the€offenses€unless€the€offenses€are€partÐ øH Ðof€a€common€scheme€or€plan€òòandóó€the€evidence€of€one€would€be€admissible€upon€the€trial€of€theÐ ä4 Ðothers.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim€P.€14(b)(1)€(emphasis€added).Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€short,€these€rules€interact€to€allow€the€prosecution,€under€Rule€8(b),€to€consolidate€similarÐ ¨ø Ðcharges€against€one€defendant€into€one€indictment€and€to€be€heard€in€one€trial.€€Also,€the€prosecutionÐ ”ä Ðcan€request€the€trial€court€to€consolidate,€pursuant€to€Rule€13,€other€indictments€for€trial€if€theyÐ €Ð Ðconstitute€parts€of€the€same€ð ðcommon€scheme€or€planðð€or€are€the€ð ðsame€or€similarðð€crimes€as€othersÐ l¼ Ðwith€which€the€defendant€is€charged.€€However,€if€the€defendant€objects€to€consolidation€or€movesÐ X ¨ Ðto€sever€the€offenses€for€trial,€then€Rule€14(b)(1)€places€the€burden€on€the€prosecution€to€show€thatÐ D!” Ðthe€offenses€are€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan€òòandóó€the€evidence€of€each€crime€would€beÐ 0"€  Ðadmissible€in€the€trial€of€the€other.€€òòSpiceróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€443.€€Thus,€under€Rule€14(b)(1),€in€additionÐ #l! Ðto€showing€that€the€offenses€are€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan,€there€is€also€a€question€ofÐ $X" Ðevidentiary€admissibility€that€must€be€addressed.€€òòId.óó€at€445€(citing€òòMooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€239€(Tenn.Ð ô$D # Ð1999)).€€Therefore,€before€consolidation€is€proper€the€trial€court€must€conclude€that:€(1)€the€offensesÐ à%0!$ Ðare€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan;€(2)€evidence€of€each€offense€is€relevant€to€some€material€issueÐ Ì&"% Ðin€the€trial€of€all€the€other€offenses,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b)(2);€and€(3)€the€probative€value€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðevidence€of€other€offenses€is€not€outweighed€by€the€prejudicial€effect€that€admission€would€have€onÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€defendant,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b)(3);€€òòSpiceróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€445€(citations€omitted).€€For€example,Ð )à$( Ðevidence€of€other€offenses€that€tends€to€show€a€defendantððs€character€or€propensity€is€generally€notÐ |*Ì%) Ðadmissible,€as€it€invites€the€fact„finder€to€infer€guilt€from€propensity.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€Ð h+¸&* ÐHowever,€such€evidence€may€be€admissible€for€other€purposes€such€as€to€prove€motive,€intent,Ð ° Ðidentity,€the€absence€of€mistake€or€accident,€or€the€existence€of€a€larger€continuing€plan.€€òòSeeóó€òòToliveróó,Ð œì Ð117€S.W.3d€at€230€(citing€òòState€v.€Gillilandóó,€22€S.W.3d€266,€271€n.6€(Tenn.€2000)).€€€€€òòóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòò òÓ  ÓCommon€Scheme€or€Planó óóóà@@ìì*ìàÐ `° ÐÓY¼ÓÌà  àTurning€to€the€first€part€of€the€test€under€Rule€14(b),€there€are€three€types€of€common€schemeÐ 4 „ Ðor€plan€evidence:€(1)€offenses€that€reveal€a€distinctive€design€or€are€so€similar€as€to€constituteÐ  p Ðð ðsignatureðð€crimes;€(2)€offenses€that€are€part€of€a€larger,€continuing€plan€or€conspiracy;€and€(3)Ð  \ Ðoffenses€that€are€all€part€of€the€same€criminal€transaction.€€òòShirleyóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€248.€€The€partiesÐ ø H  Ðagree€that€the€offenses€charged€against€the€defendant€are€not€all€part€of€the€same€criminal€transaction.€Ð ä 4  ÐTherefore,€before€consolidation€is€proper€the€offenses€must€fall€into€one€of€the€other€two€categories.׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РР ÐThe€State€asserts,€for€the€first€time€in€this€Court,€that€the€offenses€charged€against€the€Defendant€fallÐ ¼  Ðunder€the€second€category,€as€they€are€part€of€a€larger,€continuing€plan.€€Initially€however,€in€bothÐ ¨ø  Ðthe€trial€court€and€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€the€State€relied€on€the€distinctive€design€or€Ð ”ä  Ðð ðsignatureðð€crimes€category€to€support€consolidating€the€offenses.€€The€State€€argued€at€the€pre„trialÐ €Ð  Ðhearing€that€the€crimes€alleged€against€the€defendant€were€so€factually€similar€as€to€ð ðconstitute[]€aÐ l¼ Ðfingerprintðð€of€the€defendant€and€exhibit€his€ð ðcrowning€modus€operandi.ðð€€The€trial€court€agreed,Ð X¨ Ðholding€that€the€offenses,€when€considered€together,€ð ðtold€a€story.ðð€€We€will€address€both€arguments.Ð D” ÐÌà  àWe€have€previously€held€that€the€test€for€finding€€ð ðsignatureðð€crimes€is€ð ðððnot€whether€thereÐ l Ðwas€evidence€that€a€defendant€committed€both€crimes,€but€whether€there€was€òòa€unique€method€óóusedÐ X Ðin€committing€the€crimes.ðððð€òòMooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€241€(quoting€òòYoung€v.€Stateóó,€566€S.W.2d€895,€898Ð ôD Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978)).€€Under€such€circumstances,€ððð ðthe€modus€operandi€employed€must€be€soÐ à0 Ðunique€and€distinctive€as€to€be€like€a€signature.ðððð€òòId.óó€at€240€(quoting€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€714€S.W.2d€241,Ð Ì Ð245€(Tenn.€1986)).€€The€evidence€of€the€other€offenses€must€have€such€unusual€particularities€andÐ ¸ Ðbe€ððð ðòòso€unique€óóthat€proof€that€the€defendant€committed€the€other€offense€fairly€tends€to€establish€thatÐ ¤ô Ðhe€also€committed€the€offense€with€which€he€is€charged.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòBunch€v.€Stateóó,€665€S.W.2dÐ à Ð227,€231€(Tenn.€1980)).€However,€simply€because€the€defendant€may€have€committed€a€series€ofÐ |Ì Ðcrimes€ððð ðdoes€not€mean€that€they€are€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan.ðððð€€òòId.óó€at€241€(quoting€òòStateÐ h¸ Ðv.€Peacockóó,€638€S.W.2d€837,€840€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982)).Ð T ¤ ÐÌà  àWe€do€not€find€the€offenses€here€are€so€factually€unique€or€distinctive€as€to€constitute€theÐ ,"|  Ðdefendantððs€modus€operandi.€€While€there€are€certainly€similarities€among€the€allegations,€theseÐ #h! Ðsimilarities€are€simply€that€all€of€the€incidents€were€sexual€assaults€by€a€physician€against€a€patient.€Ð $T" ÐEven€though€the€defendant€is€alleged€to€have€touched€the€women€in€a€sexual€manner€whileÐ ð$@ # Ðexamining€them€in€his€office,€the€circumstances€of€each€encounter€are€not€ð ðso€unique€and€distinctiveÐ Ü%,!$ Ðas€to€allow€one€to€conclude€that€if€[the€defendant]€committed€[one]€offense,€then€he€also€must€haveÐ È&"% Ðcommitted€the€[other]€offenses€as€well.ðð€€òòMooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€241„42.€€Nothing€makes€these€acts€soÐ ° Ðunique€ð ðthat€reasonable€men€can€conclude€that€it€would€not€likely€be€employed€by€different€persons.ðð€Ð œì ÐòòTolliveróó,€117€S.W.3d€at€229.€€Therefore,€the€offenses€do€not€evidence€a€distinctive€design€nor€areÐ ˆØ Ðthey€ð ðsignatureðð€crimes€of€the€defendant.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€even€assuming€Ô_ÔarguendoÔ_Ô€that€these€offenses€were€all€ð ðsignature€crimes,ðð€theyÐ L œ Ðstill€could€not€be€consolidated€unless€evidence€of€one€was€admissible€upon€the€trial€of€the€others.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€14(b)(1).€€Indeed,€we€have€previously€held€that€when€the€theory€of€commonÐ $ t Ðscheme€or€plan€is€grounded€upon€a€distinctive€design€or€ð ðsignatureðð€crime,€usually€the€only€reasonÐ  ` Ðto€allow€admission€of€other€offenses€is€to€establish€the€identity€of€the€defendant.€€òòMooreóó,€6€S.W.3dÐ ü L  Ðat€239.€€€In€the€case€before€us€identity€is€not€an€issue.€€Therefore,€instead€of€using€the€signature€crimeÐ è 8  Ðtheory€to€establish€that€the€defendant€was€the€perpetrator€of€the€crimes,€the€State€apparently€soughtÐ Ô$  Ðconsolidation€of€the€offenses€simply€in€an€effort€to€bolster€the€testimony€of€each€individual€victimÐ À  Ðthrough€the€accumulated€testimony€concerning€other€unrelated€allegations.€€For€instance,€at€the€pre„Ð ¬ü  Ðtrial€hearing,€the€State€argued€for€consolidating€the€offenses€by€stating€that€there€was€no€way€for€theÐ ˜è  Ðvictims€ð ðto€[be]€corroborate[d]€based€upon€the€actual€treatment€given€because€of€that€one€on€oneÐ „Ô  Ðsituation€that€the€doctor€put€them€in.ðð€€The€State€also€seemed€to€admit€as€much€at€trial€when€theÐ pÀ Ðprosecutor€stated€that€what€made€one€of€the€victims€believable€was€the€ð ðpatternðð€of€crimes€allegedÐ \¬ Ðagainst€the€defendant.€€Therefore,€the€offenses€are€not€materially€relevant€to€each€other€except€toÐ H˜ Ðshow€the€jury€that€the€defendant€has€been€charged€with€a€string€of€similar€crimes.€€Such€propensityÐ 4„ Ðevidence€infringes€on€the€defendantððs€right€to€a€fair€trial€by€inviting€ð ðthe€trier€of€fact€to€improperlyÐ  p Ðinfer€that€the€defendant€has€a€propensity€to€commit€crimes.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€239;€òòsee€also€óóTenn.€R.€EvidÐ  \ Ð404(b).€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€State€also€argues,€for€the€first€time€in€this€Court,€that€the€defendantððs€acts€constitute€aÐ Ð  Ðcommon€scheme€or€plan€because€they€are€part€of€a€larger,€continuing€plan€or€conspiracy.€€AlthoughÐ ¼  Ðthe€crimes€all€involved€sexual€misconduct€and€contained€some€similarities,€a€larger,€continuing€planÐ ¨ø Ðor€conspiracy€ð ðinvolves€not€the€similarity€between€the€crimes,€but€[rather]€the€common€goal€orÐ ”ä Ðpurpose€at€which€they€are€directed.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hoytóó,€928€S.W.2d€935,€943€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)Ð €Ð Ðòòoverruled€on€other€groundsóó,€òòSpiceróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€447.€€The€State€submits€that€the€defendantððs€actsÐ l¼ Ðwere€part€of€a€larger€plan€that€had€one€single€goal€ð!ð€that€of€achieving€sexual€release.€€The€argumentÐ X ¨ Ðthat€sex€crimes€can€be€construed€as€part€of€a€continuing€plan€or€conspiracy€merely€by€the€fact€thatÐ D!” Ðthey€are€committed€for€sexual€gratification€has€previously€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòMooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€atÐ 0"€  Ð240€(stating€that€two€offenses€of€child€rape€do€not€create€a€larger€conspiracy);€òòState€v.€Hallockóó,€875Ð #l! ÐS.W.2d€285,€290€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(holding€that€mere€fact€that€crimes€were€committed€€forÐ $X" Ðsexual€gratification€is€insufficient€to€constitute€a€continuing€plan€or€conspiracy).€€A€larger€plan€orÐ ô$D # Ðconspiracy€in€this€context€contemplates€crimes€committed€in€furtherance€of€a€plan€that€has€a€readilyÐ à%0!$ Ðdistinguishable€goal,€not€simply€a€string€of€similar€offenses.€€The€State€has€offered€no€evidence€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€defendant€had€a€working€plan€operating€towards€the€future€such€as€to€make€probable€the€crimeÐ ¸'#& Ðwith€which€the€defendant€is€charged.€€òòSeeóó€òòHoytóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€943.€€Therefore,€the€offenses€chargedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðagainst€the€defendant€are€not€part€of€a€larger,€continuing€plan€or€conspiracy.€€Accordingly,€becauseÐ )à$( Ðâ âthe€offenses€are€not€ð ðsignatureðð€crimes€or€part€of€a€larger,€continuing€plan€or€conspiracy,€we€hold€thatÐ |*Ì%) ÐÔ_Ôthe€offenses€alleged€against€the€defendant€do€not€constitute€a€common€scheme€or€plan€and€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt€erred€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€sever€the€offenses€for€trial.à x àÐ œì Ðâ âà  àò òÌÓ  ÓII.€€Harmless€Error€AnalysisÐ tÄ ÐÓ¨ßÓÌà  àó óHaving€found€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€sever€the€offenses€for€trial,€we€now€mustÐ L œ Ðevaluate€the€record€to€determine€if€this€error€appears€to€have€affirmatively€affected€the€outcome€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).€€Whether€a€trial€court€should€grant€aÐ $ t Ðseverance€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€14(b)(1)€involves€primarily€an€evidentiaryÐ  ` Ðquestion,€therefore,€ð ðthe€effect€of€a€denial€of€that€right€is€weighed€by€the€same€standard€as€other€non„Ð ü L  Ðconstitutional€evidentiary€errors:€the€defendant€must€show€that€the€error€probably€affected€theÐ è 8  Ðjudgment€before€reversal€is€appropriate.ðð€€òòMooreóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€242.€€Although€the€defendant€wasÐ Ô$  Ðconvicted€of€assault€upon€Patrice€Schermerhorn,€that€conviction€was€later€reversed€by€the€Court€ofÐ À  ÐCriminal€Appeals€and€we€do€not€consider€it€in€this€analysis.ò ò€ó ó€Therefore,€we€consider€the€defendantððsÐ ¬ü  Ðother€convictions,€namely:€one€count€of€sexual€battery€by€an€authority€figure;€six€counts€of€sexualÐ œì  Ðbattery;€and€two€counts€of€assault.€€Ð ˆØ  ÐÌà  àWe€have€held€that€the€ð ðline€between€harmless€and€prejudicial€error€is€in€direct€proportion€toÐ `° Ðthe€degree€.€.€.€by€which€proof€exceeds€the€standard€required€to€convict€.€.€.€.ððò ò€€ó óòòDelk€v.€Stateóó,€590Ð Lœ ÐS.W.2d€435,€442€(Tenn.€1979);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòSpiceróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€447„48.€€The€State€argues€that€theÐ <Œ Ðfailure€to€sever€the€offenses€was€harmless€as€the€evidence€presented€against€the€defendant€wasÐ (x Ðoverwhelming.€€Further,€the€State€submits€that€the€juryððs€finding€the€defendant€not€guilty€on€six€ofÐ d Ðthe€charges€and€guilty€of€lesser€included€offenses€on€five€others€shows€that€the€jury€independentlyÐ P Ðevaluated€each€charge.€€The€defendant€counters€that€the€evidence€in€support€of€the€convictions€wasÐ ì< Ðfar€from€overwhelming.€€Also,€the€defendant€argues€that€admission€of€irrelevant€evidence€of€otherÐ Ø( Ðoffenses€is€inherently€prejudicial€as€it€creates€a€temptation€for€the€jury€to€convict€based€solely€on€aÐ Ä Ðdefendantððs€propensity€to€commit€crimes.€Ð ° ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€presented€against€the€defendant€at€trial€consisted€of€the€testimony€of€nine€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€victims,€testimony€of€the€father€of€one€victim,€testimony€of€the€mother€and€attorney€of€one€Ð tÄ Ðvictim,€testimony€by€the€investigating€officers,€and€two€videotapes€of€undercover€visits€to€theÐ ` ° Ðdefendantððs€office.€€Each€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€had€touched€them€sexually€and€madeÐ L!œ Ðimproper€or€distasteful€comments€during€their€visits.€€The€videotapes€showed€the€defendant€touchingÐ 8"ˆ  ÐAmanda€Pritchett€and€Patrice€Schermerhorn€and€also€engaging€in€intimate€conversation.€Ð $#t! ÐAdditionally,€Detective€Mathews€and€Agent€Jordan€testified€that€the€defendant€admitted€duringÐ $`" Ðquestioning€that€he€had€inappropriately€touched€female€patientsðð€breasts€and€genitals,€that€he€hadÐ ü$L # Ðmade€unwanted€sexual€advances,€and€that€he€had€previously€ð ðhunchedðð€on€female€patientsðð€legs.Ð è%8!$ ÐÌà  àThis€evidence,€taken€by€itself,€could€be€considered€more€than€sufficient€to€convict.€€However,Ð À'#& Ðother€evidence€was€presented€in€support€of€the€defendant€that€mitigated€the€Stateððs€case.€€SeveralÐ ¬(ü#' Ðcharacter€witnesses€testified€to€the€defendantððs€good€reputation.€€A€nurse€testified€that€one€of€theÐ ˜)è$( Ðvictims,€Jamie€Hunt,€had€been€calm€during€the€time€she€alleged€the€assault€had€occurred.€€TheÐ „*Ô%) Ðdefendantððs€daughter€testified€that€the€defendant€was€an€affectionate€and€a€ð ðvery€touchyðð€person.€Ð p+À&* ÐA€physician,€Dr.€Michael€Hood,€offered€his€opinion€regarding€the€proper€standard€of€care,€eachÐ ° Ðvictimððs€medical€diagnosis€and€treatment,€and€the€appropriateness€of€the€defendantððs€actions.€€Dr.Ð œì ÐHood€testified€that€occasionally€his€own€ð ðprivate€areaðð€would€contact€a€patient€while€performing€anÐ ˆØ Ðexamination€and€that€it€was€sometimes€necessary€to€manipulate€a€female€patientððs€breast€when€usingÐ tÄ Ða€stethoscope.€€Dr.€Hood€also€explained€the€necessity€of€touching€the€lower€back€and€buttocks€ofÐ `° Ðpatients€complaining€of€back€pain.€ò òó ó€The€defendant€himself€also€testified€and€denied€touching€any€ofÐ L œ Ðthe€victims€for€sexual€gratification.€€He€offered€explanations€for€many€of€his€actions€toward€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðwomen,€addressed€each€victimððs€allegations€independently,€and€attempted€to€explain€the€medicalÐ $ t Ðnecessity€for€most€of€his€actions.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àWhen€considered€as€a€whole,€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial,€while€clearly€sufficient€to€convict,Ð è 8  Ðwas€not€overwhelming.€€The€evidence€supporting€six€of€the€convictions€consisted€solely€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðvictimsðð€testimony.€€Other€than€the€videotape€of€Amanda€Pritchettððs€visit,€no€physical€evidence€wasÐ À  Ðproduced€that€tended€to€support€any€of€the€allegations.€€Although€the€defendant€and€Dr.€Hood€offeredÐ ¬ü  Ðmedical€reasons€to€explain€many€of€the€defendantððs€actions,€there€was€little€chance€that€the€jury€couldÐ ˜è  Ðhave€fully€and€fairly€considered€these€alternative€explanations€considering€the€array€of€multipleÐ „Ô  Ðcharges€and€testimony€that€hung€in€the€backdrop€as€each€particular€offense€was€presented€by€theÐ pÀ ÐState.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àWe€can€never€know€how€evidence€that€should€not€have€been€admitted€truly€affected€theÐ 4„ Ðminds€of€the€jury€members.€€The€victims€and€allegations€were€so€numerous€that€one€can€never€beÐ  p Ðsure€what€evidence€tipped€the€scales€regarding€any€particular€charge.€€It€is€highly€unlikely€that€theÐ  \ Ðjury€was€not€influenced€in€some€way€by€the€sheer€volume€of€testimony€relating€to€other€charges.€Ð øH ÐUnder€these€circumstances,€common€sense€tells€us€that€the€jury€probably€believed€the€defendant€hadÐ ä4 Ða€propensity€to€commit€such€acts€and€that€each€victimððs€testimony€was€made€more€credible€byÐ Ð  Ðsimilar€testimony€coming€from€the€others.€€For€these€reasons,€we€find€that€the€error€in€consolidatingÐ ¼  Ðthe€offenses€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€verdicts€and€was€not€harmless.€€Therefore,€we€holdÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€defendantððs€convictions€must€be€vacated€and€the€case€remanded€for€separate€trials.׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ”ä ÐÌ€€€€€ò òIII.€€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„527:€Sexual€Battery€by€an€Authority€Figureó óÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àHaving€found€that€failure€to€sever€the€offenses€was€reversible€error,€it€is€also€necessary€toÐ H!˜ Ðdetermine€the€proper€application€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„527€(2003).€€In€theÐ 4"„  Ðpresent€case€we€must€determine€whether€a€medical€doctor,€by€virtue€of€his€or€her€professional€status,Ð  #p! Ðfalls€within€the€ambit€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„527(2003),€which€prohibits€sexualÐ  $\" Ðbattery€by€an€ð ðauthority€figure.ðð€€The€key€issue€is€whether€a€doctor€exercises€ð ðsupervisory€orÐ ø$H # Ðdisciplinary€powerðð€over€a€patient€due€to€the€physicianððs€professional€status.€€This€is€an€issue€of€firstÐ ä%4!$ Ðimpression€for€this€Court.€€Ð Ð& "% Ðà  àÌà  àBecause€the€statute€does€not€define€either€ð ðauthority€figureðð€or€ð ðsupervisory€or€disciplinaryÐ œì Ðpower,ðð€we€must€rely€on€principles€of€statutory€construction€to€ascertain€their€meanings.€€We€reviewÐ ˆØ Ðquestions€of€statutory€construction€òòde€novo€óówith€no€presumption€of€correctness€given€to€the€lowerÐ tÄ Ðcourtsðð€conclusions.€€òòState€v.€Wallsóó,€62€S.W.3d€119,€121€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Alfordóó,€970€S.W.2dÐ `° Ð944,€945€(Tenn.€1998).€€Courts€are€to€look€to€the€plain€language€of€a€statute€and€give€effect€to€theÐ L œ Ðordinary€meaning€of€the€words.€€òòState€v.€Jenningsóó,€130€S.W.3d€43,€46€(Tenn.€2004);€òòCohen€v.€Cohenóó,Ð 8 ˆ Ð937€S.W.2d€823,€827€(Tenn.€1996).€€We€presume€that€the€legislature€purposefully€chose€each€wordÐ $ t Ðused€in€a€statute€and€that€each€word€conveys€a€specific€purpose€and€meaning.€€òòSeeóó€òòJenningsóó,€130Ð  ` ÐS.W.3d€at€46;€òòBryant€v.€Genco€Stamping€&€Mfg.€Co.óó,€33€S.W.3d€761,€765€(Tenn.€2000).€€Further,Ð ü L  Ðwe€must€ððð ðascertain€and€carry€out€the€legislatureððs€intent€without€unduly€restricting€or€expanding€aÐ è 8  Ðstatuteððs€coverage€beyond€its€intended€scope.ðððð€€òòJenningsóó,€130€S.W.3d€at€46€(quoting€òòLavin€v.Ð Ô$  ÐJordanóó,€16€S.W.3d€362,€365€(Tenn.€2000)).€€Only€if€the€plain€language€of€a€statute€is€ambiguous€mustÐ À  Ðwe€look€beyond€the€statutory€language€to€determine€the€legislatureððs€intent.€€òòId.óó€€However,€inÐ ¬ü  Ðcriminal€cases,€all€ambiguities€will€be€resolved€in€favor€of€the€defendant.€€òòState€v.€Rogersóó,€992Ð ˜è  ÐS.W.2d€393,€400€(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àSexual€battery€by€an€authority€figure€is€defined€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„Ð \¬ Ð527€(2003),€which€states,€in€part:Ð H˜ Ðà8  à(a)€Sexual€battery€by€an€authority€figure€is€unlawful€sexual€contact€with€a€victim€byÐ 4„ Ðthe€defendant€or€the€defendant€by€a€victim€accompanied€by€the€followingÐ  p Ðcircumstances:Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€The€victim€was,€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€thirteen€(13)€years€of€age€or€older€butÐ øH Ðless€than€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age;€and€eitherÐä4Ð Ð  Ðà8  à€€€€€€€(A)€The€defendant€had,€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€supervisory€or€disciplinaryÐ Ð  Ðpower€over€the€victim€by€virtue€of€the€defendantððs€legal,€professional€or€occupationalÐ ¼  Ðstatus€and€used€such€power€€to€accomplish€the€sexual€contact;€orШøÐ Ð  Ðà8  à€€€€€€€€€(B)€The€defendant€had,€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€parental€or€custodial€authorityÐ ”ä Ðover€the€victim€and€used€such€authority€to€accomplish€the€sexual€contact.ЀÐÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€charged€under€this€statute€based€upon€his€status€as€the€physician€ofÐ X ¨ ÐAmanda€Pritchett€and€the€fact€that€Pritchett€was€seventeen€years€old€at€the€time€she€alleged€theÐ D!” Ðdefendant€sexually€assaulted€her.€€The€defendant€appeals€his€conviction,€arguing€that€the€statute€doesÐ 0"€  Ðnot€reach€medical€doctors€as€they€do€not€exercise€€ð ðsupervisory€or€disciplinary€powerðð€over€patients.€Ð #l! ÐThe€State,€in€response,€argues€that€the€statute€applies€to€doctors€because€they€exercise€control€overÐ $X" Ðpatientsðð€bodies,€direct€patients€during€examinations€to€undress€or€expose€themselves€for€diagnosis,Ð ô$D # Ðand€patients€know€they€must€acquiesce€to€such€directions€in€order€to€obtain€treatment.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àAt€the€outset,€it€is€centrally€important€€to€our€analysis€to€note€that€section€39„13„527€onlyÐ ¸'#& Ðapplies€if€the€victim€is€between€the€ages€of€thirteen€and€eighteen.€€Since€its€enactment€in€1997,€thereÐ ¤(ô#' Ðâ âhave€been€relatively€few€prosecutions€based€upon€this€statute,€and€these€have,€for€the€most€part,Ð )à$( Ðinvolved€parents,€teachers,€coaches,€or€relatives€of€the€victim.׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Such€€positions€carry€with€them€anÐ ° Ðâ âinherent€power€to€exercise€authority€over€adolescents€that€is€not€likewise€exercised€over€adults.€€InÐ œì Ðcontrast,€we€find€no€such€distinction€can€be€made€between€adults€and€adolescents€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðphysician/patient€relationship.€€While€an€adolescent€may€feel€compelled€to€follow€a€doctorððs€ordersÐ tÄ Ðfor€health€purposes,€just€as€an€adult€patient€might€also,€this€is€a€far€cry€from€the€persuasive,Ð `° Ðdisciplinary€conditions€present€for€adolescents€in€other€settings.€€In€the€usual€course€of€events,Ð L œ Ðadolescents€are€required€to€be€under€the€direct€supervision€of€parents,€teachers,€coaches,€or€schoolÐ 8 ˆ Ðofficials;€they€do€not€have€any€choice€in€the€matter,€and€therefore€the€opportunity€for€abuse€is€muchÐ $ t Ðgreater.€€It€is€these€situations€that€we€find€the€statute€seeks€to€address€and€not€that€of€a€patientÐ  ` Ðvoluntarily€seeking€treatment€and€advice€from€a€physician.€€€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àFurther,€before€the€statute€is€applicable,€a€defendant€must€exercise€ð ðsupervisory€orÐ Ô$  Ðdisciplinary€powerðð€over€the€victim.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„527€(2003).€€Ordinary€meanings€ofÐ À  Ðð ðdisciplineðð€include:€(1)€order€based€on€obedience€to€authority,€and€(2)€punishment€meant€to€correctÐ ¬ü  Ðor€train.€€òòSeeóó€òòWebsterððs€II€New€Riverside€Dictionaryóó€198€(Revised€ed.€1996).€€ð ðDisciplinary€power,ððÐ ˜è  Ðtherefore,€would€be€the€power€to€demand€obedience€through€the€use€or€threat€of€punishment.€Ð „Ô  ÐClearly,€doctors€do€not€have€the€power€to€demand€obedience€through€the€threat€of€punishment.€Ð pÀ ÐHowever,€ð ðsupervisoryðð€is€a€more€ambiguous€term.€€Obviously€it€must€mean€something€differentÐ \¬ Ðthan€ð ðdisciplinaryðð€or€otherwise€its€inclusion€in€the€statute€would€be€superfluous.€€According€to€theÐ H˜ Ðdictionary€definition,€to€ð ðsuperviseðð€is€to€ð ð[t]o€direct€and€inspect€the€work,€actions,€or€performanceÐ 4„ Ðof:€oversee.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€678.€€ð ðSupervisory€powerðð€would€therefore€mean€the€power€to€direct€the€actionsÐ  p Ðof€another.€€Without€question,€doctors€often€direct€the€actions€of€their€patients,€and€patients€oftenÐ  \ Ðcomply.€€However,€doctors€do€not,€simply€by€virtue€of€their€professional€status,€possess€an€inherentÐ øH Ðpower€or€authority€to€do€so.€€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àTraditionally,€doctors€were€granted€great€deference€in€directing€their€patients€and€makingÐ ¼  Ðdecisions€for€them.׃À ×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Doctors€often€treated€patients€like€children,€and€the€patients€accepted€this€role.׃ ×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р¨ø ÐHowever,€the€modern€ideal€views€the€professional€relationship€much€differently,€with€the€doctorÐ ”ä Ðtreating€the€patient€more€as€a€client€and€placing€the€ultimate€control€and€decision€making€ability€inÐ ° Ðthe€hands€of€the€patient.׃×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€While€there€may€be€a€great€deal€of€trust€inherent€in€this€relationship,€withÐ œì Ðmany€patients€giving€great€deference€to€their€doctorsðð€recommendations,€the€authority€and€power€toÐ ˆØ Ðcontrol€the€relationship€ultimately€rests€with€the€patient.€€Therefore,€we€do€not€believe€the€termÐ tÄ Ðð ðsupervisory€powerðð€comfortably€describes€the€voluntary€deference€often€given€to€physicians€by€theirÐ `° Ðpatients.€€à ` àÐ L œ ЀÌà  àWe€also€find€it€instructive€that€the€central€purpose€of€section€39„13„527€is€to€prohibit€sexualÐ $ t Ðbattery€by€an€ð ðauthority€figure.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„527€(2003).€€The€term€ð ðauthorityððÐ  ` Ðis€susceptible€to€more€than€one€meaning;€with€accepted€definitions€including:€the€power€toÐ ü L  Ðcommand,€determine,€influence€or€judge;€authorization€or€right;€and€also,€an€expert€in€a€given€field.€Ð è 8  ÐòòWebsterððs€II€New€Riverside€Dictionaryóó€48€€(Revised€ed.€1996).€€It€has€also€been€defined€as€the€rightÐ Ô$  Ðand€power€to€command,€enforce€laws,€exact€obedience,€determine€or€judge.€€òòTheóó€òòAmerican€HeritageÐ À  ÐDictionary€of€the€English€Languageóó€89€(10òòthóó€ed.€1981).€€In€affirming€the€defendantððs€convictions,Ð ¬ü  Ðhowever,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€characterized€the€relationship€between€doctor€and€patient,Ð ˜è  Ðnot€as€one€of€authority,€but€as€one€of€great€trust.€€Similarly,€it€has€been€stated€that€ð ð[t]here€is€anÐ „Ô  Ðinherent€trust€and€confidence€which€a€patient€seeking€medical€care€places€in€the€physician€and€uponÐ pÀ Ðwhich€a€patient€relies€in€allowing€the€physician€access€to€the€most€intimate€parts€of€the€body.ðð€€òòStateÐ \¬ Ðv.€Tizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€732,€743€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€We€are€in€complete€agreement€that€aÐ H˜ Ðdoctor€holds€a€position€of€great€trust€with€his€or€her€patients.€€However,€section€39„13„527€does€notÐ 4„ Ðaddress€positions€of€trust;€instead,€it€imposes€criminal€liability€on€those€who€abuse€their€position€asÐ  p Ðauthority€figures.€€It€is€particularly€revealing€on€this€point€that€at€the€time€section€39„13„527€wasÐ  \ Ðenacted€an€abuse€of€a€position€of€trust€was€already€addressed€in€the€Tennessee€Code€as€a€sentencingÐ øH Ðenhancement€factor€in€criminal€cases.׃T×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Therefore,€the€General€Assembly€must€have€viewed€aÐ ä4 Ðposition€of€authority€as€being€different€from€a€position€of€trust,€or€there€would€have€been€no€needÐ Ð  Ðto€enact€section€39„13„527.€€Accordingly,€a€position€of€trust€is€not€synonymous€with€a€position€ofÐ ¼  Ðauthority,׃¤×Ý ƒ+#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€a€physician€is€not€an€ð ðauthority€figureðð€as€that€term€is€ordinarily€defined.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌà  àAccordingly,€we€hold€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„527€(2003)€was€notÐ l¼ Ðintended€to€apply€to€the€physician/patient€relationship.€€Also,€for€the€reasons€stated€above,€we€holdÐ X ¨ Ðthat€physicians€do€not€exercise€supervisory€or€disciplinary€power€over€patients€merely€from€the€factÐ D!” Ðof€the€physicianððs€professional€or€occupational€status.€Ð 0"€  ÐÐ #l! Ðà  àÌò òÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ œì ÐÓ),ÓÌó óà  àIn€summary,€we€hold€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€denying€the€defendantððsÐ tÄ Ðmotion€to€sever€the€offenses€for€trial.€€The€offenses€were€not€part€of€a€common€scheme€or€plan€norÐ `° Ðwould€evidence€of€one€have€been€admissible€upon€trial€of€the€others.€€We€also€hold€that€this€errorÐ L œ Ðappears€to€have€affirmatively€affected€the€verdicts€and€was€not€harmless.€€Additionally,€we€hold€thatÐ 8 ˆ ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„527€(2003)€is€not€applicable€to€physicians€merely€becauseÐ $ t Ðof€their€professional€status€and€therefore€the€defendant€was€inappropriately€charged€under€thisÐ  ` Ðstatute.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€is€reversed,€and€the€defendantððsÐ ü L  Ðconvictions€and€sentences€vacated.€€This€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€new€trials.€€InÐ è 8  Ðaccordance€with€the€defendantððs€original€motion€to€sever€the€offenses,€a€separate€trial€will€be€heldÐ Ô$  Ðfor€each€alleged€victim,€with€all€charges€relating€to€that€alleged€victim€being€heard€at€that€time.Ð À  ÐÒe°ÒÌà  àCosts€of€this€appeal€are€assessed€against€the€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ˜è  ÐÓ  ÓÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€______________________________Ð H˜ ÐÓ¨1ÓÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€WILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUSTICEÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àÌà  àÌÌà  àÌÌò òÓÓÌÓð2ÓÓ  Óó óÌò òÌó óÓ3Óà  àÌà  àÌà  àà@*àò òó óˆÌÔ#†¼JE»XXÞ#ÔÓÌÓ