ÿWPCS6 PàÔm¶£ ¬ßR™¦‹EÅCN¢vï" 4Y¹Çèž‘&]„pÆ&| õ­€¡KÒD+ß„;rPå².èíÆ¤`ý‰~xÛâyx3'‡â»º|º­[(û% ÄÈÖõ(Þð‹‰Z^-íO¥'kB'/GÉá‰!nƒ®íòõðw5äÝf5…¾`.ýÝ6Êr–é°+À0ýãTZ:šdC®Ò·â5tø‡¸\—Æ^‘º’õÍG¯"é·«SâaÁ M÷÷9Àä’VIgMõ©•Gð T8‰0♟ Žuá/IÑŒ‘‡z5䛬”%^a˜Ã²鿦~§…ÃïÄ÷©º‚Lz|Nñ b;"í¡<0š1DH µWf$h®ªòzG·êb<λ”F”%î±µm`9n™9ó$Áïí>ׇ/ëy”³Pá^[sŸ¾r8€({\‚ôŽ¡b À’B¹·oíB¢—å” 1uJf!k·© k¬F: N3ϯ&|îùÄ#1ãË3§l‹Ëu.Ö\­`àž ãD„]èùn}°Ù)qps 2]öd3uµ†dc8ÙLý"<88¬Üæ0”ºífîCB” `îwžUúM/ž\CsÝÍ6 æ²b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz z Æ‘ ÆW Æ Æã i ©N 0DXEp U Nr ÕÀ Œ•)•)•)•)•)•)•)•)•)!1!1!1!1!1!1!1!1!1!1!1!1b)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1)1 0 11111111 B;2;2 0¤X2 D3ü2 D-/3 0K\3\3 AS§3Æú3 0¤À4 0Dd5 A«¨5˜HP LaserJet 4Si,ü,,,,,ü0»R]î(L (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularö~ì(˜C íž`î£ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 _ Ý ƒRÄÔ$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€»ÝË»»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€XƒwX»»ÝËÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-15-401,€child€abuse€and€Ô_Ôneglect,Ô_Ô€states:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(a)€AnyÔ_Ô€person€who€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treats€a€childÐ ˆØ  Ðunder€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€to€inflict€injury€orÐ ° Ðneglects€such€a€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€the€child's€health€and€welfareÐ œì Ðcommits€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;€provided,€that€if€the€abused€or€neglectedÐ ˆØ Ðchild€is€six€(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€the€penalty€is€a€Class€D€felony.€ÐtÄ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà  àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-101€defines€assault:Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(a)€AÔ_Ô€person€commits€assault€who:Ð$ t` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(1)€Intentionally,€knowingly€or€recklessly€causes€bodily€injury€to€another;€Ðü L ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÓ  Ó*€*€*€Ð Ô$  ÐÌÓœÓà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(b)€AssaultÔ_Ô€is€a€Class€A€misdemeanor€unless€the€offense€is€committed€underÐ ¬ü  Ðsubdivision€(a)(3),€in€which€event€assault€is€a€Class€B€misdemeanor.Иè ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌThe€offenses€of€aggravated€child€abuse€and€aggravated€assault€are€similar€offenses€in€that€they€areÐ pÀ Ðcommitted€when€there€is€resulting€serious€bodily€injury€or€a€weapon€is€employed.€Aggravated€childÐ \¬ Ðabuse€is€defined:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€A€person€is€guilty€of€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€who€commitsÐ  p Ðthe€offense€of€child€abuse€as€defined€in€39-15-401€andÐ \` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(1)€The€act€of€abuse€results€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€the€child;€orÐä4` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(2)€AÔ_Ô€deadly€weapon€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act€of€abuse.м ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€A€violation€of€this€section€is€a€Class€B€felony;€provided,€that,€if€theÐ ”ä Ðabused€child€is€six€(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€the€penalty€is€a€Class€A€felony.ЀÐ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-15-402(a)€(1994).Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-102€defines€aggravated€assault:Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(a)€AÔ_Ô€person€commits€aggravated€assault€who:€Ð$X"` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(1)€Intentionally€or€knowingly€commits€an€assault€as€defined€in€ðð39-13-101Ð à%0!$ Ðand:€ÐÌ&"%` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(A)€Causes€serious€bodily€injury€to€another;€or€Ð¤(ô#'` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(B)€Uses€or€displays€a€deadly€weapon;€orÐ|*Ì%)` Ð ` Ð  Їà@$$(ìà*€*€*ˆÐ ° ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(d)€AggravatedÔ_Ô€assault€under€subdivision€(a)(1)€or€subsection€(b)€or€(c)€is€aÐ ˆØ ÐClass€C€felony.€.€.€.€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒRÄÔ$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€»ÝË»»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€XƒwX»»ÝËÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDuring€oral€argument€before€this€Court,€the€defendant€conceded€that€aggravated€child€abuseÐ ° Ðwas€a€lesser„included€offense€of€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child.€€The€defendant€based€thisÐ œì Ðconcession€on€a€footnote€from€this€Court's€recent€decision€in€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€467Ð ˆØ Ð(Tenn.€1999).€€Footnote€12€in€òòBurnsóó€essentially€recognized€that€the€legislature€had€the€ability€toÐ tÄ Ðexplicitly€designate€a€crime€as€a€lesser„included€offense€of€a€greater€crime.€€While€child€abuse€hasÐ `° Ðbeen€explicitly€designated€as€a€lesser„included€offense€"of€any€kind€of€homicide"€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð L œ Ððð39-15-401(d),€the€legislature€has€not€designated€òòaggravatedóó€child€abuse€as€a€lesser„included€offenseÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€"any€kind€of€homicide."(uHš Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ËÝ ƒRÄÔ$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€»ÝË»»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€XƒwX»»ÝËÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€legislature€has€since€opted€to€treat€the€crime€as€felony€murder,€and€the€dual€convictionÐ ° Ðanalysis€employed€by€this€case€is€limited€strictly€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(a)(4).€€WeÐ œì Ðrecognize€that€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€in€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€7€S.W.3d€609€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ˆØ Ð1998),€affirmed€the€dual€convictions€of€first€degree€felony€murder€and€aggravated€child€abuse.€€TheÐ tÄ Ðmurder€statute€under€which€Hodges€was€convicted,€however,€is€different€from€the€murder€statute€atÐ `° Ðissue€in€this€case.€€Hodges€was€convicted€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(a)(2)(1995),€whichÐ L œ Ðprohibits€the€killing€of€another€during€the€perpetration€of€a€felony,€aggravated€child€abuse.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÐ $ t Ÿ Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€First€degree€murder€is:а` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà@$$(ìà*€*€*ˆÐ ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(2)€A€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€toÐ `° Ðperpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,Ð L œ ÐÔ_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€aggravated€child€abuse€or€aircraft€piracy;€orÐ8 ˆ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà@$$(ìà*€*€*ˆÐ  ` ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€No€culpable€mental€state€is€required€for€conviction€under€Ô_ÔsubdivisionÐ è 8  Ð(a)(2)Ô_Ô€or€(a)(3)€except€the€intent€to€commit€the€enumerated€offenses€or€actsÐ Ô$  Ðin€such€subdivisions.ÐÀ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(a)(2),€(b)€(1995).Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔDuckerÔ_Ô€was€indicted€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€by€aggravated€child€abuse,€which€wasÐ pÀ Ðcontained€in€a€separate€subsection€of€the€first€degree€murder€statute€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ \¬ ÐÔ_Ô39-13-Ô_Ô202(a)(4)(1994)€(repealed€in€1995).€ ‚Ý ƒRÄÔ$ÝÓ  ÓÔ€»ÝË»»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€XƒwX»»ÝËÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔUnder€òòBurnsóó€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€if:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€offense€charged;€or€ÐtÄ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€containsÐ L œ Ða€statutory€element€or€elements€establishing€Ð8 ˆ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` Ð ` Ð à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;Ð  ` Ðand/or€Ðü L ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` Ð ` Ð à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€orÐ Ô$  Ðpublic€interest;€or€ÐÀ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(c)€it€consists€of€Ð˜è ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` Ð ` Ð à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwiseÐ pÀ Ðmeets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€or€Ð\¬¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` Ð ` Ð à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ 4„ Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)Ð  p Ðor€(b);€or€Ð \¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà0¸ ` Ð ` Ð à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ ä4 Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser-included€offense€in€part€(a)Ð Ð  Ðor€(b).Ð#¼ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  œ #ЀÌòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466-67. - ù-(›G2ÄÔ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ D»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€»ÝË»»»Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€XƒwX»»ÝËÔ d(|3Á$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ D»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Á$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ D»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ D»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼ D»»»ÔÑ8€±ƒXXdð»»d8Ñà@7 7 ìàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@§§$ìàAT€NASHVILLEˆÐ È ÐÔ‡X±ƒX»¼ DÔÌò òÔ#†¼ D»XX±ƒk#ÔÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€òòóóv.€JENNIE€Ô_ÔBAINÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDUCKERÔ_ÔÔ‡X±ƒX»¼ DÔó óÐ Ð  ÐÓ±ÓÌà@v v ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Warren€CountyˆÐ Ø ( Ðà@º º ìàNo.€F„6967€€€€€€Charles€Ô_ÔHastonÔ_Ô,€JudgeˆÐ È  ÐÌÌà@>>#ìàFOR€PUBLICATIONˆÐ ” ä  ÐßA€V)/­` dE/­` AßÌà@í í ìàNo.€M1997„00074„SC„R11„CD€„€Decided€July€14,€2000ˆÐ tÄ  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<c` AßÐ d´  Ðó óÌÔ#†¼ D»XX±ƒ+#ÔÔ€X±ƒX»¼ DÔWe€granted€review€to€determine€(1)€whether€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€lesser„included€offense€ofÐ c³  Ðthe€charged€offense€of€first€degree€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child;€(2)€whether€the€knowingÐ S£  Ðmens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€of€aggravated€child€abuse€refers€to€the€conduct€of€the€defendant€or€to€the€result€of€thatÐ C“ Ðconduct;€(3)€whether€the€evidence€supports€the€defendant's€convictions;€and€(4)€whether€theÐ 3ƒ Ðdefendant€was€properly€convicted€of€Class€A€felonies€when€the€trial€court€failed€to€charge€the€juryÐ #s Ðon€the€age€element€contained€in€the€aggravated€child€abuse€statute.€€We€conclude€that€aggravatedÐ c Ðchild€abuse€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€charged€offense€of€first€degree€murder€for€the€recklessÐ S Ðkilling€of€a€child;€that€the€knowing€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€required€for€a€conviction€of€aggravated€child€abuseÐ óC Ðrefers€to€the€conduct€and€not€to€the€result€of€the€conduct;€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€supportÐ ã3 Ðthe€defendantððs€convictions€in€this€case;€and€that€the€defendant€was€properly€convicted€of€Class€AÐ Ó# Ðfelonies€for€injuries€to€children€six€years€of€age€or€less.Ð Ã ÐÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ £ó ÐAffirmed.ó óÐ “ã ÐÌòòHolder,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòAnderson,€C.J.,€óóand€òòÔ_ÔDrowotaÔ_Ô,€Birch,óó€andÐ sà ÐòòBarker,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð c ³ ÐÌDavid€L.€Raybin,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€and€Michael€D.€Galligan,€McMinnville,€Tennessee,€for€theÐ C"“  Ðappellant,€Jennie€Bain€Ducker.Ð 3#ƒ! ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General,€and€KimÐ %c # ÐR.€Helper,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð &S!$ ÐÌÔ  Ôà@55'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ ã'3#& ÐÌà  àThe€defendant,€Jennie€Bain€Ducker,€drove€with€her€two€children,€ages€twenty„three€monthsÐ Ã)%( Ðand€twelve€months,€to€the€McMinnville€Holiday€Inn€on€June€6,€1995.€€The€defendant's€boyfriend€hadÐ ³*&) Ðbeen€temporarily€residing€at€the€hotel.€€The€defendant€and€her€two€small€children€arrived€at€the€hotelÐ £+ó&* Ðâ âat€approximately€3:45€a.m.€€She€securely€fastened€her€children€into€their€car€seats,€closed€theÐ “,ã'+ý Ðwindows,€and€locked€the€doors.€€She€then€left€the€children€alone€in€the€car€and€went€to€herÐ ° Ðboyfriend's€hotel€room.Ð  ð Ðâ âÌà  àThe€defendant€entered€the€hotel€room€where€her€boyfriend€and€three€other€individuals€wereÐ €Ð Ðplaying€video€games.€€The€record€indicates€that€she€drank€some€wine.€€Expert€testimony€at€trialÐ pÀ Ðindicated€that€her€blood€alcohol€level€could€have€been€as€high€as€.1925€that€morning.Ð ` ° ÐÌà  àThe€testimony€of€individuals€present€in€the€hotel€room€that€night€indicated€that€the€defendantÐ @  Ðleft€the€room€on€two€occasions,€once€to€get€ice€and€once€to€get€analgesics.€€The€defendant,€however,Ð 0 € Ðtestified€that€she€left€the€room€on€five€occasions€to€check€on€her€children.€€The€defendant€apparentlyÐ  p  Ðnever€mentioned€to€anyone€that€she€had€left€her€children€locked€in€her€car.Ð `  ÐÌà  àThe€gathering€broke€up€at€approximately€5:00€a.m.€€The€defendant€and€her€boyfriendÐ ð@  Ðremained€at€the€hotel€room.€€They€fell€asleep€shortly€thereafter€while€the€defendant's€two€childrenÐ à0  Ðwere€still€locked€inside€her€automobile.€€The€defendant€awoke€between€12:00€and€1:00€p.m.€€SheÐ Ð  Ðreturned€to€her€car€and€discovered€her€lifeless€children.€€She€drove€them€to€the€hospital€where€theyÐ À Ðwere€pronounced€dead€at€approximately€1:20€p.m.€€Both€children€died€of€systemic€hyperthermia,€aÐ ° Ðcondition€that€results€when€a€human€body€severely€overheats€and€is€unable€to€cool€itself.Ð  ð ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€indicted€on€two€counts€of€first€degree€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€ofÐ €Ð Ða€child.€€At€trial,€the€defendant€introduced€proof€to€establish€that€she€suffered€from€bipolar€disorderÐ pÀ Ðwith€periods€of€depression€and€mania.€€The€defendant€also€offered€evidence€that€she€had€a€sleepÐ `° Ðdisorder.€€The€defendantððs€mother€testified€that€the€defendant€would€remain€awake€for€two€or€threeÐ P  Ðdays€at€a€time€and€then€go€into€such€a€deep€sleep€that€she€could€not€be€awakened.€€The€defendantÐ @ Ðtestified€that€she€did€not€see€any€danger€in€leaving€her€sons€in€the€car€for€more€than€nine€hours.€€SheÐ 0€ Ðalso€testified€that€she€made€no€excuses€for€what€happened€and€that€she€accepted€responsibility€forÐ  p Ðher€actions.Ð ` ÐÌà  àA€jury€acquitted€the€defendant€of€murder€charges€Ô_ÔbutÔ_Ô€convicted€her€on€two€counts€ofÐ ð@ Ðaggravated€child€abuse.€€She€was€sentenced€to€eighteen€years€on€each€count€to€run€concurrently€forÐ à0 Ðan€effective€sentence€of€eighteen€years.€€The€defendant€raised€numerous€issues€in€the€Court€ofÐ Ð  ÐCriminal€Appeals.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€however,€affirmed€both€her€convictions€and€herÐ À! Ðsentences.€€We€granted€review.Ð °"  ÐÌÔ  ÔÓ  Óò òANALYSISó óÐ $à" ÐÓ%ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€has€raised€four€issues€on€appeal.€€These€issues€may€be€paraphrased€as€follows:Ð p&À!$ Ð(1)€whether€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€charged€offense€of€murder€forÐ `'°"% Ðthe€reckless€killing€of€a€child;€(2)€whether€the€knowing€mens€rea€of€aggravated€child€abuse€refers€toÐ P( #& Ðthe€conduct€of€the€defendant€or€to€the€result€of€that€conduct;€(3)€whether€the€evidence€supports€theÐ @)$' Ðdefendant's€convictions€under€that€charge;€and€(4)€whether€the€defendant€was€properly€convicted€ofÐ 0*€%( ÐClass€A€felonies€when€the€trial€court€failed€to€charge€the€jury€on€the€age€element€contained€in€theÐ  +p&) Ðaggravated€child€abuse€statute.Ð ,`'* ЇÔ_ÔÔ  ÔÔ_Ôà@ÛÛìàò òLesser„Included€Ô_ÔOffenseó óˆÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔÌà  àThe€defendant€was€charged€in€a€two„count€indictment€for€first€degree€murder€for€Ô_ÔtheÔ_Ô€deathÐ à Ðof€her€children.€€She€was€not€indicted€for€aggravated€child€abuse.€€Count€one€of€the€indictment€read,Ð €Ð Ðin€pertinent€part,€that€the€defendant:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àunlawfully€and€recklessly€did€kill€Ô_ÔDevinÔ_Ô€Lee€Ô_ÔDuckerÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔD.O.B.Ô_Ô€7-2-93€a€childÐ P   Ðless€than€sixteen€(16)€years€of€age€as€a€result€of€aggravated€child€abuse,€asÐ @  Ðdefined€by€Ô_ÔT.C.A.Ô_Ô€39-15-402,€.€.€.€in€violation€of€Ô_ÔT.C.A.Ô_Ô€39-13-202.Ð0 €` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌCount€two€of€the€indictment€was€identical€to€count€one€except€that€count€two€was€for€the€murder€ofÐ `  Ð"Dustin€Jay€Ô_ÔDuckerÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔD.O.B.Ô_Ô€5-10-94."Ð P  ÐÌà  àThe€first€degree€murder€statute€in€effect€at€the€time€of€the€children's€deaths€recognized€fourÐ à0  Ðseparate€means€of€committing€the€crime€of€first€degree€murder.€€The€four€means€provided€in€Tenn.Ð Ð  ÐCode€Ann.€ðð39-13-202€(1994)€are€premeditated€murder,€felony€murder,€reckless€killing€by€bombing,Ð À Ðand€reckless€killing€of€a€child.€€At€the€time€of€the€offenses,€subsection€(a)(4)€read:€Ð ° ÐÌÔ  Ôà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(a)€FirstÔ_Ô€Degree€murder€Ô_Ôis:Ðà` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÌÓ  Óà0 @ àà0@` (#(#àÔ_Ô*Ô_Ô€*€*€Ô_ÔÐ pÀ ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌÓÉ%Óà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(4)€AÔ_Ô€reckless€killing€of€a€child€less€than€sixteen€(16)€years€of€age,€if€theÐ P  Ðchild's€death€results€from€aggravated€child€abuse,€as€defined€by€ðð39-15-402,Ð @ Ðcommitted€by€the€defendant€against€the€child.Ð0€` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(a)(4)€(1994).€€The€1994€amendment€was€effective€until€July€1,€1995.€Ð ` ÐThe€children€were€pronounced€dead€on€June€6,€1995.Ð P ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà  àDuring€oral€argument,€the€defendant€conceded€that€the€crime€of€which€she€was€convicted,Ð à0 Ðaggravated€child€abuse,€was€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child.€€Both€theÐ Ð  Ðlegal€basis€for€this€concession€and€a€portion€of€the€analysis€employed€by€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ À! ÐAppeals€on€this€issue€were€erroneous.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Accordingly,€we€will€address€the€defendantððs€argumentsÐ °"  Ðmade€in€her€briefs€that€aggravated€child€abuse€is€not€a€lesser„included€offense€Ô_Ôof€murderÔ_Ô€for€theÐ ° Ðreckless€killing€of€a€Ô_Ôchild.Ô_ÔÐ  ð ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ  ÔÔ_Ôà@¤¤ìàòòAggravated€Child€Abuse€and€Murder€for€the€Reckless€Killing€of€a€ChildˆÐ €Ð Ðà@yy ìà€As€Separate€OffensesóóˆÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€aggravated€child€abuse€is€not€a€lesser„included€offense€of€murderÐ P   Ðfor€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€because€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€predicate€offense€that€theÐ @  Ðlegislature€has€designated€as€a€separate€offense€subject€to€separate€punishments.€€She€maintains€thatÐ 0 € Ð"if€aggravated€child€abuse€were€a€lesser€included€offense€of€homicide€then€a€conviction€for€bothÐ  p  Ðmurder€and€aggravated€child€abuse€could€not€stand€because€one€cannot€be€convicted€of€both€theÐ `  Ðgreater€and€lesser€crimes.ðð€€The€crux€of€her€argument€is€that€Tennessee€permits€dual€convictions€forÐ P  Ðboth€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€and€its€predicate€felony,€aggravated€child€abuse.€€TennesseeÐ ð@  Ðmerger€law,€however,€mandates€that€dual€convictions€of€both€a€greater€offense€and€its€lesser„includedÐ à0  Ðoffense€merge,€thereby€vacating€the€conviction€for€the€lesser„included€offense.€€Ô_ÔòòSeeóóÔ_Ô€òòState€v.€Beardóó,Ð Ð  Ð818€S.W.2d€376,€379€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€Accordingly,€she€contends€that€the€legislature€hasÐ À Ðdesignated€predicate€felonies€under€the€first€degree€murder€statute€as€separate€crimes€subject€toÐ ° Ðseparate€punishments€and€that€these€crimes€are€not€lesser„included€offenses.Ð  ð ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€now€before€us,€the€defendant€was€not€indicted€on€separate€counts€for€both€theÐ €Ð Ðreckless€killing€of€a€child€Ô_ÔandÔ_Ô€aggravated€child€abuse.€€Accordingly,€we€need€not€determine€whetherÐ pÀ Ðthe€doctrine€of€merger€would€preclude€dual€convictions€for€both€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€andÐ `° Ðaggravated€child€abuse.€€We€note,€however,€that€a€legislative€intent€to€permit€dual€convictions€andÐ P  Ðsentences€for€both€felony€murder€and€the€predicate€felony€does€not€appear€to€be€present€under€theÐ @ Ðreckless€killing€of€a€child€provision€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-202(a)(4)€(1994).€€The€legislatureÐ 0€ Ðoriginally€codified€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€by€aggravated€child€abuse€in€response€to€òòState€v.Ð  p ÐKerry€Phillip€Bowersóó,€No.€115€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€filed€Aug.€2,€1989).€€This€codification€was€knownÐ ` Ðas€the€"Scotty€Ô_ÔTrexlerÔ_Ô€Law."€€The€intent€of€the€Scotty€Ô_ÔTrexlerÔ_Ô€Law€was€not€to€permit€dualÐ P Ðconvictions€but€Ô_ÔÔ_Ôto€punish€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€as€first€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Haleóó,€840Ð ð@ ÐS.W.2d€307,€310€n.3€(Tenn.€1992)€("The€amendment€was€passed€by€the€General€Assembly€late€inÐ à0 Ðthe€session€in€response€to€the€public€outcry€after€the€conviction€of€Kerry€Phillip€Bowers€for€the€lesserÐ Ð  Ðoffense€of€the€second-degree€murder€of€Scotty€Ô_ÔTrexlerÔ_Ô€.€.€.€.").€€Whether€to€permit€dual€convictionsÐ À! Ðis€not,€however,€an€issue€in€this€case.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ÔÐ °"  ЇÔ  Ôà@" " ìàòòDiffering€Mens€Ô_ÔReaÔ_Ô€and€Age€RequirementsóóˆÐ ° ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€is€not€a€lesserÔ_Ô„includedÔ_ÔÐ à Ðoffense€of€murder€for€the€Ô_Ôreckless€killingÔ_Ô€of€a€child€because€of€Ô_Ôthe€differentÔ_Ô€requirements€for€bothÐ €Ð Ðthe€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€and€the€age€of€victims.€€The€defendant€contends€ð ðthe€more€serious€homicide€offenseÐ pÀ Ð.€.€.€had€a€lesser€mental€state€of€ððrecklessðð€as€compared€to€the€higher€mental€state€of€ððknowingðð€in€theÐ ` ° Ðless€serious€aggravated€child€abuse€statute.ðð€€The€defendant€also€points€out€that€the€more€seriousÐ P   Ðoffense€of€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€requires€the€victim€to€be€under€the€age€of€sixteenÐ @  Ðwhile€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€requires€the€victim€to€be€under€the€age€of€eighteen.€€ForÐ 0 € Ðthe€reasons€below,€we€conclude€that€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€lesser„includedÐ  p  Ðoffense€of€the€offense€of€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€committed€during€aggravated€childÐ `  Ðabuse.Ð P  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌà  àAggravated€child€abuse€at€the€time€of€the€children's€deaths€was€defined€as€follows:Ð à0  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€A€person€is€guilty€of€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€who€commitsÐ À Ðthe€offense€of€child€abuse€as€defined€in€ðð39-15-401€and:а` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(1)€TheÔ_Ô€act€of€abuse€results€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€the€child;€orÐà` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(2)€AÔ_Ô€deadly€weapon€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act€of€abuse.ÐpÀ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÐ `° Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€A€violation€of€this€section€is€a€Class€B€felony;€provided,€that,€if€theÐ ° Ðabused€child€is€six€(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€the€penalty€is€a€Class€A€felony.Рð` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-15-402(a),€(b)€(1994).€€The€offense€of€child€abuse€was€defined€as€follows:Ð €Ð ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà8  àà0` Ð Ð àAny€person€who€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treats€a€childÐ ` ° Ðunder€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€to€inflict€injury€orÐ P   Ðneglects€such€a€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€the€child's€health€and€welfareÐ @  Ðis€guilty€of€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;€provided,€that€if€the€abused€child€is€sixÐ 0 € Ð(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€the€penalty€is€a€Class€D€felony.Ð p ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-15-401€(1994).€Ð P  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€466€(Tenn.€1999),€we€adopted€a€test€to€determine€whetherÐ à0  Ðcrimes€are€lesser„included€offenses€of€other€crimes.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€held€in€part€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser„Ð Ð  Ðincluded€offense€if€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ ° Ðoffense€charged.€€òòBurnsóó€further€states€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€the€crimeÐ  ð Ðcharged€when€"the€elements€of€the€lesser€offense€are€a€subset€of€the€elements€of€the€chargedÐ à Ðoffense."€€òòId.óó€at€464€(citing€òòSchmuck€v.€United€Statesóó,€489€U.S.€705,€716€(1989)).€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€offense€of€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€is€comprised€of€the€followingÐ ` ° Ðelements:€(1)€a€reckless€killing,€(2)€of€a€child€victim€less€than€sixteen€years€of€age,€(3)€by€aggravatedÐ P   Ðchild€abuse.€€Thus,€the€offense€of€murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€incorporates€the€offenseÐ @  Ðof€aggravated€child€abuse€into€the€murder€offense.€€The€provisions€regarding€the€reckless€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_ÔÐ 0 € Ðand€the€victimððs€age€are€elements€required€in€addition€to€the€requirement€that€the€killing€beÐ  p  Ðcommitted€by€aggravated€child€abuse.à À àÐ `  Ðà  àÌà  à€The€defendant€contends€that€the€more€serious€homicide€charge€has€a€lesser€mental€stateÐ ð@  Ðrequirement€than€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€The€more€serious€homicide€offense€doesÐ à0  Ðinclude€a€mental€state€of€recklessness€as€to€the€killing.€€The€term€ð ðrecklessððÐ Ð  ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà8  àà0` Ð Ð àrefers€to€a€person€who€acts€recklessly€with€respect€to€circumstancesÐ ° Ðsurrounding€the€conduct€or€the€result€of€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€awareÐ  ð Ðof€but€consciously€disregards€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€that€theÐ à Ðcircumstances€exist€or€the€result€will€occur.€€The€risk€must€be€of€such€a€natureÐ €Ð Ðand€degree€that€its€disregard€constitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standardÐ pÀ Ðof€care€that€an€ordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances€asÐ `° Ðviewed€from€the€accused€person's€standpoint.€ÐP ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-11-302(c)(1994).€€The€child€murder€statute€criminalizes€the€reckless€killingÐ 0€ Ðof€a€child€less€than€sixteen€if€the€childððs€death€results€from€aggravated€child€abuse,€which€is€theÐ  p Ðknowing€treatment€or€neglect€of€a€child€so€as€to€cause€injury€or€adversely€affect€the€childððs€health.€Ð ` ÐIn€other€words,€the€more€serious€charge€simply€requires€òòan€additional€elementóó€that,€along€with€theÐ P Ðknowing€act€of€child€abuse€or€neglect,€the€person€consciously€disregards€a€substantial€andÐ ð@ Ðunjustifiable€risk€that€death€could€occur.Ð à0 ÐÌà  àSimilarly,€the€requirement€that€the€victim€be€less€than€sixteen€years€of€age€is€an€additionalÐ À! Ðelement€and€is€not€inconsistent€with€the€age€requirement€for€aggravated€child€abuse€as€the€defendantÐ °"  Ðalleges.€€Murder€for€the€reckless€killing€of€a€Ô_Ôchild€incorporatesÔ_Ô€the€aggravated€child€abuse€offense,Ð  #ð! Ðwhich€applies€to€victims€under€the€age€of€eighteen.€The€murder€statute€then€sets€forth€an€additionalÐ $à" Ðelement€that€the€victim€be€less€than€sixteen€years€of€age.€€This€additional€element€works€to€narrowÐ €%Ð # Ðthe€universe€of€potential€victims€and€requires€the€State€to€produce€proof€that€the€victim€is€not€onlyÐ p&À!$ Ðunder€the€age€of€eighteen€but€under€the€age€of€sixteen€as€well.€€In€this€case,€under€either€òòBurnsóó€or€theÐ `'°"% Ðpre„òòBurnsóó€òòHowardóó€test,€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€murderÐ P( #& Ðfor€the€reckless€killing€of€a€child€by€aggravated€child€abuse€because€all€of€the€statutory€elements€ofÐ ° Ðthe€lesser€offense€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€the€offense€charged.€€òòSeeóó€òòHoward€v.Ð  ð ÐStateóó,€578€S.W.2d€83,€85€(Tenn.€1979).Ð à ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ  ÔÔ_Ôà@K K ìàò òMens€Ô_ÔReaÔ_Ô€Required€for€the€Offense€of€Child€Abuse:ˆÐ pÀ Ðà@9 9 ìàNature€of€Conduct€or€Result€of€Conductó óˆÐ ` ° ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÌà  àThe€defendant€was€found€guilty€of€aggravated€child€abuse,€which€requires€either€child€abuseÐ @  Ðor€neglect€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-15-401€and€the€additional€element€that€the€abuse€or€neglectÐ 0 € Ðresulted€in€òòseriousóó€bodily€injury.€€We€will€next€address€whether€the€knowing€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€required€inÐ  p  Ðthe€child€abuse€statute€applies€to€the€conduct€of€the€defendant€or€to€the€result€of€that€conduct.€€TheÐ `  Ðdefendant€argues€that€the€child€abuse€statute€defines€a€result„of„conduct€offense€and,€therefore,€theÐ P  Ðstatute€requires€that€one€must€actually€be€aware€that€her€conduct€would€result€in€serious€bodily€injuryÐ ð@  Ðto€the€child€victim.€€We€disagree.Ð à0  ÐÌà  àA€result„of„conduct€offense€requires€that€the€culpable€mental€state€accompany€the€result€asÐ À Ðopposed€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct.€€òòSeeóó€òògenerallyóó€òòWallace€v.€Stateóó,€763€S.W.2d€628€(Tex.€Ct.€App.Ð ° Ð1989).€€The€focus€is€on€whether€the€actor€possessed€the€required€culpability€to€effectuate€the€resultÐ  ð Ðthat€the€legislature€has€specified.€€Generally,€an€offense€may€be€classified€as€a€result„of„conductÐ à Ðoffense€when€the€result€of€the€conduct€is€the€only€element€contained€in€the€offense.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àAn€example€of€a€result„of„conduct€offense€is€second€degree€murder,€which€is€defined€as€aÐ `° Ð"knowing€killing€of€another."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39-13-210(a)(1).€€In€second€degree€murder,€theÐ P  Ðresult€of€the€conduct€is€the€sole€element€of€the€offense.€€The€"nature€of€the€conduct"€that€causes€deathÐ @ Ðor€the€manner€in€which€one€is€killed€is€inconsequential€under€the€second€degree€murder€statute.€€TheÐ 0€ Ðstatute€focuses€purely€on€the€result€and€punishes€an€actor€who€knowingly€causes€another's€death.€Ð  p ÐThe€intent€to€engage€in€conduct€is€not€an€explicit€element€of€the€state's€case€in€second€degree€murder.€Ð ` ÐAccordingly,€a€result„of„conduct€crime€does€not€require€as€an€element€that€an€actor€engage€in€aÐ P Ðspecified€course€of€conduct€to€accomplish€the€specified€result.Ð ð@ ÐÌà  àIn€contrast,€the€child€abuse€statute€sets€forth€both€a€conduct€element€and€a€result€element.€Ð Ð  ÐThe€child€abuse€statute€provides,€in€pertinent€part:Ð À! ÐÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà8  àà0` Ð Ð àAny€person€who€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€òòtreatsóó€a€childÐ  #ð! Ðunder€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€to€inflict€injury€orÐ $à" Ðòòneglectsóó€such€a€child€so€as€to€adversely€affect€the€child's€health€and€welfareÐ €%Ð # Ð.€.€.Ðp&À!$` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÔ_ÔTenn.Ô_Ô€Code€Ann.€ðð39-15-401€(1994)€(emphasis€added).€€Thus,€Tennesseeððs€child€abuse€and€neglectÐ P( #& Ðstatute€may€be€broken€down€into€two€classifications,€abuse€and€neglect,€each€of€which€have€both€aÐ @)$' Ðconduct€and€a€result€element.€€Child€abuse€requires€that:€€(1)€a€person€knowingly€ð ðtreat€in€such€aÐ 0*€%( Ðmannerðð€a€child€under€eighteen€years€of€age;€and€(2)€the€child€sustains€an€injury.€€Child€neglectÐ  +p&) Ðrequires€that:€€(1)€a€person€knowingly€neglect€a€child€under€eighteen€years€of€age;€and€(2)€the€child'sÐ ,`'* Ðhealth€and€welfare€are€adversely€affected.€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€of€Ô_Ôð ðknowingððÔ_ÔÐ ° Ðapplies€to€the€injury€prong€as€well€as€to€the€treatment€and€neglect€prong.€Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  ð ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€cites€òòÔ_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€704€S.W.2d€36€(Tex.€Crim.€App.€1985),€in€supportÐ €Ð Ðof€her€argument€that€our€child€abuse€and€neglect€statute€is€a€result„of„conduct€offense.€€In€òòÔ_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ôóó,Ð pÀ Ðthe€defendant€was€convicted€of€abuse€or€injury€to€a€child€after€placing€the€child€in€scalding€bathÐ ` ° Ðwater.€€The€defendant€alleged€that€she€did€not€know€the€bath€water€was€hot€enough€to€cause€injury.€Ð P   ÐThe€statute€under€which€she€was€convicted€defined€the€crime€as:€€"intentionally,€knowingly,Ð @  Ðrecklessly€or€with€criminal€negligence€engages€in€conduct€that€causes€serious€bodily€injury€.€.€.€."€Ð 0 € ÐòòId.óó€at€37,€n.1€(citing€Tex.€Penal€Code€Ann.€ðð22.04,€since€amended).€€The€court€held€that€the€statuteÐ  p  Ðunder€which€Ô_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ô€was€convicted€was€a€result„of„conduct€offense€and€that€the€state€had€failedÐ `  Ðto€show€that€she€intended€the€scalding€bath€water€to€burn€her€baby.€€òòId.óóÐ P  ÐÌà  àThe€holding€in€òòÔ_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ôóó€has€been€described€as€merely€"an€effort€to€lessen€the€confusionÐ à0  Ðarising€from€the€legislature's€unfortunate€choice€of€words€in€the€statute€defining€the€offense€of€injuryÐ Ð  Ðto€a€child,€as€it€read€at€the€time€of€that€opinion."€€òòNavarro€v.€Stateóó,€863€S.W.2d€191,€196€(Tex.€Crim.Ð À ÐApp.€1993).€€Moreover,€òòÔ_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ôóó€was€subsequently€interpreted€as€having€"little€or€no€applicationÐ ° Ðin€a€prosecution€under€.€.€.€any€other€'result€of€conduct'€statute€that€does€not€employ€the€confusingÐ  ð ÐÔ_Ô'engage€inÔ_Ô€conduct'€language€formerly€found€in€section€22.04."€€òòId.óó€at€196.€€The€State€of€Texas€hasÐ à Ðsince€amended€the€statute.Ð €Ð ÐÌ€à  àUnlike€òòÔ_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ôóó,€the€Tennessee€child€abuse€and€neglect€statute€is€clear€that€ð ðknowinglyððÐ `° Ðmodifies€ð ðtreatsðð€or€ð ðneglects.ðð€€The€Ô_ÔactusÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔreusÔ_Ô€is€modified€by€the€clause€"other€than€by€accidentalÐ P  Ðmeans."€€Accordingly,€the€statute€requires€that€the€act€of€treating€a€child€in€an€abusive€manner€orÐ @ Ðneglecting€the€child€must€be€knowing€conduct.€€For€instance,€the€defendant€must€have€knowinglyÐ 0€ Ðleft€or€abandoned€her€children€in€the€car€for€more€than€eight€hours.€€If€the€defendant€had€beenÐ  p Ðunaware€that€her€children€were€present€in€the€car€when€she€left€her€car€parked€in€front€of€the€hotel,Ð ` Ðthe€neglect€of€her€children€would€have€been€accidental€or€unknowing.€€Contrary€to€the€defendant'sÐ P Ðassertions,€application€of€the€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€to€the€Ô_ÔactusÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔreusÔ_Ô€of€this€statute€precludes€this€statute€fromÐ ð@ Ðbeing€a€strict€liability€statute.Ð à0 ÐÌà  àOnce€the€knowing€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€is€established,€the€next€inquiry€under€the€plain€language€of€theÐ À! Ðstatute€is€simply€whether€the€child€sustained€an€injury€or,€in€the€case€of€child€neglect,€whether€theÐ °"  Ðchild€suffered€an€adverse€effect€to€the€childððs€health€or€welfare.€€The€legislature€has€employed€theÐ  #ð! Ðphrases€"so€as€to€injure"€and€"so€as€to€adversely€affect"€when€defining€the€injury€aspect€of€the€childÐ $à" Ðabuse€statute.€€These€phrases€clearly€indicate€that€if€an€injury€results€from€knowing€abuse€or€neglect,Ð €%Ð # Ðthe€actor€has€committed€child€abuse.Ð p&À!$ ÐÌà  àAs€a€practical€matter,€the€defendantððs€argument€could€render€the€child€abuse€statuteÐ P( #& Ðineffectual.€€Defendants€in€child€abuse€cases€could€argue€that,€while€they€in€fact€knowingly€punishedÐ @)$' Ðor€spanked€the€child,€they€did€not€know€harm€would€occur.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ_ÔAlvaradoÔ_Ôóó,€704€S.W.2d€at€Ô_Ô37,€n.4.Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔÐ 0*€%( Ðâ âWe,€therefore,€reject€the€defendant's€argument€and€hold€that€the€mens€Ô_ÔreaÔ_Ô€of€ð ðknowingðð€refers€onlyÐ  +p&) Ðto€the€conduct€elements€of€treatment€or€neglect€of€a€child€under€the€child€abuse€statute€and€concludeÐ ° Ðthat€the€child€abuse€offenses€are€not€result„of„conduct€offenses.Ð  ð Ðâ âÌÔ  Ôà@llìàò òSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€now€before€us,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€TheÐ ` ° Ðrecord€establishes€that€the€defendant€knowingly€parked€her€car,€rolled€up€the€windows,€securelyÐ P   Ðfastened€the€children€in€the€car,€locked€the€car€and€left€them€inside€the€parked€car€fromÐ @  Ðapproximately€3:45€a.m.€to€between€12€and€1€p.m.€on€June€6.€€The€children€died€of€hyperthermia.€Ð 0 € ÐThe€evidence€supports€a€finding€that€the€defendant€knowingly€and€other€than€by€accidental€meansÐ  p  Ðneglected€the€children.€€The€evidence€also€supports€a€finding€that€the€neglect€adversely€affected€theÐ `  Ðchildrenððs€health€and€welfare.€€Accordingly,€the€evidence€of€the€children's€deaths€overwhelminglyÐ P  Ðsupports€a€finding€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€We€conclude€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÐ ð@  Ðthe€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€child€abuse€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€based€upon€the€evidenceÐ à0  Ðpresented.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€61€L.€Ed.€2dÐ Ð  Ð560€(1979);€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCazesÔ_Ôóó,€875€S.W.2d€253€(Tenn.€1994).Ð À ÐÌÔ  Ôà@––ìàò òFailure€to€Instruct€on€AgeˆÐ  ð Ðó óÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€her€sentences€for€Class€A€aggravated€child€abuse€are€unlawfulÐ €Ð Ðbecause€the€trial€court€failed€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€a€material€element€of€the€offense,€that€theÐ pÀ Ðvictims€were€six€years€of€age€or€less.€€She€contends€that€she€could€be€found€guilty€only€of€the€ClassÐ `° ÐB€version€of€the€offense€because€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€a€ð ðchildðð€is€a€person€under€theÐ P  Ðage€of€eighteen.€€The€State,€on€the€other€hand,€argues€that€the€victimððs€age€is€used€merely€as€aÐ @ Ðsentencing€enhancement€factor€and€is€not€a€material€element.€Ð 0€ ÐÌÔ  Ôòòà@ààìàAge€as€a€material€elementóóˆÐ ` ÐÌà  àWe€first€consider€whether€the€statutory€provision€regarding€a€victim€six€years€of€age€or€lessÐ ð@ Ðis€a€material€element€of€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€Both€the€offense€of€child€abuse€andÐ à0 Ðof€aggravated€child€abuse€address€injuries€to€and€neglect€of€victims€under€the€age€of€eighteen.€Ð Ð  ÐAdditionally,€both€offenses€increase€the€culpability€and€punishment€if€the€child€victim€six€years€ofÐ À! Ðage€or€less.Ð °"  ÐÌà  àThe€conduct€prohibited€by€the€child€abuse€and€aggravated€child€abuse€statutes€is€similar€toÐ $à" Ðthe€conduct€prohibited€by€the€assault€and€aggravated€assault€statutes.€€The€child€abuse€statutes€differÐ €%Ð # Ðfrom€the€assault€statutes€in€that€in€most€scenarios€the€penalty€for€an€offense€under€the€child€abuseÐ p&À!$ Ðstatutes€will€be€greater€than€if€that€same€conduct€were€punished€under€the€assault€statutes.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ԀР`'°"% ÐÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€offenses€of€child€abuse€of€a€child€under€eighteen€and€assault€are€both€Class€AÐ  ð Ðmisdemeanors.€€If,€however,€the€victim€of€child€abuse€is€six€years€of€age€or€less,€the€offense€becomesÐ à Ða€Class€D€felony.€€Aggravated€child€abuse€of€a€child€under€eighteen€is€punished€as€a€Class€B€felony,Ð €Ð Ðand€aggravated€child€abuse€of€a€child€six€years€of€age€or€less€is€punished€as€a€Class€A€felony.€€TheÐ pÀ Ðsimilar€conduct€under€aggravated€assault€constitutes€a€Class€C€felony.€€Thus,€the€legislature€hasÐ ` ° Ðdetermined€that€one€who€commits€child€abuse€and€aggravated€child€abuse€is€more€culpable€than€anÐ P   Ðoffender€who€commits€the€same€type€of€crime€against€an€adult.Ð @  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,€958€S.W.2d€724,€729€(Tenn.€1997),€this€Court€observed€that€theÐ  p  Ðlegislature€chose€to€classify€sexual€offenses€perpetrated€against€children€under€thirteen€years€of€ageÐ `  Ðas€ð ðaggravatedðð€crimes.€€We€explained€that€the€legislature€determined€that€an€offender€who€sexuallyÐ P  Ðabuses€a€child€is€more€culpable€than€an€offender€who€commits€the€same€act€against€an€adult.€€WeÐ ð@  Ðheld€that€age€is€an€essential€element€of€the€offenses.€€òòId.óó€€Like€the€sexual€offenses€involving€children,Ð à0  Ðthe€legislature€has€chosen€to€classify€child€abuse€offenses€as€ð ðaggravatedðð€crimes€because€they€areÐ Ð  Ðcrimes€against€children.€€Thus,€we€hold€that€the€age€provisions€of€the€statute€are€essential€elementsÐ À Ðof€the€child€abuse€offenses.Ð ° ÐÌÔ  Ôà@ó ó ìàòòFailure€to€instruct€on€material€elementˆÐ à ÐóóÌà  àIt€is€the€trial€court's€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€the€facts€of€theÐ pÀ Ðcase.€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€73€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€519€S.W.2d€789,€792Ð `° Ð(Tenn.€1975).€€The€Fifth€and€Sixth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€ð ðrequire€criminalÐ P  Ðconvictions€to€rest€upon€a€jury€determination€that€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€every€element€of€theÐ @ Ðcrime€with€which€he€is€charged,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòUnited€States€v.€Gaudinóó,€515€U.S.€506,Ð 0€ Ð509,€115€S.€Ct.€2310,€2313,€132€L.€Ed.€2d€444€(1995).€Ð  p ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€statutory€provision€regarding€the€age€of€the€victim€is€an€essentialÐ P Ðelement€of€the€Class€A€felony€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€We€also€hold€that€the€trial€court€erred€byÐ ð@ Ðfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€that€it€must€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€victims€were€six€yearsÐ à0 Ðof€age€or€less.€€We€shall€next€consider€whether€this€error€is€subject€to€harmless€error€analysis.Ð Ð  ÐÌÔ  ÔÓ  ÓòòHarmless€Error€AnalysisóóÐ °"  ÐÓÝ”ÓÌà  àIn€òòNeder€v.€United€Statesóó,€527€U.S.€1,€18,€119€S.€Ct.€1827,€1838,€144€L.€Ed.€2d€Ô_Ô35€(1999),Ô_ÔÐ $à" Ðâ âthe€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€the€harmless€error€inquiry€in€a€failure„to„instruct€caseÐ €%Ð # Ðshould€be€whether€it€is€ð ðclear€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€a€rational€jury€would€have€found€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€guilty€absent€the€error.ðð€€The€Court€said:Ð  ð Ðâ âÌÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà8  àà0` Ð Ð àWe€believe€that€where€an€omitted€element€is€supported€by€uncontrovertedÐ €Ð Ðevidence,€this€approach€reaches€an€appropriate€balance€between€ð ðsocietyððsÐ pÀ Ðinterest€in€punishing€the€guilty€[and]€the€method€by€which€decisions€of€guiltÐ ` ° Ðare€made.ðð€Ô_Ô.€.Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€.Ô_Ô€€In€a€case€such€as€this€one,€where€a€defendant€did€not,€andÐ P   Ðapparently€could€not,€bring€forth€facts€contesting€the€omitted€element,Ð @  Ðanswering€the€question€whether€jury€verdict€would€have€been€the€same€absentÐ 0 € Ðthe€error€does€not€fundamentally€undermine€the€purposes€of€the€jury€trialÐ  p  ÐÔ_Ôguarantee.Ð` ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà ¸ à€Of€course,€safeguarding€the€jury€guarantee€will€often€require€that€aÐ ð@  Ðreviewing€court€conduct€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record.€€If,€at€the€endÐ à0  Ðof€that€examination,€the€court€cannot€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ Ð  Ðthat€the€jury€verdict€would€have€been€the€same€absent€the€errorð!ðfor€example,Ð À Ðwhere€the€defendant€contested€the€omitted€element€and€raised€evidenceÐ ° Ðsufficient€to€support€a€contrary€findingð!ðit€should€not€find€the€error€harmless.Рð` Ð ` Ð  ÐÔ_ÔÌÔ_Ôà8  àà0` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA€reviewing€court€making€this€harmless€error€inquiry€does€not,€asÐ €Ð ÐJustice€Traynor€put€it,€ð ðbecome€in€effect€a€second€jury€to€determine€whetherÐ pÀ Ðthe€defendant€is€guilty.ðð€€Rather€a€court€in€typical€appellate„court€fashion€asksÐ `° Ðwhether€record€contains€evidence€that€could€rationally€lead€to€a€contraryÐ P  Ðfinding€with€respect€to€the€omitted€element.€If€the€answer€to€that€question€isÐ @ Ðð ðno,ðð€holding€the€error€harmless€does€not€reflect€a€denigration€of€theÐ 0€ Ðconstitutional€rights€involved.ðð€On€the€contrary,€it€ð ðserve[s]€a€very€usefulÐ  p Ðpurpose€insofar€as€[it]€block[s]€setting€aside€convictions€for€small€errors€orÐ ` Ðdefects€that€have€little,€if€any,€likelihood€of€having€changed€the€result€of€theÐ P Ðtrial.ððÐð@` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÔ_ÔòòId.óóÔ_Ô€at€527€U.S.€at€18„19,€119€S.€Ct.€at€1838-39€(citations€omitted).€òòóóÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€indictments€in€this€case€charging€the€defendant€with€the€reckless€killing€of€her€childrenÐ °"  Ðincluded€the€victimsðð€dates€of€birth.€€During€the€proof€in€the€case,€one€of€the€defendantððs€boyfriendsÐ  #ð! Ðtestified€that€her€children€were€younger€than€age€four,€the€age€of€his€child.€€Other€witnesses€describedÐ $à" Ðthe€children€as€ð ðbabies.ðð€€The€medical€examinerððs€autopsy€reports€introduced€as€evidence€listed€theÐ €%Ð # Ðage€of€Dustin€J.€Ducker€as€twelve€months€old€and€the€age€of€Devin€L.€Ducker€as€twenty„threeÐ p&À!$ Ðmonths€old.€€The€trial€court€did€not€instruct€the€jury€as€to€the€victimsðð€ages€other€than€the€instructionÐ `'°"% Ðthat€a€ð ðchildðð€is€defined€as€being€less€than€eighteen€years€old.€€The€trial€court€did€instruct€the€juryÐ P( #& Ðas€to€the€possible€sentence€for€the€crime€of€Class€A€aggravated€child€abuse.€€Ms.€Duckerððs€defenseÐ @)$' Ðwas€that€she€did€not€knowingly€cause€the€injuries€or€harm€to€her€children;€her€defense€had€nothingÐ 0*€%( Ðto€do€with€the€ages€of€her€children.Ð  +p&) ÐÐ ,`'* Ðà  àWe€conclude€that€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€jury€verdict€would€have€been€the€sameÐ ° Ðabsent€the€error.€€Thus,€the€error€was€harmless.Ð  ð ÐÌÔ  Ôà@FF%ìàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àWe€hold€that€aggravated€child€abuse€is€a€lesser„included€offense€Ô_ÔofÔ_Ô€murder€for€the€recklessÐ ` ° Ðkilling€of€a€child.€€Additionally,€we€hold€that€the€knowing€mens€rea€of€aggravated€child€abuse€refersÐ P   Ðto€the€conduct€and€not€to€the€result€of€the€conduct€and€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€in€this€case.€Ð @  ÐWe€also€hold€that€the€defendant€was€properly€convicted€of€Class€A€felonies€for€injury€to€children€sixÐ 0 € Ðyears€of€age€or€less.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€against€the€defendant€Jennie€Bain€Ducker,€forÐ  p  Ðwhich€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ð `  ÐÔ_ÔÔ_Ô