ÿWPCé ³\Ñ>n˜ðKºSÑf˜½Î͹† (?“9™ Ë_ ¬ èãë'ª¯Éx 9j'ûhæ+ÍׂíöT¬¡c_ÈfÎuÒtàÓØˆï¾ß®Ê áíR5-šÿ+'œßuâUÇ5Éša“Ç4 CÚ1§üiI[¥Á[Iy®Þ ëíµs9Š«>í•^¥Ý.ÆÆ ýöF½ä¯ÕÌ’•,­^sI$Păò†”yHm/ ¨[5]¤Œù¨0™¹£·!Ûšß´Îb¯`rÑ1\us›$/”tFåé†ö~á OŒµ‰QÄÀ‹OãˆÎÃ76%±ûµp·W.Ä‚¤]Þ\xUô!ÇcÉ;ø-ë$g“TKöô{&èSFÆý½öÚÎ,F>×$¤°KÒ¤MEî„¶ÝHxÙT¢Ø9 Ö=!ÿÍÜP¬ "®E.¡¿ˆ7!oòjŒRi¡²}ñYži’¨ÿÃñ ¥¼»À΋ç+äßøWúUy%þÅÆ«Â/×UÖƒ‚ÅéÏ Îm§oDSl¯óžRÐìl5óRî…0˜¥x¸ºmÉfªÃÙ»©l-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular9‚±,8°Ÿ œTX£3|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 ÉÝ ƒR0¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô·yò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àAfter€the€offense,€the€defendant€showed€no€emotion€when€he€was€arrested€and€looked€ð ðdistraughtðð€orÐ ° Ðð ðtiredðð€when€questioned€about€the€whereabouts€of€the€gun.€€The€defendant€told€officers€that€the€gun€was€in€a€vehicleÐ tÄ Ðglove€box€and€he€executed€a€consent€to€search€form.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ¸Ý ƒR0¾$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô·yò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àDr.€Johnson€was€deceased€at€the€time€of€trial. - ù-(|G20¾$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€±»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô·yò»»Ô d(|3P$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€±»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3P$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€±»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€±»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼±»»»ÔÑ8€WXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@™ ™ ìàÔ‡î`±ÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼±»îî` #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓApril€2,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XWX»¼±ÔÌò òÔ#†¼±»XXWí#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€CHRISTOPHER€M.€FLAKEÔ‡XWX»¼±Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€by€permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ú J ÐCriminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€97„09256€€€€€€Bernie€Ô_ÔWeinmanÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„01131„SC„R11„CD€Filed€„€August€29,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÌÔ#†¼±»XXWc#ÔÓ  ÓòòÔ€XWX.¼±ÔE.€Riley€Anderson,€J.óó,€with€whom€òòÔ_ÔAdolphoÔ_Ô€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€J.óó,€joins,€concurring€in€part€andÐ d´ Ðdissenting€in€part.Ð P  ÐÌÌà  àI€concur€in€the€majorityððs€holding€that€a€jury€verdict€rejecting€the€insanity€defense€should€beÐ d Ðreversed€only€if€the€appellate€court,€viewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,Ð P Ðconcludes€that€no€reasonable€trier€of€fact€could€have€failed€to€find€that€the€defendantððs€insanity€at€theÐ ì< Ðtime€of€the€offense€was€established€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àI€disagree,€however,€with€the€majorityððs€application€of€the€standard€to€the€facts€andÐ ° Ðcircumstances€of€this€case€in€which€virtually€all€of€the€lay€and€expert€testimony€established€theÐ œì Ðdefendantððs€insanity€òòat€the€time€of€the€offenseóó.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„501(a)€(1997).€€In€my€view,Ð ˆØ Ðthe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€correctly€determined€that€no€reasonable€trier€of€fact€could€have€failedÐ tÄ Ðto€find€that€the€defendantððs€insanity€at€the€time€of€the€offense€was€established€by€clear€andÐ `° Ðconvincing€evidence.€€I€therefore€dissent.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àAs€the€majority€recognizes,€the€evidence€indicated€that€the€only€two€witnesses€to€the€offenseÐ $"t! Ðð!ð€Turner€Carpenter,€the€pastoral€counselor,€and€Patricia€Ann€Hoffman€ð!ð€described€the€shooting€asÐ #`" Ðbizarre€and€unexplained.€€According€to€Carpenter€and€Hoffman,€they€were€in€Carpenterððs€office€inÐ ü#L# Ða€counseling€session€when€the€defendant€ð ðstuck€his€head€inðð€and€asked€to€meet€with€Carpenter.€Ð è$8 $ ÐWhen€Carpenter€said€he€would€meet€with€the€defendant€in€fifteen€minutes,€the€defendant€left€brieflyÐ Ô%$!% Ðand€then€suddenly€returned€wielding€a€pistol€and€yelling€Carpenterððs€name.€€After€shootingÐ À&"& ÐCarpenter,€the€defendant€held€the€pistol€to€Hoffmanððs€head€for€a€few€moments€and€then€fled€fromÐ ¬'ü"' Ðthe€scene.€€Carpenter€testified€that€the€defendant€was€yelling€in€an€ð ðabnormalðð€voice€and€had€changedÐ ˜(è#( Ðâ âfrom€a€normal€appearance€to€ð ðhorrible€looking,ðð€ð ðcrazed,ðð€and€"the€devil€himself.ðð€€CarpenterÐ „)Ô$)ýÿ ÐÔ_Ôdescribed€the€shooting€as€ð ðtotally€off€the€wall,€weird,€and€crazy,ðð€and€said€that€there€had€been€no€illÐ ° Ðwill€between€he€and€the€defendant.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€evidence€also€established€that€the€defendant€had€a€ten„year€history€of€mental€illness,Ð tÄ Ðincluding€depression,€mixed€chemical€dependency,€oppositional€disorder,€and€major€affectiveÐ `° Ðdisorder,€for€which€he€had€been€hospitalized.€€The€evidence€showed€that€his€mental€state€hadÐ L œ Ðsubstantially€deteriorated€during€the€week€immediately€preceding€this€shooting.€€In€fact,€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendantððs€bizarre€behavior€was€so€apparent€that€his€worried€father€scheduled€an€additionalÐ $ t Ðappointment€with€the€defendantððs€treating€psychiatrist,€Dr.€Janet€Johnson,€on€April€3,€1997,€only€twoÐ  ` Ðdays€after€his€previous€session.€€Dr.€Johnsonððs€notes€from€the€April€3,€1997€visit,€which€was€onlyÐ ü L  Ðthree€days€before€the€shooting,€described€a€recent€incident€where€the€defendant€saw€a€man€workingÐ è 8  Ðon€his€farm€and€left€his€Prozac€medication€in€the€manððs€mailbox€because€he€ð ðlooked€like€he€neededÐ Ô$  Ðhelp.ðð€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€trial€evidence€revealed€that€a€total€of€òòfiveóó€mental€health€professionals,€bothÐ ˜è  Ðpsychiatrists€and€psychologists,€performed€numerous,€comprehensive€evaluations€of€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðand€all€determined€that€he€suffered€from€a€severe€mental€illness,€schizophrenia,€and€was€unable€toÐ pÀ Ðappreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct€in€shooting€the€victim.€€Indeed,€after€the€offense€and€priorÐ \¬ Ðto€trial,€the€defendant€was€examined€by€a€number€of€psychiatrists€and,€as€a€result€of€the€proof,€theÐ H˜ Ðtrial€court€found€him€to€be€incompetent€to€stand€trial€for€a€period€of€over€two€years€after€the€offense.€Ð 4„ ÐThe€trial€court€declared€him€competent€to€stand€trial€only€after€the€State€had€furnished€extensiveÐ  p Ðtreatment€and€anti„psychotic€medication€over€the€more€than€two€years€following€the€offense.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€first€mental€health€professional€to€evaluate€the€defendant€was€Dr.€Lynne€Zager,€a€clinicalÐ ä4 Ðpsychologist€and€Director€of€the€Forensic€Services€Program€at€Midtown€Mental€Health€Center.€€SheÐ Ð  Ðexamined€him€over€a€four„month€period€from€October€1997€to€January€1998€to€determine€hisÐ ¼  Ðcompetency€to€stand€trial€and€his€mental€state€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€Dr.€Zager€testified€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€suffered€from€the€severe€mental€illness€of€paranoid€schizophrenia€and€that€due€to€theÐ ”ä Ðmental€illness,€he€could€not€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct€during€the€shooting€on€AprilÐ €Ð Ð6,€1997.€€Dr.€Zager€relied€in€part€on€the€notes€of€the€defendantððs€treating€psychiatrist,€Dr.€JanetÐ l¼ ÐJohnson,€regarding€the€defendantððs€bizarre€behavior.׃Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àNext€to€testify€was€Dr.€Hilary€Linder,€a€practicing€psychiatrist€for€33€years€employed€by€theÐ 0"€  ÐState€at€Western€Mental€Health€Institute.€€He€evaluated€the€defendant€in€November€of€1998.€€Dr.Ð #l! ÐLinder,€like€Dr.€Zager,€determined€that€the€defendant€had€suffered€from€paranoid€schizophrenia€sinceÐ $X" Ðhis€early€teen€years€and€could€not€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€acts€due€to€his€severe€mentalÐ ô$D # Ðillness.€€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÐ Ì&"% Ðà  àAlso€testifying€for€the€defense€was€Dr.€Rokeya€Farooque,€a€psychiatrist€at€Middle€TennesseeÐ ° ÐMental€Health€Institute,€who€evaluated€the€defendant€from€November€17,€1997,€to€December€16,Ð œì Ð1997.€€Dr.€Farooque€reviewed€the€defendantððs€medical€records€which€indicated€the€defendant€hadÐ ˆØ Ðexperienced€prior€hallucinations€associated€with€drug€abuse,€blackouts,€major€depression,€an€anxietyÐ tÄ Ðdisorder,€and€an€obsessive„compulsive€disorder.€€Dr.€Farooque€noted€that€the€defendant€had€receivedÐ `° Ðpsychiatric€treatment,€including€hospitalization,€for€his€prior€conditions.€€Dr.€Farooque€testified€thatÐ L œ Ðthe€defendant€suffered€from€paranoid€schizophrenia€and€was€incapable€of€appreciating€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðwrongfulness€of€his€conduct€in€committing€the€offense.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€last€State„employed€mental€health€professional€testifying€for€the€defense€was€Dr.€SamÐ ü L  ÐCraddock,€a€clinical€psychologist€at€Middle€Tennessee€Mental€Health€Institute,€who€stated€that€heÐ è 8  Ðevaluated€the€defendant€from€November17,€1997€to€December€16,€1997.€€He€agreed€that€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendant€had€paranoid€schizophrenia,€which€is€a€serious€mental€illness,€and€that€the€defendant€couldÐ À  Ðnot€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€actions€in€committing€the€offense.€€Dr.€Craddock€added€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€defendant€ð ðmorally€felt€justifiedðð€to€shoot€the€victim€because€he€apparently€believed€the€victimÐ ˜è  Ðwas€a€terrorist.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€final€mental€health€professional€to€testify€for€the€defense€was€Dr.€John€Hutson,€a€clinicalÐ \¬ Ðpsychologist€employed€by€the€defense,€who€stated€that€he€had€€evaluated€the€defendant,€reviewed€hisÐ H˜ Ðlengthy€history€of€mental€illness€and€treatment,€and€administered€several€tests,€including€the€MMPI„Ð 4„ ÐII,€which€revealed€he€was€psychotic.€€According€to€Dr.€Hutson,€the€defendant€believed€he€wasÐ  p Ðworking€for€the€government€as€an€agent€or€enforcer€when€he€shot€the€victim.€€Dr.€Hutson€determinedÐ  \ Ðthat€the€defendant€suffered€from€schizophrenia,€undifferentiated„disorganized€type,€which€he€calledÐ øH Ða€serious,€incapacitating€mental€illness.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€was€one€of€the€three€ð ðmostÐ ä4 Ðdisturbed€individualsðð€he€had€ever€seen€among€the€over€10,000€persons€he€had€evaluated€in€hisÐ Ð  Ðcareer,€and€one€of€only€25€patients€whom€Dr.€Hutson€concluded€could€not€appreciate€theÐ ¼  Ðwrongfulness€of€his€or€her€conduct.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àFinally,€Rebecca€Smith,€a€psychiatric€social€worker€at€Western€Mental€Health€Institute,Ð €Ð Ðtestified€that€she€interviewed€and€obtained€a€history€from€the€defendant.€€According€to€Smith,€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€believed€that€Carpenter,€the€pastoral€counselor,€was€a€terrorist€with€access€to€chemicalÐ X ¨ Ðweapons,€and€that€voices€told€the€defendant€to€shoot€the€victim€as€a€signal€to€the€F.B.I.€to€come€toÐ D!” Ðthe€church€to€take€care€of€the€terrorists€and€mafia€associated€with€the€church.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àTo€summarize,€òòallóó€of€the€mental€health€professionals€who€completed€numerous€andÐ $X" Ðcomprehensive€evaluations€of€the€defendant€consistently€determined€that€he€suffered€from€a€severeÐ ô$D # Ðmental€illness,€paranoid€schizophrenia,€and€that€he€was€unable€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðconduct€in€shooting€the€victim.€€All€of€these€professionals€had€years€of€experience€in€conductingÐ Ì&"% Ðcompetency€and€mental€state€evaluations.€€Three€of€these€experts€were€employed€by€the€State€ofÐ ¸'#& ÐTennessee€and€had€no€motive€to€provide€testimony€favorable€to€the€defense;€indeed,€three€of€theseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsame€€expert€witnesses€had€testified€on€behalf€of€the€State€with€regard€to€whether€the€defendant€wasÐ )à$( Ðâ âcompetent€to€stand€trial€in€this€proceeding.€€In€contrast,€the€State€presented€no€expert€testimonyÐ |*Ì%) Ðshowing€that€the€defendant€did€not€have€a€mental€illness€or€that€he€could€appreciate€the€wrongfulnessÐ ° Ðof€his€conduct.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àAlthough€the€majority€has€accurately€summarized€the€evidence€from€the€record,€itÐ tÄ Ðnonetheless€upholds€the€jury€verdict€on€the€basis€that€the€jury€is€to€weigh€all€of€the€facts€andÐ `° Ðcircumstances€and€that€the€jury€is€not€required€to€accept€expert€testimony.€€I€agree€that€the€jury€hasÐ L œ Ðthose€responsibilities,€yet€I€disagree€with€the€majorityððs€conclusions€in€this€case€for€several€reasons.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÌà  àFirst,€the€majority€argues€that€the€defendant€fabricated€an€answer€on€a€gun€application€madeÐ ü L  Ðbefore€the€offense€and€acted€ð ðnormallyðð€on€the€day€of€the€offense€prior€to€the€shooting.€€TheseÐ è 8  Ðnormal€actions,€however,€are€as€characteristic€of€schizophrenia€as€abnormal€actions.€€Second,€theÐ Ô$  Ðmajority€speculates€that€the€jury€may€have€believed€that€the€defendantððs€motive€for€shooting€theÐ À  Ðvictim€was€not€because€he€thought€the€victim€was€a€terrorist€but€was€in€someway€related€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendantððs€fantasy€that€the€victim€was€a€homosexual.€€The€evidence€noted€by€the€majority€did€notÐ ˜è  Ðdirectly€relate€to€the€defendantððs€mental€state€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€in€contrast€to€the€testimonyÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€two€eye„witnesses€to€the€offense€and€the€testimony€of€five€mental€health€experts€regarding€theÐ pÀ Ðdefendantððs€mental€state€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€Moreover,€the€inferences€relied€upon€by€theÐ \¬ Ðmajority€did€not€refute€the€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€serious€mental€illness€and€his€incapacity€toÐ H˜ Ðappreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€actions€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€In€fact,€the€expert€witnessesÐ 4„ Ðtestified€without€contradiction€that€persons€suffering€from€schizophrenia€do€not€act€bizarre€or€appearÐ  p Ðð ðcrazyðð€all€the€time€and€often€behave€normally€for€periods€of€time.€€€€€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€majority€argues€that€the€Stateððs€cross„examination€of€the€defense€expertsÐ ä4 Ðattempted€to€establish€that€the€defendant€was€malingering€and€had€never€complained€of€auditoryÐ Ð  Ðhallucinations€until€after€this€offense€was€committed.€€All€of€the€mental€health€experts€uniformly€andÐ ¼  Ðwithout€contradiction€responded,€however,€that€the€defendant€was€not€malingering€or€feigning€theÐ ¨ø Ðsymptoms€of€his€mental€illness.€€Moreover,€two€of€the€Stateððs€own€rebuttal€witnesses€ð!ð€Dr.€JohnÐ ”ä ÐMcIntosh€and€Dr.€Mark€Luttrell€ð!ð€refuted€the€malingering€theory€by€agreeing€that€the€defendantÐ €Ð Ðsuffered€from€a€serious€mental€disease.€€Significantly,€the€Stateððs€rebuttal€witnesses€€were€not€askedÐ l¼ Ðby€the€State€the€core€question€relevant€to€the€defense€of€insanity,€òòi.e.óó,€€whether€the€defendant€couldÐ X ¨ Ðappreciate€the€nature€or€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct€in€shooting€the€victim.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àThis€is€not€a€case€in€which€experts€offered€different€opinions€regarding€the€defendantððsÐ #l! Ðmental€state.€€All€were€unanimous€and€testified€without€contradiction€that€the€defendant€sufferedÐ $X" Ðfrom€a€severe€mental€illness,€schizophrenia,€and€that€he€could€not€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€hisÐ ô$D # Ðconduct.€€Nor€is€this€a€case€in€which€there€was€lay€testimony€regarding€the€facts€and€circumstancesÐ à%0!$ Ðof€the€offense€that€differed€from€the€expert€testimony.€€In€short,€I€can€find€no€basis€in€this€record€forÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€jury€to€have€reasonably€rejected€the€expert€or€lay€evidence€regarding€the€defendantððs€mental€stateÐ ¸'#& Ðat€the€time€of€the€offense.€€Although€I€am€fully€aware€that€reversal€of€a€juryððs€verdict€under€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðstandard€we€have€adopted€will€be€rare,€I€am€concerned€that€by€upholding€the€juryððs€verdict€under€theÐ )à$( Ðfacts€and€circumstances€of€this€case,€the€majority€has€made€appellate€review€of€a€juryððs€verdictÐ |*Ì%) Ðmeaningless€and€useless.€€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àAccordingly,€I€concur€in€the€majorityððs€holding€that€a€jury€verdict€rejecting€the€insanityÐ ° Ðdefense€should€be€reversed€only€if€the€appellate€court,€viewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorableÐ œì Ðto€the€prosecution,€concludes€that€no€reasonable€trier€of€fact€could€have€failed€to€find€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendantððs€insanity€at€the€time€of€the€offense€was€established€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€Ð tÄ ÐI€disagree,€however,€with€the€majorityððs€application€of€the€standard€to€the€facts€and€circumstancesÐ `° Ðof€this€case.€€In€my€view,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€correctly€determined€that€no€reasonable€trierÐ L œ Ðof€fact€could€have€failed€to€find€that€the€defendantððs€insanity€at€the€time€of€the€offense€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðestablished€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€€I€therefore€dissent.Ð $ t ÐÌÓB.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓà  àI€am€authorized€to€state€that€Justice€Birch€joins€in€this€concurring€and€dissenting€opinion.Ð ü L  ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_______________________________________Ð À  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àE.€RILEY€ANDERSON,€JUSTICEÐ ¬ü  Ð