ÿWPCË Ñd ÃL»z“(û’pu¸dÄñÁkãÜAd~<Šxí™,N¸’*ÀxÚ˜b×Cµ8IUDcŒØ| Á'ÉIWé/,ÜNoSŒúLXq»²K‡^Þ ´òåhAÇ#2ÖPPkIJ-ŒÑ»ý[Aˆó…{òI }Î/‹Š€g]ÊA“ºlˆ9ÚÈ(UÕtêöЈ·|HZqЖX·Û$ïMVuÑM\ëÜðËëO!}´ääù)¸§ár¥5‰ÒÈLñ&4¼âÔ&#÷â7J»`å¶á:fÌf N½º4ÄÒéi˜‡¾¶ÑŽ  ÐÔ#† ¼5»X X{“X#ÔÔ€ X{“X» ¼5ÔÓÓÓÓÌThis€is€an€appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Jefferson€County€which€convicted€the€defendant€ofÐ f Ðfelony€vandalism,€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault,€and€felony€evading€arrest.€€The€defendantÐ R Ðappealed€and€argued€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€a€felonyÐ î> Ðas€a€lesser„included€offense€of€criminal€responsibility.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€thatÐ Ú* Ðbecause€a€defendant€is€criminally€responsible€for€any€offenses€committed€by€Ô_ÔcodefendantsÔ_Ô€in€theÐ Æ Ðpursuance€of€a€criminal€offense€or€as€a€natural€and€probable€consequence€thereof,€facilitation€is€notÐ ² Ða€lesser„included€offense€as€a€matter€of€law.€€We€hold€that€facilitation€of€a€felony€is€a€lesser„includedÐ žî Ðoffense€but€that€an€instruction€was€not€warranted€under€the€facts€of€this€case.€€Accordingly,€we€affirmÐ ŠÚ Ðthe€judgments€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€and€the€trial€court.€€Ð vÆ ÐÓüÓÓÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmedó óÐ Nž ÐÌòòAnderson,€C.óóJ.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€Ô_ÔDòòrowotaÔ_Ô,€Birch,€and€Holder,€JJ.,Ð &v Ðóóand€òòByers,€Sp.€J.óó,€joined.€€ò òó óÐ b ÐÌEdward€C.€Miller,€Public€Defender,€Ô_ÔDandridgeÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Warren€Tyrone€Fowler.Ð ê :  ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter€and€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General€andÐ Â"" ÐGordon€W.€Smith,€Associate€Solicitor€General€and€Ellen€H.€Pollack,€Assistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ ®#þ# ÐNashville,€Tennessee€(On€Appeal),€and€Al€C.€Ô_ÔSchmutzerÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General,€Ô_ÔSeviervilleÔ_Ô,Ð š$ê$ ÐTennessee,€and€James€L.€Ô_ÔGassÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€Ô_ÔDandridgeÔ_Ô,€Tennessee€(At€Trial),Ð †%Ö % Ðfor€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð r&Â!& ÐÌÌà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ 6)†$) ÐÌòòóóà  àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÐ +^&+ Ðon€the€offense€of€facilitation€of€a€felony.Ð ú+J', Ðâ âà  àÐ æ,6(-ý ÐÑû#Ñâ âÑ8€}”XXdê»»d 8Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ_Ôà  àThe€defendant,€Warren€Tyrone€Fowler,€was€convicted€of€felony€vandalism,€two€counts€ofÐ ° Ðâ âaggravated€assault,€and€felony€evading€arrest.€€The€convictions€were€based€on€the€defendantððsÐ œì Ðcriminal€responsibility€for€the€acts€of€a€codefendant.€€The€trial€court€did€not€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ ˆØ Ðoffense€of€facilitation€of€a€felony.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€affirming€the€judgment,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€upheld€the€trial€courtððs€failure€toÐ L œ Ðinstruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€a€felony.€€The€court€determined€that€because€a€defendant€isÐ 8 ˆ Ðcriminally€responsible€for€any€offenses€committed€by€codefendants€in€the€pursuance€of€a€criminalÐ $ t Ðoffense€or€as€a€natural€and€probable€consequence€thereof,€facilitation€is€not€a€lesser„included€offenseÐ  ` Ðas€a€matter€of€law.€€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àAfter€reviewing€the€record€and€authority,€we€conclude€that€facilitation€of€a€felony€is€a€lesser„Ð Ô$  Ðincluded€offense€of€criminal€responsibility€but€that€the€evidence€in€this€case€did€not€support€a€juryÐ À  Ðinstruction€on€facilitation.€€We€therefore€disagree€with€the€analysis€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ ¬ü  Ðbut€affirm€its€judgment€on€the€grounds€stated€in€this€opinion.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà@%ìàòòò òBACKGROUNDóóˆÐ pÀ ÐÌó óà  àOn€August€16,€1996,€the€defendant,€Warren€Tyrone€Fowler,€a€co„defendant,€James€Benton,Ð H˜ Ðand€two€other€men€traveled€in€two€vehicles€from€Knoxville€to€Morristown,€Tennessee.€€The€vehicleÐ 4„ Ðin€which€Fowler€was€riding,€a€blue€van,€had€been€stolen.€€The€men€attempted€to€burglarize€or€stealÐ  p Ða€vehicle€in€Morristown€but€were€chased€from€the€scene€by€a€witness.€€The€Hamblen€CountyÐ  \ ÐSheriffððs€Department€was€contacted€and€informed€that€the€suspects€were€occupants€of€a€blue€van€andÐ øH Ða€white€van.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àOfficer€Terry€Costner€saw€the€two€vans,€activated€his€lights€and€siren,€and€pursued€them.€Ð ¼  ÐWhen€the€white€van€drove€into€a€subdivision,€Costner€pursued€the€blue€van,€which€was€being€drivenÐ ¨ø Ðby€Benton€with€Fowler€in€the€front€passenger€seat.€€Benton€drove€the€van€into€an€airport,€onto€aÐ ”ä Ðramp,€around€some€parked€airplanes,€out€of€the€airport€and€into€a€neighborhood€where€he€eluded€aÐ €Ð Ðroadblock€set€up€by€the€Morristown€Police€Department,€but€he€could€not€elude€Costner.€€BentonÐ l¼ Ðdrove€from€the€neighborhood€and€onto€the€wrong€side€of€a€four€lane€divided€highway,€where€heÐ X ¨ Ðtraveled€at€speeds€of€100€miles€per€hour.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àWith€Costner€still€pursuing€him,€Benton€drove€into€Jefferson€County€and€through€JeffersonÐ #l! ÐCity€traffic€at€speeds€of€80€miles€per€hour.€€The€blue€van€rammed€the€car€of€a€Jefferson€CountyÐ $X" Ðpolice€officer€that€had€tried€to€intervene,€and,€moments€later,€rammed€the€car€of€a€second€JeffersonÐ ô$D # ÐCounty€officer,€forcing€it€into€a€utility€pole.€€The€van€continued€its€flight€into€a€ð ðzinc€mineðð€andÐ à%0!$ Ðstopped€long€enough€for€Costner€to€stop€and€place€his€car€into€park.€€When€another€officer€appeared,Ð Ì&"% Ðhowever,€the€van€again€took€flight.€€This€time,€Costner€caught€up€to€the€van€and€fired€a€shot€at€theÐ ¸'#& Ðfront€tire.€€The€van€ran€into€a€ditch€and€stopped.€€Fowler€and€Benton€were€arrested.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  à€The€defendant€pled€guilty€to€the€offenses€of€felony€theft,€attempt€to€commit€felony€theft,€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðburglary€of€an€automobile€for€events€that€occurred€prior€to€the€chase.€€He€was€charged€with€andÐ h+¸&* Ðconvicted€of€felony€vandalism,€two€counts€of€aggravated€assault€and€felony€evading€arrest€for€theÐ ° Ðevents€that€occurred€during€the€chase.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€did€not€instruct€the€jury€on€the€offense€of€facilitation€of€a€felony.€€Though€theÐ tÄ Ðdefense€did€not€request€an€instruction€on€facilitation€at€trial,€it€argued€on€appeal€that€the€trial€courtÐ `° Ðerred€by€failing€to€give€the€instruction€òòsua€sponteóó€as€a€lesser„included€offense.€€The€Court€of€CriminalÐ L œ ÐAppeals€determined€that€facilitation€was€not€a€lesser„included€offense€under€the€circumstance€of€thisÐ 8 ˆ Ðcase€and€affirmed€the€judgments€of€conviction.€€€We€granted€Fowlerððs€application€for€permission€toÐ $ t Ðappeal€to€review€this€issue.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà@* * ìàòòò òFacilitation€of€a€Felony€as€a€Lesser„Included€OffenseˆÐ è 8  ÐóóÌó óà  àWe€begin€our€analysis€by€reviewing€the€statutory€provisions€governing€both€criminalÐ À  Ðresponsibility€and€facilitation.€€As€applicable€in€this€case,€a€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€theÐ ¬ü  Ðconduct€of€another€person€if€that€person,€ð ð[a]cting€with€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commissionÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€the€offense,€.€.€.€solicits,€directs,€aids,€orÐ „Ô  Ðattempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2)€(1997).€Ð pÀ ÐAs€noted€in€the€sentencing€commission€comments,€this€statute€sets€forth€what€formerly€was€knownÐ \¬ Ðas€accessories€before€the€fact€and€aider€and€abettors.€€òòId.óóÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àIn€contrast,€a€person€is€ð ðcriminally€responsible€for€the€facilitation€of€a€felony€if,€knowing€thatÐ  p Ðanother€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€but€without€the€intent€required€for€criminalÐ  \ Ðresponsibility€under€ðð€39„11„402(2),€the€person€knowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistance€in€theÐ øH Ðcommission€of€the€felony.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðð€39„11„403(a)€(1997).€€The€statute€applies€to€a€personÐ ä4 Ðwho€has€facilitated€the€commission€of€a€€felony€by€another€by€furnishing€substantial€assistance€butÐ Ð  Ðwithout€the€intent€to€promote,€assist€in€or€benefit€from€the€felonyððs€commission.€òòóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Ð ¼  Ððð€39„11„403€(Sentencing€Commððn€Cmts.).€€Sentencing€for€facilitation€is€in€the€class€next€below€theÐ ¨ø Ðfelony€committed.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„403(b).Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999),€we€recently€adopted€the€following€frameworkÐ l¼ Ðand€concluded€that€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€another€if:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðoffense€charged;€orÐ#l!Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€contains€aÐ ô$D # Ðstatutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐà%0!$Ð Ð  ÐÌà0  àà ° àà8(#(#àà8` (#(#à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;€and/orи'#&` Ð ` Ð  Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€orÐ ° Ðpublic€interest;€or€Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  à(c)€it€consists€of€ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwiseÐ L œ Ðmeets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐ8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ  ` Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€or€Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ Ô$  Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)Ð À  Ðor€(b).Ьü ` x` x ÐòòÌId.óó€at€466„67.€€In€applying€this€analysis,€we€concluded€that€facilitation€is€a€lesser„included€offenseÐ „Ô  Ðwhen€a€defendant€is€charged€with€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another.€€òòId.óó€at€470.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àòòóóIn€this€case,€however,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€concluded€that€facilitation€was€not€aÐ H˜ Ðlesser„included€offense.€€The€courtððs€analysis€was€predicated€on€òòState€v.€Carsonóó,€950€S.W.2d€951Ð 4„ Ð(Tenn.€1997),€in€which€this€Court€held€that€criminal€responsibility€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„Ð  p Ð402(2)€embraces€the€common€law€concept€that€one€who€aids€and€abets€criminal€activity€is€ð ðguiltyÐ  \ Ðof€any€other€crime€committed€by€the€other€in€pursuance€of€the€common€purpose,€or€as€a€natural€orÐ øH Ðprobable€consequence€thereof.ðð€€òòCarsonóó,€950€S.W.2d€at€954€(quoting€òòKey€v.€Stateóó,€563€S.W.2d€184,Ð ä4 Ð186€(Tenn.€1978)€(citation€omitted)).€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€ð ðunder€òòCarsonóó,Ð Ð  Ðfacilitation€is€òònotóó€a€lesser€included€[sic]€offense€of€the€charged€ðð€39„11„402(2)€offense€when€theÐ ¼  Ðcommission€of€the€charged€offense€is€preceded€by€concerted€criminal€activity€and€is€either€inÐ ¨ø Ðfurtherance€of€the€original€common€purpose€or€a€natural€and€probable€consequence€thereof.ðð€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àWe€disagree€with€the€analysis€for€two€reasons.€€First,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€decisionÐ l¼ Ðpredated€our€decision€in€òòBurnsóó€and€is,€therefore,€inconsistent€with€our€holding€òòóóthat€facilitation€is€aÐ X ¨ Ðlesser„included€offense€where€a€defendant€is€charged€with€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€ofÐ D!” Ðanother.€€Second,€we€disagree€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€interpretation€of€òòCarsonóóòòóó.€Ð 0"€  ÐEvidence€that€the€charged€offense€was€preceded€by€concerted€criminal€activity€is€relevant€to€whetherÐ #l! Ðan€instruction€on€facilitation€is€appropriate€in€a€given€case,€but€it€is€not€dispositive€on€whetherÐ $X" Ðfacilitation€of€a€felony€is€a€lesser„included€offense€as€a€matter€of€law.€€Instead,€òòóóòòóóa€defendant€mayÐ ô$D # Ðattempt€to€demonstrate€that€facilitation€is€raised€by€the€evidence€notwithstanding€the€fact€that€aÐ à%0!$ Ðcharged€offense€was€preceded€by€concerted€criminal€activity.òòóó׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ì&"% ÐÐ ¸'#& Ðà  àAccordingly,€we€reiterate€our€holding€in€òòBurnsóó€that€facilitation€of€a€felony€is€a€lesser„includedÐ ° Ðoffense€when€a€defendant€is€charged€with€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another.Ð œì ÐÌà@qqìàòòò òInstruction€on€Facilitation€ó óóóˆÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àWe€now€turn€to€the€question€of€whether€an€instruction€on€facilitation€of€a€felony€should€haveÐ L œ Ðbeen€given€in€this€case.€€A€trial€court€has€the€statutory€duty€to€ð ðcharge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðeach€offense€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€request€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so.ðð€Ð $ t ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(a)€(1997).€€This€does€not€mean,€however,€that€an€instruction€must€beÐ  ` Ðgiven€simply€because€an€offense€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€another.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àIn€òòBurnsóó,€we€adopted€a€two„step€analysis€for€determining€whether€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„Ð Ô$  Ðincluded€offense€must€be€given.€€First,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€ð ðany€evidence€existsÐ À  Ðthat€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense.ðð€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.€€InÐ ¬ü  Ðthis€regard,€the€trial€court€must€view€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðlesser„included€offense,€without€regard€to€the€credibility€of€the€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€mustÐ „Ô  Ðdetermine€whether€the€evidence€viewed€in€this€light€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€forÐ pÀ Ðthe€lesser„included€offense.€€òòId.óóÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€in€this€case€revealed€that€Fowler€and€his€codefendants€engaged€in€criminalÐ 4„ Ðactivity€in€Hamblen€County,€for€which€Fowler€pled€guilty.€€As€the€State€argues,€this€criminal€activityÐ  p Ðwarrants€an€inference€that€Fowler€was€criminally€responsible€for€the€conduct€of€his€codefendantÐ  \ Ðduring€the€subsequent€flight€from€the€scene€and€evading€of€police€officers.€€òòE.g.óó,€òòCarsonóó,€950€S.W.2dÐ øH Ðat€954.€€At€trial,€the€defense€contended€that€Fowler€was€not€criminally€responsible€for€the€offensesÐ ä4 Ðcommitted€by€Benton€during€the€flight€from€police.€€Fowler€argued€that€his€statement€to€officers€andÐ Ð  ÐBentonððs€testimony€revealed€that€he€lacked€the€intent€to€commit€the€offense€and€that€he€in€fact€toldÐ ¼  ÐBenton€to€pull€over.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Fowler€did€not€contend€he€was€guilty€of€facilitation,€did€not€show€evidence€ofÐ ¨ø Ðð ðsubstantial€assistanceðð€so€as€to€raise€the€issue€of€facilitation€and,€in€fact,€did€not€ask€for€anÐ ”ä Ðinstruction€on€facilitation.€€In€short,€the€evidence€revealed€two€scenarios:€criminal€responsibility€forÐ €Ð ÐBentonððs€conduct€or€an€acquittal.€€€Accordingly,€an€instruction€on€facilitation€of€a€felony€was€notÐ l¼ Ðappropriate€under€the€two„step€analysis€established€in€òòBurnsóó.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà@FF%ìàòòò òCONCLUSIONóóˆÐ 0"€  Ðó óÌà  àWe€conclude€that€facilitation€of€a€felony€is€a€lesser„included€offense€when€one€is€chargedÐ $X" Ðwith€criminal€responsibility€for€the€actions€of€another,€but€that€the€evidence€did€not€warrant€a€juryÐ ô$D # Ðinstruction€on€facilitation€in€this€case.€€We€therefore€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ à%0!$ ÐAppeals.€€It€appearing€from€the€record€that€the€defendant€is€indigent,€costs€of€the€appeal€are€taxedÐ Ì&"% Ðto€the€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ¸'#& ÐÖ€ÿÿÖ