ÿWPCY$ ?¨˜Sêî+h‡|io†æuö„ÙºsÍ–‚n¿àð)ZžËÄ{M/Be*ƒõþ1nÑtk&Ï`ÊTÿÊx†ê‡¡ç z;¿;B¯.×äÁd=k'²qà~ˆÉÞÕC7“pœ.RL)„5¾yù²Û{µe®‰. z_˜µN&Ïè«9süfqϲ´–ô¶¥\8¤NšY4ÊŽz«êb}~ª­·ãé¶Gß™‘a×Û`›ŠézÓÚToS‡AêŽ:ÎJ 3Îì»ÈPd fÊ…Ûš9pÐ#C`Ê]¡ê´~ô2@­‘÷ í#0ñƒÙÿ|Fè‚*ân-AM;‘ttöñ^DÓYß‹»:ÑŠêý ŒVÝ–@^`RayÖìÜ|`Ú LjD±ù±ŒÓ Ö·‚F{j؇ÄP¹õf>n-Ó2ßf$st2*0ékžUK>à9t~8MZ xÁ¾œv &âE½k¶µ b—e1„>ÄEz·Ð9"×¶Øç4&Íôþ\˜¦l›¿¤Ë9G§j*³;Sê‰û8-Oˆ†§àU—;Q&×Å—ykŒÛ×»bOV¨šÿwÔ$äqax–ó ï]ùsÚò©òF‡±Ï–äଊZÞÈÊu»9È4à5¾±b %\^ b 0ˆnUNöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ ‘ ÆÆØÆžÆd 0D*NnÅp¥5EÚÜ3÷K*-uuu 0¤¢¢¢FFFFFFFFFFFFFFbNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 0ëVVVV BA A 0¤^ D3! D-5! 0Kb!b! AS­!Æ" 0¤Æ" 0Dj# A«®#»ò€•) (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularõ}|)¢Ø+00¤×3|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 wÝ ƒRÁñ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô´mòXXEñÔà ` àIn€fact,€neither€the€defendant€nor€the€State€in€this€case€argued€in€favor€of€the€ð ðsecond„conspiracyððÐ ° Ðapproach€used€by€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€We€agree€that€such€a€distinction€is€artificial€and€not€helpful€as€it€begsÐ tÄ Ðthe€issue€of€whether€statements€made€during€an€alleged€ð ðsecond€conspiracyðð€may€be€used€to€prove€the€charged€offenses.€Ð 8ˆ ÐMoreover,€our€analysis€in€òòWalkeróóindicated€that€even€if€a€separate€conspiracy€to€conceal€was€said€to€exist,€the€statementsÐ üL Ðmade€during€the€course€of€such€a€conspiracy€are€not€admissible€for€that€purpose.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Walkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€atÐ À Ð386.€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó »Ý ƒRÁñ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô´mòXXEñÔà ` àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€also€correctly€held€that€Henryððs€statements€on€the€videotape€wereÐ ° Ðproperly€admitted€as€a€partyððs€own€admissions.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(A).€€Henry€does€not€contest€this€ruling€onÐ tÄ Ðappeal. ›Ý ƒRÁñ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ€ô´mòXXEñÔThe€State€maintains€that€this€is€a€general€rule€followed€by€numerous€jurisdictions.€òòSee,e.g.óó,€òòState€v.Ð ° ÐFloresóó,€595€N.W.2d€860,€866€(Minn.€1999);€òòPeople€v.€Thomasóó,€687€N.E.2d€892,€902€(Ill.€1997);€òòState€v.€Cornellóó,€842Ð tÄ ÐP.2d€394,€398€(Or.€1992);€òòDuffy€v.€Stateóó,€416€S.E.2d€734,€735„36€(Ga.€1992);€òòState€v.€Pizzellaóó,€723€S.W.2d€384,€388Ð 8ˆ Ð(Mo.€1987);€òòSpears€v.€Stateóó,€660€S.W.2d€913,€918€(Ark.€1983). Ý ƒRÁñ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ€ô´mòXXEñÔGiven€our€discussion€of€these€principles€in€òòWalkeróó€as€they€relate€to€the€application€of€the€evidentiaryÐ ° Ðrule,€we€agree€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€conclusion,€as€do€both€the€defendant€and€the€State,€that€the€statutoryÐ tÄ Ðoffense€of€conspiracy€does€not€control€the€application€of€the€evidentiary€rule.€€Indeed,€the€statute€provides€that€ð ð[n]othingÐ 8ˆ Ðin€this€provision€is€intended€to€modify€the€evidentiary€rules€allowing€statements€of€co„conspirators€in€furtherance€of€aÐ üL Ðconspiracy.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„103(g). )Ý ƒRÁñ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô´mòXXEñÔà ` àThe€State€does€not€argue€that€a€foundation€for€admissibility€was€established€through€some€otherÐ ° Ðexception.€€ AÝ ƒRÁñ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ€ô´mòXXEñÔAs€the€parties€observe,€we€stated€in€òòWalkeróó€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„12„103€ð ðtotally€abrogatedðð€theÐ ° Ðstatement€in€òòState€v.€Crabtreeóó,€655€S.W.2d€173€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983),€that€ð ða€conspiracy€may€continue€after€the€crimeÐ tÄ Ðhas€been€completed€for,€among€other€things,€the€concealment€of€the€crime€or€to€prevent€witnesses€from€testifying.ðð€€òòStateÐ 8ˆ Ðv.€Walkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€at€385.€€We€clarify€this€statement€to€mean€only€that€the€definition€alone€does€not€control€theÐ üL Ðevidentiary€issue€of€whether€a€statement€has€been€made€during€the€course€of€the€conspiracy. #Ñ#€CXÿÿd#Ñ(|3ÿc$©©Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý - ù-(|G2Áñ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€XEñX»»Ô d(|3ÿc$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ÿc$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼»»»ÔÑ  ÑÑ€û#Ñà@7 7 ìàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@§§$ìàAT€NASHVILLEˆÐ  Ðà@žž ìàMay€23,€20000€SessionˆÐ Ô$ ÐÔ‡XEñX»¼ÔÌò òÔ#†¼»XXEñ#ÔÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€GERALD€Ô_ÔLEANDERÔ_Ô€HENRYÔ‡XEñX»¼Ôó óÐ Ò" ÐÓÇÓÌà@  ìàò òAppeal€by€Permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€ˆÐ Ò " Ðà@· · ìàCriminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyˆÐ ¾  ÐÓ! °,X›X°œX!Óà@ô ô ìàNo.€92„D„2010€€€€€€Seth€W.€Norman,€JudgeˆÐ ª ú ÐÌÌà@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<m` A߈Ð n¾  ÐÌà@w w ìàNo.€M1995„00005„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€December€21,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ԈРi¹  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<@` AßÐ A‘  Ðó óÌò òÔ#†¼»XXEñ#ÔÔ€XEñX»¼Ôó óà  àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€statementsÐ <Œ Ðmade€by€the€co„defendant€following€the€arrest€of€the€defendant€and€the€co„defendant€for€first„degreeÐ (x Ðmurder,€attempted€first„degree€murder€and€related€offenses.€The€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ d Ðconcluded€that€although€the€conspiracy€to€commit€the€offenses€had€ended,€the€co„defendantððsÐ P Ðstatements€were€made€during€the€course€of€and€in€furtherance€of€a€separate€conspiracy€to€conceal€theÐ ì< Ðoffenses€and€were€admissible€pursuant€to€the€co„conspirator€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule€set€out€inÐ Ø( ÐTenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€803(1.2)(E).€€After€reviewing€the€record,€we€conclude€that€the€co„defendantððsÐ Ä Ðstatements€were€made€after€the€conspiracy€had€ended€and,€therefore,€were€not€admissible€underÐ ° ÐTenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€803(1.2)(E).€€We€further€conclude,€however,€that€the€error€was€harmless,€and€weÐ œì Ðaffirm€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.ò òÐ ˆØ ÐÌà@ZZ ìàTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€ˆÐ `° Ðà@PPìàCriminal€Appeals€affirmed.ˆÐ Lœ Ðó óÌòòE.€Riley€Anderson,€C.óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Ô_ÔDrowotaÔ_Ô,€III,Ð $ t ÐÔ_ÔAdolphoÔ_Ô€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€and€Janice€M.€Holder,€JJ.óó,€joined.€€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€J.óó,€notÐ !`  Ðparticipating.Ð ü!L! ÐÌJeffrey€A.€Ô_ÔDeVasherÔ_Ô,€David€M.€Siegel,€and€Hollis€I.€Moore,€Jr.,€Assistant€Public€Defenders,Ð Ô#$# ÐNashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Gerald€Ô_ÔLeanderÔ_Ô€Henry.Ð À$ $ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Daryl€J.Ð ˜&è!& ÐBrand,€Associate€Solicitor€General;€Victor€S.€Johnson€III,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Ô_ÔKymberlyÔ_ÔÐ „'Ô"' ÐHaas,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð p(À#( ÐÌÌÌà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ  ,p', ÐÐ  -\(-ý ÐÑû#Ñâ âÑ8€EñXXdì»»d8Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ_Ôà@%ìàò òòòBACKGROUNDóóó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àOn€July€16,€1992,€the€victims,€William€Weaver€and€Larry€Harrington,€were€installing€alarmsÐ ˆØ Ðin€a€church€dormitory€while€working€for€a€security€firm€in€Nashville,€Tennessee.€€Weaver€was€eatingÐ tÄ Ðlunch€inside€a€van€in€the€church€parking€lot€when€the€van€was€approached€by€the€defendant,€GeraldÐ `° ÐLeander€Henry,€and€a€co„defendant,€Sean€OððBrien.€€OððBrien€removed€a€pistol€from€a€duffel€bag€andÐ L œ Ðordered€Weaver€from€the€van€and€into€the€dormitory€where€they€encountered€Harrington.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àOnce€inside€the€dormitory,€Weaver€and€Harrington€were€ordered€to€lie€on€the€floor€faceÐ  ` Ðdown.€€Henry€bound€Harringtonððs€hands€and€feet€with€wire.€€€Harrington€heard€a€crash,€followed€byÐ ü L  ÐWeaver€moaning.€€Henry€then€tied€Weaverððs€hands€and€feet.€€OððBrien€fired€three€shots,€striking€eachÐ è 8  Ðvictim€once€in€the€back€of€the€head.€€Weaver€was€killed.€€Harrington€miraculously€survived,€managedÐ Ô$  Ðto€free€himself,€and€called€911€for€help.€€Harrington€was€hospitalized€for€13€days€and€was€treated€forÐ À  Ðserious,€life„threatening€injuries.€€Harrington€had€ð ðno€doubtðð€that€Henry€and€OððBrien€were€the€menÐ ¬ü  Ðwho€had€committed€the€crimes€and€later€testified€as€to€the€foregoing€facts€at€trial€and€identifiedÐ ˜è  ÐHenry.€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àAfter€the€shootings,€OððBrien€and€Henry€fled€from€the€scene€in€the€victimsðð€van.€€WhenÐ \¬ Ðspotted€by€law€enforcement€officers€near€Jackson,€Tennessee,€€OððBrien,€who€was€driving€the€van,Ð H˜ Ðattempted€to€outrun€the€officers.€€Driving€at€speeds€of€up€to€100€miles€per€hour,€he€ran€a€red€light,Ð 4„ Ðforced€vehicles€off€the€road,€and€evaded€a€police€road€block.€€When€the€van€was€finally€stopped,Ð  p ÐHenry€got€out€of€the€vehicle€and€complied€with€officersðð€commands.€€OððBrien€refused€to€surrenderÐ  \ Ðand€had€to€be€pulled€from€the€van€by€officers.Ð øH ÐÌà  àFollowing€his€arrest,€Henry€was€advised€of€his€òòMirandaóórights€and€made€a€voluntaryÐ Ð  Ðconfession.€€He€told€officers€that€he€met€OððBrien€only€a€day€or€two€before€the€shootings€and€that€theyÐ ¼  Ðintended€to€go€to€California€together€but€did€not€have€a€vehicle.€€When€they€approached€the€whiteÐ ¨ø Ðvan€in€the€church€parking€lot,€OððBrien€used€a€.45€caliber€pistol€to€force€the€victim€out€of€the€van.€Ð ”ä ÐHenry€told€officers€that€he€did€not€know€OððBrien€had€a€pistol.€€€Henry€admitted€that€once€inside€theÐ €Ð Ðdormitory,€he€tied€and€bound€the€victims€before€OððBrien€shot€them.€€Henry€further€stated€that€he€didÐ l¼ Ðnot€know€that€OððBrien€was€going€to€shoot€the€victims.€€He€admitted,€however,€that€once€he€andÐ X ¨ ÐOððBrien€fled€from€the€scene€in€the€victimsðð€van€and€were€being€pursued€by€police,€he€threw€the€.45Ð D!” Ðcaliber€pistol€out€of€the€van.€€Henry€later€accompanied€officers€to€the€location€where€the€gun€hadÐ 0"€  Ðbeen€discarded.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àAfter€Henry€and€OððBrien€were€both€arrested€and€after€Henry€had€made€his€statement€toÐ ô$D # Ðpolice,€they€were€placed€together€in€the€same€interview€room.€€A€hidden€camera€and€recording€deviceÐ à%0!$ Ðhad€been€installed€in€the€room€in€order€to€videotape€and€record€their€conversation.€€Henry€andÐ Ì&"% ÐOððBrien€had€a€27„minute€conversation,€a€large€portion€of€which€was€whispered€or€was€otherwiseÐ ¸'#& Ðunintelligible€on€the€videotape.€€At€several€points,€both€OððBrien€and€Henry€looked€around€the€roomÐ ¤(ô#' Ðand€under€the€table€and€chairs,€as€if€looking€for€a€hidden€microphone.€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€audible€portions€of€the€videotape€are€summarized€as€follows:€€Early€in€the€conversation,Ð ° Ðâ âOððBrien€stated€that€he€did€not€intend€to€shoot€anyone;€that€the€gun€went€off€because€he€was€nervousÐ œì Ðand€scared;€and€that€he€was€ð ðsticking€with€his€storyðð€that€the€van,€which€he€stole,€already€had€theÐ ˆØ Ðkeys€in€it.€€OððBrien€told€Henry,€ð ðDonððt€worry;€Iððm€not€going€to€say€you€did€it.€.€.€.€I€donððt€want€youÐ tÄ Ðto€do€it€to€me.ðð€€After€asking€what€Henry€had€told€the€police,€OððBrien€said,€ð ðDonððt€say€anymore.€.Ð `° Ð.€.[Y]ou€didnððt€see€what€happened.ðð€€Henry€appeared€to€say€that€he€would€be€quiet.€€OððBrienÐ L œ Ðreiterated€that€Henry€had€heard€shots€but€did€not€see€what€happened.€€Henry€replied€that€he€ð ðwishedÐ 8 ˆ Ðhe€had€dreamed€itðð€but€that€the€police€had€found€the€gun.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€discussion€then€turned€to€the€evidence€and€other€matters.€€OððBrien€said€that€HenryððsÐ ü L  Ðfingerprints€were€on€the€gun,€and€Henry€agreed.€€OððBrien€mentioned€the€death€penalty€and€indicatedÐ è 8  Ðhis€belief€that€only€a€few€states,€including€Tennessee,€used€the€death€penalty.€€OððBrien€recounted€thatÐ Ô$  Ðhe€had€a€history€of€mental€illness€and€asked€if€Henry€did€as€well.€€Henry€appeared€to€respond€in€theÐ À  Ðaffirmative.€€OððBrien€speculated€that€his€mental€illness€might€prevent€a€charge€of€first„degreeÐ ¬ü  Ðmurder.€€OððBrien€said€that€he€had€been€charged€with€first„degree€murder,€attempted€first„degreeÐ ˜è  Ðmurder,€and€assault€with€a€vehicle,€but€he€denied€that€he€intended€to€run€over€any€police€officersÐ „Ô  Ðwhen€evading€the€roadblock.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àAt€this€point€in€the€conversation,€OððBrien€told€Henry,€ð ðDonððt€tell€ððem€anything€I€did;€just€tellÐ H˜ Ðððem€stuff€that€you€did,€okay?ðð€€OððBrien€added,€Ð 4„ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIððm€not€going€to€say€anything€you€did.€€Only€the€stuff€I€did,€ððcauseÐ  \ Ðthatððs€all€theyððre€worried€about.€€Theyððre€not€worried€about€what€youÐ øH Ðdid.€€You€can€tell€ððem€your€story.€.€.€.€You€donððt€have€to€say€ððSean€didÐ ä4 Ðthis.ðð€€€ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌHenry€appeared€to€nod€in€response€but€did€not€respond€audibly.€€OððBrien€concluded,€ð ðThis€way€weÐ ¨ø Ðdonððt€get€ourselves€in€trouble.€€Or€we€get€ourselves€in€trouble,€and€I€give€it€to€you,€you€give€it€to€me.€Ð ”ä ÐIððm€already€looking€at€twenty€to€forty€years.€.€.€.ððÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àAfter€several€inaudible€or€unintelligible€moments,€the€conversation€returned€to€the€offenses.€Ð X ¨ ÐOððBrien€said€that€the€surviving€victim€untied€himself€and€called€the€police.€€He€then€said€that€heÐ D!” Ðshould€have€tried€to€evade€the€police€at€the€last€roadblock.€€OððBrien€told€Henry,€ð ðAll€we€wanted€wasÐ 0"€  Ðthe€car.€.€.,€you€know€that.ðð€€Then€he€added,€ð ðI€donððt€even€know€why€I€did€that.ðð€€OððBrien€discussedÐ #l! Ðthe€number€of€shots€that€had€been€fired€and€said€that€he€ð ðdidnððt€even€lookðð€and€ð ðdidnððt€want€to€look.ðð€Ð $X" ÐHe€then€demonstrated€that€he€looked€away€as€he€fired€shots€at€the€victims.€€OððBrien€wondered€aloudÐ ô$D # Ðwhat€the€victimððs€family€was€doing€and€then€referred€to€himself€as€a€ð ðcold„blooded€killer.ðð€€HeÐ à%0!$ Ðreiterated€that€the€ð ðgun€went€offðð€because€he€was€ð ðscared.ðð€When€Henry€indicated€that€they€ð ðcouldÐ Ì&"% Ðhave€left€[the€gun]€there,ðð€OððBrien€responded€that€the€police€would€have€found€it.€€Near€theÐ ¸'#& Ðconclusion€of€the€conversation,€Henry€stated,€ð ðWe€got€our€story€together.ðð€€OððBrien€once€again€saidÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€Henry€did€not€have€to€mention€his€name.€€The€videotape€concludes€with€OððBrien€stating,€ð ðYouÐ )à$( Ðknow€theyððre€listening.ððÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€videotaped€conversation€was€to€be€offered€as€evidence€by€the€State€against€defendantÐ ° ÐHenry€at€trial.€€Henryððs€counsel€moved€to€exclude€the€videotaped€statement€prior€to€trial,€arguing,Ð œì Ðamong€other€grounds,€that€OððBrienððs€statements€were€inadmissible€hearsay.€€The€prosecution€arguedÐ ˆØ Ðthat€the€videotape,€including€the€statements€made€by€OððBrien,€were€admissible€under€Tennessee€RuleÐ tÄ Ðof€Evidence€803(1.2)(E),€the€ð ðco„conspiratorðð€exception€to€the€rule€excluding€hearsay€statements.€Ð `° ÐThe€trial€court€admitted€the€entire€videotape€€after€concluding€that€ð ðthe€conspiracy€had€not€ended€atÐ L œ Ðthat€point€in€time.ðð€€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€jury€convicted€Henry€of€first„degree€felony€murder,€attempted€first„degree€premeditatedÐ  ` Ðmurder,€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€two€counts€ofÐ ü L  Ðespecially€aggravated€burglary.€Henry€received€a€life€sentence€for€first„degree€felony€murder,€20Ð è 8  Ðyears€for€attempted€first„degree€premeditated€murder,€20€years€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,Ð Ô$  Ð20€years€for€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€10€years€for€each€especially€aggravated€burglary.€Ð À  ÐThe€sentences€were€to€be€served€concurrently€to€one€another€but€consecutively€to€the€life€sentence,Ð ¬ü  Ðfor€an€effective€sentence€of€life€plus€20€years.€€€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€reduced€one€of€the€convictions€for€especiallyÐ pÀ Ðaggravated€burglary€to€aggravated€burglary,€but€affirmed€the€remaining€convictions€and€sentences.€Ð \¬ ЀThe€court€held€that€although€the€original€conspiracy€between€Henry€and€OððBrien€ended€upon€theirÐ H˜ Ðarrest,€OððBrienððs€statements€were€made€during€a€separate€conspiracy€to€conceal€the€crimes€they€hadÐ 4„ Ðalready€committed€and€were,€therefore,€admissible€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(E).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р p ÐÌà  àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€address€the€application€of€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(E),€the€co„Ð øH Ðconspirator€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule,€and€to€determine€whether€the€trial€court€abused€itsÐ ä4 Ðdiscretion€in€admitting€the€statements€made€by€OððBrien€during€the€videotaped€conversation€betweenÐ Ð  ÐHenry€and€OððBrien.€€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà@òò&ìàòòò òANALYSISóóˆÐ ”ä Ðó óÌà  àHearsay€is€a€ð ðstatement,€other€than€one€made€by€the€declarant€while€testifying€at€the€trial€orÐ l¼ Ðhearing,€offered€in€evidence€to€prove€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€801(c).€€AÐ X ¨ Ðhearsay€statement€is€not€admissible€except€as€provided€by€the€rules€of€evidence€or€otherwise€by€law.€Ð D!” ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€802.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àThere€are€numerous€exceptions€to€the€hearsay€rule,€however,€where€statements€that€constituteÐ $X" Ðhearsay€bear€sufficient€indicia€of€reliability€and€trustworthiness€to€warrant€admission.€€òòSeeóó€òòóóNeil€P.Ð ô$D # ÐCohen€et€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€ðð€801.1,€at€490„91€(3rdòòóó€ed.€1995).€€€The€exception€at€issueÐ à%0!$ Ðin€this€case€is€that€of€ð ða€statement€by€a€co„conspirator€of€a€party€during€the€course€of€and€inÐ Ì&"% Ðfurtherance€of€the€conspiracy.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(E).€€The€rationale€for€this€exception€isÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€principle€of€agency,€under€which€each€conspirator€is€bound€to€the€actions€and€statements€madeÐ ° Ðby€other€conspirators€during€the€course€of€and€in€furtherance€of€a€common€purpose.€€òòSeeóó€òòTennesseeÐ œì ÐLaw€of€Evidenceóó,€ðð€803(1.2).6,€at€521.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€for€a€statement€to€be€admissible€under€this€exception,€the€prosecution€mustÐ `° Ðestablish:€1)€that€there€is€evidence€of€the€existence€of€a€conspiracy€and€the€connection€of€theÐ L œ Ðdeclarant€and€the€defendant€to€that€conspiracy;€2)€that€the€declaration€was€made€during€the€pendencyÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€conspiracy;€and€3)€that€the€declaration€was€made€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy.€òòSeeóóÐ $ t ÐòòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó,€ðð€803(1.2).6,€at€521„22.€€These€requirements€must€be€established€byÐ  ` Ða€preponderance€of€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Stamperóó,€863€S.W.2d€404,€406€(Tenn.€1993).Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThe€dispositive€issue€in€this€case€concerns€the€second€requirement:€whether€OððBrienððsÐ Ô$  Ðstatements€were€made€during€the€course€of€the€conspiracy€with€Henry.€€On€appeal,€Henry€contendsÐ À  Ðthat€OððBrienððs€statements€were€made€òòafteróóthe€conspiracy€had€ended,€inasmuch€as€he€and€OððBrienÐ ¬ü  Ðhad€been€arrested€for€the€offenses€and€he€(Henry)€already€had€confessed€his€involvement€in€theÐ ˜è  Ðcrimes.€€The€State€maintains€that€OððBrienððs€statements€were€admissible€because€a€conspiracy€underÐ „Ô  ÐRule€803(1.2)(E)€includes€declarations€made€by€conspirators€regarding€concealment€of€the€offenses.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThis€Court€discussed€the€ð ðco„conspiratorðð€exception€in€òòState€v.€Walkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€381Ð H˜ Ð(Tenn.€1995).€€In€that€case,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€murder€and€robbery€and€argued€on€appealÐ 4„ Ðthat€the€trial€court€had€erred€in€admitting€statements€made€by€co„conspirators€after€the€offenses€hadÐ  p Ðoccurred.€€We€said€that€ð ða€conspiracy€is,€in€general€terms,€a€combination€of€two€(2)€or€more€persons,Ð  \ Ðby€concerted€action,€to€accomplish€some€criminal€or€unlawful€purpose.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€384.€€In€discussingÐ øH Ðthe€scope€of€Rule€803(1.2)(E),€this€Court€said:€€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àFor€a€statement€of€the€co„conspirator€to€be€admissible€it€must€haveÐ ¼  Ðbeen€made€ð ðduring€the€course€ofðð€the€conspiracy€which€means€thatÐ ¨ø Ðthe€conspiracy€must€have€been€ongoing€at€the€time€the€statement€wasÐ ”ä Ðmade.€€If€the€conspiracy€had€not€yet€begun€òòor€had€ended€when€theÐ €Ð Ðstatement€was€madeóó,€the€declaration€is€not€admissible€under€thisÐ l¼ Ðhearsay€exception,€although€it€may€still€be€admissible€under€someÐ X ¨ Ðother€exception€.€.€.€.ÐD!”` x` x ÐòòÌState€v.€Walkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€at€385€(emphasis€added).€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àOur€analysis€in€òòWalkeróó€was€predicated€upon€several€early€decisions€of€the€TennesseeÐ ô$D # ÐSupreme€Court.€€In€òòOwens€v.€Stateóó,€the€Court€stated€the€general€rule€that€ð ð[a]ll€acts€or€declarationsÐ à%0!$ Ðof€conspirators,€or€of€any€of€them,€may€be€given€in€evidence€against€all,€from€the€time€the€conspiracyÐ Ì&"% Ðhad€its€origin€until€its€design€has€been€consummated,€or€until€it€is€abandoned.ðð€€84€Tenn.€1€(1885).€Ð ° ÐSimilarly,€in€òòSweat€v.€Rogersóó,€the€Court€stated:Ð œì ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àCare€must€be€taken€that€the€Acts€and€Declarations€thus€admitted€beÐ tÄ Ðthose€only€which€were€made€and€done€during€the€pendency€of€theÐ `° Ðcriminal€enterprise€and€in€furtherance€of€its€objects.€€òòIf€they€tookÐ L œ Ðplace€at€a€subsequent€period,€and€are€therefore€merely€narrative€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðpast€occurrences,€they€are,€as€we€have€just€seen,€to€be€rejectedóó.€Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌÌ53€Tenn.€117,€120€(1871)€(emphasis€added)€(citation€omitted);€òòseeóóòòSnowden€v.€Stateóó,€66€Tenn.€482Ð è 8  Ð(1874)€(ð ð[W]hen€the€common€purpose€is€at€an€end,€whether€by€accomplishment€or€abandonment,Ð Ô$  Ðno€one€of€the€conspirators€is€permitted€by€the€subsequent€act€or€declaration€of€his€own€to€affect€theÐ À  Ðothers.ðð).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ€à  àApplying€these€rules€to€the€facts€in€òòWalkeróó,€we€carefully€reviewed€the€facts€andÐ „Ô  Ðcircumstances€of€three€statements€that€had€been€admitted€by€the€trial€court€on€the€basis€that€theyÐ pÀ Ðpertained€to€concealment.€€We€concluded€that€the€statements€had€been€made€after€the€commissionÐ \¬ Ðof€the€offenses€and€were€not€made€in€the€course€of€or€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.Ð H˜ ÐWalkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€at€385„86.€€òòóóWe€also€observed€that€one€of€the€statements€was€merely€aÐ 4„ Ðð ðnarrativeðð€statement€of€past€conduct€that€was€not€made€in€the€course€of€and€in€furtherance€of€theÐ  p Ðconspiracy.€€òòId.óó€at€386.€€We€held,€however,€that€the€error€in€admitting€these€statements€was€harmlessÐ  \ Ðin€light€of€the€overwhelming€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€guilt.€€òòId.óóat€387„88.Ð øH ÐÌà  àIn€our€view,€òòWalkeróóclearly€stands€for€the€proposition€that€there€is€no€bright„line€test€orÐ Ð  Ðprecise€definition€for€determining€whether€a€statement€has€been€made€during€the€course€of€theÐ ¼  Ðconspiracy.€€The€commission€of€the€offense€that€was€the€goal€of€the€conspiracy€does€not€necessarilyÐ ¨ø Ðend€the€conspiracy,€nor€does€it€preclude€the€possibility€that€the€conspiracy€encompassed€laterÐ ”ä Ðstatements€regarding€concealment€of€the€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Walkeróó,€910€S.W.2d€at€385.׃d×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€At€theÐ €Ð Ðsame€time,€the€commission€of€the€offense€also€does€not€imply€that€the€conspiracy€automaticallyÐ l¼ Ðincluded€all€later€statements€pertaining€to€the€concealment€of€the€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Walkeróó,€910Ð X ¨ ÐS.W.2d€at€386.Ð D!” ÐÐ 0"€  Ðà  àThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€also€concluded€that€there€are€limits€in€determiningÐ ° Ðwhether€a€statement€has€been€made€during€the€course€of€a€conspiracy.€In€òòKrulewich€v.€United€Statesóó,Ð œì Ðthe€Court€rejected€the€argument€that€accomplishment€of€the€initial€criminal€objectives€of€a€conspiracyÐ ˆØ Ðimplicitly€resulted€in€a€ð ðsubsidiary€phaseðð€of€the€conspiracy€for€the€purpose€of€concealment.€€336Ð tÄ ÐU.S.€440,€443,€69€S.€Ct.€716,€718,€93€L.€Ed.€790€(1949)òòóó;€òòseealsoóó€òòLutwak€v.€United€Statesóó,€344€U.S.Ð `° Ð604,€618,€73€S.€Ct.€481,€489,€97€L.€Ed.€593€(1953)€(ð ð[T]he€declarations€of€a€conspirator€do€not€bindÐ L œ Ðthe€co„conspirator€if€made€after€the€conspiracy€has€ended.ðð).€€In€short,€the€commission€of€the€offenseÐ 8 ˆ Ðdoes€not€imply€an€agreement€to€conceal€the€offense,€given€the€risk€that€after€the€commission€of€theÐ $ t Ðcrimes,€each€co„conspirator€may€act€in€his€or€her€self„interest.€€In€such€circumstances,€where€thereÐ  ` Ðis€no€longer€a€common€purpose,€statements€may€lack€the€reliability€that€serves€as€the€basis€for€theÐ ü L  Ðð ðco„conspiratorðð€exception.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€in€the€absence€of€a€bright„line€test,€we€conclude€that€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(E)Ð À  Ðrequires€that€a€court€examine€all€of€the€factors€and€circumstances€of€the€case.€€The€Supreme€CourtÐ ¬ü  Ðof€Minnesota€stated:Ð ˜è  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àGenerally,€a€conspiracy€to€conceal€the€commission€of€the€chargedÐ pÀ Ðcrime€may€not€be€automatically€implied€to€permit€the€use€of€hearsayÐ \¬ Ðstatements€made€by€co„conspirators.€.€.€.€[T]he€court€should€analyzeÐ H˜ Ðthe€facts€of€the€case€to€determine€if€in€fact€there€was€an€agreement€toÐ 4„ Ðconceal,€to€determine€the€closeness€in€time€of€the€concealment€to€theÐ  p Ðcommission€of€the€principal€crime,€and€to€determine€the€reliability€ofÐ  \ Ðthese€statements.ÐøH` x` x ÐÌÌòòState€v.€Buschkopfóó,€373€N.W.2d€756,€764€(Minn.€1985).€€€A€court€must€keep€in€mind€that€theÐ ¼  Ðpurpose€of€the€rule€is€to€ensure€the€reliability€and€trustworthiness€of€the€statements€sought€to€beÐ ¨ø Ðadmitted.€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€after€the€victims€had€been€shot,€Henry€and€OððBrien€fled€from€the€scene€in€theÐ l¼ Ðvictimsðð€van.€€They€traveled€west€from€Nashville€to€Jackson,€Tennessee,€which€was€consistent€withÐ X ¨ ÐHenryððs€statement€that€they€had€stolen€the€van€to€go€to€California.€€When€the€van€was€spotted€by€lawÐ D!” Ðenforcement€officers,€OððBrien€drove€the€van€at€high€speeds€and€evaded€a€roadblock€in€an€effort€toÐ 0"€  Ðavoid€apprehension.€€In€the€midst€of€the€chase,€Henry€threw€the€murder€weapon€out€of€the€van.€€ItÐ #l! Ðis€obvious€that€Henry€and€OððBrien€at€this€point€were€still€acting€in€furtherance€of€a€common€purposeÐ $X" Ðand€that€statements€made€by€either€of€them€at€that€time€likely€would€have€been€during€the€course€ofÐ ô$D # Ðthe€conspiracy.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€videotaped€conversation€between€OððBrien€and€Henry,€however,€occurred€approximatelyÐ ¸'#& Ðseven€hours€after€they€were€arrested€and€nine€hours€after€the€offenses€were€committed.€€The€StateÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmaintains€that€the€conspiracy€was€ongoing€because€OððBrien€and€Henry€discussed€the€offenses,€theÐ )à$( Ðversions€they€could€tell€police,€and€ways€to€minimize€their€culpability.€€By€that€time,€however,€bothÐ |*Ì%) ÐHenry€and€OððBrien€had€been€arrested€and€charged€with€the€offenses.€€Moreover,€Henry€already€hadÐ h+¸&* Ðgiven€a€confession€to€officers€in€which€he€admitted€his€involvement€in€the€shooting€of€the€victims;Ð ° Ðin€the€robbery€of€the€van;€in€the€flight€from€the€scene;€and€also€his€disposal€of€the€weapon.€€HenryÐ œì Ðhad€also€led€police€officers€to€recover€the€weapon€that€he€had€thrown€from€the€van€when€attemptingÐ ˆØ Ðto€elude€police.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€State€nonetheless€asserts€that€the€statements€were€reliable€because€both€Henry€andÐ L œ ÐOððBrien€were€the€participants€in€the€conversation.€€Our€review€reveals,€however,€that€the€videotapedÐ 8 ˆ Ðconversation€was€dominated€by€OððBrien€and€consisted€almost€entirely€of€his€statements€and€hisÐ $ t Ðconcern€that€Henry€not€tell€the€police€what€he,€OððBrien,€had€done.€€OððBrien€repeatedly€remarked€onÐ  ` Ðhis€participation€in€the€crimes€and€the€potential€punishment€he€faced€as€the€shooter€of€the€victims.€Ð ü L  ЀOððBrien€said€several€times€that€Henry€did€not€have€to€use€OððBrienððs€name€and€did€not€have€to€tellÐ è 8  Ðofficers€what€OððBrien€had€done.€€Although€OððBrien€stated€that€he,€in€turn,€would€not€tell€the€policeÐ Ô$  Ðwhat€Henry€had€done,€it€is€significant€that€Henry€had€already€confessed.€€Moreover,€although€HenryÐ À  Ðappeared€to€respond€to€OððBrien€in€the€affirmative€a€few€times,€the€vast€majority€of€Henryððs€responsesÐ ¬ü  Ðare€inaudible€or€unintelligible.€€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àWe€do€not€disagree€with€the€Stateððs€contention€that€a€conspiracy€may€extend€to€statementsÐ pÀ Ðconcerning€the€concealment€of€the€offenses.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€None€of€the€cases€cited€by€the€State,€however,€involveÐ \¬ Ðfacts€similar€to€the€present€case.€€At€the€time€of€the€videotaped€conversation€Henry€and€OððBrien€hadÐ H˜ Ðalready€committed€the€offenses,€fled€the€scene,€and€eluded€the€police.€€Both€had€been€arrested€andÐ 4„ Ðcharged€for€the€offenses.€Finally,€Henry€had€already€confessed€to€his€involvement€and€had€assistedÐ  p Ðthe€police€in€recovering€the€weapon.€€Indeed,€several€of€the€cases€cited€by€the€State€stress€these€veryÐ  \ Ðtypes€of€distinctions€in€determining€whether€statements€regarding€concealment€were€made€duringÐ øH Ðthe€course€of€the€conspiracy.€€òòSeeóóòòState€v.€Floresóó,€595€N.W.2d€860,€866€(Minn.€1999)€(statementsÐ ä4 Ðwere€made€after€the€offense€but€before€discovery€of€the€crime€or€arrests);€òòPeople€v.€Torresóó,€687Ð Ð  ÐN.E.2d€892,€902€(Ill.€1997)€(statements€were€made€after€the€offense€but€before€disposal€of€the€murderÐ ¼  Ðweapon).€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€we€hold€that€OððBrienððs€statements€were€made€after€the€conspiracy€had€endedÐ €Ð Ðand,€therefore,€were€not€made€during€the€course€of€the€conspiracy€as€required€for€admissibility€underÐ l¼ ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€803(1.2)(E).€€In€our€view,€a€finding€that€a€conspiracy€still€existed€and€that€theÐ X ¨ Ðstatements€were€made€during€the€course€of€the€conspiracy€under€the€facts€of€this€case€would€stretchÐ D!” ÐRule€803(1.2)(E)€beyond€its€intended€scope€and€would€not€ensure€that€statements€admitted€under€thisÐ 0"€  Ðâ âhearsay€exception€bear€sufficient€indicia€of€reliability.€€In€simply€concluding€that€the€conspiracy€wasÐ #l! Ðongoing€without€considering€the€scope€and€purpose€of€the€rule,€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretionÐ ° Ðin€admitting€OððBrienððs€statements.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àHaving€concluded€that€the€trial€court€erred,€we,€however,€agree€with€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ tÄ ÐAppealsðð€conclusion€that€the€error€was€harmless€under€the€facts€of€this€case.€€The€substance€ofÐ `° ÐOððBrienððs€statements€regarding€the€offense€was€established€at€trial€through€other€means.€€Moreover,Ð L œ ÐHenryððs€own€confession€detailed€his€association€with€OððBrien;€his€involvement€in€the€robbery€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€shootings;€his€flight€from€the€scene€with€OððBrien€after€the€shootings;€and€his€disposal€of€theÐ $ t Ðmurder€weapon€while€fleeing€from€the€police.€€Finally,€the€surviving€victim€identified€Henry€andÐ  ` Ðdescribed€his€role€in€the€offenses.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àHenry€nonetheless€argues€that€the€videotaped€statements€were€used€to€link€him€to€OððBrien,Ð Ô$  Ðthe€ð ðcold„bloodedðð€killer,€and€that€this€prejudiced€his€defense€that€he€lacked€the€intent€to€commit€theÐ À  Ðcrimes€and€was€merely€a€facilitator€of€the€offenses.€€There€was€no€question,€however,€regardingÐ ¬ü  ÐHenryððs€role€in€the€offenses.€€Henry€fully€participated€in€the€robbery€and€the€shootings.€€He€tied€andÐ ˜è  Ðbound€both€victims€before€they€were€shot.€€He€fled€the€scene€with€OððBrien€in€the€stolen€van,€and€heÐ „Ô  Ðdisposed€of€the€weapon€as€they€tried€to€elude€police.€€The€videotape€reflects€that€OððBrien€did€nearlyÐ pÀ Ðall€of€the€talking,€repeatedly€incriminating€himself€as€the€shooter€and€suggesting€ways€in€whichÐ \¬ ÐHenry€could€minimize€OððBrienððs€role.€€In€contrast,€Henryððs€responses€were€often€inaudible€orÐ H˜ Ðunintelligible.€€The€videotape€gives€support€to€Henryððs€defense,€inasmuch€as€OððBrien€appeared€toÐ 4„ Ðbe€the€leader€in€the€offenses.€€When€viewed€against€the€evidence€of€Henryððs€guilt,€we€conclude€thatÐ  p Ðthe€error€was€harmless€and€does€not€constitute€reversible€error.€Ð  \ ÐÌà@FF%ìàòòò òCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€under€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€the€co„defendantððs€statements€wereÐ ¼  Ðnot€made€during€the€course€of€the€conspiracy€and€that€the€prosecutor€failed€to€establish€a€foundationÐ ¨ø Ðfor€the€admission€of€the€statements€pursuant€to€the€co„conspirator€exception€in€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð ”ä Ð803(1.2)(E).€€We€further€conclude€that€the€error€was€harmless.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgmentÐ €Ð Ðof€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€It€appearing€that€the€appellant€is€indigent,€costs€of€the€appeal€shallÐ l¼ Ðbe€taxed€to€the€State.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ€à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à___________________________________Ð0"€ (#(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àRILEY€ANDERSON,€CHIEF€JUSTICEÐ #l! Ðà  à