ÿWPC›k ¯é:Š»º Zqºê”å3Üy¶*è;ÍnºÕ ÿ< ±iÈ­¦Ki°óq»‰ú/Yþ J–Í1œ£ßêà¢9j¬‹;u|wÙÝ\ÇaÀÌù¸ÄCó «„a{12u&1%Ãð+, B¼¶˜ì¶œÇoÌÈ­ Õha2 À‰A‘Ä+s #­ç‹\TàéÙ†–¤Nf€4 D&ɱø{î<0nëÏø+J¤(ÎÿO½„êUÏP±…+—¥T"gº\Ü8Vý·Ðh»)ðdïjnÖHëzù;è ÝΨpG¹K#ç’›eÉ%1~‚ü8$£qL9JªõûœqtÜè©û·ë¥µ'°ÐAÚ $Ã-°!/Ó£"ŠŠ(2Rx›¹j&¸q1dÉÚ|µOá¦ËrÂI³f7ŽŒ¸àõZ/¡¸†0{|^w- M®¤ῦÞ+÷×oN&%‚ ­'íÛ’ò6xmHˆsd,ßX¨]½…×ÚÆ[ø¬¹ë å^¾¡ŽµV>‰iÁ,¨O5ƒþ·ö˜Úp•ÛoeöÉÁ6¸9j¹_¤Ahÿ&L"'†¢jD3°\“:%;[Ð[‘žp–[°C¬ãÔòw]“®L²·_JJJ½^­ÄmNï%E€ ³…yRÿd#Áx %9 ^ ? 0ˆK wÓ UN× 4% z9 Ò³ … ” m– ­ Ƶ Æ{ ÆA ÆrÍN? A 0D]E¡U(@£Šã 0îm 0ë[! 0èF" 0å.# 0â$ 0ßõ$ 0ÜÔ% 0Ù°& 0Ö‰' 0Ü_( 0Ù;) 0Ö* 0Óê* 0н+ 0Í, 0ÊZ- 0Ç$. 0Äë. 0Û¯/ 0ØŠ0 0Õb1b72 0Ò?2 0Ï3 0Ìà3 0ɬ4 0Æu5 0Ã;6UgNþ6ëL7L77;ñ:?:?:?³+A+AêÞCÞC[ÈFÈFÈF#K#K#K#K#K#K#K#K#K#K#K#K#KQ#RKtS 0í¿Uœ¬VòHX–:Z BÐ\Ìí\ 0¤¹_ D5]` D-’` 0K¿` a AS'dÆzd 0¤@e 0Däe A«(fžÓf*qi˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ05»g”E)â (`$¡¡Ñ€..ÑÑ8€;uXXdæ»»d8ÑÑ ýý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularl;)bk14_ž ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x'ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Ð  ' tg0tg .     Ý ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThe€specific€statutory€and€non„statutory€mitigating€circumstances€charged€to€the€jury€were€(1)€that€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€has€no€significant€history€of€criminal€behavior;€(2)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€wasÐ tÄ Ðunder€the€influence€of€extreme€mental€or€emotional€disturbance;€(3)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€capacity€of€the€defendant€to€appreciate€theÐ 8ˆ Ðwrongfulness€of€his€conduct€or€to€conform€to€the€requirements€of€the€law€was€substantially€impaired€as€a€result€of€mentalÐ üL Ðdisease€or€defect€or€intoxication€which€was€insufficient€to€establish€a€defense€to€the€crime€but€which€substantially€affectedÐ À Ðhis€judgment;€(4)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€was€physically€abused€as€a€child;€(5)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€was€sexually€abused€as€aÐ „Ô Ðchild;€(6)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€was€abandoned€and€neglected€as€a€child;€(7)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€was€emotionally€deprivedÐ H ˜ Ðas€an€infant€and€during€early€childhood;€(8)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€was€deprived€of€nutrition€as€a€child;€(9)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendantÐ  \ Ðdid€not€receive€continued€counseling€and€psychotherapy€for€persons€who€are€sexually€and€physically€abused;€(10)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_ÔÐ Ð  Ðthe€defendant€has€been€diagnosed€with€attention€deficit€disorder;€(11)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€has€been€diagnosed€as€havingÐ ” ä  Ðpost„traumatic€stress€disorder;€(12)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€was€a€productive€citizen€in€our€society€prior€to€his€arrest;€Ô_ÔhavingÔ_ÔÐ X ¨  Ðserved€our€community€in€the€military€and€been€employed;€(13)€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€defendant€acknowledges€the€seriousness€of€theÐ  l  Ðcrime€he€has€committed€and€accepts€responsibility€for€his€actions;€Ô_ÔandÔ_Ô€(14)€that€the€defendant€is€ashamed€of€his€actions.€Ð à 0  ÐThe€trial€court€also€included€a€ð ðcatch„allðð€instruction€to€the€jury€that€it€could€consider€any€other€mitigating€circumstancesÐ ¤ô  Ðnot€specifically€recited€in€the€charge.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(uHš Z‹(Times New Roman  €Ý ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔThis€is€also€the€very€task€that€is€expected€of€a€jury€in€virtually€all€other€aspects€of€capital€sentencing,€suchÐ ° Ðas€evaluating€the€presence€and€strength€of€any€mitigating€circumstances€and€even€when€making€the€final€determinationÐ tÄ Ðof€punishment.€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Nicholsóó,€877€S.W.2d€722,€731€(Tenn.€1994)€(ð ðOnce€a€capital€sentencing€jury€finds€that€aÐ 8ˆ Ðdefendant€falls€within€the€legislatively-defined€category€of€persons€eligible€for€the€death€penalty,€the€jury€is€free€toÐ üL Ðconsider€a€myriad€of€factors€to€determine€whether€death€is€the€punishment€appropriate€to€the€offense€and€the€individualÐ À Ðdefendant.ðð)€(Ô_ÔcitingÔ_Ô€òòCalifornia€v.€Ramosóó,€463€U.S.€992,€1005€(1983);€€òòBarclay€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Floridaóó,€463€U.S.€939,€948€(1983);€òòZantÐ „Ô ÐÔ_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Stephensóó,€462€U.S.€862,€878€(1983)).€€€Ð H ˜ Ð2G+J ÿÿ0_level1Ó ¨ý ÓÓ X ÓÓ/%4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2D+J ÿÿ0_level2Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2A+J ÿÿ0_level3Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2>+J ÿÿ0_level4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2;+J ÿÿ0_level5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó28+J ÿÿ0_level6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25+J ÿÿ0_level7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22+J ÿÿ0_level8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/+J ÿÿ0_level9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2GJ ÿÿ0_levsl1Ó ¨ý ÓÓ X ÓÓ/%4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2DJ ÿÿ0_levsl2Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2AJ ÿÿ0_levsl3Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2>J ÿÿ0_levsl4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2;J ÿÿ0_levsl5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó28J ÿÿ0_levsl6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25J ÿÿ0_levsl7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22J ÿÿ0_levsl8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/J ÿÿ0_levsl9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2GJ ÿÿ0_levnl1Ó ¨ý ÓÓ X ÓÓ/%4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2DJ ÿÿ0_levnl2Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2AJ ÿÿ0_levnl3Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó- ù-2>J ÿÿ0_levnl4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2;J ÿÿ0_levnl5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó28J ÿÿ0_levnl6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó25J ÿÿ0_levnl7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó22J ÿÿ0_levnl8Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó2/J ÿÿ0_levnl9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(uHš Z‹6Times New Roman Regular áÝ ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòÔ‡ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[ÔSee,€e.g.óó,€òòWillett€v.€Stateóó,€òòóó983€S.W.2d€409,€411€(Ark.€1998)€(ð ðððMental€anguishðð€is€defined€as€the€victimððsÐ ° Ðuncertainty€as€to€his€ultimate€fate.ðð);€òòState€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Jacksonóó,€918€P.2d€1038,€1047€(Ariz.€1996)€(ð ðMental€anguish€includes€aÐ tÄ Ðvictimððs€uncertainty€as€to€her€ultimate€fate.ðð);€òòState€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Spryóó,€973€P.2d€783,€791€(Kan.€1999)€(ð ðMental€anguish€includesÐ 8ˆ Ða€victimððs€uncertainty€as€to€[his]€or€[her]€ultimate€fate.ðð);€òòNeill€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Stateóó,€896€P.2d€537,€556€(Okla.€Crim.€App.€1994)Ð üL Ð(ð ðMental€anguish€includes€the€victimððs€uncertainty€as€to€his€ultimate€fate.ðð).€Ô#†5ôþ[ ò òôþ[ƒ#Ô ùÝ ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€that€this€Court€previously€conducted€a€comparative€proportionality€review€of€this€case€when€we€firstÐ ° Ðheard€the€case€on€automatic€appeal€in€1994.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€926€S.W.2d€727,€744€(Tenn.€1994).€€Nevertheless,€sinceÐ tÄ Ðthat€time,€we€have€further€elaborated€on€the€procedures€governing€proportionality€review,€òòseeóó€òòState€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2dÐ 8ˆ Ð651€(Tenn.€1997),€and€we€therefore€again€conduct€a€comparative€proportionality€review€to€ensure€that€the€capitalÐ üL Ðsentence€imposed€in€this€case€is€not€Ô‡ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ôð ðplainly€lacking€in€circumstances€consistent€with€those€in€similar€cases€in€which€theÐ À Ðdeath€penalty€has€previously€been€imposed.ðð€€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€665.Ô#†5ôþ[ ò òôþ[û#Ô çÝ ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€òòFurman€v.€Georgia,óó€408€U.S.€238,€310€(1972)€(Stewart,€J.,€concurring€in€judgment)€(ð ðI€simply€concludeÐ ° Ðthat€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€cannot€tolerate€the€infliction€of€a€sentence€of€death€under€legal€systems€thatÐ tÄ Ðpermit€this€unique€penalty€to€be€so€wantonly€and€so€freakishly€imposed.ðð). ©Ý ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note,€though,€that€the€evidence€supporting€the€serious€physical€abuse€prong€of€the€(i)(5)€circumstance€isÐ ° Ðestablished€by€the€appellantððs€own€statements,€and€is€therefore€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôcomprised€only€of€direct€evidence.€€Because€we€haveÐ tÄ Ðalready€concluded€that€the€jury€could€have€possibly€found€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstance€based€solely€on€the€tortureÐ 8ˆ Ðprong,€however,€we€conclude€that€the€appellant€was€entitled€have€the€jury€instructed€according€to€his€special€instruction. àÝ ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔAs€we€stated€in€òòCauthernóó,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(k)€provides€that€if€a€defendant€isÐ ° Ðgranted€a€new€trial,€ð ðeither€as€to€guilt€or€punishment€or€both,€the€new€trial€shall€include€the€possible€punishments€of€death,Ð tÄ Ðimprisonment€for€life€without€possibility€of€parole€or€imprisonment€for€life.ðð€€Because€this€section€was€enacted€as€partÐ 8ˆ Ðof€the€same€public€act€providing€for€the€life€without€parole€instruction,€this€provision€is€also€governed€by€the€actððsÐ üL Ðeffective€date€as€set€forth€in€section€16. QÝ ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔWe€also€note€that€the€procedural€history€of€òòCauthernóó€is€virtually€identical€to€that€of€the€present€case,€a€factÐ ° Ðwhich€strengthens€our€conclusion€that€òòCauthernóó€should€control€the€outcome€of€this€case.€€In€òòCauthernóó,€the€defendant€wasÐ tÄ Ðfirst€convicted€of€first€degree€murder€and€sentenced€to€death€in€1988.€€On€automatic€appeal,€this€Court€affirmed€theÐ 8ˆ Ðconviction€but€remanded€the€case€for€resentencing.€€The€defendant€was€again€sentenced€to€death€at€a€second€sentencingÐ üL Ðhearing,€which€occurred€at€some€point€after€the€life€without€Ô_ÔpossibilityÔ_Ô€of€parole€instruction€took€effect€on€July€1,€1993.€Ð À ÐOn€a€second€automatic€appeal€to€this€Court,€the€òòCauthernóó€defendant€argued€that€because€his€resentencing€took€place€afterÐ „Ô Ðthe€effective€date€of€the€act,€he€was€entitled€to€the€life€without€parole€instruction.€€ öÝ ƒR@{$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝÔ_ÔHaving€concluded€that€neither€the€federal€nor€Tennessee€Constitutions€requires€an€instruction€on€life€withoutÐ ° Ðparoleð"ðbecause€its€absence€does€not€hinder€the€presentation,€consideration,€or€weighing€of€mitigating€evidence,€orÐ tÄ Ðotherwise€render€the€proceedings€arbitrary€and€capriciousð"ðwe€find€unpersuasive€the€appellantððs€argument€that€theÐ 8ˆ Ðinstruction€is€required€because€most€other€states€which€have€the€death€penalty€also€permit€the€life€without€paroleÐ üL Ðinstruction.€€We€note€that€other€states€have€not€uniformly€required€the€new€instruction€to€take€effect€at€sentencingÐ À Ðhearings€occurring€after€the€effective€date€of€the€statute.€€At€least€two€states€other€than€Tennessee€require€that€the€lifeÐ „Ô Ðwithout€parole€instruction€be€given€only€when€the€òòoffenseóó€was€committed€after€the€effective€date€of€the€act,€òòseeóó€Ô‡ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[ÔòòState€v.Ð H ˜ ÐAlcornóó,€638€N.E.2d€1242,€1246€(Ind.€1994)Ô#†5ôþ[ ò òôþ[4#Ô;€òòBooth€v.€Stateóó,€608€A.2d€162,€173-174€(Md.€1992),€€and€at€least€one€stateÐ  \ Ðallows€the€instruction€only€if€the€òòconvictionóó€occurs€after€the€effective€date€of€the€act,€òòseeóó€òòSalazar€v.€Stateóó,€852€P.2d€729,Ð Ð  Ð740€(Okla.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€As€the€life€without€parole€instruction€is€not€constitutionally€required€in€any€scheme€ofÐ ” ä  Ðcapital€punishment,€the€General€Assembly€was€within€its€prerogative€to€apply€the€instruction€only€to€offenses€committedÐ X ¨  Ðafter€July€1,€1993. GÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝAt€the€time€of€the€offense€the€appellant€was€twenty„seven€years€old. AÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝThe€appellantððs€guilty€plea€was€entered€on€February€12,€1991.€€Although€the€record€does€not€contain€a€copyÐ ° Ðof€the€guilty€plea,€apparently€the€appellant€also€pled€guilty€to€aggravated€rape.€€However,€the€appellant€does€not€challengeÐ tÄ Ðthis€conviction€in€this€instant€appeal.€€€€(|I2@{$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€à$XXdêd 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôòò»»Ô€€ ’Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝContained€within€the€appellantððs€twelve€general€issues€are€other€specific€allegations€of€error€set€forth€as€sub„Ð ° Ðissues. èÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  Ýð ðYou€should€in€no€case€allow€mere€sympathy€or€prejudice€solely€to€influence€your€verdict€but€should€lookÐ ° Ðto€the€law€and€all€the€facts€and€circumstances€proven€in€the€evidence€to€determine€the€verdict.ðð€€ ŒÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝAs€the€State€points€out,€the€appellant€only€challenges€the€dismissal€of€three€jurors€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial.€Ð ° ÐAlthough€the€challenge€to€the€fourth€juror€has€been€waived,€this€Court€opts€to€consider€this€juror€because€of€theÐ tÄ Ðqualitative€difference€between€a€death€penalty€sentence€and€other€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€805.€ d ÂÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝWe€note,€at€this€juncture,€that€the€record€reflects€two€jurors€named€Houston.€€The€appellant€does€notÐ ° Ðspecifically€indicate€which€Juror€Houston€he€is€challenging.€€In€his€brief,€it€appears€that€he€is€challenging€the€first€JurorÐ tÄ ÐHouston.€€However,€the€State€refers€to€the€second€Juror€Houston€when€exercising€its€peremptory€challenge.€€The€recordÐ 8ˆ Ðreflects€that€the€challenged€juror€was€Rosie€Houston.€€€(|3pU$££Ý ƒ!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€à$XXdêd 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó Ô_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝThis€court€has€previously€held€that€a€photograph€of€the€deceased€during€her€lifetime€is€admissible€òòat€the€guiltÐ ° Ðphase€of€the€trialóó€to€establish€the€òòcorpus€delictióó€in€a€homicide€case€when€the€question€involves€the€subordinate€issue€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€identity€of€the€deceased€named€in€the€indictment.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Nesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043€(Tenn.€Sept.€28,Ð 8ˆ Ð1998)€(for€publication),€Ô_ÔappendixÔ_Ô€at€p.€10.€^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3pU$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€à$XXdêd 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK ”Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ‡5ôþ[ ò»5»ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò ò5ôþ[Ô€€Ý  ÝWithin€this€issue€the€appellant€challenges€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(4),€(i)(5),€(i)(6),€and€(i)(7).€€InÐ ° Ðthis€case,€the€State€only€relied€upon€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(2)€and€(i)(5).€€Therefore,€the€appellant€is€withoutÐ tÄ Ðstanding€to€challenge€(i)(4),€(i)(6),€and€(i)(7).€€The€constitutionality€of€(i)(5)€is€addressed€previously€in€this€opinion. Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÝ ƒR@{ÿÝÑÀ.ÑÑ8Àà$XXdêd 8ÑÑ @ý ÑÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÔ€5ôþ[ ò»5»Ô€€Ý  ÝNo€execution€date€is€set.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„206(a)(1)€provides€for€automatic€review€by€theÐ ° ÐTennessee€Supreme€Court€upon€affirmance€of€the€death€penalty.€€If€the€death€sentence€is€upheld€by€the€higher€court€onÐ tÄ Ðreview,€the€supreme€court€will€set€the€execution€date.€€Ý ƒ!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€õôXXdêdÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€5¼_+»»5»ÔÑ  ÑÓ  Óà@@™ ™ ìàÔ‡5î_ªî»5¼_+ÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° Ðà@@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†5¼_+»î5î_ªÔ#ÔÐ Ö& ÐApril€12,€2000€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÌò òÔ#†5¼_+»X5XǨ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€€v.€€DAVID€M.€KEENÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@ª ª ìàò òÔf  ÔÔg ÔAutomatic€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔAppeal€from€the€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€Ð ú J ÐÔf  ÔÔg ÔCriminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@’ ’ ìàNo.€90„06629€€€€€€Hon.€John€P.€Ô_ÔColtonÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@QQìàNo.€W1997„00147„SC„DDT„DDÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ô€„€Filed€October€5,€2000Ð ‘á  ÐÔf  ÔÔg Ôà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @À à€€€€€€€€€Ð }Í  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÌThe€appellant€was€sentenced€to€death€for€the€murder€of€eight„year„old€Ashley€Nicole€Reed€in€1990.€Ð P  ÐOn€automatic€appeal,€this€Court€reversed€the€sentence€based€upon€improper€jury€instructions,€Ô#†5¼_+»X5XÇ^#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔandÐ <Œ Ðwe€remanded€the€case€for€Ô_ÔresentencingÔ_Ô.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€926€S.W.2d€727€(Tenn.€1994).€€At€theÐ (x Ðsecond€sentencing€hearing,€the€appellant€was€again€sentenced€to€death,€and€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ d ÐAppeals€affirmed.€€On€automatic€appeal€from€this€second€sentencing€hearing,€this€Court€hasÐ P Ðrequested€additional€argument€and€briefing€on€the€following€five€issues:€(1)€whether€the€evidenceÐ ì< Ðwas€legally€insufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€of€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelððÐ Ø( Ðaggravating€circumstance;€(2)€whether€permitting€the€jurors€to€find€òòeitheróó€ð ðtortureðð€òòoróó€ð ðseriousÐ Ä Ðphysical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€deathðð€denied€the€appellant€his€constitutional€rightÐ ° Ðto€a€unanimous€jury€finding€of€the€basis€for€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravatingÐ œì Ðcircumstance;€(3)€whether€the€jury€instruction€on€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelððÐ ˆØ Ðaggravating€circumstance€failed€to€narrow€the€class€of€persons€eligible€for€the€death€penalty;Ô#†5¼_+»X5Xǃ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ô€(4)Ð tÄ Ðwhether€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€permit€the€jury€to€consider€the€sentencing€option€of€life€withoutÐ `° Ðparole€violated€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€ArticleÐ L œ ÐI,€sections€eight€and€sixteen€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution;€and€(5)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ 8!ˆ  Ðrefusing€the€defendantððs€special€request€for€an€instruction€on€circumstantial€evidence.€Ô#†5¼_+»X5XÇ» #ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ô€We€hold€thatÐ $"t! Ðnone€of€these€issues€warrants€reversal€of€the€sentence.€€We€further€hold€that€the€two€aggravatingÐ #`" Ðcircumstances€found€by€the€jury€are€amply€supported€by€the€evidence,€and€we€agree€that€theÐ ü#L# Ðaggravating€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇà #ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ô.€Ð è$8 $ ÐFinally,€we€hold€that€the€sentence€of€death€was€not€arbitrarily€or€disproportionately€applied€in€theÐ Ô%$!% Ðappellantððs€case.€€With€respect€to€all€other€issues€not€specifically€discussed€in€this€opinion,€we€agreeÐ À&"& Ðwith€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.Ô#†5¼_+»X5XÇ‚#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÌò òÓ  ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„206(a)(1)€Automatic€AppealÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ô;€Judgment€of€the€Ð „)Ô$) ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€Affirmedó óÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇ®#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÐ p*À%* Ðâ âÓJÓÐ \+¬&+ý; ÐÔ_ÔòòWilliam€M.€BarkerÔ#†5¼_+»à5XÇ<#ÔÔ‡5XÇX.5¼_+Ô,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòE.€Riley€Anderson,€C.J.,€óóÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇê#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ôand€Ð ° ÐòòJanice€M.€Holder,€JóóÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+Ô.,€joined.€€òòAdolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€J.,€óófiled€a€dissenting€opinion.€€Ô#†5¼_+»X5XÇõ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔòòFrank€F.Ð œì ÐDrowotaóó,€III,€J.,€not€participating.Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌW.€Mark€Ward,€Assistant€Shelby€County€Public€Defender,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,Ð `° ÐDavid€M.€Keen.Ô#†5¼_+»X5XÇ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÐ L œ ÐÔ#†5¼_+»X5XǪ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€MichaelÐ $ t ÐJ.€Fahey,€II,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ô#†5¼_+»X5XÇ#ÔÔ‡5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÐ  ` ÐÌÌò òÓ  ÓOPINIONó óÔ#†5¼_+»X5XÇ#ÔÔ€5XÇX»5¼_+ÔÐ Ô$  ÐÓSÓà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌÔ  ÔÌà  àThe€present€appeal€in€this€capital€case€arises€from€the€resentencing€of€the€appellant,€DavidÐ ˜è  ÐM.€Keen,€who€pleaded€guilty€in€February€of€1991€to€first€degree€murder€in€perpetration€of€the€rapeÐ „Ô  Ðof€eight„year„old€Ashley€Nicole€(Nikki)€Reed.€€The€appellant€was€sentenced€to€death€by€a€ShelbyÐ pÀ ÐCounty€jury,€but€this€Court€reversed€the€sentence€on€automatic€appeal€after€finding€reversible€errorÐ \¬ Ðin€the€ð ðfailure€of€the€trial€judge€to€properly€include€in€the€jury€instructions€that€aggravatingÐ H˜ Ðcircumstances€must€be€proven€to€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances€ððbeyond€a€reasonableÐ 4„ Ðdoubt.ðððð€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€926€S.W.2d€727,€736€(Tenn.€1994).€€We€remanded€the€case€to€theÐ  p ÐShelby€County€Criminal€Court€for€a€new€sentencing€hearing,€and€on€August€15,€1997,€a€jury€againÐ  \ Ðsentenced€the€appellant€to€death€for€the€murder€of€Nikki€Reed.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ øH Ðaffirmed€the€sentence€of€death€after€this€second€hearing.€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àOn€automatic€appeal€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„206(a)(1),€theÐ ¼  Ðappellantððs€case€was€docketed€in€this€Court.€€The€appellant€raised€fourteen€issues€in€his€initial€brief,Ð ¨ø Ðand€after€carefully€examining€the€entire€record€and€the€lawð"ðincluding€the€opinion€of€the€Court€ofÐ ”ä ÐCriminal€Appeals€and€the€briefs€of€the€appellant€and€the€Stateð"ðthis€Court€entered€an€order€limitingÐ €Ð Ðargument€and€requesting€additional€briefing€on€the€following€five€issues:€Ð l¼ ÐÌà8  à(1)€à ` àwhether€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€ofÐ D!” Ðthe€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance;€Ð0"€ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(2)€à ` àwhether€permitting€the€jurors€to€find€òòeitheróó€ð ðtortureðð€òòoróó€ð ðserious€physicalÐ $X" Ðabuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€deathðð€denied€the€appellant€his€constitutionalÐ ô$D # Ðright€to€a€unanimous€jury€finding€of€the€basis€for€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,Ð à%0!$ Ðor€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance;€ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(3)€à ` àwhether€the€jury€instruction€on€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelððÐ ¤(ô#' Ðaggravating€circumstance€failed€to€narrow€the€class€of€persons€eligible€for€the€deathÐ )à$( Ðpenalty;Ð|*Ì%)Ð Ð  ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  à(4)€à ` àwhether€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€permit€the€jury€to€consider€the€sentencingÐ ° Ðoption€of€life€without€parole€violated€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€theÐ œì ÐUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€sections€eight€and€sixteen€of€the€TennesseeÐ ˆØ ÐConstitution;€and€ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  à(5)€à ` àwhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€the€defendantððs€special€request€for€anÐ L œ Ðinstruction€on€circumstantial€evidence.€€Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌFor€the€reasons€given€herein,€we€find€that€none€of€the€issues€raised€by€the€appellant€merits€reversalÐ  ` Ðof€the€sentence,€and€we€remand€this€case€for€enforcement€of€the€judgment€of€this€Court.€Ð ü L  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓEVIDENCE€PRESENTED€AT€THE€SENTENCING€HEARINGó ó€Ð Ô$  ÐÓý%ÓÌà  àThe€evidence€presented€at€the€second€sentencing€hearing€was€substantially€similar€to€theÐ °  Ðevidence€presented€by€the€State€and€the€appellant€at€the€first€sentencing€hearing€in€1991.€Ð œì  ÐNevertheless,€because€many€of€the€issues€raised€in€an€automatic€appeal€involve€questions€concerningÐ ˆØ  Ðthe€evidence€supporting€the€applicable€sentencing€criteria,€it€is€necessary€to€review€anew€all€of€theÐ tÄ Ðevidence€presented€during€this€second€sentencing€hearing.€Ð `° ÐÌà  àAt€the€time€of€the€tragic€events€giving€rise€to€this€case,€the€appellant€was€living€with€his€then„Ð 8ˆ Ðfiance,€Deborah€Wilson,€in€a€three„bedroom€mobile€home€in€Millington,€Tennessee.€€Also€livingÐ $t Ðwith€the€appellant€and€his€fiance€were€Deborahððs€four€children,€including€Ashley€Nicole,€herÐ ` Ðmother,€and€her€father.€€During€the€late€afternoon€of€March€17,€1990,€the€appellant€and€Deborah€metÐ üL Ðher€mother€and€father€at€the€VFW€Club€in€West€Memphis,€Arkansas,€to€eat€dinner€and€play€bingo.€Ð è8 ÐAll€of€Deborahððs€children€were€spending€the€night€with€various€friends.€€Shortly€after€the€appellantÐ Ô$ Ðand€Deborah€arrived€at€the€VFW€Club,€Deborahððs€father,€Jessie€Wilson,€expressed€some€concernÐ À Ðover€Nikkiððs€arrangements€to€sleep€over€at€a€friendððs€house.€€The€appellant€offered€to€go€back€toÐ ¬ü ÐMillington€to€check€on€Nikki,€and€Mr.€Wilson€allowed€the€appellant€to€borrow€his€car€to€make€theÐ ˜è Ðshort€trip.€Ð „Ô ЀÌà  àThe€appellant€left€the€VFW€Club€at€about€5:30,€and€he€returned€about€two€hours€later.€€UponÐ \ ¬ Ðreturning,€he€told€everyone€that€Nikki€was€spending€the€night€with€her€friend,€Shantell.€€The€groupÐ H!˜ Ðstayed€at€the€VFW€Club€until€about€10:30€that€evening,€and€on€his€way€back€home€to€Millington,Ð 4"„  ÐMr.€Wilson€noticed€that€the€green€blanket€he€usually€kept€in€his€car€was€missing.€€Mr.€WilsonÐ  #p! Ðquestioned€the€appellant€about€the€blanket,€but€the€appellant€merely€replied€that€he€put€the€blanketÐ  $\" Ðin€the€back€seat€of€the€car€because€he€did€not€want€to€sit€on€it.Ð ø$H # ÐÌà  àThe€next€morning,€Deborah€and€the€appellant€went€shopping€at€the€local€Wal„Mart€whileÐ Ð& "% ÐMrs.€Wilson€went€to€pick€Nikki€up€for€church.€€When€Mrs.€Wilson€returned€home,€she€told€herÐ ¼' #& Ðhusband€that€Nikki€did€not€go€to€her€friendððs€house€the€previous€evening,€and€the€two€of€themÐ ¨(ø#' Ðsearched€around€the€mobile€home€park€for€Nikki.€€When€Deborah€and€the€appellant€returned€fromÐ ”)ä$( Ðâ âshopping,€they€joined€the€search€for€Nikki.€€After€searching€all€day€and€finding€no€trace€of€hisÐ €*Ð%) Ðgranddaughter,€Mr.€Wilson€told€Deborah€to€report€Nikkiððs€disappearance€to€the€police.€€Deborah€andÐ ° Ðthe€appellant€then€left€on€foot€for€the€police€station€to€file€a€missing€persons€report.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àIn€the€meantime,€Mr.€Wilson€and€his€wife€again€searched€the€trailer€park,€and€after€waitingÐ tÄ Ðsome€time€for€Deborah€and€the€appellant€to€return€from€the€police€station,€they€decided€to€drive€toÐ `° Ðthe€police€station€themselves.€€As€soon€as€Mrs.€Wilson€opened€the€door€to€get€into€her€car,€she€sawÐ L œ Ða€pair€of€panties€lying€on€the€passenger„side€floorboard.€€Mr.€Wilson€told€his€wife€not€to€move€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpanties,€and€they€drove€to€the€police€station€where€they€notified€an€officer€about€their€discovery.€Ð $ t ÐWhen€Mr.€Wilson€later€approached€the€appellant€about€the€panties€in€the€car,€the€appellant€wasÐ  ` Ðevasive€and€would€not€answer€his€questions.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThe€next€day,€a€detective€with€the€Millington€Police€Department€asked€the€appellant€andÐ Ô$  ÐDeborah€to€come€to€the€police€station€for€questioning.€€Although€the€appellant€initially€denied€anyÐ À  Ðinvolvement€in€Nikkiððs€disappearance,€he€admitted€after€further€questioning€by€the€police€that€heÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðthrew€her€in€the€river.ðð€€The€appellant€then€took€the€detective€and€others€officers€to€Memphis€alongÐ ˜è  Ðthe€north€end€of€Mud€Island€in€the€Wolf€River,€where€the€police€found€Nikkiððs€naked€body€wrappedÐ „Ô  Ðin€a€green€blanket.€€Although€the€police€found€a€blue€denim€skirt€and€a€pink€shirt€wrapped€with€theÐ pÀ Ðbody,€the€officers€found€no€panties.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€was€taken€to€the€Memphis€Police€Department€where€he€again€confessed€to€theÐ 4„ Ðmurder€of€Nikki€Reed.€€The€appellant€stated€that€when€he€found€Nikki,€he€intended€to€take€her€backÐ  p Ðwith€him€to€West€Memphis€because€he€was€unsure€whether€she€could€spend€the€night€with€herÐ  \ Ðfriend.€€In€his€initial€statement€to€the€Millington€police,€the€appellant€stated€that€on€the€return€trip€toÐ øH ÐWest€Memphis,€he€and€Nikki€argued€about€something€concerning€her€seat€belt.€€The€appellant€statedÐ ä4 Ðthat€during€this€argument,€he€became€very€angry,€grabbed€Nikkiððs€throat,€and€covered€her€mouthÐ Ð  Ðuntil€she€turned€blue.€€Although€he€admitted€to€wrapping€Nikkiððs€body€in€the€green€blanket€andÐ ¼  Ðthrowing€her€into€the€river,€he€could€not€remember€whether€he€struck€her,€took€her€clothes€off,€orÐ ¨ø Ðraped€her.€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àHowever,€when€questioned€further€in€Memphis€about€the€incident,€the€appellant€admitted€toÐ l¼ Ðhis€actions€in€gruesome€detail:Ð X ¨ ÐÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÌI€pulled€off€to€the€side€of€the€road€and€undressed€Ashley€and€undid€my€pants,€and€IÐ 0"€  Ðheld€my€hand€over€her€throat€and€tried€to€penetrate€[her].€€I€felt€crap€and€I€stopped,Ð #l! Ðand€Ashley€had€turned€blue€in€the€face.€€She€wasnððt€breathing.€€I€tied€a€shoe€laceÐ $X" Ðaround€her€neck€and€she€still€was€not€breathing.€€I€untied€the€shoe€lace,€wrapped€herÐ ô$D # Ðup€in€a€blanket,€tied€the€blanket€together€and€dumped€her€off€into€the€river€off€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðold€Auction€Street€boat€Dock.€€Then€I€went€back€over€to€West€Memphis€and€toldÐ Ì&"% ÐAshleyððs€mother€that€Ashley€was€spending€the€night€at€her€friend,€Shantellððs,€house.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÒ°w=ÒÓŸ=ÓÒ°ÒÓ  ÓThe€appellant€also€stated€that€Nikki€struggled€ð ðfor€a€little€while,ðð€although€she€did€not€scream€orÐ )à$( Ðholler,€because€he€ð ðwas€practically€on€top€of€her€with€[his]€hand€on€her€throat.ðð€€Nikki€was€eightÐ |*Ì%) Ðyears€old€and€weighed€sixty„eight€pounds.Ð h+¸&* ЀÌà  àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€State€called€Dr.€Jerry€Francisco,€the€Shelby€County€MedicalÐ œì ÐExaminer,€to€testify€as€to€the€results€of€the€victimððs€autopsy.€€Dr.€Francisco€testified€that€NikkiÐ ˆØ Ðsuffered€multiple€scrapes€and€bruises€to€her€face€and€neck,€and€that€she€had€a€deep€ligature€markÐ tÄ Ðaround€the€front€of€her€neck€caused€by€a€tightly„pulled€fabric€cord,€such€as€a€shoelace.€€The€medicalÐ `° Ðexaminer€also€found€a€bruise€and€scrapes€around€her€genital€area€and€a€tear€on€the€posterior€wall€ofÐ L œ Ðthe€vagina.€€Sperm€heads€were€also€found€inside€the€vagina.€€Dr.€Francisco€determined€that€NikkiÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€alive€while€she€was€raped€and€suffered€the€various€injuries,€although€he€could€not€say€withÐ $ t Ðcertainty€that€she€was€conscious€during€the€entire€episode.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€the€autopsy€revealed€that€fluid€was€found€in€the€lungs€of€the€victim.€€AlthoughÐ è 8  ÐDr.€Francisco€stated€that€fluid€in€the€lungs€can€be€associated€with€either€drowning€or€asphyxia,€heÐ Ô$  Ðtestified€that€the€left€side€of€the€heart€was€diluted,€which€ð ðis€the€type€of€change€you€see€in€a€personÐ À  Ðwho€is€alive€and€submerged.ðð€€Although€the€medical€examiner€stated€that€the€ligature€strangulationÐ ¬ü  Ðwas€the€actual€cause€of€death,€he€also€stated€that€ð ð[i]n€my€opinion,€she€was€alive€at€the€time€she€wasÐ ˜è  Ðplaced€in€the€water.ððÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àIn€mitigation,€the€defense€called€the€appellantððs€adoptive€parents,€Robert€and€EvelynÐ \¬ ÐBrieschke,€who€adopted€the€appellant€and€his€older€brother€when€the€appellant€was€four€years€old.€Ð H˜ ÐHis€adoptive€parents€testified€that€the€appellant€was€malnourished€when€he€was€first€adopted,€andÐ 4„ Ðthat€he€was€very€nervous€and€upset,€had€difficulty€playing€and€interacting€with€others,€and€hadÐ  p Ðdifficulty€sleeping.€€The€appellant€was€diagnosed€with€Attention€Deficit€Disorder€in€fourth€grade,Ð  \ Ðand€he€was€placed€on€Ritalin,€which€offered€some€improvement.€€The€Brieschkes€later€learned€fromÐ øH Ða€psychological€report€completed€before€the€appellantððs€adoption€that€the€appellant€was€in€need€ofÐ ä4 Ðimmediate€help€and€counseling,€although€this€information€was€kept€from€them€at€the€time€of€theÐ Ð  Ðadoption.€€In€high€school,€the€appellant€skipped€classes,€smoked€marijuana,€and€drank€alcohol.€€AtÐ ¼  Ðone€point,€he€was€arrested€for€breaking€into€an€automobile€agency€and€stealing€a€car.€€In€his€juniorÐ ¨ø Ðyear,€the€appellant€dropped€out€of€high€school€and€joined€the€United€States€Navy.€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€appellantððs€brother€and€two€stepsisters€testified€that€the€appellantððs€natural€father€wasÐ l¼ Ðphysically€and€emotionally€abusive.€€Because€his€father€was€wanted€for€theft€and€child€neglect,€heÐ X ¨ Ðconstantly€moved€his€family€to€evade€arrest,€and€during€one€two„year€period,€the€family€moved€€noÐ D!” Ðless€than€twenty„six€times.€€The€children€were€beaten€on€a€daily€basis,€sometimes€with€electricalÐ 0"€  Ðcords€and€pieces€of€lumber.€€The€father€would€also€slaughter€livestock€in€front€of€his€children€whileÐ #l! Ðthreatening€to€do€the€same€to€them€if€they€misbehaved.€€One€of€the€appellantððs€sisters,€who€admittedÐ $X" Ðbeing€the€victim€of€sexual€abuse,€described€their€childhood€as€ð ðan€environment€of€terror.ðð€€Even€afterÐ ô$D # Ðthe€appellant€was€abandoned€by€his€natural€parents,€he€was€placed€in€an€abusive€foster€home€beforeÐ à%0!$ Ðbeing€adopted€by€the€Brieschkes.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àThe€defense€also€called€Dr.€John€Ciocca,€a€clinical€psychologist,€who€conducted€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpsychological€evaluation€of€the€appellant€and€testified€as€to€the€results.€€Dr.€Ciocca€diagnosed€theÐ )à$( Ðappellant€as€suffering€from€post„traumatic€stress€disorder,€serious€depression,€and€attention€deficitÐ |*Ì%) Ðdisorder.€€Dr.€Ciocca€stated€that€the€appellant€also€showed€some€signs€of€pedophilia,€although€heÐ h+¸&* Ðadmitted€that€he€found€no€indications€of€persistent€and€constant€sexual€interest€in€children,€whichÐ ° Ðis€necessary€for€a€proper€diagnosis.€€One€of€the€tests€administered€by€Dr.€Ciocca€indicated€that€theÐ œì Ðappellant€suffered€from€occasions€ð ðwhere€he€is€not€in€good€contact€with€reality,ðð€and€that€anotherÐ ˆØ Ðtest€showed€the€ð ðpresence€of€psychotic„like€symptoms.ðð€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àDr.€Ciocca€also€interviewed€the€appellant€and€his€family,€and€he€reviewed€numerous€medicalÐ L œ Ðand€psychological€records,€including€an€evaluation€conducted€at€Winnebago€State€Hospital€inÐ 8 ˆ ÐWisconsin.€€From€an€examination€of€these€interviews€and€records,€Dr.€Ciocca€testified€that€theÐ $ t Ðappellant€was€ð ðborn€into€a€family€of€crisis,ðð€which€ð ðhad€fallen€on€hard€times,ðð€and€in€whichÐ  ` Ðð ðphysical€abuse€and€sexual€abuse€were€rather€rampant.ðð€€Although€he€was€relocated€to€a€foster€home,Ð ü L  Ðthe€appellant€remembered€being€abused€and€anally€raped€by€his€foster€father.€€According€to€Dr.Ð è 8  ÐCiocca,€the€absence€of€nurturing,€along€with€the€presence€of€general€hostility€or€apathy€toward€theÐ Ô$  Ðappellant€significantly€affected€his€normal€childhood€development.€€Dr.€Ciocca€also€stated€that€theÐ À  Ðappellant€was€ð ðextraordinarily€distressed€at€what€heððs€done,ðð€and€that€he€ð ðtakes€full€responsibilityÐ ¬ü  Ðfor€it.ððÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€State€argued€to€the€jury€that€the€facts€supported€the€presence€of€two€aggravatingÐ pÀ Ðcircumstances:€(1)€that€the€murder€was€committed€against€a€person€less€that€twelve€years€of€age€and€Ð \¬ Ðthe€defendant€was€eighteen€years€of€age€or€older,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.ðð€39„13„204(i)(1);€and€(2)Ð H˜ Ðthat€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔorÔf  ÔÔg Ô€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€seriousÐ 4„ Ðphysical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death,€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.ðð€39„13„204(i)(5).€€TheÐ  p Ðappellant,€on€the€other€hand,€argued€that€fourteen€statutory€and€non„statutory€mitigatingÐ  \ Ðcircumstances€applied€and€should€be€considered.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€jury€found€that€the€State€proved€bothÐ øH Ðaggravating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€after€finding€that€these€aggravatingÐ ä4 Ðcircumstances€outweighed€any€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€juryÐ Ð  Ðsentenced€the€appellant€to€death.€€The€jury€made€no€specific€findings€as€to€which,€if€any,€mitigatingÐ ¼  Ðcircumstances€were€supported€by€the€proof.Ð ¨ø ÐÌÓ  Óò òI.€€REVIEW€OF€THE€AGGRAVATING€AND€MITIGATING€CIRCUMSTANCESó óÐ €Ð ЇÓ  Óà  àPursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„206(c)(1),€this€Court€is€charged€withÐ ° Ðindependently€determining€whether€the€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€of€statutory€aggravatingÐ œì Ðcircumstances€and€whether€the€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€aggravatingÐ ˆØ Ðcircumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€In€determiningÐ tÄ Ðwhether€the€evidence€supports€the€application€of€an€aggravating€circumstance,€the€proper€standardÐ `° Ðto€consider€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€ð ðaÐ L œ Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€existence€of€the€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðreasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hendersonóó,€24€S.W.3d€307,€313€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Keoughóó,€18Ð $ t ÐS.W.3d€175,€180„81€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145,€150€(Tenn.€1999).€€After€aÐ  ` Ðcareful€review€of€the€testimony€and€evidence€presented€at€the€sentencing€hearing,€we€conclude€thatÐ ü L  Ðthe€evidence€fully€supports€the€juryððs€findings€that€both€aggravating€circumstances€are€present€in€thisÐ è 8  Ðcase€and€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€aÐ Ô$  Ðreasonable€doubt.€€Ð À  ÐÌÓ  ÓòòA.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(i)(1)óóÐ ˜è  ÐÓêdÓà  àÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(i)(1)€provides€as€a€statutory€aggravatingÐ pÀ Ðcircumstance€that€ð ð[t]he€murder€was€committed€against€a€person€less€that€twelve€(12)€years€of€ageÐ \¬ Ðand€the€defendant€was€eighteen€(18)€years€of€age,€or€older.ðð€€The€record€indisputably€shows€that€theÐ H˜ Ðvictim€in€this€case,€Nikki€Reed,€was€eight€years€old€at€the€time€of€her€death€and€that€the€appellantÐ 4„ Ðwas€twenty„seven€years€old.€€Viewed€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€we€conclude€that€aÐ  p Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€existence€of€this€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€aÐ  \ Ðreasonable€doubt.Ð øH ÐÌòòÓ  ÓB.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(i)(5)óóÐ Ð  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(i)(5)€provides€as€a€statutory€aggravatingÐ ¨ø Ðcircumstance€that€ð ð[t]he€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€tortureÐ ”ä Ðor€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.ðð€€The€appellant€makes€threeÐ €Ð Ðarguments€as€to€how€this€aggravating€circumstance€was€improperly€applied€to€the€facts€andÐ l¼ Ðcircumstances€of€this€case.€€First,€he€argues€that€the€proof€was€insufficient€to€justify€finding€thisÐ X ¨ Ðaggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€the€proof€failed€to€demonstrate€thatÐ D!” Ðthe€victim€was€conscious€while€she€was€tortured€or€suffered€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€thatÐ 0"€  Ðnecessary€to€cause€death.€€Second,€the€appellant€argues€that€his€right€to€a€unanimous€jury€wasÐ #l! Ðcompromised€by€allowing€the€jury€to€consider€either€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€in€finding€theÐ $X" Ðpresence€of€this€aggravating€circumstance.€€Last,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€(i)(5)€aggravatingÐ ô$D # Ðcircumstance€has€been€interpreted€so€broadly€as€to€render€it€unconstitutional€in€that€it€fails€toÐ à%0!$ Ðsufficiently€narrow€the€class€of€death„eligible€defendants.€€Having€thoroughly€considered€each€of€theÐ Ì&"% Ðappellantððs€arguments,€we€find€that€none€has€merit,€and€we€affirm€the€juryððs€finding€of€the€presenceÐ ¸'#& Ðof€this€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌò òÓ  Ó1.€€Evidentiary€Sufficiency€of€the€(i)(5)€Aggravating€Circumstanceó óÐ |*Ì%) ÐÓoÓÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ‡XÇXX5XÇÔà  àThe€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious€or€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance€ð ðmay€be€proved€underÐ ° Ðeither€of€two€prongs:€€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€601€(Tenn.Ð œì Ð1999).€€Ô#†5XÇXXXÇ¥o#ÔThis€Court€has€defined€ð ðtortureðð€as€ð ðthe€infliction€of€severe€physical€or€mental€pain€upon€theÐ ˆØ Ðvictim€while€he€or€she€remains€alive€and€conscious.ðð€€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€797€(Tenn.Ð tÄ Ð2000);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,€529€(Tenn.€1985).€€The€phrase€ð ðserious€physical€abuseÐ `° Ðbeyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death,ðð€on€the€other€hand,€is€ð ðself-explanatory;€€the€abuse€must€beÐ L œ Ðphysical€rather€than€mental€in€nature.ðð€€òòHallóó,€8€S.W.3d€at€601;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Suttlesóó,€__€S.W.3dÐ 8 ˆ Ð__,€__€(Tenn.€2000).€€€The€ð ðword€ððseriousðð€alludes€to€a€matter€of€degree,ðð€and€the€term€ð ðabuseðð€isÐ $ t Ðdefined€as€ð ðan€act€that€is€ððexcessiveðð€or€which€makes€ððimproper€use€of€a€thing,ðð€or€which€uses€a€thingÐ  ` Ðððin€a€manner€contrary€to€the€natural€or€legal€rules€for€its€use.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€26Ð ü L  Ð(Tenn.€1996);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,€887€(Tenn.€1998);€òòMorrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€797.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àOur€case€law€is€clear€that€ð ð[t]he€anticipation€of€physical€harm€to€oneself€is€torturousðð€so€asÐ À  Ðto€establish€this€aggravating€circumstance.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ‡XÇXX5XÇÔState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145,€150€(Tenn.€1999)Ô#†5XÇXXXÇgv#ÔÐ ¬ü  Ð(citing€Ô‡XÇXX5XÇÔcases€from€other€jurisdictions)Ô#†5XÇXXXÇúv#Ô;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòNesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€886-87;€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€944Ð ˜è  ÐS.W.2d€346,€358€(Tenn.€1997).€€Our€case€law€is€also€clear€that€the€physical€and€mental€pain€sufferedÐ „Ô  Ðby€the€victim€of€strangulation€may€constitute€torture€within€the€meaning€of€the€statute.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ‡XÇXX5XÇÔState€v.Ð pÀ ÐCauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726,€732„33€(Tenn.€1998);€òòHodgesóó,€944€S.W.2d€at€358.€€Ô#†5XÇXXXÇŸx#ÔThe€facts€of€this€case,Ð \¬ Ðwhen€viewed€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€easily€satisfy€both€of€these€definitions.€€From€theÐ H˜ Ðappellantððs€own€statements,€we€know€that€this€child€was€essentially€kidnaped€and€secreted€to€aÐ 4„ Ðdiscrete€and€remote€locationð"ðby€someone€in€a€position€of€trustð"ðunder€the€pretense€that€she€wasÐ  p Ðbeing€taken€to€see€her€mother.€€The€appellant€stopped€the€car,€and€Nikki€watched€him€take€off€hisÐ  \ Ðpants€and€then€remove€her€own€clothes.€€While€still€in€the€strict€confines€of€the€front€seat€of€the€car,Ð øH Ðthe€appellant€climbed€on€top€of€her,€covered€her€mouth,€and€began€to€forcibly€rape€her€whileÐ ä4 Ðcrushing€her€throat€with€his€left€hand.€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAt€some€point€while€she€was€being€violently€raped,€Nikki€was€struck€in€several€parts€of€herÐ ¨ø Ðface,€and€her€head€was€smashed€against€the€door€handle.€€Although€it€is€impossible€to€know€howÐ ”ä Ðlong€Nikki€remained€conscious€during€this€terrifying€ordeal,€it€is€uncontroverted€that€she€was€aliveÐ €Ð Ðand€conscious€at€least€through€part€of€the€rape,€because€even€though€the€full€weight€of€the€appellantÐ l¼ Ðwas€crushing€her€and€even€though€she€was€being€manually€strangled,€the€appellant€admitted€thatÐ X ¨ ÐNikki€struggled€to€get€free€with€her€arms€and€legs.€€In€fact,€the€appellant€candidly€admitted€that€sheÐ D!” Ðstruggled€to€get€free€for€ð ða€little€while.ðð€€When€the€appellant€finished€his€gruesome€act,€he€noticedÐ 0"€  Ðthat€she€was€no€longer€breathing€and€had€turned€blue,€a€fact€he€attributed€to€putting€ð ðtoo€muchÐ #l! Ðpressure€on€her€[neck]€where€she€couldnððt€breathe.ðð€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThere€can€be€no€reasonable€doubt€that€while€she€struggled€to€free€herself,€Nikki€was€alive€andÐ à%0!$ Ðconscious,€and€a€jury€could€rationally€infer€from€its€common€sense€and€everyday€experience€that€sheÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€extremely€concerned€about€her€own€physical€safety.€€òòCf.óó€òòNesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€886€(stating€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðjuries€in€capital€cases€may€still€ð ðuse€their€common€knowledge€and€experience€in€deciding€whetherÐ ¤(ô#' Ða€fact€is€logically€deducible€from€the€circumstances€in€evidence,€or€in€making€reasonable€inferencesÐ )à$( Ðfrom€the€evidence,€and€may€test€the€truth€and€weight€of€the€evidence€by€their€own€general€knowledgeÐ |*Ì%) Ðand€judgment€derived€from€experience,€observation,€and€reflectionðð).€€Moreover,€the€jury€would€haveÐ h+¸&* Ðbeen€fully€justified€in€concluding€that€as€the€appellant€gradually€choked€off€all€air€to€the€child,€NikkiÐ ° Ðwas€in€an€extreme€state€of€mental€pain€and€anxiety,€as€well€as€enduring€and€intense€physical€pain.€Ð œì ÐA€rational€jury€using€common€sense€and€judgment€could€clearly€find€that€the€proof€established,Ð ˆØ Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€torture€of€the€victim€through€infliction€of€severe€mental€and€physicalÐ tÄ Ðpain,€and€our€cases€require€no€more.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€cites€this€Courtððs€decision€in€òòState€v.€Odomóó€for€the€proposition€that€the€proofÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€insufficient€to€establish€ð ðtortureðð€because€penile€rape€alone€cannot€establish€torture.Ôf  ÔÔg Ô€€We€agreeÐ $ t Ðwith€òòOdomóó€to€the€extent€that€a€rape,€in€and€of€itself,€cannot€support€imposition€of€the€death€penaltyÐ  ` Ðwhen€the€crime€charged€is€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€rape.Ôf  ÔÔg Ô€€The€appellant€ignores,€howeverÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€thatÐ ü L  Ðthe€mental€anguish€of€the€child€in€this€case€was€not€derived€solely€from€the€act€of€penile€penetration.€Ð è 8  ÐRather,€the€severe€mental€and€physical€pain€of€the€victim€necessary€to€establish€ð ðtortureðð€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ôis€derivedÐ Ô$  Ðfrom€all€of€the€surrounding€circumstances€of€the€òòmurderóó,€which€necessarily€include€the€kidnapingÐ À  Ðand€forcible€confinement€of€the€victim€by€someone€in€a€position€of€trust,€the€brutal€rape€of€theÐ ¬ü  Ðvictim,€and€the€violent€Ôf  ÔÔg Ômanual€strangulation€of€the€victim€to€the€point€that€she€lost€consciousnessÐ ˜è  Ðand€turned€blue.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg ÔWhile€the€mere€òòfact€of€rapeóó€could€not€be€used€to€impose€death€under€the€facts€of€theÐ \¬ Ðappellantððs€case,€the€sentencing€authority€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôcertainly€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôcould€haveÔf  ÔÔg Ô€inquired€into€the€unique€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔcircumstancesÐ H˜ ÐÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔsurroundingÔf  ÔÔg Ô€the€offense€to€determine€whether€the€victim€was€ð ðtorturedðð€within€the€meaning€of€theÐ 4„ ÐÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ô(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstance.€€Contrary€to€the€appellantððs€assertions,€we€find€nothing€in€òòOdomóóÐ  p Ðwhich€prevents€a€thorough€examination€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€rape€and€murder.€€InÐ  \ Ðfact,Ôf  ÔÔg Ô€òòOdomóóððs€legitimate€concerns€with€sufficient€narrowing€of€the€death„eligible€class€of€defendantsÐ øH ÐÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔareÔf  ÔÔg Ô€actuallyÔf  ÔÔg Ô€furthered€by€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ôsuch€anÔf  ÔÔg Ô€examinationÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€and€only€in€this€manner€can€the€sentence€of€death€beÐ ä4 Ðreserved€for€the€ð ðworst€of€the€worse.ðð€€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔBased€on€our€review€of€the€entire€record€inÔf  ÔÔg Ô€the€present€case,Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÐ Ð  Ðwe€find€thatÔf  ÔÔg Ô€a€rational€jury€couldÔf  ÔÔg Ô€have€concluded€from€all€of€the€surrounding€circumstances€thatÐ ¼  ÐNikki€Reed€was€tortured€through€the€infliction€of€severe€mental€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôand€physical€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔpainÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ô.€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€also€argues€that€the€proof€is€insufficient€to€establish€that€the€victim€sufferedÐ €Ð Ðserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€€Again,€we€must€disagree.€€By€theÐ l¼ Ðappellantððs€own€admission,€he€manually€choked€the€victim€so€forcefully€that€she€stopped€breathing,Ð X ¨ Ðturned€blue,€and€lapsed€into€unconsciousness.€€A€rational€jury€could€certainly€have€found€that€thisÐ D!” Ðparticular€manual€strangulation€constituted€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produceÐ 0"€  Ðdeath,€even€though€the€manual€strangulation€was€not€determined€to€be€an€actual€cause€of€death.€Ô‡XÇXX5XÇÔ€TheÐ #l! Ðlaw€is€clear€that€ð ð[t]here€is€no€requirement€that€the€cause€or€mode€of€death€also€be€the€cause€or€modeÐ $X" Ðof€the€ððserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.ððððÔ#†5XÇXXXÇ•#Ô€€òòNesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€887.€Ð ô$D # ÐAccordingly,€we€have€no€hesitation€in€also€concluding€that€a€rational€jury€could€have€found€beyondÐ à%0!$ Ða€reasonable€doubt€that€this€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involvedÐ Ì&"% Ðserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÓ  Óò ò2.€€Right€to€Unanimous€Jury€Finding€as€to€Either€ð ðTortureðð€or€Ð )à$( Ðð ðSerious€Physical€Abuse€Beyond€That€Necessary€to€Produce€Deathððó óÐ |*Ì%) ÐÓ—ÓÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€appellant€next€argues€that€by€permitting€the€jurors€to€find€òòeitheróó€ð ðtortureðð€òòoróó€ð ðseriousÐ ° Ðphysical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death,ðð€the€trial€court€denied€him€his€constitutionalÐ œì Ðright€to€a€unanimous€jury€for€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance.€Ð ˆØ ÐMore€specifically,€the€appellant€notes€that€when€the€jury€returned€its€verdict€form,€it€indicated€thatÐ tÄ Ðit€found€that€ð ðthe€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€òòoróóÐ `° Ðserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.ðð€€(emphasis€added).€€The€appellantÐ L œ Ðargues€that€because€the€jury€returned€its€verdict€in€the€disjunctive,€ð ðthere€is€no€way€to€determineÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhether€the€twelve€jurors€unanimously€agreed€on€either€basis€for€finding€the€aggravatingÐ $ t Ðcircumstances€or€the€facts€in€support€thereof.ðð€€In€essence,€the€appellant€argues€that€unless€a€juryÐ  ` Ðunanimously€agrees€as€to€a€particular€set€of€facts€constituting€guiltð"ðor€in€this€case,€the€particular€setÐ ü L  Ðof€facts€constituting€the€presence€of€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstanceð"ða€defendant€is€denied€hisÐ è 8  Ðor€her€right€to€a€unanimous€jury.€€After€reviewing€the€applicable€case€law,€we€hold€that€the€appellantÐ Ô$  Ðwas€not€denied€his€constitutional€right€to€a€unanimous€jury€or€that€a€special€unanimity€instructionÐ À  Ðwas€required.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àIt€is€beyond€question€that€the€right€to€a€unanimous€jury€verdict€is€ð ðfundamental,€immediatelyÐ „Ô  Ðtouching€on€the€constitutional€rights€of€an€accused.ðð€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Burlisonóó,€501€S.W.2d€801,Ð pÀ Ð804€(Tenn.€1973).€€Our€research€reveals€no€case,€however,€in€which€we€have€held€that€the€right€toÐ \¬ Ða€unanimous€jury€verdict€encompasses€the€right€to€have€the€jury€unanimously€agree€as€to€theÐ H˜ Ðparticular€theory€of€guilt€supporting€conviction€for€a€single€crime.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Lemacksóó,€996Ð 4„ ÐS.W.2d€166,€170„71€€(Tenn.€1999)€(holding€that€jury€need€not€be€unanimous€as€between€directÐ  p Ðcriminal€liability€or€criminal€responsibility€arising€out€of€the€same€transaction€because€criminalÐ  \ Ðresponsibility€is€not€a€ð ðseparate€distinct€crimeðð);€òòState€v.€Cribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773€(Tenn.€1998)Ð øH Ð(holding€that€general€verdict€of€guilt€on€first€degree€murder€poses€no€constitutional€problem€evenÐ ä4 Ðthough€some€jurors€may€have€convicted€the€defendant€based€upon€proof€of€felony€murder€orÐ Ð  Ðpremeditated€murder).€€In€fact,€we€have€recently€reached€just€the€opposite€conclusion€in€òòState€v.Ð ¼  ÐAdamsóó,€24€S.W.3d€289€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€òòAdamsóó,€this€Court€was€asked€to€decide€whether€a€jury€mustÐ ¨ø Ðunanimously€agree€on€a€specific€serious€bodily€injury€resulting€from€child€neglect€before€it€canÐ ”ä Ðproperly€return€a€guilty€verdict€for€aggravated€child€abuse€through€neglect.€€In€affirming€theÐ €Ð Ðdefendantsðð€conviction€and€sentence,€we€stated,€Ð l¼ ÐÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÌTo€adopt€the€appellantsðð€argument€that€the€jury€must€agree€as€to€the€specific€seriousÐ D!” Ðbodily€injury€[supporting€conviction€for€aggravated€child€abuse€through€neglect]Ð 0"€  Ðrequires,€in€essence,€that€the€state€elect€the€òòfacts€to€support€elementsóó€rather€make€anÐ #l! Ðelection€of€òòoffensesóó.€€Our€cases€have€not€required€that€a€jury€unanimously€agree€as€toÐ $X" Ðfacts€supporting€a€particular€element€of€a€crime€so€long€as€the€jury€agrees€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðappellant€is€guilty€of€the€crime€charged.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÒ°¦ÒÒ°Ò24€S.W.3d€at€297€(emphasis€in€original).€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€also€stated€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðð ðdifferent€jurors€may€be€persuaded€by€different€pieces€of€evidence,€even€when€they€agree€on€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbottom€line.€€Plainly,€there€is€no€general€requirement€that€the€jury€reach€agreement€on€the€preliminaryÐ )à$( Ðfactual€issues€which€underlie€the€verdict.ðð€€òòSchad€v.€Arizonaóó,€501€U.S.€624,€632€(1991).€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àIt€is€clear€that€ð ðtortureðð€and€ð ðserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€deathððÐ ° Ðare€separate€methods€or€theories€of€establishing€the€(i)(5)€aggravator€and€not€separate€aggravatingÐ œì Ðcircumstances€by€themselves.€€We€have€stated€previously€that€the€phrase€ð ðespecially€heinous,Ð ˆØ Ðatrocious,€or€cruelðð€is€a€unitary€concept,€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€465,€479€(Tenn.€1993),Ð tÄ Ðwhich€ð ðmay€be€proved€under€either€of€two€prongs:€€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ‡XÇXX5XÇÔHallóó,€8Ð `° ÐS.W.3d€at€601.€€Ô#†5XÇXXXÇü¬#ÔOur€cases€simply€do€not€require€that€jurors€agree€as€to€which€theory€supports€theÐ L œ Ðview€that€the€murder€is€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel.ðð€€So€long€as€the€proof€is€sufficientÐ 8 ˆ Ðunder€either€theory€for€finding€the€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€so€longÐ $ t Ðas€all€jurors€agree€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€is€present€and€applicable€to€the€case€at€hand,Ð  ` Ðdifferent€jurors€may€rely€upon€either€theory€to€reach€their€conclusion.€€òòSeeóó€òòSuttlesóó,€__€S.W.3d€at€__Ð ü L  Ð(ð ðThis€[(i)(5)]€aggravating€circumstance€may€be€applied€if€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€eitherÐ è 8  Ðtorture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.ðð),€and€cases€cited€therein.€Ð Ô$  ЀÌà  àAs€we€have€previously€stated,€the€proof€in€this€case€was€more€than€sufficient€to€allow€aÐ ¬ü  Ðrational€jury€to€find€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€under€either€a€Ð ˜è  Ðtheory€of€torture€or€a€theory€of€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€€ThisÐ „Ô  Ðis€not€a€case€where€the€gruesome€acts€by€the€appellant€establishing€either€torture€or€serious€physicalÐ pÀ Ðabuse€occurred€at€such€different€times€or€under€such€varying€circumstances€that€they€could€be€saidÐ \¬ Ðto€be€separate€in€fact.€€Rather,€the€proof€established€that€the€victimððs€severe€mental€pain€and€manualÐ H˜ Ðstrangulation€occurred€proximately€in€time€and€space.€€In€addition,€we€note€that€the€court€properlyÐ 4„ Ðinstructed€the€jury€that€it€had€to€unanimously€agree€that€the€State€proved€this€aggravatingÐ  p Ðcircumstance€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€the€jury€clearly€indicated€from€its€verdict€form€that€itÐ  \ Ðunanimously€found€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstance€to€be€present€and€applicable€in€this€case.€Ð øH ÐBased€on€these€reasons,€we€conclude€that€the€appellant€was€not€deprived€of€his€right€to€a€unanimousÐ ä4 Ðjury€verdict.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€response,€the€appellant€quotes€a€passage€from€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€823€S.W.2d€576€(Tenn.Ð ¨ø ÐCrim.€App.€1991),€as€standing€for€the€proposition€that€a€jury€must€understand€ð ðits€duty€to€agree€onÐ ”ä Ða€particular€set€of€facts.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€583.€€A€closer€reading€of€òòBrownóó,€however,€shows€that€this€languageÐ €Ð Ðserved€only€to€reemphasize€that€ð ðthe€purpose€of€election€is€to€ensure€that€each€juror€is€consideringÐ l¼ Ðthe€same€occurrence,ðð€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€851€S.W.2d€134,€158€(Tenn.€1993),€and€it€does€notÐ X ¨ Ðsupport€the€proposition€that€a€jury€must€agree€to€the€facts€establishing€a€theory€of€an€offense.€€TheÐ D!” Ðdefendant€in€òòBrownóó€was€charged€in€an€open„dated€indictment€with€possession€of€cocaine,€and€theÐ 0"€  Ðproof€established€that€the€defendant€engaged€in€conduct€constituting€the€charged€crime€on€at€leastÐ #l! Ðfour€separate€occasions.€€In€reversing€the€defendantððs€conviction,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€onlyÐ $X" Ðrequired€unanimous€agreement€as€to€the€specific€occurrence€of€the€crime,€òòid.óó€at€583„84,€notÐ ô$D # Ðagreement€as€to€the€facts€supporting€different€theories€of€guilt€arising€out€of€that€one€occurrence.€Ð à%0!$ ÐOnce€a€jury€has€agreed€on€the€specific€occurrence€at€issue,€òòBrownóó€cannot€properly€be€read€to€requireÐ Ì&"% Ðfurther€agreement€as€to€the€particular€facts€supporting€the€elements€of€that€offense€when€differentÐ ¸'#& Ðtheories€are€available€for€consideration.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€also€cites€the€capital€sentencing€statute€which€states€that€no€death€sentence€mayÐ |*Ì%) Ðbe€imposed€ð ðbut€upon€a€unanimous€finding€that€the€state€has€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€theÐ h+¸&* Ðexistence€of€one€or€more€of€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.ðð€39„Ð ° Ð13„204(i).€€A€plain€reading€of€this€statute€only€requires€that€the€jury€unanimously€agree€that€theÐ œì Ðaggravating€circumstance€in€question€is€present;€it€does€not€require€that€the€jury€agree€as€to€all€factsÐ ˆØ Ðestablishing€the€presence€of€that€circumstance€when€different€theories€are€available€for€consideration.€Ð tÄ ÐWhere€the€language€of€the€statute€is€clear€and€unambiguous,€we€will€not€extend€the€meaning€of€thatÐ `° Ðstatute€beyond€its€plain€and€obvious€import.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòMcClain€v.€Henry€I.€Siegel€Co.óó,€834€S.W.2dÐ L œ Ð295,€296€(Tenn.€1992).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌò òÓ  Ó3.€€Constitutionality€of€the€(i)(5)€Aggravating€Circumstanceó óÐ  ` ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€appellant€next€argues€that€the€meaning€of€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelððÐ è 8  Ðaggravating€circumstance€has€been€so€broadly€interpreted€by€the€courts€of€this€state€that€it€now€failsÐ Ô$  Ðto€adequately€narrow€the€class€of€death„eligible€defendants.€€More€specifically,€the€appellant€refersÐ À  Ðto€several€cases€from€this€Court€which€(1)€allow€ð ðtortureðð€to€include€ð ðsevere€mental€pain,ðð€€òòseeóó€òòStateÐ ¬ü  Ðv.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517€(Tenn.€1985);€(2)€allow€a€finding€of€torture€without€any€intent€on€theÐ ˜è  Ðpart€of€the€defendant€to€inflict€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produceÐ „Ô  Ðdeath,€€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Blantonóó,€975€S.W.2d€269€(Tenn.€1998);€and€(3)€allow€jurors€to€use€their€commonÐ pÀ Ðknowledge€and€experience€in€finding€that€ð ðphysical€and€mental€tortureðð€was€inflicted€upon€theÐ \¬ Ðvictim,€€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872€(Tenn.€1998).€€Because€of€each€of€these€ð ðbroadeningÐ H˜ Ðconstructions,ðð€the€appellant€argues,€this€aggravating€circumstance€ð ðis€applicable€in€virtually€everyÐ 4„ Ðfirst€degree€murder€and€fails€to€properly€narrow€that€eligible€for€the€death€penalty.ðð€€Again,€we€mustÐ  p Ðdisagree.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€very€purpose€of€the€consideration€of€aggravating€circumstances€within€a€scheme€ofÐ ä4 Ðcapital€punishment€is€to€provide€some€principled€guidance€for€the€sentencing€authority€to€chooseÐ Ð  Ðbetween€death€and€a€lesser€sentence.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòGodfrey€v.€Georgiaóó,€446€U.S.€420,€428„29€(1980);Ð ¼  Ðòòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€995€S.W.2d€550,€556€(Tenn.€1999).€€Although€a€court€could€interpretÐ ¨ø Ðan€aggravating€circumstance€so€broadly€that€it€would€Ô‡XÇXX5XÇÔallow€the€jury€unlimited€discretion€in€imposingÐ ”ä Ðthe€death€penalty,€òòcf.óó€òòState€v.€Woodóó,€648€P.2d€71€(Utah€1981)Ô#†5XÇXXXÇþÈ#Ô,€the€test€for€constitutional€infirmityÐ €Ð Ðis€whether€one€could€fairly€conclude€that€an€aggravating€circumstance€applies€to€every€defendantÐ l¼ Ðeligible€for€the€death€penalty,€òòseeóó€òòMaynard€v.€Cartwrightóó,€486€U.S.€356,€364€(1988)€(invalidatingÐ X ¨ Ðaggravating€circumstance€that€ð ðan€ordinary€person€could€honestly€believeðð€described€every€murder);Ð D!” ÐòòGodfreyóó,€446€U.S.€at€428-429€(ð ðA€person€of€ordinary€sensibility€could€fairly€characterize€almostÐ 0"€  Ðevery€murder€as€ððoutrageously€or€wantonly€vile,€horrible€and€inhuman.ðððð).€€We€have€consistentlyÐ #l! Ðupheld€the€constitutionality€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39-2-203(i)(5)€in€the€face€ofÐ $X" Ðarguments€that€it€applies€to€all€defendants,€and€we€have€repeatedly€rejected€the€contention€that€it€isÐ ô$D # Ðvague€or€overbroad.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€995€S.W.2d€550,€556€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.Ð à%0!$ ÐBlantonóó,€975€S.W.2d€269,€280€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€181€(Tenn.€1991).€Ð Ì&"% ÐAlthough€the€appellantððs€argument€today€differs€somewhat€from€those€previously€advanced€in€otherÐ ¸'#& Ðcases,€we€reaffirm€the€constitutionality€of€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravatingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcircumstance.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àFirst,€it€is€clear€that€by€defining€ð ðtortureðð€to€include€ð ðsevere€mental€pain,ðð€this€Court€has€notÐ ° Ðâ âbroadened€the€scope€of€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance€so€asÐ œì Ðto€render€it€unconstitutional.€€In€òòWalton€v.€Arizonaóó,€497€U.S.€639€(1990),€€the€United€States€SupremeÐ ˆØ ÐCourt€upheld€the€application€of€Arizonaððs€ð ðespecially€heinous,€cruel€or€depravedðð€aggravatingÐ tÄ Ðcircumstance.€€Although€finding€the€wording€of€the€circumstance€facially€vague,€the€CourtÐ `° Ðnevertheless€upheld€its€application€because€of€the€limiting€constructions€placed€on€the€wording€byÐ L œ Ðthe€Arizona€courts.€€One€of€the€limiting€constructions€placed€upon€this€aggravating€circumstance€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€the€crime€must€have€been€ð ðcommitted€in€an€especially€cruel€manner€when€the€perpetrator€inflictsÐ $ t Ðmental€anguish€or€physical€abuse€before€the€victimððs€death.ðð€€In€upholding€this€circumstance€asÐ  ` Ðapplied,€the€òòWaltonóó€Court€expressly€stated€that€a€limiting€construction€which€defines€ð ðmentalÐ ü L  Ðanguishðð€to€include€ð ða€victimððs€uncertainty€as€to€his€ultimate€fateðð€passes€constitutional€muster.€€òòId.óóÐ è 8  Ðat€654.€€In€addition,€several€other€states€with€a€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€virtually€identicalÐ Ô$  Ðto€our€(i)(5)€circumstance€have€held€that€the€word€ð ðtortureðð€necessarily€includes€ð ðmental€anguishððÐ À  Ðwithin€its€meaning.׃6×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€inclusion€of€ð ðsevere€mental€painðð€within€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefinition€of€ð ðtortureðð€has€not€rendered€this€aggravating€circumstance€unconstitutional.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àSecond,€the€fact€that€the€statute€does€not€require€an€intent€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€toÐ pÀ Ðinflict€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€upon€the€victim€also€does€not€broaden€the€scope€of€the€(i)(5)Ð \¬ Ðaggravating€circumstance€so€as€to€render€it€unconstitutional.€€We€have€repeatedly€rejected€thisÐ H˜ Ðargument€in€the€past,€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145,€150€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Blantonóó,€975Ð 4„ ÐS.W.2d€269,€281€(Tenn.€1998);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€26€n.5€(Tenn.€1996),€andÐ  p Ðwe€do€so€again€today.€€Once€again,€we€note€that€ð ð[c]ircumstance€(i)(5)€does€not€require€a€mens€rea.€Ð  \ ÐThe€aspect€of€torture€focuses€on€the€circumstances€of€the€killing.ðð€€òòCarteróó,€988€S.W.2d€at€150.Ð øH Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€Ð ä4 Ðà  àThe€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€never€held€that€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€orÐ Ð  Ðcruelðð€circumstance€is€unconstitutional€in€the€absence€of€any€mental€requirement,€and€we€concludeÐ ¼  Ðthat€the€absence€of€a€mental€state€does€not€render€this€circumstance€constitutionally€infirm€in€thisÐ ¨ø Ðstate.€€Nothing€in€our€statutes€or€cases,€however,€precludes€consideration€of€the€defendantððs€mentalÐ ”ä Ðstate€in€mitigation€of€sentence.€€In€fact,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(j)(9)Ð €Ð Ðspecifically€provides€that€the€jury€shall€consider€ð ð[a]ny€other€mitigating€factor€which€is€raised€by€theÐ l¼ Ðevidence€produced€by€either€the€prosecution€or€defense€at€either€the€guilt€or€sentencing€hearing.ðð€Ð X ¨ ÐThis€broad€catch„all€provision€necessarily€includes€consideration€of€the€defendantððs€mens€rea€at€theÐ D!” Ðtime€the€victim€is€tortured€or€receives€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€Ð 0"€  ÐòòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Zaragozaóó,€659€P.2d€22,€27€(Ariz.€1983).€€In€addition,€before€a€jury€may€impose€death,Ð #l! Ðit€must€conclude€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigatingÐ $X" Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.ðð€39„13„204(g)(1).€€This€calculus€alsoÐ ô$D # Ðnecessarily€includes€consideration€of€the€circumstances€of€the€offense€and€the€defendantððs€mentalÐ à%0!$ Ðstate€at€the€time€he€or€she€inflicts€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€upon€the€victim.€€Accordingly,Ð Ì&"% Ðthe€fact€that€a€mental€state€is€absent€from€the€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravatingÐ ° Ðcircumstance€does€not€render€this€circumstance€constitutionally€infirm.Ð œì Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€Ð ˆØ Ðà  àFinally,€we€reject€the€contention€that€allowing€a€jury€to€use€its€common€sense,€knowledge,Ð tÄ Ðand€experience€somehow€renders€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstance€constitutionally€infirm.€€As€theÐ `° ÐUnited€States€Supreme€Court€has€noted,€this€aggravating€circumstance€ð ðis€not€susceptible€toÐ L œ Ðmathematical€precision,ðð€òòWaltonóó,€497€U.S.€at€655,€and€so€long€as€the€jury€is€given€some€meaningfulÐ 8 ˆ Ðguidance€in€the€sentencing€process,€it€is€anomalous€to€conclude€that€the€jury€cannot€then€reach€itsÐ $ t Ðfinal€determination€through€the€use€of€its€collective€knowledge,€experience,€and€common€sense.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р ` ÐIf€the€appellant€did€not€wish€to€have€a€jury€use€its€collective€knowledge€and€common€sense€toÐ ü L  Ðdetermine€an€appropriate€sentence€in€his€case,€we€observe€that€procedures€were€available€for€him€toÐ è 8  Ðrequest€sentencing€without€a€jury.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.ðð39„13„205(b).€€A€juryððs€ability€to€use€itsÐ Ô$  Ðcollective€knowledge,€experience,€and€common€sense€to€assist€in€reaching€a€determination€in€theseÐ À  Ðweighty€and€complex€matters€is€the€very€strength€of€the€jury€system,€not€evidence€of€its€frailty€orÐ ¬ü  Ðunconstitutionality.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àIn€summary,€we€hold€that€a€rational€jury€could€have€found€the€(i)(5)€aggravating€circumstanceÐ pÀ Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€The€evidence€was€more€than€sufficient€to€establish€that€the€murder€wasÐ \¬ Ðð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€in€that€it€involved€both€torture€and€serious€physical€abuseÐ H˜ Ðbeyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death.€€Further,€the€trial€court€was€not€required€to€give€anÐ 4„ Ðadditional€unanimity€instruction€as€to€the€particular€theory€supporting€this€aggravating€circumstance,Ð  p Ðbecause€its€general€unanimity€instruction€with€regard€to€the€aggravating€circumstances€€as€a€wholeÐ  \ Ðwas€adequate.€€Finally,€interpretations€of€this€Court€have€not€expanded€the€meaning€of€the€(i)(5)Ð øH Ðaggravating€circumstance€beyond€constitutional€bounds.€€We€affirm€the€application€of€thisÐ ä4 Ðaggravating€circumstance€to€the€appellantððs€case.Ð Ð  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓC.€€Review€of€the€Weighing€of€the€Aggravating€and€Mitigating€CircumstancesóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÓ  Óà  àHaving€determined€that€a€rational€jury€could€have€found€the€presence€of€two€statutoryÐ €Ð Ðaggravating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€we€now€undertake€to€determine€whether€theÐ l¼ Ðevidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€these€aggravating€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigatingÐ X ¨ Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€The€jury€did€not€indicate€which,€if€any,€of€the€fifteenÐ D!” Ðmitigating€circumstances€submitted€by€the€trial€court€was€properly€supported€by€the€evidence,€butÐ 0"€  Ðin€undertaking€this€analysis,€we€will€presume€that€the€jury€found€all€fifteen€mitigating€circumstancesÐ #l! Ðwere€raised€and€supported€by€at€least€some€evidence.€€à p àÐ $X" Їà  àNevertheless,€based€upon€our€own€review,€we€conclude€that€the€jury€could€have€rationallyÐ ° Ðconcluded€that€the€two€aggravating€circumstances€outweighed€any€mitigating€circumstances€beyondÐ œì Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€Both€aggravating€circumstances€were€clearly€present€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtÐ ˆØ Ðand€were€properly€considered€by€the€jury.€€The€evidence€shows€that€the€appellant€secreted€the€victimÐ tÄ Ðaway€by€driving€her€to€a€discrete€and€remote€location.€€The€appellant€then€violently€raped€andÐ `° Ðassaulted€the€victim,€while€manually€strangling€her€with€such€force€as€to€render€her€unconscious.€Ð L œ ÐAlthough€the€appellant€argued€that€he€was€under€extreme€mental€stress€during€his€gruesome€crime,Ð 8 ˆ Ðthe€testimony€of€Mr.€Wilson€and€others€to€the€effect€that€the€appellant€appeared€to€be€actingÐ $ t Ðð ðnormallyðð€both€before€and€after€the€murder,€certainly€weighs€heavily€against€his€position.€€Further,Ð  ` Ðwe€are€unable€to€say€that€the€jury€improperly€weighed€any€evidence€concerning€the€appellantððsÐ ü L  Ðunfortunate€childhoodð"ðor€that€it€improperly€weighed€any€evidence€of€depression,€post„traumaticÐ è 8  Ðstress€disorder,€or€attention€deficit€disorderð"ðas€there€was€no€testimony,€expert€or€otherwise,€that€anyÐ Ô$  Ðof€these€circumstances€affected€the€appellant€at€the€time€of€his€offense€or€were€otherwise€responsible,Ð À  Ðdirectly€or€indirectly,€for€his€behavior€on€March€17,€1990.€€Accordingly,€we€find€that€a€rational€juryÐ ¬ü  Ðcould€have€concluded€that€both€aggravating€circumstances€in€this€case€outweighed€any€mitigatingÐ ˜è  Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌÓ  Óò òII.€€JURY€INSTRUCTION€ISSUESó óÐ \¬ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€appellant€raises€two€issues€relating€to€the€instruction€of€the€jury€during€the€sentencingÐ 4„ Ðphase.€€More€specifically,€he€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€give€an€instruction€on€theÐ  p Ðsentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€and€that€the€court€erred€in€notÐ  \ Ðsubmitting€to€the€jury€the€appellantððs€special€instruction€with€regard€to€circumstantial€evidence.€Ð øH ÐAfter€reviewing€the€record€and€the€applicable€case€law,€we€hold€that€the€appellantððs€assignments€ofÐ ä4 Ðerror€are€without€merit.Ð Ð  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓA.€€Life€Without€the€Possibility€of€Parole€InstructionóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÓ  Óà  àIn€1993,€the€General€Assembly€amended€the€capital€sentencing€statutes€to€provide€for€theÐ €Ð Ðsentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€òòSeeóó€1993€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts€ch.€473.€Ð l¼ ÐSection€16€of€chapter€473€provides€that€ð ð[t]his€act€shall€take€effect€on€July€1,€1993,€the€publicÐ X ¨ Ðwelfare€requiring€it,€and€shall€apply€to€all€offenses€committed€on€or€after€that€date.ðð€€The€appellantÐ D!” Ðargues€that€although€his€offense€was€committed€before€the€effective€date€of€the€actð"ðit€wasÐ 0"€  Ðcommitted€on€March€17,€1990ð"ðhe€is€nevertheless€entitled€to€the€instruction€because€his€secondÐ #l! Ðsentencing€hearing€on€remand€occurred€more€than€four€years€after€the€act€was€passed.€€The€appellantÐ $X" Ðalso€argues€that€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€punishment€of€life€without€parole€violates€theÐ ô$D # ÐEighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€sections€eightÐ à%0!$ Ðand€sixteen€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€For€the€reasons€given€herein,€we€hold€that€the€appellantÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€not€entitled€to€an€instruction€on€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€and€that€suchÐ ¸'#& Ðan€instruction€was€not€constitutionally€required.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌÓ  Óò ò1.€€Plain€Language€of€1993€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts€ch.€473,€section€16.€ó óÐ |*Ì%) ÐÓkÓÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àBefore€addressing€the€constitutional€issues€presented€with€respect€to€the€propriety€of€thisÐ ° Ðinstruction,€we€first€observe€that€the€plain€language€of€the€statute€applies€only€to€cases€in€which€theÐ œì Ðòòoffenseóó€was€committed€after€July€1,€1993,€and€therefore,€the€appellant€was€not€statutorily€entitled€toÐ ˆØ Ðthe€instruction.€€We€have€previously€addressed€this€issue€in€òòState€v.€Cauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726,€734„Ð tÄ Ð36€(Tenn.€1998),€in€which€we€first€held€that€the€statutory€language€prohibited€a€jury€from€consideringÐ `° Ðlife€without€the€possibility€of€parole€as€a€sentencing€option€where€the€offense€was€committed€beforeÐ L œ ÐJuly€1,€1993.€€In€denying€the€defendant€relief€on€this€basis,€we€first€noted€that€according€to€the€plainÐ 8 ˆ Ðlanguage€of€the€statute,€the€instruction€was€not€available€to€the€defendant€because€his€offense€wasÐ $ t Ðcommitted€ð ðwell€before€July€1,€1993.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€735.€€We€also€held€that€the€specific€provisions€of€thisÐ  ` Ðact€governed€over€the€more€general€provisions€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sections€39„13„204(k)Ð ü L  Ð(Supp.€1996)€and€€39„11„112€(1991),€which€the€defendant€argued€made€the€instruction€a€viableÐ è 8  Ðpossibility€for€sentences€imposed€after€July€1,€1993.׃>×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€concluded€by€finding€ð ðno€indication€thatÐ Ô$  Ðthe€legislature€intended€that€the€option€of€life€without€parole€apply€retrospectively€to€offensesÐ À  Ðoccurring€before€July€1,€1993.ððÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€in€this€case€argues€that€òòCauthernóó€cannot€directly€resolve€this€issue€because€theÐ „Ô  Ðstatute€is€ambiguous€as€to€whether€it€applies€to€sentencing€hearings€occurring€after€the€effective€dateÐ pÀ Ðof€the€act.€€As€such,€the€appellant€contends,€any€ambiguity€should€be€weighed€in€favor€of€allowingÐ \¬ Ðthe€life€without€parole€instruction.€€We€disagree.€€First,€the€statute€is€not€ambiguous.€€Although€theÐ H˜ Ðstatute€does€not€mention€sentencing€hearings€specifically,€the€statute€is€clear€that€it€applies€only€toÐ 4„ Ðòòoffensesóó€committed€on€or€after€that€date.€€We€will€not€construe€the€plain,€unambiguous€language€ofÐ  p Ðthe€statute€to€give€ð ðany€forced€or€subtle€construction€which€would€extend€or€limit€its€meaning.ðð€Ð  \ ÐòòState€v.€Butleróó,€980€S.W.2d€359,€362€(Tenn.€1998);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€940€S.W.2d€558,€561Ð øH Ð(Tenn.€1997).Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àSecond,€as€evidenced€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„117(b)€(1997),€theÐ ¼  ÐGeneral€Assembly€could€have€drafted€the€statute€so€as€to€apply€the€life€without€parole€instruction€toÐ ¨ø Ðsentencing€hearings€if€it€had€so€desired.€€In€stark€contrast€to€the€language€of€the€statute€at€issue€in€thisÐ ”ä Ðcase,€the€language€of€section€40„35„117(b)€specifically€states€that€ð ð[u]nless€prohibited€by€the€UnitedÐ €Ð ÐStates€or€Tennessee€constitution,€any€person€òòsentenced€óóon€or€after€November€1,€1989,€for€an€offenseÐ l¼ Ðcommitted€between€July€1,€1982€and€November€1,€1989,€shall€be€sentenced€under€the€provisions€ofÐ X ¨ Ðthis€chapter€[the€1989€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act].ðð€(emphasis€added).€€We€have€recentlyÐ D!” Ðreaffirmed€that€this€language€requires€sentencing€according€to€the€1989€Act,€absent€any€violation€ofÐ 0"€  Ðdue€process,€even€if€the€offense€was€committed€before€the€effective€date€of€the€act.€€òòSeeóó€òòMcConnellÐ #l! Ðv.€Stateóó,€12€S.W.3d€795€(Tenn.€2000).€€Because€the€General€Assembly€has€demonstrated€its€abilityÐ $X" Ðto€draft€statutes€that€apply€sentencing€changes€to€sentencing€hearings,€its€failure€to€do€so€in€this€caseÐ ô$D # Ðmust€work€against€allowing€the€appellant€to€receive€the€life€without€parole€instruction.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÐ Ì&"% Ðà  àÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔHaving€reviewedÔf  ÔÔg Ô€our€discussion€of€this€issue€in€òòCauthernóóÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€weÔf  ÔÔg Ô€see€no€justification€to€departÐ ° Ðfrom€the€reasoning€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔofÔf  ÔÔg Ô€that€case.׃@×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€plain€language€of€the€statute€permits€the€life€without€paroleÐ œì Ðinstruction€to€be€given€only€in€cases€in€which€the€òòoffenseóó€was€committed€after€July€1,€1993.€€TheÐ ˆØ Ðimportance€of€the€use€of€this€language€is€reinforced€by€the€fact€that€the€c