WPC( <# X %c 0 iUFw@4( 0Z0 0D UF UF 0JZ 0T 0^ 0hV 0r 0|0 0 02 1u 0d7 AQ 0D 0@ 0D6 D/z B D3 BU6U.LB)zDC AMU*3]NBgv~e!v"HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,,,,,,0nLhX($ XTR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalTXݾXXX7ݾXXdXXd7  .Courier New Regular l em Dn o Dp q r s et Ӏ~ _#P 2Ld3|x~ ( (3$ ! XTR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'TXAXXX7AXXdd7    `   0  (#$  0  <4 9Z .Courier New Regular<4 9Z .Courier New Regular2 0Indent123  2" 0Indent20 23  2, 0Indent30 0 23  26 0Indent40 0 0 23  2@ 0Indent50 0 0 0 23  2J 0Indent60 0 0 0 0 23  2T 0Indent70 0 0 0 0 0 23  2^ 0Indent80 0 0 0 0 0 0 23   ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P 8Mac DefaultMac Default ` X!"#$&C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !  ("$    ($$   1  ((' dxdP Pd----'dxd d<  9p`(Courier New<  9p`(Courier% Line 7 d11117Border 1dd!#2C << G<  9p`(Arial  !  #d#/      X \RA'\#d#   ""  44   YYY FILED4XDecember29,1997CecilW.CrowsonAppellateCourtClerk   D !#d#/      X \RA'\#d#     \RA'\7AXXdd7     Theaggravatedarsonstatute,Tenn.CodeAnn.3914302(a)(1991),provides:8 Apersoncommitsanoffensewhocommitsarsonasdefinedin3914301or3914303:8 8 (1)Whenone(1)ormorepersonsarepresenttherein;or8 8 (2)Whenanyperson,includingfirefightersandlawenforcementofficials,suffersseriousbodilyinjuryasaresultofthefireorexplosion. Tenn.CodeAnn.3914301(a)(1991)provides:8 Apersoncommitsanoffensewhoknowinglydamagesanystructurebymeansofafireorexplosion:8 8 (1)Withouttheconsentofallpersonswhohaveapossessory,proprietaryorsecurityinteresttherein;or8 8 (2)Withintenttodestroyordamageanystructuretocollectinsuranceforthedamageordestructionorforanyunlawfulpurpose. ] !#d#/      X \RA'\#d#     \RA'\7AXXdd7     LewisappealedthefollowingissuesintheCourtofCriminalAppeals:(1)whethertheevidencewassufficienttosupporttheconviction;(2)whetherimproper specialconsiderationwasgiventoastatewitness;(3)whetherhewasdenieddueprocessbecauseoftheunavailabilityofanalibiwitnessduringtrial;and(4)whetherthetrialcourterredingivinghimconsecutivesentences.  !#d#/      X \RA'\#d#     \RA'\71zXXdd7     Tenn.CodeAnn.3914401(1)(1991)defines habitationas anystructure,including eachseparatelysecuredoroccupiedportionofthestructure....  !#d#/      X \RA'\#d#    $       Tenn.CodeAnn.1321101(1)(1992)defines dwellingas anybuildingorstructure,orpartthereof....  PtPtHH(FG(HH(d'`Styl{WP}01  HH  2$HH  Geneva  <Px443!#4$*$$*$ KK  Geneva  Geneva .,6 Geneva   ion-F Geneva  ion-F Geneva ! . /      X \RA'\#00Xd##00Xd#   &00Xd&    ӛ !ٜR352A1-j|P ` - `@Rߛ@ INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTENNESSEE@ ATNASHVILLESTATEOFTENNESSEE   ) FORPUBLICATION      ) Appellee,    ) FILED:DECEMBER29,1997      )      ) SUMNERCOUNTYv.      )      )0 HON.FREDA.KELLY,III,      ) JUDGEROGERDALELEWIS   )      ) No.01S019611CR00227 Appellant.   )7AXXdXXd7ForAppellant:     ForAppellee:PETERD.HEIL     JOHNKNOXWALKUPNashville,TN     AttorneyGeneralandReporter       MICHAELE.MOORE        SolicitorGeneral       GORDONW.SMITH       AssistantSolicitorGeneral       Nashville,TN       LAWRENCERAYWHITLEY       DistrictAttorneyGeneral       C.WAYNEHYATT       AssistantDistrictAttorney       General       Gallatin,TN@ OPINION̛̜AFFIRMEDINPART;REVERSEDINPART    BIRCH,J.ANDREMANDED7AXXdXXd7  RogerDaleLewis,theappellant,wasconvictedoffivecountsofaggravatedarson. 6   כHewassentencedtoaneffectivethirtyyearsintheDepartmentofCorrection.TheCourtofCriminalAppealsaffirmedthetrialcourtsjudgment. 7   כ  WegrantedLewisapplicationforreviewunderTenn.R.App.P.11andTenn.R.Crim.P.52(b)inordertodeterminewhethertheDoubleJeopardyClausesoftheUnitedStatesandTennesseeConstitutionsbarmultipleconvictionsforaggravatedarsonofasinglestructurecontainingseveralapartmentunits.Becausewefindthattheword structure,asusedinTenn.CodeAnn.3914301(1991),meanstheentirestructure,andbecauseLewisburnedaportionofasinglestructureinthecourseofonearsonousact,onlyonecountofaggravatedarsoncansuccessfullywithstanddoublejeopardyscrutiny.@ I  Intheweeksprecedingthefire,LewistenancyintheϜCherylApartmentsinHendersonvillehadbeenterminatedfornonpaymentofrent,andhewaspreparingtovacatehisapartment.Apparently,Lewiswasangrybecauseoftheeviction,andhehadthreatenedretaliation.  OnJune5,1992,atapproximately3a.m.,LewiswasobservedintheHendersonvillearea,andthepropertymanagersawLewiscarspeedingoutoftheCherylApartmentsparkinglotshortlythereafter.At3:34a.m.,acallwasreceivedby911reportingafireattheCherylApartments.Whenthefirefightersarrived,theentiretopfloorofoneapartmentbuildingwasaflame.Althoughfiveoftheeightapartmentsinthestructureweredestroyed,allthetenantsweresafelyevacuated.  Thefire,aidedbyanaccelerant,startedinLewisapartment.Duringaninvestigationconductedafterthefire,investigatorsdiscoveredacontainerinLewiscar.Althoughemptywhendiscovered,investigatorsdeterminedthatithadrecentlycontainedgasoline.Afterhewasincarcerated,Lewisadmittedtoaninmatethathehadstartedthefire.Hewasconvictedoffivecountsofaggravatedarsononecountforeachofthefiveapartmentsdestroyedinthefire.@ II  ThedoublejeopardyissuewasnotraisedinthetrialcourtandwasgivenmerementioninLewisbrieffiledintheCourtofCriminalAppeals.Nevertheless,weaddresstheissueinordertocorrectanerrorofconstitutionaldimensionandtopreventmanifestinjustice.Tenn.R.Crim.P.52(b);Statev.Goins,705S.W.2d648,650(Tenn.1986).Becauseitisaquestionoflaw,ourreviewisdenovowithnopresumptionofcorrectness.Statev.Davis,940S.W.2d558,561(Tenn.1997).  TheDoubleJeopardyClauseoftheFifthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution,applicabletothestatesthroughtheFourteenthAmendment,providesthatnopersonshall besubjectforthesameoffensetobetwiceputinjeopardyoflifeorlimb....𛀀Article1,10oftheTennesseeConstitutionprovidesthat nopersonshall,forthesameoffence,betwiceputinjeopardyoflifeorlimb.Aswehavestatedmanytimes,threefundamentalprinciplesunderliedoublejeopardy:(1)protectionagainstasecondprosecutionafteranacquittal;(2)protectionagainstasecondprosecutionafterconviction;and(3)protectionagainstmultiplepunishmentsforthesameoffense.Statev.Denton,938S.W.2d373,378(Tenn.1996)(citing,amongothers,NorthCarolinav.Pearce,395U.S.711,717,89S.Ct.2072,2076,23L.Ed.2d656,66465(1969)).  Theinstantcasefallsintothethirdcategory,multiplepunishmentsforthesameoffense.Thequestioniswhetherasingleactofarsonthatleadstothedestructionoffiveapartmentswithinonebuildingconstitutesoneoffenseorfiveoffensesunderthearsonstatutes.Ifbutasingleoffense,thenclearlythepunishmentforallbutoneoffenseviolatesthedoublejeopardyclausesoftheUnitedStatesandTennesseeConstitutions.̀  Toresolvethisquestion,itisnecessarytodelveintotheintentofthelegislature.Whenmultiplesentencesareimposedinasingletrial,doublejeopardyprotection islimitedtoassuringthatthecourtdoesnotexceeditslegislativeauthorizationbyimposingmultiplepunishmentsforthesameoffense.Brownv.Ohio,432U.S.161,165,97S.Ct.2221(1977),53L.Ed.2d187,194.Ifthelegislatureintended,intheenactmentofthestatuteshereinvolved,thatthearsonofeachapartmentbeaseparateviolation,thendoublejeopardyprincipleswouldnotprohibitaconvictionforeachapartmentdestroyed.If,ontheotherhand,thelegislaturedidnotintendtomakethearsonofeachapartmentaseparateviolation,multipleconvictionwouldbeunconstitutionalunderthecircumstancesofthiscase.  Theintentofthelegislaturemaybediscernedbylookingto thelanguageofthestatute,itssubjectmatter,theobjectandreachofthestatute,thewrongorevilwhichitseekstoremedyorprevent,andthepurposesoughttobeaccomplishedinitsenactment.𛀀Mascariv.Raines,220Tenn.234,239,415S.W.2d874,876(1967).AsforcriminaloffensesinTennessee,statutesaretobeconstrued accordingtothefairimportoftheirterms,includingreferencetojudicialdecisionsandcommonlawinterpretations,topromotejustice,andeffecttheobjectivesofthecriminalcode.Tenn.CodeAnn.3911104(1991);seeStatev.Horton,880S.W.2d732,73435(Tenn.Crim.App.1994).  AworkableanalysisfordeterminingwhetherthelegislatureintendedparticularconducttoconstitutemorethanoneviolationofasinglestatuteisfoundinStatev.Davis,654S.W.2d688(Tenn.Crim.App.1983).Thelegislaturehasthepowertocreatemultiple unitsofprosecutionwithinasinglestatutoryoffense,butitmustdosoclearlyandwithoutambiguity.Shouldthelegislaturefailinthisduty,theambiguitywillberesolvedinfavoroflenity.Id.at696(quotingBellv.UnitedStates,349U.S.81,83,75S.Ct.620,622,99L.Ed.905,910(1955)).  InDavis,thecourtheldthatonesalebyonepersonofsixobscenematerialscouldsupportaconvictionforonlyoneoffense,notsixseparateoffenses.Becausethelegislaturedidnotclearlyfixapunishmentforthesaleofeachobsceneitemwithinasingletransaction,thedoubtwasresolvedinfavorofasingleoffense.Davis,654S.W.2dat699.  Lewisinsiststhatundertheforegoinganalysis,allfiveaggravatedarsonconvictionscannotstand.Heassertsthattheappropriateunitofprosecutionforbotharsonandaggravatedarsonis damagetoanystructure,notdamagetoanyapartmentwithinastructure.Thelegislature,heargues,hadnointenttopunishforthearsonofeachapartmentinamultiapartmentstructure.  TheStateconcedesthemeritofLewisargument.AstheStateexplainedinitsbrief,thelegislaturefailedtodefine structureinthearsonstatutes,eventhoughthelegislaturespecificallysubdivided structureforpurposesoftheburglarystatutes 8   ׀andtheslumclearanceandredevelopmentstatutes. 9   ׀Thelegislaturesexpressrecognitionthat structurecanalsomeanthecomponentpartsofabuilding,coupledwiththeabsenceofanysuchdefinitioninthearsonstatutes,indicatesanintenttomaketheterm structureindivisibleforpurposesofthearsonstatutes.Whenonestatutecontainsagivenprovision,theomissionofthesameprovisionfromasimilarstatuteissignificanttoshowthatadifferentintentionexisted.Id.  TheStatesuggeststhatweshouldresolvethedoubtinfavorofasinglearsonoffenseasopposedtomultipleoffensesinthiscase.Thiswearepleasedtodo.Accordingly,thejudgmentofconvictionimposedoncountstwothroughfiveinclusiveare,forthereasonsabovestated,reversedandthesentencesthereuponimposedvacated.Thisresolutionleavestheconvictiononcountoneintactandremovesthenecessitytoaddresstheissueofconsecutivesentencing.̛  Finally,becauseLewiswasconvictedasastandardoffender,hissentenceforeachcountofaggravatedarson,aClassAfelony,iswithin RangeI:notlessthanfifteennormorethantwentyfiveyears.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035105and112(a)(1)(1990).Thetrialcourtimposedtheminimumsentence,fifteenyears,oneachcountbutfoundthatthecircumstanceswarrantedconsecutivesentencingonsomecounts.Inlightofthefactthatthereisnowonecountinsteadoffive,thetrialcourtmaywishtoreconsideritsfindingswithrespecttotheapplicationofmitigatingfactorsandenhancingfactors.Accordingly,thesentenceimposedontheremainingcountisalsoϜvacated,andthecauseisremandedforanewsentencinghearing.  CostsofthiscausearetaxedagainsttheState,forwhichexecutionmayissueifnecessary. 0  0 0 0 0 򀀀ADOLPHOA.BIRCH,JR.,JusticeCONCUR:Anderson,C.J.,Drowota,Reid,Holder,JJ.