ÿWPCY"  vMŸùÙ6û® ùf¥šøôlᇗRù€åLq@| Qþ­F]mÓÍŒ”´ã`‘ÃqÔ’ªq þÉÍÕý'›X¤èê¾ÊàÝài°_³@’œxÞ\¶?ÀÂ#’”\°¦Šç¸ô¥¾ä•ݶn*ªp>t‘Çî® Vï1Í®­€œã,ÄsëpEo&žNÁK›£»©d‰ôþÎ òjŒ©öà›ÈpÔ5Ô'û¡Âî¯Ç¸Üû²ËRDkKJt8ºåùÅg§ôäÊÊÇN “`GúÉdr&À$Ç오¹ê“Ì88Ç9Ål*úä2œ?ºì°½`¦ÛðQë[HwÿXËö… vœ=!—5:*Õ뉯'} ¿¹_RkÅUÑÁÿ 4H]N#‹Ý¤2˜Ô'?Á¾¥Óñ*RSçÀ7ÏSÝ—oÛ‹ŒŽySØí°^…üC䳜¾«ï¦`®e}òÁ_a¶3…4P§^+ døÉâu“¤ÛÙ<éþÉhÕTÔªº‰øéŠbý.Ä™ÌXËó¸5#[  q×êK¢d}HNèúüÓ”dý)±iÎ&±˜IYɤ#êaWú‡{Ò,ÐÆF#,±ñUó‹ÃÄOw¢ ì¶"ÌÜk,# hUNs %Á 0(ÇU:ïw@)4i}ŒU :”¿Î 0Æ 0DSU:—úÑU.Ë2ùU:+!e B†£U:§bá D3éU: BV AQsÆÄ 0DŠ 0DÎ 0D D/VŠ…U:’IU:Û! 0D"˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular æPçDèDéUêDëìDíîÓ€økDJ&+,,--../3|xø,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular µÝ ƒ •Ð$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XÝæXXXÔÔ€ô¾ôXXÝæÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý€€Ô€ô¾ôôô¾ÔIt€appears€that€other€jurisdictions€likewise€have€found€support€for€the€transferred€intent€doctrineÐ  Ðwithin€the€applicable€statutory€language€governing€first€degree€murder€and€its€elements.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€Ala.Рƾ ÐCode€ðð13A›„6„2(a)€(1994)€(ð ð[a]€person€commits€the€crime€of€murder€if€.€.€.€[œw]ith›€intent€to€cause€the€deathÏof€another€person,€he€causes€the€death€of€òòthat€person€or€of€another€personóóðð);€Ariz.€Rev.€Stat.€ðð13„203Ð B : Ð(1997)€(ð ð[œi]f›€intentionally€causing€a€particular€result€is€an€element€of€an€offense,€and€the€actual€result€is€notÏwithin€the€intention€or€contemplation€of€the€person,€that€element€is€established€if€.€.€.€[œt]he›€actual€resultÏdiffers€from€that€intended€or€contemplated€only€in€the€respect€that€a€òòdifferent€personóó€.€.€.€is€injured€orÐ | t Ðaffectedðð);€Ky.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð507.020€(œMichie›€1990)€(ð ð[a]€person€is€guilty€of€murder€when€.€.€.€[œw]ith›Ïintent€to€cause€the€death€of€another€person,€he€causes€the€death€of€such€person€òòor€of€a€third€personóóðð);€720Ð ø ð ÐIll.€œComp›.€Stat.€5/9„1(a)€(1993)€(ð ð[a]€person€.€.€.€commits€first€degree€murder€if,€in€performing€the€actsÏwhich€cause€the€death€.€.€.€he€either€intends€to€kill€or€do€great€bodily€harm€òòto€that€individual€or€anotheróóðð);€39Ð tl  ÐN.Y.€Penal€Law€ðð125.27€(œMcKinney›€1998)€(ð ð[œw]ith›€intent€to€cause€the€death€of€another€person€he€causesÏthe€death€of€such€person€òòor€of€a€third€personóóðð).€€òòSeealsoóó€Model€Penal€Code€ðð2.03(2)(a)€(1962).€€OtherÐ ðè  Ðjurisdictions€simply€appear€to€retain€the€common€law€doctrine.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòPoe€v.€Stateóó,€671€A.œ2d›€501€(Md.Ð ®¦  Ð1996).(v(2Q$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XàzXXXÔÔ€ôŸaôXXàzÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó+ÄâK AZ"Arial Regular ðÝ ƒ Q$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XàzXXXÔÔ€ôŸaôXXàzÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý€€Ô‡ôåO ôôôŸaÔOral€argument€was€heard€in€this€case€on€May€12,€1998,€in€Memphis,€Shelby€County,Ð  ÐTennessee,€as€part€of€this€Courtððs€S.C.A.L.E.S.€(ò òSó óupreme€ò òCó óourt€ò òAó ódvancing€ò òLó óegal€ò òEó óducation€for€ò òSó ótudents)Ð ÒÊ Ðproject.Ô#†ôŸaô ôôåOŸ#Ô%ä2¼A`ArialTT (Ý ƒ •Ð$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XÝæXXXÔÔ€ô¾ôXXÝæÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€ô¾ôôô¾Ô€€Although€this€Court€has€never€expressly€held€that€the€doctrine€of€transferred€intent€applies€toÐ  Ðfirst€degree€murder,€we€note€that€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€cases€have€upheld€a€first€degree€murderÏconviction€under€the€doctrine.€€òòState€v.€Fairóó,€No.€02C01›„9403„CR„00055€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nov.€15,Ð 6. Ð1995).€€Other€cases€have€affirmed€second€degree€murder€convictions€under€the€doctrine.€€òòSeeóó€òòHarper€v.Ð ôì ÐStateóó,€206€Tenn.€509,€334€S.W.2d€933€(1960);€òòState€v.€œSummerall›óó,€926€S.W.2d€272,€275€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ² ª ÐApp.€1995).€,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒ •Ð$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XÝæXXXÔÔ€ô¾ôXXÝæÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý€€The€only€remaining€element€under€the€statute€applicable€to€this€case€is€that€the€killing€beÐ  Ðreckless,€an€element€that€is€virtually€certain€to€be€satisfied€if€the€underlying€predicate€felony€is€attemptedÏfirst€degree€murder.€€Moreover,€the€reckless€element€is€no€longer€contained€in€first€degree€felony€murder.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„202(a)(2)€(1997).€üÿP Pd úÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XàzXXXÔÔ€Á XXàzÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XàzX ÁÔÐ  ÐÌFebruary€16,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,–ûyAZ‹"Arial Regular- ù-'ÿÿdxd,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d!"#$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'÷ÿ dxd €Ý ƒ Q$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XàzXXXÔÔ€ôŸaôXXàzÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€(ôŸaôôôŸaÔ€€At€the€time€of€this€offense,€first€degree€murder€was€defined€as€the€ð ðintentional,€premeditated€andÐ  Ðdeliberate€killing€of€another.ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1991)€(now€codified€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð39„13„202(a)(1)€(1997),€the€offense€no€longer€contains€the€element€of€ð ðdeliberationðð).€€The€culpableÏmental€state€of€intentional€ð ðrefers€to€a€person€who€acts€intentionally€with€respect€to€the€nature€of€theÏconduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððs€conscious€objective€or€desire€to€engage€in€theÏconduct€or€cause€the€result.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„11„302(a)€(1991)€(now€codified€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð39„11„302(a)(1)€(1997)).€€€,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular ˆÝ ƒ Q$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XàzXXXÔÔ€ôŸaôXXàzÔà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€*ôŸaôôôŸaÔ€€At€the€time€of€this€offense,€first€degree€felony€murder€was€defined€as€ð ð[a]€reckless€killing€ofÐ  Ðanother€committed€in€the€perpetration€of,€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,Ïrobbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping€or€aircraft€piracy.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„202(a)(2)€(1991)€(nowÏcodified€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2)€(1997),€the€offense€no€longer€includes€the€element€ofÏð ðrecklessðð).€€,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular(3¯$©©Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñîñ›ñîñѰÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ XàzXXXÔÑ  ÑÓ=€eXÐXdÐd=Óñøññîñßr€ <,(j 8` `€€@E  ` 8ttxPXð  rßñîññøññøññøññîñ›ñîñà@MMDàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌà@ÎÎ*DàAT€JACKSONˆÌñøñœßt€ >.*jxÎÿ’` `€€@Eîf ` 8ttxP&Ôð ’ tß›ñøñà@&Dà(HEARD€AT€MEMPHIS)ˆÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à€€€€òòò òFOR€PUBLICATIONóóó óÐ l d ÐÌBRYANT€DEWAYNE€MILLEN,€à À à€€€€€€€€€€€œ)Ô‡XàzXX XàzÔà p àò ò€€òòFiled:€€February€16,€1999ó óóóÔ#† XàzXXXàz\#ԛР>6 Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àœ)›Ìà ` àà ¸ àœAppellñêñeeñêññëñantñëñ,›€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à p àÐ   Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àÐ öî  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p à€€€€€€SHELBY€CRIMINALÐ ÜÔ  ÐVs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p à€Ð º  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ô‡XàzXX XàzÔà p àHON.€L.€T.€LAFFERTY€€JUDGEÔ#† XàzXXXàz•#ÔÐ Ž†  ÐSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)€Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àœAppellñìñantñìññíñeeñíñ.›€€à h à€€€€€€€€€€à  à)Ô‡XàzXX XàzÔà p à€€€No.€€œ02„S„01„9711„CR„00106Ô#† XàzXXXàzè#ԛР@8 ÐÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€à p àÐ ¾¶ Мò òòòFor›€Appellant:óó€€ó ó€òòò òà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àFor€Appellee:ó óóó€€à x àòòò òÐ ¤œ Мó óóóÌLeslie›€I.€Ballin€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€John€Knox€WalkupÌœMark€A.€Meslerà  à›à h àà À àà  àà p àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ \T МBALLIN,€BALLIN€&€FISHMAN,€P.C.›ÌœMemphis,€Tennessee›à h àà À àà  àà p àMichael€E.€MooreÐ (!  Мà ` àà ¸ àà  à›à h àà À àà  àà p àSolicitor€€GeneralÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Daryl€J.€BrandÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àSenior€CounselÌœñæñà ` àñæññæñà ¸ àñæññæñà  àñæññæñà h àñæññæñà À àñæññæñà  àñæññæñà p àñæññæñCriminal€Justice€DivisionñæñÌ›à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€Tennesseeà Ð àÐ Œ&„# Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à€ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àòòAt€Trial:óóÐ >)6"& Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àJohn€W.€œPierotti›Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àThomas€D.€HendersonÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àMemphis,€TennesseeÌÌÌœñèñÌñèñ›ÌœñéñÌñéñ›ÌÌÔ‡ „ìz„X XàzÔò òà@ÎÎ)DàO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óÔ#† XàzX„ „ìzX#ԈРì4ä-3 ÐÌÌÌÌÌœñçñÌ›ÌñçñCOURT›€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALSÌAFFIRMED.à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àANDERSON,€C.J.ÓÓÐ  ´;¬4: ÐÑ€ÑÑ7€ˆ8XXdðXXdì7Ñà ` àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€whether€one€who€intends€to€kill€a€specificÐ  Ðperson€but€instead€kills€an€innocent€bystander€may€be€convicted€of€premeditated€andÏdeliberate€first€degree€murder€under€the€common€law€doctrine€of€ð ðtransferred€intent.ðð׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р  ˜ ÐÌà ` àThe€defendant,€who€intentionally€fired€several€gunshots€at€a€specific€person€butÏinadvertently€killed€a€random€victim€near€the€scene,€was€convicted€of€premeditated€andÏdeliberate€first€degree€murder.€€The€author€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€opinionÏconcluded€that€the€trial€court€properly€instructed€the€jury€on€the€doctrine€of€transferredÏintent€under€Tennessee€law;€however,€one€judge€on€the€three„judge€panel€concurred€inÏresults€only,€and€the€other€judge€wrote€a€concurring€opinion€questioning€the€applicationÏof€transferred€intent.ÌÌà ` àWe€conclude€that€it€is€unnecessary€to€resort€to€the€common€law€doctrine€ofÏtransferred€intent€under€our€first€degree€murder€statutes€because€of€the€definition€ofÏð ðintentionalðð€in€the€statute.€€As€in€the€present€case,€where€a€defendant€kills€anotherÏperson€while€intending€to€ð ðengage€in€the€conduct€òòoróó€cause€the€resultðð€and€acting€withÐ ü!ô Ðpremeditation€and€deliberation,€first€degree€murder€is€proven.Ô‡XàzXX XàzÔ׃'ê×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#† XàzXXXàzè#Ô€€Moreover,€where€anÐ È#À  Ðinnocent€bystander€is€killed€during€a€defendantððs€attempt€to€perpetrate€first€degreeÏmurder,€first€degree€felony€murder€is€proven.׃)ä ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Accordingly,€although€the€trial€court€erredÐ `'X $ Ðin€instructing€the€jury€on€transferred€intent,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction€of€firstÏdegree€murder.Ð ø*ð#( Їà@kk*Dàòòò òBACKGROUNDó óóóˆÐ  Ðà ` àIn€June€of€1994,€the€defendant,€Bryant€Dewayne€Millen,€told€friends€that€he€wasÏtired€of€harassment€from€Tony€Gray€and€that€if€he€saw€Gray€again,€he€was€ð ðgoing€toÏblast€on€him.ðð€€According€to€the€evidence,€Millen€was€a€member€of€a€gang€known€as€theÏð ðBloods,ðð€and€Gray€was€a€member€of€a€rival€gang€called€the€ð ðCrips.ðð€€Later€that€day,ÏMillen€obtained€a€handgun€and€ammunition€from€a€friend.€€He€proceeded€to€the€cornerÏof€Graceland€and€David€in€Memphis€and€placed€a€red€bandana€around€his€head€andÏanother€over€his€mouth.€€ÌÌà ` àWhen€a€car€containing€Tony€Gray€and€other€passengers€proceeded€slowly€alongÏGraceland,€Millen€drew€his€weapon€and€ran€toward€the€car€firing€several€shots.€€One€ofÏthe€shots€struck€and€killed€fourteen„year„old€Lanetta€King,€who€had€been€walking€homeÏfrom€school.€€Millen€fled€from€the€scene€and€was€later€found€at€his€fatherððs€home.€€TheÏhandgun€he€had€used€was€found€buried€in€the€backyard.€€Millen€later€confessed€to€theÏshooting.ÌÌà ` àThe€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€elements€of€premeditated€and€deliberateÏmurder€and€felony€murder,€both€of€which€had€been€charged€in€the€indictment.€€The€trialÏcourt€also€charged€the€jury€that€ð ð[u]nder€a€doctrine€known€as€ððtransferred€intent,ðð€a€crimeÏmay€be€murder€although€the€person€killed€was€not€the€one€whom€the€accused€intendedÏto€kill€such€as€where€one€shooting€at€another€kills€a€bystander€or€third€person€comingÏwithin€ranges.ðð€€The€jury€convicted€Millen€of€premeditated€and€deliberate€first€degreeÏmurder.ÌÌà ` àOn€appeal,€the€author€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€opinion€observed€thatÏthe€transferred€intent€doctrine,€pursuant€to€which€a€defendant€is€no€less€culpable€forÏkilling€an€unintended€victim,€presented€ð ðan€interesting€and€novel€issue.ðð€€He€concluded:€ÌÓÓÌà8 ` àTennesseeððs€murder€statute€defines€first€degree€murder€as€theÏð ðintentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð39„13„202€(1991).€€The€Code€does€not€limit€the€killing€to€theÐ >:639 Ðintended€victim€or€that€person.€€Accordingly,€we€find€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð39„13„202€(1991)€incorporates€the€doctrine€of€transferred€intent.€€TheÏappellantððs€conviction€can€be€sustained€provided€he€intended,€withÏpremeditation€and€deliberation,€to€kill€his€intended€victim.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌÓÓAlthough€the€panel€of€judges€appeared€to€differ€on€the€application€of€the€transferredÏintent€doctrine,€the€appellate€court€found€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€theÏelements€of€premeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder€and€affirmed€theÏconviction.€€ÌÌà ` àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€consider€the€viability€of€the€common€law€doctrine€ofÏtransferred€intent€under€Tennessee€law.ÌÌà@JJ+Dàòòò òANALYSISó óóóˆÐ ÌÄ Ðà@´´*Dàòòò òCommon€Lawó óóóˆÐ ˜ Ðà ` àUnder€the€so„called€ð ðtransferred€intentðð€doctrine,€a€defendant€who€intends€to€kill€aÏspecific€victim€but€instead€strikes€and€kills€a€bystander€is€deemed€guilty€of€the€offenseÏthat€would€have€been€committed€had€the€defendant€killed€the€intended€victim.€€2ÏCharles€E.€œTorcia›,€òòWhartonððs€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð146€(œ15th›€ed.€1994);€1€Wayne€R.€LaFaveÐ È#À  Ð&€Austin€W.€Scott€Jr.,€òòSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð3.12(d)€(1986).€€The€doctrine€hasÐ ”%Œ" Ðbeen€widely€applied€to€all€forms€of€homicide€by€the€majority€of€courts.€€òòSeeóó€LaFave€&Ð `'X $ ÐScott,€Ô‡XÝæXX XÝæÔðð3.12(d)Ô#† XÝæXXXÝæ'#Ô€at€399.€€As€one€Court€has€said:Ð ,)$"& ÐÓÓÌà8 ` àThe€common€law€doctrine€of€transferred€intent€was€applied€in€England€asÏearly€as€the€16th€century.€€The€doctrine€became€part€of€the€common€lawÏin€many€American€jurisdictions€.€.€.€and€is€typically€invoked€in€the€criminalÏlaw€context€when€assigning€criminal€liability€to€a€defendant€who€attemptsÏto€kill€one€person€but€accidentally€kills€another€instead.€€Under€suchÏcircumstances,€the€accused€is€deemed€as€culpable,€and€society€is€harmedÏas€much,€as€if€the€defendant€had€accomplished€what€he€had€initiallyÏintended,€and€justice€is€achieved€by€punishing€the€defendant€for€a€crimeÏof€the€same€seriousness€as€the€one€he€tried€to€commit€against€hisÏintended€victim.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÌÓÓòòPeople€v.€Scottóó,€59€Cal.€œRptr›.€œ2d›€178,€14€Cal.€4th€544,€927€P.2d€288,€291€(1996)Ð ¦6ž/5 Ð(citations€omitted).Ìà ` àÐ >:639 Ðà ` àAlthough€transferred€intent€has€been€and€continues€to€be€applied€by€the€majorityÏof€courts,€the€history€of€the€doctrine€as€part€of€the€common€law€of€Tennessee€is,€at€best,Ïunclear,€at€least€with€regard€to€first€degree€murder.œ×ƒ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€Ð   ˜ ÐÌà ` àIn€the€first€case€in€which€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€considered€the€doctrine,ÏòòBratton€v.€Stateóó,€29€Tenn.€103€(1849),€there€was€a€question€as€to€the€defendantððs€intentÐ ü  Ðto€shoot€and€kill€the€victim€while€attempting€to€kill€the€victimððs€husband.€€The€jury€wasÏinstructed€on€the€transferred€intent€doctrine€and€convicted€the€defendant€of€first€degreeÏmurder.€€On€appeal,€this€Court€held€that€transferred€intent€did€not€apply€underÏTennesseeððs€first€degree€murder€statute,€which€then€read:€€ÓÓà8  àÐ4, (# (# ÐÌÌà8 ` à[œA]ll›€murder€which€shall€be€perpetrated€by€means€of€poison,€lying€in€wait,Ïor€any€other€kind€of€willful,€deliberate,€malicious€and€premeditated€killing;Ïor€which€shall€be€committed€in€the€perpetration€of,€or€attempt€to€perpetrateÏany€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€or€larceny,€shall€be€deemed€murder€inÏthe€first€degree.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌÓÓÌòòId.óó€at€106.€€The€Court€reasoned€that€to€prove€murder€in€the€first€degree,€ð ðit€must€beÐ ! Ðestablished,€that€there€existed€in€the€mind€of€the€agent,€at€the€time€of€the€act,€òòaÐ â"Ú Ðspecified€intention€to€take€the€life€of€the€particular€person€slainóó.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€107„08Ð ®$¦! Ð(emphasis€added);€òòaccordóó€òòSanders€v.€Stateóó,€151€Tenn.€454,€270€S.W.€627€(1925);Ð z&r# ÐòòKannon€v.€Stateóó,€78€Tenn.€386€(1882).€€à  à€€€Ð F(>!% ÐÌà ` àThe€next€significant€development€in€the€common€law€and€the€statutory€law€ofÏtransferred€intent€in€this€state€occurred€in€òòSullivan€v.€Stateóó,€173€Tenn.€475,€121€S.W.2dÐ ª-¢&+ Ð535€(1938).€€The€Court€upheld€the€conviction€for€deliberate€and€premeditated€murderÏwhere€the€defendant€attempted€to€shoot€his€brother€and€accidentally€shot€and€killed€hisÏbrotherððs€wife€who€was€standing€nearby.€€The€Court,€however,€distinguished€òòBrattonóó€byÐ 3,1 Ðnoting€that€the€legislature€had€amended€the€first€degree€murder€statute€to€state€thatÏð ð[œe]very›€murder€perpetrated€by€means€of€poison,€lying€in€wait,€or€by€any€other€kind€ofÏwillful,€deliberate,€malicious,€and€premeditated€killing,€or€committed€in€the€perpetrationÏof,€or€attempt€to€perpetrate,€òòany€murder€in€the€first€degreeóó,€arson,€rape,€robbery,Ð l d Ðburglary,€or€larceny,€is€murder€in€the€first€degree.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€537.€€The€Court€concluded€thatÐ 80 Ðthis€amendment€to€the€first„degree€murder€statute€fixed€the€ð ðcurious€anomalyðð€createdÏby€òòBrattonóó,€and€held:Ð ÐÈ  ÐÓÓÌà8 ` àIt€follows€that,€under€the€statute€as€thus€amended,€when€the€defendantÏshot€and€killed€[the€deceased]€while€he€was€attempting€to€perpetrate€orÏcommit€murder€in€the€first€degree€upon€the€body€of€[his€brother]€heÏcommitted€murder€in€the€first€degree.€€And€the€attempt€to€commit€murderÏin€the€first€degree€upon€[his€brother]€supplies€the€elements€of€deliberationÏand€premeditation;€so€that€the€State€did€not€have€to€show€deliberation€andÏpremeditation€on€the€part€of€defendant€to€take€the€life€of€deceased.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌ€€ÌòòÓÓId.óó€Ð ˜ ÐÌà ` àFinally,€in€òòHarper€v.€Stateóó,€206€Tenn.€509,€334€S.W.2d€933€(1960),€the€CourtÐ 0 ( Ðindirectly€commented€on€the€transferred€intent€doctrine,€stating€that€ð ð[œt]he›€law€is€that€ifÏan€unlawful€act€directed€at€a€particular€person€for€the€purpose€of€taking€his€lifeÏaccidentally€brings€about€the€death€of€a€third€person€against€whom€no€injury€wasÏintended€the€party€inflicting€the€act€is€guilty€to€the€same€extent€as€if€he€had€a€specificÏintention€to€take€the€life€of€the€person€who€was€killed.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€936.€€This€language€isÐ ,)$"& Ðcited€by€the€concurring€judge€in€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€opinion€in€this€case.€€TheÏòòHarperóó€case,€however,€involved€second€degree€murder.€€òòId.óó€at€934.€€Ð Ä,¼%* ÐÌà ` àIn€our€view,€the€common€law€history€of€the€transferred€intent€rule€has€littleÏapplication€under€our€modern€statutory€law.€€At€the€time€of€the€offense€committed€byÏMillen,€first€degree€murder€included:ÌœñÈñÌñÈñ›ñËñÓÓœñËññÌñÌñÌñ›à8 ` àœñÊññÉñÐ ` (#` (# ÐñÉññÊñ(a)(1)›€An€intentional,€premeditated€and€deliberate€killing€of€another;€or€œñÆñÐŒ7„06` (#` (# ÐñÆññÈñ›ñÈññËñÓÓñËññÇñÐ ` (#` (# ÐñÇñ›à8 ` à(2)€A€reckless€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of,€orÏattempt€to€perpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,Ïburglary,€theft,€kidnapping€or€aircraft€piracy.€€€œñÎñÐ ` (#` (# ÐñÎñ›Ð >:639 ЇÓÓœñÍñÌñÍñTenn.›€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„202€(1991).€€The€authoring€judge€of€the€Court€of€CriminalÏAppealsðð€opinion€determined€that€the€statute€did€not€limit€its€application€to€the€intendedÏvictim€and,€in€fact,€used€the€term€ð ðanotherðð€in€(a)(1)€to€encompass€any€victim.€€While€weÏdisagree€with€this€broad€construction€of€the€statute,€we€nevertheless€conclude€that€theÏfirst€degree€murder€statutes€apply€in€cases€like€this€one€without€resort€to€the€commonÏlaw€doctrine€of€transferred€intent.œ×ƒ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€Ð ü  ÐÌà ` àÔ‡XÝæXX XÝæÔIn€our€view,€prosecuting€these€ð ðunintended€victimðð€cases€as€felony€murder€wouldÐ œ”  Ðappear€to€be€the€most€appropriate€application€of€the€statute.€€Ô#† XÝæXXXÝæºA#ÔThe€plain€meaning€of€theÐ h` Ðfelony€murder€statute€is€that€a€killing€in€the€course€of€an€attempted€first€degree€murderÏis€first€degree€felony€murder.€€If€the€prosecution€establishes€that€a€defendant€attemptsÏto€commit€the€premeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder€of€a€specific€victim€butÏinstead€kills€an€unintended€victim,€the€defendant€may€be€guilty€of€first€degree€felonyÏmurder.׃² ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€result€is€plain€from€the€statutory€definition€of€the€crime,€without€resort€toÐ d\ Ðthe€legal€fiction€of€transferring€the€defendantððs€intent€from€the€intended€victim€toÏanother.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€statutes,€however,€further€make€clear€that€a€defendant€may€also€be€charged,Ïtried,€and€convicted€of€premeditated€and€deliberate€murder€as€well.€€The€legislature€hasÏbroadly€defined€an€ð ðintentionalðð€act€as:€ð ða€person€who€acts€intentionally€with€respect€toÐ ,)$"& Ðthe€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððs€consciousÏobjective€or€desire€òòto€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€resultóó.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð ÔÌ Ððð39„11„302(a)€(1991)€(emphasis€added).€€Accordingly,€a€plain€reading€of€this€statute€asÏapplied€to€first€degree€murder€indicates€that€a€defendantððs€conscious€objective€need€notÏbe€to€kill€a€specific€victim,€i.e.,€cause€a€given€result,€but€rather€to€ð ðengage€in€theÏconductðð€constituting€first€degree€murder.€€In€short,€if€the€evidence€demonstrates€thatÏthe€defendant€intended€to€engage€in€the€conduct€of€first€degree€murder,€and€that€he€didÏso€with€premeditation€and€deliberation,€then€the€killing€of€another,€even€if€not€theÏintended€victim€(i.e.,€intended€result),€is€first€degree€murder.€€€ÌÌà ` àHere,€as€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€concluded,€the€evidence€was€clearlyÏsufficient€to€support€the€elements€of€the€offense.€€Millenððs€actions€„„€expressing€hisÏintent€to€ð ðblastðð€Tony€Gray,€obtaining€a€gun€and€ammunition€in€advance,€proceeding€toÏthe€scene€where€Tony€Gray€was€later€present,€pursuing€the€car€in€which€Gray€wasÏriding,€and€firing€several€gunshots€at€the€car€„„€establish€that€Millenððs€consciousÏobjective€was€to€engage€in€the€òòconductóó€as€well€as€to€achieve€the€òòresultóó€of€killing€Gray.€Ð ü!ô ÐMoreover,€the€evidence€established€that€Millenððs€conduct€was€accompanied€byÏpremeditation,€i.e.,€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,€and€deliberation,€i.e.,€a€coolÏpurpose.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„201€(1991).€€Analyzing€the€evidence€in€this€caseÏunder€the€statutes€as€written€therefore€demonstrates€that€Millen€was€guilty€ofÏpremeditated€and€deliberate€first€degree€murder,€even€though€he€killed€an€unintendedÏvictim.€€ÌÌà@¤¤*Dàò òòòCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ \0T). Ðà ` àThe€Tennessee€statutes€governing€first€degree€murder,€as€written,€apply€toÏcases€in€which€a€defendant€intends€to€kill€a€specific€victim€but€instead€kills€anÏunintended€third€party.€€The€most€obvious€application€of€the€first€degree€murder€statuteÏis€that€killing€an€innocent€bystander€during€an€attempt€to€perpetrate€first€degree€murderÏconstitutes€felony€murder.€€Alternatively,€if€the€defendant€kills€an€innocent€bystander,Ð X9P28 Ðthe€evidence€may€satisfy€the€elements€of€intent,€premeditation,€and€deliberation,Ïparticularly€given€the€broad€definition€of€ð ðintentionally,ðð€which€includes€the€conduct€òòoróóÐ ÔÌ Ðresult.€€€Such€is€the€case€here.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsðð€judgment€is€affirmed.€€Costs€of€appeal€shall€beÏpaid€by€the€defendant,€for€which€execution€shall€issue€if€necessary.ÌÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à__________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àRILEY€ANDERSON,€CHIEF€JUSTICEÌÌÌÌœò òCONCUR:ó ó›Ð  ÐÌDrowota,€Birch,€Holder,€and€Barker,€JJ.ÌœñÏñÌÌœ›ñÏñ›