ÿWPC  . EùšÄ\VÄR]EàØ®)¡”ØîõJz<<$½þ…ž¶_\–OF>DJàR(Æ?…i¹hÛ×u-.¤gÚY²gTEnÓômÚ¯h4ʰQ ZZäÿQH:·×Á& i$P`DœïäH|+)£¾¥E–bÄPÿÇz"W>;ª¯ÁäÝ¢dþ4ë^´zg#… ™(L¯–Îk޾úŸþ×üˆ­d‰ÂÄU¦¶ZÒwþ~GØðN†Ï›v·:1Fxóf)ÞÃØ `Z·kÉ:¸"fbIl”ÞvNf½D<Þå”#¾ƒg^æ&o ;Ã=[½Q@…ÛoŽðëËcëxJ;ñøM:š¡f´ê™Ä<®Æ§Nâ‰ïÈ9‘eÁYÀ J–`ûx/½SŸ 8:¾¢øV=sŽ£¯¸é­É4w=e8ý?ðÜ\’Œ Hw]iFæŸ?|ª`l•þÉ - øÄ84éP\HeçÈGQjˆÞÝ» tªWTK—&J¢>v؉or3˜-ÔYQ†ïzÚ%Ó^.G»  RåÊ#Ýý7%‚Â í §#·J °T1åîˆÃùÛ”eñè%ÒêGTeü?ã§QR¾*6ËÕÿ÷ûrW#ÁÂU:ƒ %½ 0:ÃU Ný^ K wW 4[ o ~ m€ N— Y™ 0~ò 0Dp´b¼¼QÄÄÄE 0Vmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Bƒ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular0‘+s ÑB+ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ OÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àÔ€ôÑ òXXÔÔ€ôèµ ò òôÑÔThe€State€and€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€also€relied€upon€òòState€v.€Wilkinsóó,€in€which€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€was€read€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€was€interrogated€in€the€police€station€booking€room,€and€was€later€allowed€toÐ tÄ Ðspeak€alone€with€his€parents€in€the€booking€room.€€868€P.2d€1231,€1232€(Idaho€1994).€€Although€the€Idaho€SupremeÐ 8ˆ ÐCourt€accepted€the€Stateððs€argument€that€there€was€a€ð ðnecessity€for€surveillance,ðð€we€note€that€òòWilkinsóó€involved€theÐ üL Ðquestioning€of€an€individual€who€had€been€arrested,€whereas€òòHearstóó€involved€conversations€with€a€prisoner.€€In€anyÐ À Ðevent,€we€wish€to€stress€that€simply€asserting€that€there€is€a€need€for€surveillance€or€monitoring€for€security€purposesÐ „Ô Ðis€not€sufficient€if€other€circumstances€reveal€an€objective€and€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy.€(.(3Ä($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó - ù- GÑ8€XXdìXXdì8ÑÑ€Ñ(.3½Þ$©©Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý Ñ e Ñ dÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ‡¼N½»XXñÔÑ€ïWÑÑ8€ñXXdìdÈ8ÑÑ€0îÑ€€€à@™ ™ ìàÔ#†XñX»¼N½t#ÔÔ‡îB¼îXXñÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†XñXîîB¼%#ÔÔ‡¼N½»XXñԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓFebruary€6,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ#†XñX»¼N½¼#ÔÌò òÔ‡¼N½»XXñÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€RUDOLPH€Ô_ÔMUNNÔ_ÔòòóóÔ#†XñX»¼N½Q#Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€by€Permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€€Ð ú J ÐCriminal€Court€for€Rutherford€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€F„35862€€€€€€James€K.€Clayton,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1998„00126„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€August€31,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òó óà  àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€the€following€issues:€(1)€whether€the€secret€policeÐ d´ Ðvideotaping€of€the€defendantððs€conversations,€while€alone€with€his€parents€in€a€police€interviewÐ P  Ðroom,€violated€the€defendantððs€rights€ò òó óunder€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution,Ð <Œ Ðarticle€I,€ðð€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€and€ò òó óthe€federal€and€state€wiretapping€statutesÔ#†XÔXXXñ=#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔ;€(2)Ð (x Ðwhether€the€defendantððs€òòMirandaóó€rights€were€violated;€(3)€whether€later€confessions€made€by€theÐ d Ðdefendant€should€have€been€suppressed€under€the€ð ðderivative€evidence€ruleðð;€and€(4)€whether€theÐ P Ðtrial€court€erred€in€the€sentencing€phase€by€refusing€to€charge€the€no„adverse„inference€instruction.€Ð ì< ÐÌà  àA€majority€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€panel€affirmed€the€defendantððs€conviction€forÐ Ä Ðfirst„degree€murder€and€sentence€of€life€without€parole,€concluding€(1)€that€the€defendantððs€FourthÐ ° ÐAmendment€rights€were€not€violated€because€the€defendant€did€not€have€a€reasonable€expectationÐ œì Ðof€privacy;€(2)€that€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody€when€he€was€interviewed€by€the€officers€andÐ ˆØ Ðtherefore€a€òòMirandaóó€warning€was€not€required;€(3)€that€the€issue€regarding€the€derivative€evidenceÐ tÄ Ðrule€was€moot;€and€(4)€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€refusingò ò€ó óto€chargeò ò€ó óthe€no„adverse„inferenceÐ `° Ðinstruction€in€the€sentencing€phase.€€Ð P   ÐÌà  àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€and€relevant€authority,€we€hold€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ("x! Ða€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€and€that€his€rights€under€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€UnitedÐ #d" ÐStates€Constitution,€article€I,€ðð€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€and€federal€and€state€wiretappingÐ $P# Ðstatutes€were€violatedò ò€ó óby€the€secret€taping€of€his€conversations€in€the€policeò ò€ó óinterview€room.€€We€alsoÐ ì$< $ Ðconclude€that€the€defendant€was€not€entitled€to€òòMirandaóó€warnings€because€he€was€not€in€custodyÐ Ü%,!% Ðwhen€interviewed€and€that€his€confession€was€not€subject€to€suppression€under€the€derivativeÐ È&"& Ðevidence€rule.€€Finally,€ò òòòóóó ówe€conclude€that€the€defendant€was€entitled€to€have€the€no„adverse„inferenceÐ ´'#' Ðinstruction€given€to€the€jury€during€the€sentencingò ò€ó óphase€of€the€trial.€€Ô#†XÔXXXñ4#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔAccordingly,€we€affirm€in€part,Ð  (ð#( Ðreverse€in€part,€and€remand€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€sentencing€hearing€in€accordance€with€thisÐ )à$) Ðopinion.€€Ð |*Ì%* ÐÌÓ)Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission;€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ T,¤', ÐAffirmed€in€Part,€Reversed€in€Part,€and€Remanded€to€the€Trial€Courtó óÐ @-(- ÐÑ0îÑâ âÑ8€ñXXdìXXdì8ÑÑ€Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÌòòÓ  ÓE.€Riley€Anderson,€C.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,Ð œì ÐAdolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€Janice€M.€Holder,óó€and€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˆØ ÐÌJ.€Stanley€Rogers€and€Christina€Henley€Duncan,€Manchester,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€RudolphÐ `° ÐMunn.Ð L œ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Marvin€S.Ð $ t ÐBlair,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Kim€R.€Helper,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€William€C.€Whitesell,Ð  ` ÐJr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€J.€Paul€Newman,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€theÐ ü L  Ðappellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð è 8  ÐÌÓ,ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ ¬ü  ÐÌòòóóÓ  ÓÓ  Óò òòòBACKGROUND€ó óóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌÓ“Óà  àThe€defendant,€Rudolph€Munn,€was€arrested€and€charged€with€the€first„degree€murderò ò€ó óof€hisÐ \¬ ÐMiddle€Tennessee€State€University€(ð ðMTSUðð)€roommate.€€The€facts€leading€up€to€his€arrest€are€asÐ Lœ Ðfollows.€€Ð 8ˆ ÐÌà  àOn€November€28,€1995,€the€Murfreesboro€Police€Department€received€a€call€that€the€bodyÐ ` Ðof€a€white€male€had€been€found€in€the€Days€Inn€parking€lot€on€South€Church€Street€in€Murfreesboro,Ð üL ÐTennessee.€€Upon€arrival,€officers€discovered€that€the€€victimò ò€ó óhad€sustained€a€wound€to€the€head€andÐ è8 Ðhad€noò ò€ó óidentification€on€his€person.€€The€autopsy€report€revealed€that€the€death€was€theò ò€ó óresult€of€aÐ Ø( Ðcontact€gunshot€wound€to€the€head€with€the€bullet€traversing€the€brain.€€On€November€30,€1995,Ð È Ðsomeone€calledò ò€ó óthe€police€station€and€identified€the€victim€as€Andrew€Poklemba,€a€student€at€MTSU.€Ð ´ ÐÌà  àIn€an€attempt€to€verify€this€information,€Officers€Eddie€Peel€and€Chris€Guthrie,€both€of€theÐ à ÐMurfreesboro€Police€Department,€along€with€several€other€officers,€went€to€Poklembaððs€dormitoryÐ |Ì Ðroom€at€MTSUò ò€ó óon€November€30,€1995.€€Shortly€thereafter,€the€defendant€returned€to€the€room.€€TheÐ h ¸ Ðdefendant€told€the€officers€that€he€had€not€seen€Poklemba€since€about€3:45€p.m.€on€Monday,Ð X!¨ ÐNovember€27,€1995.€€Officer€Peel€asked€the€defendant€if€he€had€any€pictures€of€Poklemba.€€AfterÐ D"”  Ðlooking€at€two€pictures,€the€officers€identified€the€victim€asò ò€ó óAndrew€Poklemba.€€Before€leaving€theÐ 0#€! Ðdormitory€room,€the€officers€briefly€interviewed€the€defendant.€€€€Ð  $p" ÐÌà  àThe€next€day,ò ò€ó óDecember€1,€1995,€after€having€conducted€interviews€with€other€people€whoÐ ø%H!$ Ðknew€Poklemba,€Officers€Peel€and€Guthrie€noted€several€discrepancies€in€the€defendantððsò ò€ó óstory.€€TheÐ è&8"% Ðofficers€alsoò ò€ó óbelieved€that€the€defendant€had€more€information€about€Poklemba€than€he€had€told€themÐ Ø'(#& Ðthe€previous€day.€€That€afternoon,€Officer€Peel€called€the€Munn€residence€in€Manchester,€TennesseeÐ È($' Ðand€requested€that€the€defendant€come€to€the€police€station€in€Murfreesboro.€€€€Ð ´)%( Ðâ âÐ  *ð%) Ðà  àAt€approximately€5:00€p.m.€on€the€same€day,ò ò€ó óDecember€1,€1995,€the€defendant,€accompaniedÐ ° Ðâ âbyò ò€ó óhis€parents€and€his€two„year„old€sister,€arrived€at€the€police€station.€€Officers€Peel€and€GuthrieÐ  ð Ðescorted€the€defendant€and€his€father€to€a€third€floor€police€station€interview€room.€€Over€the€doorÐ à Ðwas€a€sign€entitled€ð ðFelony€Booking€Room.ðð€€The€room€was€equipped€with€blinds€on€the€windows,Ð |Ì Ða€small€table,€chairs,€and€an€audio€tape€recorder€on€the€table.€€Unknown€to€the€defendant€or€hisÐ h¸ Ðfather,€the€room€was€also€permanently€equipped€with€a€video€camera€which€was€hidden€in€a€clockÐ T ¤ Ðon€the€wall.€€In€addition,€there€were€hidden€microphones€located€in€the€ceiling€above€the€tables€andÐ @  Ðchairs.€€Video€cassette€recorders€were€located€in€a€separate€private€room€from€which€conversationsÐ , | Ðin€the€interview€room€could€be€monitored€and€recorded.€€The€officers€did€not€inform€the€defendantÐ  h Ðor€his€father€that€their€conversations€were€to€beò ò€ó ómonitored€and€recorded€by€a€hidden€video€cameraÐ  T  Ðand€microphones.€€€€Ð ô D  ÐÌà  àAfter€the€defendant€was€taken€to€the€interview€room,€Officer€Guthrie€explained€that€he€wasÐ Ì  Ðturning€on€the€tape€recorder€which€was€located€on€the€table.€€He€also€stated€that€no€one€was€underÐ ¸  Ðarrest€and€that€the€defendant€could€leave€at€any€time.€€The€defendant€indicated€that€he€understoodÐ ¤ô  Ðthis€statement.€€Both€Officers€Peel€and€Guthrie€inquired€about€the€discrepancies€in€the€defendantððsÐ à  Ðstory,€but€the€defendant€generally€stayed€with€his€original€story.€€At€no€time€did€the€defendant€stateÐ |Ì Ðthat€he€wanted€to€leave€or€that€he€wanted€an€attorney.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€54„minute€interview,Ð h¸ ÐOfficer€Peel€saidò ò€ó óthat€the€defendant€and€his€father€were€free€to€go€and€escorted€them€to€the€policeÐ T¤ Ðstationò ò€ó ólobby€where€the€defendantððs€mother€and€little€sister€were€waiting.€€Ð D” ÐÌà  àAfter€the€return€to€the€lobby,€Officer€Peel€asked€Mr.€Munn€to€explain€to€Mrs.€Munn€that€theÐ  p Ðdefendant€might€be€asked€to€return€to€the€station€if€more€information€was€needed.€€Mrs.€MunnÐ  \ Ðbecame€very€upset€and€asked€Officer€Peel€if€he€thought€that€the€defendant€had€killed€Poklemba.€Ð øH ÐOfficer€Peel€told€Mrs.€Munn€to€ask€the€defendant.€€Mrs.€Munn€did€so,€and€the€defendant€did€notÐ ä4 Ðrespond.€€Officer€Peel€stated€that€he€would€like€to€talk€to€the€defendant€alone.€€Mrs.€Munn€laterÐ Ð  Ðtestified€that€Officer€Peel€kept€staring€at€her€as€if€he€wanted€her€to€ð ðget€involved€in€the€processðð€andÐ ¼  Ðthat€she€felt€that€they€were€no€longer€free€to€leave€at€that€time.€€Mrs.€Munn€then€asked€the€defendantÐ ¨ø Ðif€he€wanted€to€talk€with€the€police€further,€and€the€defendant€replied€that€he€did.€€They€all€thenÐ ”ä Ðproceeded€to€the€third€floor.€€Officer€Peel,€Officer€Guthrie,€and€the€defendant€went€into€the€interviewÐ €Ð Ðroom€while€Mr.€Munn,€Mrs.€Munn,€and€the€defendantððs€little€sister€waited€outside€in€the€hallway.€Ð l ¼ ÐÌà  àOnce€in€the€interview€room,€Officer€Peel€turned€on€the€audio€tape€recorder€which€was€stillÐ D"”  Ðlocated€on€the€table€and€told€the€defendant€that€he€was€not€under€arrest;€that€he€had€voluntarily€comeÐ 0#€! Ðto€the€station;€and€that€he€could€leave€at€any€time€he€wished.€€The€defendant€saidò ò€ó óthat€he€understood.€Ð $l" ÐOfficer€Guthrie€told€the€defendant€that€ð ð[i]tððs€time€to€tell€it€[the€truth].ðð€€Officer€Peel€then€said,€ð ðYouÐ  %\ # Ðknow€who€killed€him,€donððt€you?ðð€€After€a€few€minutes,€Officer€Peel€asked€the€defendant€to€provideÐ ø%H!$ Ða€copy€of€his€fingerprints.€€The€defendant€replied,€ð ðCould€I€come€.€.€.€do€it€next€week€when€myÐ ä&4"% Ðparents€arenððt€here?€€Iððll€call€you€and€I€can€come€down€here.ðð€€The€officers€then€told€the€defendantÐ Ð' #& Ðthat€they€had€a€witness€who€would€say€that€he€saw€the€defendant€and€the€victim€arguing€the€dayÐ ¼( $' Ðbefore€the€victim€was€killed.€€At€one€point€during€the€interview,€the€defendantððs€contact€popped€out.€Ð ¨)ø$( Ðâ âThe€defendant€asked€the€officers€if€a€mirror€was€available.€€Although€a€bathroom€was€located€justÐ ”*ä%) Ðoutside€the€interview€room,€the€officer€told€the€defendant€to€pull€the€blind€up€on€the€window€and€useÐ ° Ðits€reflection€for€a€mirror.€€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àAt€least€three€more€times€during€the€interview,€the€officers€told€the€defendant€that€they€knewÐ tÄ Ðhe€was€not€telling€the€truth,€and€they€urged€him€to€tell€all€that€he€knew.€€The€defendant€again€saidÐ `° Ðthat€he€would€rather€come€back€on€Monday€and€be€fingerprinted.€€The€officers€told€the€defendant,Ð L œ Ðð ðNowððs€the€time€to€do€it€[tell€the€truth],€with€momma€and€daddy€here€to€support€you€and€be€withÐ 8 ˆ Ðyou.ðð€€Officer€Peel€then€told€the€defendant:€Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIððm€gonna€tell€you€your€mommaððs€gonna€ask€me€if€I€think€you€did€it.€Ð ü L  ÐAnd€Iððm€gonna€say€momma€yes€I€do.€€And€you€know€what€sheððsÐ è 8  Ðgonna€do.€€Sheððs€gonna€have€a€fit.€ÐÔ$ ` x` x Ðà  àÌAgain,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€would€rather€come€back€and€talk€to€the€officers€later.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àAt€this€point,€Mrs.€Munn€opened€the€door€and€came€into€the€booking€room.€€Mrs.€Munn€saidò òÐ „Ô  Ðó óthat€she€had€been€listening€outside€the€door€and€had€heard€what€they€were€saying.€€She€told€theÐ pÀ Ðofficers,€ð ðThis€sounds€like€the€kind€of€thing€___€need€___€lawyer€___.ðð€€(The€blanks€representÐ \¬ Ðportions€of€the€transcripts€and€tapes€that€are€inaudible.)€€Mrs.€Munn€asked€the€officers,€ð ðYouððre€notÐ H˜ Ðintimidating€him€to€tell€you€something?ðð€€The€defendant€then€responded,€ð ðTheyððre€not.€€TheyððreÐ 4„ Ðbeing€nice.ðð€€While€the€officers€were€still€present€in€the€room,€Mrs.€Munn€began€to€plead€with€theÐ  p Ðdefendant€to€tell€the€officers€what€happened.€€The€defendant€then€replied,€ð ðI€told€them€whatÐ  \ Ðhappened€momma.ðð€€Next,€Officer€Guthrie€stated€that€he€and€Officer€Peel€thought€that€the€defendantÐ øH Ðhad€killed€the€victim.€€Then,€Officer€Peel€stated:€Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€think€that€for€whatever€reason€it€was,€he€and€Andrew.€€Went€to€thisÐ ¼  Ðmotel.€€Andrew€was€shot.€€Andrewððs€car€was€brought€back€and€parkedÐ ¨ø Ðnext€to€where€your€daughterððs€dorm€is€and€left€there.€€And€whoeverÐ ”ä Ðdid€it,€walked€on€off.€€And€the€discrepancies€in€his€story,€that€heððsÐ €Ð Ðtold,€makes€us€believe€that€he€was€the€one€that€done€it.€Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌOfficer€Peel€then€informed€Mrs.€Munn€that€her€son€had€asked€to€come€back€on€Monday€to€speakÐ D!” Ðfurther€with€them.€€During€these€conversations,€the€defendant€never€specifically€asked€to€leave€theÐ 0"€  Ðroom€or€to€talk€to€a€lawyer.€€Throughout€the€interview€there€had€been€the€distant€sound€of€peopleÐ #l! Ðoutside€the€door,€as€evidenced€in€the€video€tapes.Ô#†XÔXXXñÙ#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔÐ $X" ÐÌà  àOfficer€Peel€then€asked€Mrs.€Munn,€ð ðDo€you€want€to€talk€to€us€or€do€you€want€to€talk€to€himÐ à%0!$ Ðby€himself?ðð€€Officer€Peel€asked€the€defendant,€ð ðDo€you€want€to€talk€to€your€momma?€€Or€do€youÐ Ì&"% Ðwant€to€talk€to€us?ðð€€Officer€Guthrie€added,€ð ðDo€you€want€to€talk€to€your€momma€by€yourself?ðð€€TheÐ ¸'#& Ðdefendant€responded,€ð ðYeah.ðð€€Both€officers€left€the€room.€€The€door€to€the€interview€room€was€thenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðclosed,€but€not€locked.€€Officer€Peel€went€into€the€hall€area€and€Officer€Guthrie€went€in€and€out€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€separate€video€monitoring€room.€€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àAs€Mrs.€Munn€sat€close€to€the€defendant€and€patted€him€on€his€knee,€she€pleaded€with€himÐ ° Ðto€tell€the€officers€what€they€wanted€to€know.€€The€defendant€said,€ð ðI€shot€him.ðð€€The€defendantÐ œì Ðproceeded€to€tell€his€mother€that€he€shot€the€victim€ð ðfor€the€money.ðð€€He€said,€ð ðI€told€him€I€wasÐ ˆØ Ðgonna€pay€him€late.€€I€borrowed€his€gun€and€sold€it,€and€I€shot€him.€€Didnððt€have€any€intention€ofÐ tÄ Ðpaying€the€money.ðð€€The€defendant€also€admitted:€€Ð `° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWell,€we€had€to€go€somewhere€else.€€I€told€him€we€were€going€to€goÐ 8 ˆ Ð___€and€meet€somebody€but€he€___€the€license€plates€on€the€car,€soÐ $ t Ðif€we€did€get€caught€it€would€be€hard€to€find€when€we€did€that,€whenÐ  ` Ðhe€knelt€down€to€unscrew€the€license€plate.€€Then€I€shot€him€in€theÐ ü L  Ðback€of€his€head.€€He€fell€down€and€I€rolled€him€over€and€took€hisÐ è 8  Ðlicense€and€wallet.€ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌÓ  Óà @ à.€.€.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ2EÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€didnððt€like€the€kid€from€the€very€beginning.€€I€hated€him€with€aÐ „Ô  Ðpassion€and€___€was€the€first€time.€€I€couldnððt€stand€the€kid.€€He€usedÐ pÀ Ðto€pick€on€me€because€I€wasnððt€as€smart€as€he€was.€€I€hated€him.€€IÐ \¬ Ðcouldnððt€stand€him.€€He€disgusted€me.€€He€had€pornographicÐ H˜ Ðmagazines€in€the€room,€it€was€disgusting.€€Ð4„` x` x ÐÌMrs.€Munn€testified€that€she€thought€she€and€the€defendant€were€alone€in€the€interview€room€and€thatÐ  \ Ðno€one€was€listening€or€recording€their€conversations.€€After€the€disclosure,€the€defendant€asked€Mrs.Ð øH ÐMunn€to€ð ð[g]o€find€the€police€so€I€can€tell€them.ðð€€Mrs.€Munn€complied.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àOnce€Mrs.€Munn€found€the€officers,€she€asked€them€to€accompany€her€to€the€interview€roomÐ ¼  Ðwhere€she€expressed€her€confusion€about€what€she€should€do.€€She€then€stated,€ð ðHe€says€he€shot€[theÐ ¨ø Ðvictim].ðð€€The€defendant€interjected,€ð ð.22€caliber,€is€that€what€you€found?ðð€€Officer€Peel€asked€if€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendant€wanted€to€tell€them€about€it.€€The€defendant€said,€ð ðDonððt€turn€on€the€tape,€I€would€ratherÐ €Ð Ðnot€tape€it.ðð€€Following€this€exchange,€Mrs.€Munn€asked,€ð ðDonððt€we€have€to€have€a€lawyer?ðð€€OfficerÐ l¼ ÐPeel€stated,€ð ðIf€you€want€one,€itððs€up€to€you,€just€whatever€you€want€to€do.ðð€€The€defendant€did€notÐ X ¨ Ðask€for€an€attorney€nor€did€he€ask€to€leave€the€room.€€Mrs.€Munn€expressed€a€desire€to€talk€with€herÐ D!” Ðhusband€and€later€asked€to€speak€with€Officer€Peel€alone.€€Mrs.€Munn€and€Officer€Peel€leftò ò€ó óthe€roomÐ 0"€  Ðleaving€Officer€Guthrie€and€the€defendant€alone.€€Ð  #p! ÐÌà  àLater,€the€defendantððs€father€and€his€two„year„old€sister€entered€the€interview€room.€€In€theÐ ø$H # Ðpresence€of€Officer€Guthrie,€the€defendantððs€father€asked€the€defendant€whether€he€shot€the€victim.€Ð ä%4!$ ÐThe€defendant€said,€ð ðYes.ðð€€Then,€the€defendantððs€father€asked,€€ð ðWhyððd€you€do€it?ðð€€The€defendantÐ Ð& "% Ðreplied,€ð ðFor€money.€€.€.€.€€For€money.€€I€hate€it€that€I€had€to€ask€you€for€money,€never€enough.€€.€.€.Ð ¼' #& ÐPlus,€I€hated€the€kid€.€.€.€.ðð€€After€the€exchange,€Officer€Guthrie€left€the€interview€room,€leaving€theÐ ¨(ø#' Ðdefendant,€his€father,€and€his€sister€alone€in€the€room.€€The€defendant€and€his€father€continued€toÐ ”)ä$( Ðdiscuss€the€facts€which€motivated€his€actions.€€Specifically,€the€defendant€told€his€father€that€heÐ €*Ð%) Ðkilled€the€victim€for€a€total€of€$800€to€$900.€€Ð l+¼&* Їà  àLater,€Mrs.€Munn€re„entered€the€room.€€(There€were€no€officers€present€in€the€interview€roomÐ ° Ðat€this€time.)€€Then,€Mr.€Munn€asked€his€wife,€ð ðHe€did€it?ðð€€Mrs.€Munn€said,€ð ðThatððs€what€he€said.ðð€Ð œì ÐA€few€minutes€later,€Mrs.€Munn€asked€her€husband,€ð ðWas€it€an€accident?ðð€€The€defendantÐ ˆØ Ðresponded:€Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€was€intentional,€I€did€it€on€purpose.€€I€knew€exactly€what€I€wasÐ L œ Ðgonna€to€do.€€I€knew€what€to€take€to€take€his€identification.€€I€wish€IÐ 8 ˆ Ðcould€have€put€his€car€somewhere€else€but€Abernathy€was€the€farthestÐ $ t Ðaway€from€Sharp€that€there€was,€that€I€could€think€of,€without€havingÐ  ` Ðto€walk€too€far.€€Thatððs€why€I€put€it€over€there.€Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌMrs.€Munn€then€asked,€ð ðNow€what€do€we€do?€€How€come€you€are€not€crying?€€How€come€you€donððtÐ Ô$  Ðfeel€awful€about€what€you€did?ðð€€The€defendant€replied,€ð ðBecause€I€am€a€psychopath,€in€myÐ À  Ðopinion.ðð€€He€continued,€ð ðI€know€what€I€did.€€I€know€it€was€wrong.€€There€is€nothing€I€can€do€toÐ ¬ü  Ðchange€that.€€___€cry€is€not€going€to€change€it.€€I€have€to€accept€responsibility,€Iððm€not€gonna€sit€andÐ ˜è  Ðcry.ðð€€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àFollowing€this€exchange,€Officer€Peel€reentered€the€room.€€The€officer€spoke€briefly€withÐ \¬ ÐMrs.€Munn€and€the€defendant.€€Mrs.€Munn€then€told€Officer€Peel€that€ð ð[h]e€[the€defendant]€shouldÐ H˜ Ðhave€a€lawyer.ðð€€Officer€Peel€stated,€ð ðIf€he€wanted€one.ðð€€Then,€he€quickly€changed€the€subject€andÐ 4„ Ðleft€the€room.€Ð  p ÐÌà  àLater,€Officer€Peel€and€Officer€Guthrie€returned€to€the€interview€room.€€At€one€point,€OfficerÐ øH ÐPeel€asked€the€defendant,€ð ðFeel€better?ðð€€The€defendant€responded,€ð ðYeah.ðð€€The€officers€spoke€toÐ ä4 Ðthe€defendant€about€being€an€adult€and€having€to€make€up€his€own€mind.€€The€defendant€then€askedÐ Ð  ÐOfficer€Peel€what€would€happen€to€him.€€Officer€Peel€told€the€defendant€that€the€District€AttorneyÐ ¼  Ðwas€on€the€way€and€that€he€said€ð ðyea€or€nay.ðð€€The€defendant€then€asked,€ð ðWhat€€do€you€mean€ððyeaÐ ¨ø Ðor€nayðð?ðð€€Officer€Peel€responded,€ð ðOn€what€to€do.€€We€are€not€trying€to€rush€you.€€He€€says€whetherÐ ”ä Ðto€charge€you€tonight€or€what€to€do€or€let€you€go€home€tonight€and€charge€you€later€or€what.ðð€€TheÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€told€the€officers,€ð ð[I]t€was€all€about€the€gun€and€money,€itððs€always€been€about€money.ðð€Ð l¼ ÐAt€this€point,€Officer€Peel€pushed€a€copy€of€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings€in€front€of€the€defendant€andÐ X ¨ Ðasked,€ð ðHave€you€read€that?ðð€€The€defendant€then€looked€at€the€written€òòMirandaóó€warning€and€toldÐ D!” Ðthem,€ð ðNo.ðð€€Officer€Peel€then€stated,€ð ðWhy€donððt€you€go€ahead€and€read€that€just€to€be€safe?ðð€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€looked€at€the€warning€for€approximately€15„25€seconds.€€Officer€Peel€then€stated,€ð ðKnowÐ #l! Ðwhat€you€want€to€do€yet?ðð€€The€defendant€stated,€ð ðIððm€going€to€wait€and€see€what€happens€___€IÐ $X" Ðdonððt€want€to€sign€anything.ðð€€Officer€Guthrie€then€said,€ð ðYou€understand€it?ðð€€The€defendantÐ ô$D # Ðresponded,€ð ðYeah.ðð€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àAt€one€point,€Officer€Peel€said,€ð ðReckon€we€can€find€the€billfold.ðð€€The€defendant€replied,Ð ¸'#& Ðð ðI€can€help€you€find€it,€the€keys€too.ðð€€The€defendant€then€initiated€several€topics€of€discussionÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrelating€to€the€crime.€€These€discussions€were€not€in€response€to€police€questioning,€but€appearedÐ )à$( Ðsimply€to€be€an€attempt€by€the€defendant€to€determine€how€much€the€police€actually€knew.€€Later,Ð |*Ì%) Ðthe€defendantððs€father€entered€the€interview€room€and€asked,€ð ðWhereððs€he€going€from€here?ðð€€OfficerÐ h+¸&* ÐPeel€replied,€ð ðWell€we€ainððt€started.€€Weððll€have€to€wait€and€see,€what€yððall€said,€momma€told€us€toÐ ° Ðwait€until€she€comes€back.ðð€€Then,€the€defendant€said,€ð ð[G]et€a€lawyer,€that€would€probably€be€theÐ œì Ðbest€thing,€___€get€lawyer.€€Yððall€said€I€wasnððt€under€arrest€so€I€could€leave€tonight€and€I€could€justÐ ˆØ Ð.€.€.€.ðð€€Officer€Peel€responded,€ð ðYouððre€going€to€be€arrested€tonight.ðð€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThere€was€then€a€discussion€about€waiting€for€a€lawyer,€and€the€Munns€were€told€that€theÐ L œ ÐDistrict€Attorney€was€on€the€way.€€The€whole€Munn€family€and€both€officers€were€present€in€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðroom€at€this€time.€€Mrs.€Munn€asked€her€son,€ð ðRudy,€are€you€sorry?ðð€€The€defendant€responded,€ð ðNotÐ $ t Ðreally.€€He€was€a€dirty€little€son„of„a„bitch,€looked€at€porno€magazines.ðð€€Moments€later,€the€MunnsÐ  ` Ðwere€told€that€the€District€Attorney€was€there€and€they€were€asked€if€they€wished€to€talk€with€him.€Ð ü L  ÐThe€defendant€was€subsequently€arrested€and€booked€that€evening.€€The€defendant€was€interviewedÐ è 8  Ðfor€a€total€of€3ðð€to€4€hours€before€being€arrested.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àBefore€trial,€the€defendant€moved€to€suppress€the€secretly„videotaped€statements€upon€theÐ ¬ü  Ðgrounds€that€he€had€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€statements€made.ò ò€€ó óAt€the€suppressionÐ ˜è  Ðhearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€secretly„videotaped€statements,Ð ˆØ  Ðfinding€that€there€was€no€custodial€interrogation€and€that€the€defendant€did€not€have€a€reasonableÐ tÄ Ðexpectation€of€privacy€in€the€statements.€€At€trial,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€first„degree€murderÐ `° Ðand€sentenced€to€life€without€parole.€€Ð Lœ ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€panel,€in€a€2„1€decision,€upheld€the€defendantððsÐ $t Ðconviction€and€sentence.€€The€intermediate€court€majority€found€that€the€secret€taping€of€theÐ ` Ðdefendantððs€conversation€with€his€parents€while€alone€in€the€interview€room€was€not€a€violation€ofÐ üL Ðthe€defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights€because€the€defendant€did€not€have€a€reasonableÐ è8 Ðexpectation€of€privacy€in€the€statements€made.€€The€panel€also€found€that€the€evidence€in€the€recordÐ Ô$ Ðdoes€not€preponderate€against€the€lower€courtððs€finding€that€the€defendant€was€not€in€custody€whenÐ À Ðhe€was€interviewed€by€the€officers.€€òòóóFinally,€the€intermediate€court€found€that€the€ð ðderivativeÐ ¬ü Ðevidence€ruleðð€issue€was€moot€since€they€had€held€that€there€were€no€constitutional€violations€andÐ ˜è Ðthat€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€failing€to€give€the€no„adverse„inference€instruction€as€requested€byÐ „Ô Ðthe€defendant.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àJudge€Joseph€M.€Tipton€ò òó óconcurred€in€affirming€the€conviction,€butò ò€ó ódissented€on€the€basisò ò€ó óthatÐ H!˜ Ðthe€secret€taping€of€the€conversations€between€the€defendant€and€his€parents€violatedò òó ó€the€FourthÐ 8"ˆ  ÐAmendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€the€federal€and€state€wiretapping€statutes€and€thatÐ $#t! Ðthe€error€affected€the€defendantððs€sentence.€€Ð $`" ÐÌà  àFor€the€reasons€stated€herein,€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€inÐ è%8!$ Ðpart€and€remand€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€sentencing€hearing€in€accordance€with€this€opinion.€€Ð Ô&$"% ÐÌÌÌÌÐ p+À&* ÐÓ  Óò òòòSUPPRESSION€OF€THE€DEFENDANTððS€VIDEOTAPED€STATEMENTSó ó€óóÐ ° ÐÓpÓòòÓ  Óò òÌStandard€of€Reviewóóó óÐ ŒÜ ÐÓ’pÓÌà  àWhen€evaluating€the€correctness€of€a€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€pretrial€motion€to€suppress,€anÐ d´ Ðappellate€court€must€uphold€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€unless€theÐ P   Ðevidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€Issues€ofÐ < Œ Ðcredibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€the€resolution€of€conflicts€in€theÐ ( x Ðevidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge.€€òòId.óó€€The€prevailing€party€ð ðis€entitled€to€the€strongestÐ  d Ðlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€all€reasonable€andÐ  P  Ðlegitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.ðð€€òòId.óó;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Binetteóó,€33€S.W.3dÐ ì <  Ð215,€217€(Tenn.€2000).€€Ð Ø(  ÐÌà  àHowever,€ð ðwhen€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€on€a€motion€to€suppress€are€based€solely€onÐ °  Ðevidence€that€does€not€involve€issues€of€credibility,€appellate€courts€are€just€as€capable€to€review€theÐ œì  Ðevidence€and€draw€their€own€conclusions.ðð€€òòBinetteóó,€33€S.W.3d€at€217òòóó.€€In€such€an€instance,€theÐ ˆØ  Ðstandard€of€review€is€de€novo€without€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Ð tÄ ÐÌÌòòÓ  Óò òConstitutional€Standardsóó€ó óÐ 8ˆ ÐÓ†vÓÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€certain€of€his€videotaped€statements€should€have€been€suppressedÐ ` Ðbecause€they€were€taped€in€violation€of€his€rights€under€both€the€United€States€Constitution€and€theÐ üL ÐTennessee€Constitution.€Ð è8 ÐÌà  àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€states:€Ð À ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€right€of€the€people€to€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers,Ð ˜è Ðand€effects€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures€shall€not€beÐ „Ô Ðviolated.€€No€warrant€shall€issue€but€upon€probable€cause€supportedÐ pÀ Ðby€oath€or€affirmation€and€particularly€describing€the€place€to€beÐ \ ¬ Ðsearched€and€the€person€or€things€to€be€seized.€€ÐH!˜` x` x ÐÌSimilarly,€article€I,€ðð€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides:€Ð  #p! ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThat€the€people€shall€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers€andÐ ø$H # Ðpossessions,€from€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures;€€and€thatÐ ä%4!$ Ðgeneral€warrants,€whereby€an€officer€may€be€commanded€to€searchÐ Ð& "% Ðsuspected€places,€without€evidence€of€the€fact€committed,€or€toÐ ¼' #& Ðseize€any€person€or€persons€not€named,€whose€offences€are€notÐ ¨(ø#' Ðparticularly€described€and€supported€by€evidence,€are€dangerous€toÐ ”)ä$( Ðliberty€and€ought€not€to€be€granted.Ѐ*Ð%)` x` x ÐÐ l+¼&* ÐÔ#†XÔXXXñü=#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔÓ  Óà  àThe€purpose€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€and€article€I,€ðð€7€is€to€ð ðsafeguard€the€privacy€andÐ ° Ðsecurity€of€individuals€against€arbitrary€invasions€of€government€officials.ðð€€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963Ð œì ÐS.W.2d€487,€490€(Tenn.€1997)€(quotingÔ#†XÔXXXñ0}#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔ€òòCamara€v.€Municipal€Courtóó,€387€U.S.€523,€528€(1967));€òòseeÐ ˆØ Ðalsoóó€òòState€v.€Downeyóó,€945€S.W.2d€102,€106€(Tenn.€1997).€€Ô#†XÔXXXñ£~#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔòòóóTherefore,€under€both€the€United€StatesÐ tÄ ÐConstitution€and€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€ð ða€warrantless€search€or€seizure€is€presumedÐ `° Ðunreasonable,€and€evidence€discovered€as€a€result€thereof€is€subject€to€suppression€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð L œ ÐBridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€at€490.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€interception€of€a€conversation€in€which€a€person€has€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacyÐ  ` Ðconstitutes€a€search€within€the€meaning€of€the€Fourth€Amendment.€€òòKatz€v.€United€Statesóó,€389€U.S.Ð ü L  Ð347,€353€(1967).€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€stated€that€each€Fourth€Amendment€inquiryÐ è 8  Ðinvolves€determining€(1)€whether€the€individual€had€an€actual,€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€andÐ Ô$  Ð(2)€whether€society€is€willing€to€view€the€individualððs€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€as€reasonableÐ À  Ðand€justifiable€under€the€circumstances.€€òòSmith€v.€Marylandóó,€442€U.S.€735,€740€(1979)€(citationsÐ ¬ü  Ðomitted).€€We€have€applied€the€same€analysis€under€article€€I,€ðð€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€òòSeeóóÐ ˜è  ÐòòState€v.€Rossóó,€__€S.W.3d€__,€__€(Tenn.€2001)òòóó.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€in€this€case€we€must€first€determine€whether€the€defendant€had€a€subjectiveÐ \¬ Ðexpectation€of€privacy€in€his€conversations€while€alone€with€his€parents€in€the€police€stationÐ H˜ Ðinterview€room.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àWe€begin€our€analysis€by€noting€that€the€defendant€appeared€voluntarily€to€be€questioned€andÐ  \ Ðwas€told€he€was€free€to€leave€at€any€time.ò ò€€ó óHe€was€not€in€custody,€had€not€been€given€a€òòMirandaóóÐ øH Ðwarning,€and€was€not€under€arrest.€€After€being€questioned€andò ò€ó óprior€to€talking€with€his€parentsÐ è8 Ðalone,€the€defendant€requested€that€the€audio€tape€recorder,€which€was€located€on€the€table€in€theÐ Ø( Ðinterview€room,€be€turned€off;€and€the€officers€complied.€€Officer€Peel€asked€Mrs.€Munn€if€sheÐ Ä Ðwantedò òó ó€to€talk€with€the€defendant€ð ðby€himself,ðð€and€Officer€Guthrie€then€asked€the€defendant€if€heÐ ° Ðwanted€to€ð ðtalk€to€momma€by€yourself.ðð€€The€officers€then€excused€themselves€from€the€room,Ð œì Ðclosed€the€door,€and€left€the€defendant€and€his€mother€alone.ò ò€€ó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àSince€the€microphone€and€video€recording€system€in€the€interview€room€were€hidden,€thereÐ d ´ Ðwas€no€visible€indication€that€someone€could€listen€to€the€private€conversation€between€the€defendantÐ P!  Ðand€his€mother.Ô#†XÔXXXñ#ÔÔ‡XñXXXÔÔ€€After€excusing€himself,€Officer€Guthrie€immediately€went€to€the€private€room€whereÐ <"Œ  Ðall€of€the€defendantððs€conversations€were€being€monitored€as€he€spoke€and€were€being€recorded€forÐ (#x! Ðlater€use.€€Ð $d" ÐÌà  àThe€police€officersðð€collective€actions€in€turning€off€the€audio€tape€recorder€at€the€defendantððs€Ð ì%