ÿWPC¾q  ŸD Šº#Ïõ°#Íõ<¾j{XõxØÕ×R²KS|i`4ŒÔ®_ :PÓ°Úèð€­ ­-ú”!鸉ðJl0ñß9wÎÇ»]¢üÄÎ,ƒ=f‹Ê< b•`Á)UŠWT ÖÐh/brI¢M¶_Y4ú™Æn0Ç |­Š@´÷,=í~rú Ï<Ï€Kw$Μ ¥†O41îDÞ–ÿ4ÞR¹æ F6Ñjû>1 ½?âÙ0 ù…kòÒ|©ƒ¤øo!Nœ6æEÝÖ÷zºõuã’[g}ý.Apvå ‰(Þ-ªý†wÙ6:°–Až^)"Õ¹V%âGrY TD¡lcê‘Ϩ%"r¾žL—®ÐüÓØ´9ãE•õ?gfž%i9# ÃvÏf²[~cûdÿ¸˜‡H)á'Ã#ˆÛ8~´s%Q/v8ðĸ’58d&þPH·›@¿PŸ.=ÒB Mp¦îgĤš0梿âmWFöyÄ ¬ù­j÷=--2Û™žE«éħ½C¹‡x$±`Í1ð[ÿùÇ•ØB³#ÚÌÜÖÒt?-R÷ YžÐi€›ÑdŸ[˜éf‡[ /¨=´`Ó¥#‹ú¤Ãìò}j‚ #ÉÀ UkN‰ %× 0:Ý UN^ ewq4u‰˜ mšN±Z³ 0U  0Ýb 0¿? 0¹þ 0³· 0­j 0§ 0¡¾&_ 0›… 0¿  0Ëß 0­ª 0§W 0¡þ 0›Ÿ 0•: 0Ï 0‡^ 0¼å 0È¡ 0ªi 0¤! 0ž·! 0˜U" 0’í" 0Œ# 0„ $ 0<$ 0²Ë$ 0Š}& 0$(U.+)U'>Y)U0—) 0²Ç) 0¾y* 0¾7+ 0>õ+ 0ø3, 0â+- 0â . 0âï. 0âÑ/ 0â³0 0º•1 0ÒO2 02!3 0üS3 0:O4 0Y‰4 0_â4 0 A5 0‚K6 0Í7 B*Ó9 D/ý9 D+,: 0W: D/]< 0ÎŒ< 06Z= 0= 0:˜> 0^Ò> 0<0? 1el?U6Ñ?U*@ 0È1@Ïù@ÈC BÙE 0DöE:F 0cPF·³FKjI 1uµK 72*L 04\LkLLûMûO!þPRM6S ƒTb•Tb TTÿÿ^îþ`ìaeÐeeuëkëkëkëkU@`m`m`m`m`m`mŽ m mE.q.q.q.q.q.q(0q0q0q0q0q0q0q0q(XqXqXqXqXqXqXqXqXqXqXqXq€q€q€q€q€q€q€q€q€q(–q˜\\IB01S01\CLERK1NASÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularF•<1Ï EbÜ0ê:i¢×+003|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ BeasleyPrentissDrowotaAdolphoWhalenBranhamWulffOzmentSchreinerkidnappingCarradinet]hey FufuNicholeBinghamptonGDSepacusTriplette]veryoneIsiahMacGregDowellHardinblondish CrimCazesDarvocet EvidDeeringMRdeclarantdipsositiveSaylorShipp KaosApprendiaggravatorGodsey i]fPorterfield(disproportionalityCautherni*+ ÿÿ(_26Ô2ÔÔ3  Ôà..à*D+D ÿÿ(_25Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*5+5 ÿÿ(_24Ó  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÓ  Ó*2+2 ÿÿ(_23Ó ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÓ ` Ó*/+/ ÿÿ(_22Ó ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÓ ¸ Ó*,+, ÿÿ(_21Ó  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÓ  Ó*)+) ÿÿ(_20Ó h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓDDœôL¤ÓÓ h Ó*&+& ÿÿ(_19Ó À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓœœôL¤ÓÓ À Ó Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee,€e.g.,óó€òòÔ_ÔGiglioÔ_Ô€v.€United€Statesóó,€405€U.S.€150,€153„54€(1972).*#+# ÿÿ(_18Ó  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ ôôL¤ÓÓ  Ó*>> ÿÿ(_17Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ  Ó*DD ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*55 ÿÿ(_15Ó  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÓ  Ó*22 ÿÿ(_14Ó ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÓ ` Ó*// ÿÿ(_13Ó ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÓ ¸ Ó*,, ÿÿ(_12Ó  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó ììDœôL¤ ÓÓ  Ó*)) ÿÿ(_11Ó h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓDDœôL¤ÓÓ h Ó*&& ÿÿ(_10Ó À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓœœôL¤ÓÓ À Ó(## ÿÿ&_9Ó  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó ôôL¤ÓÓ  Ó(>> ÿÿ&_8Ó  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ  Ó(DD ÿÿ&_7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó(55 ÿÿ&_6Ó  ÓÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ)ä ä <”ìDœôL¤)ÓÓ  Ó(22 ÿÿ&_5Ó ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÓ ` Ó(// ÿÿ&_4Ó ¸ ÓÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ#””ìDœôL¤#ÓÓ ¸ Ó(,, ÿÿ&_3Ó  ÓÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ ììDœôL¤ ÓÓ  Ó()) ÿÿ&_2Ó h ÓÓDDœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓDDœôL¤ÓÓ h Ó(&& ÿÿ&_1Ó À ÓÓœœôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓœœôL¤ÓÓ À Ó&## ÿÿ$_Ó  ÓÓ ôôL¤ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ ôôL¤ÓÓ  Ó<ÿÿ:Default Para<´Âÿÿ:envelope retÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÔ €€ ÔÔ‡¼¼¼ÔÔE‡0 $‹ChristieEÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  ÔÑ  ÑÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÓ  Ó<™µÿÿ:envelope addÑ  ÑÓ ` ÓÓ&<<”ìDœôL¤&ÓÔ‡¼¼¼ÔÔC‡. $‹TabithaCÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÑ  Ñ8syÿÿ6Block TextÑ  ÑÓ ° ÓÓ ° ÓÓ  ÓÓ,"Œ Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤,ÓÔ‡XXXÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤2ÓÑ  Ñ $‹Tabithaô\  `‹&Times New Roman $‹Christie0AAÿÿ.NormalÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó<AAÿÿ:Definition TÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó<AAÿÿ:Definition LÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó8ÿÿ6Definitionòòóó(hhÿÿ&H1Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ  ÔÔ‡°°°ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÔ  ÔÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H2Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡„„„ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H3Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡¼¼¼ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H4Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡XXXÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(]]ÿÿ&H5Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔ(]]ÿÿ&H6Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Óò òÔ‡ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó2DDÿÿ0AddressÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓòòóóÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó8MMÿÿ6BlockquoteÓ , ÓÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó,ÿÿ*CITEòòóó,dlÿÿ*CODEÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡Q<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ €€ ÔóóÔ  Ô4goÿÿ2Keyboardò òÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡Q<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔó ó<Ÿ§ÿÿ:PreformattedÓ  ÓÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡Q<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÓ  Ó<Ûïÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€F(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡R%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€G(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó&ÿÿ  d dE)1dxd'dxd<Ûïÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€I(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡R%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€G(€X7ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓE)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡Q<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡Q<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡/ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô ÿÿ35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.<þ6X9`(‹Courier New%ä2¼A`‹Arial(YG2t¹$¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ€XgsXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô"(òXXgsÔ ÅÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€òòBurnsóó€this€Court€indicated€the€trial€court€should€provide€a€jury€instruction€on€solicitation€at€the€new€trial,Ð ° Ðeven€though€the€offense€had€been€completed.€€However,€this€portion€of€òòBurnsóó€has€been€clarified€in€the€later€cases€of€òòElyóóÐ o¿ Ðand€òòÔ_ÔMarcumÔ_Ôóó.€€These€cases€plainly€explain€that€instructions€are€not€required€on€either€solicitation€or€attempt€where€theÐ .~ Ðevidence€clearly€establishes€completion€of€the€charged€offense. Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€statutory€language€provides:€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€defendant€knowingly€created€a€great€risk€of€death€to€two€(2)€or€moreÐ ° Ðpersons,€other€than€the€victim€murdered,€during€his€act€of€murder.ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-2-203(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)(3)€(1982€&€Supp.Ð o¿ Ð1986). d(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ñ À Ñ(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à ­Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔApparently,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€addressed€this€issue€in€the€interest€of€judicial€economy.€€UnderÐ ° Ðmost€circumstances,€appellate€courts€should€refrain€from€conducting€a€comparative€proportionality€review€if€the€capitalÐ o¿ Ðcase€is€being€reversed€and€remanded€for€a€new€trial€or€a€new€sentencing€hearing.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBondurantÔ_Ôóó,€4€S.W.3dÐ .~ Ð662,€675€(Tenn.€1999);€òòCarteróó,€988€S.W.2d€at€153.€ AÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAccording€to€Shipp,€James€actually€was€beaten€by€twelve€individuals€during€the€six€minutes,€six€seconds€timeÐ ° Ðperiod.€€Because€he€was€a€ð ðbig€guyðð€the€first€six€individuals€ð ðgot€tiredðð€and€ð ðstopped€hitting€on€him.ðð€€At€the€threeÐ o¿ Ðminute,€three€second€mark,€Phillips€selected€six€other€individuals,€to€continue€the€beating,€one€of€whom€was€€Shipp.€3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)\i)&c$"ð"ðà0 à aÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡¼«=» òô+HÔÔ#†ô+H ò»¼«=°#ÔExhibit€8€depicts€the€injury€to€the€victimððs€buttocks.€Exhibit€9€depicts€the€injury€to€the€victimððs€back. öÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEvidence€indicates€the€defendant€told€other€gang€members€to€take€the€victim€ð ðfishing.ðð€The€record€reflectsÐ ° Ðthe€gang€had€a€language€all€its€own.€€James€testified€he€heard€the€defendant€twice€tell€other€gang€members€ð ðÔ_ÔYaððllÔ_Ô€knowÐ o¿ Ðwhat€to€do.ðð€ ùÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWitnesses€at€trial€also€referred€to€this€gang€as€the€Traveling€Vice€Lords. Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFor€purposes€of€clarity,€we€will€consistently€use€the€reference€Ô_ÔMacGregÔ_Ô. Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)(5),€(7)€(1997)ò òòòó óóó.€ CÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€in€this€regard€that€the€skull€was€not€introduced€into€evidence€and€therefore€was€never€given€to€the€juryÐ ° Ðfor€inspection.ÿÿSDU_36- ù- X Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTo€establish€unfair€prejudice,€the€defendant€points€out€that€a€juror€experienced€a€migraine€headache€during€Dr.Ð ° ÐDeering€testimony€and€was€excused€from€the€jury€after€medical€personnel€examined€her.€€The€defendantððs€assertion€isÐ o¿ Ðwithout€merit.€€We€agree€with€and€set€out€below€the€trial€courtððs€decision€on€this€issue.€Ð .~ Ðà8  àIn€regard€to€the€juror€referred€to€by€the€Defendant,€she€experienced€a€migraine€headache€and€requestedÐ í= ÐDarvocet€(an€extremely€powerful€painkiller€available€only€by€prescription)€for€her€pain.€€The€requestedÐ ¬ü Ðmedicine€was€unavailable€to€the€Court,€and€after€being€examined€by€a€doctor€who€confirmed€that€theÐ k» Ðjuror€did€indeed€have€a€migraine,€the€juror€was€dismissed€due€to€the€fact€that€the€doctor€stated€it€wouldÐ * z Ðtake€approximately€two€to€three€hours€for€the€migraine€to€subside.€€The€juror€in€no€way,€shape€or€formÐ é 9 Ðindicated€or€in€any€way€implied€that€the€skull€contributed€to€the€onslaught€of€her€condition.€€The€jurorÐ ¨ ø Ðhad€obviously€experienced€migraine€headaches€before,€given€that€she€normally€took€Darvocet€toÐ g ·  Ðcontrol€these€headaches.€€The€Defendant€has€offered€no€proof€whatsoever€that€the€demonstration€ofÐ & v  Ðthe€skull€had€any€connection€to€the€jurorððs€migraine.€The€Defendant€does€however,€make€much€of€theÐ å 5  Ðfact€that€this€juror€wrote€the€word€ð ðpainðð€on€her€notepad,€and€asserts€that€she€held€it€up€for€other€jurorsÐ ¤ ô   Ðto€see,€and€that€this€action€prejudiced€the€jury.€€The€actions€of€this€juror€were€made€known€to€thisÐ ° ÐCourt€during€trial.€€This€Court€questioned€two€jurors€in€regard€to€this€incident.€€One€juror€stated€thatÐ o¿ Ðshe€had€not€seen€any€such€note.€€Another€juror€testified€that€she€had€seen€it,€stating,€ð ðIt€said,€pain.€€Ð .~ ÐP„A„I„N.€€Her€head€was€hurting€real€bad.€€And€she€just€wrote€pain€on€it€and€held€it€up.ðð€€It€is€obviousÐ í= Ðto€this€Court€that€the€word€pain€was€in€reference€to€the€migraine,€and€that€the€members€of€the€jury€whoÐ ¬ü Ðsaw€this€note€also€understood€the€reference.€€Accordingly,€this€Court€finds€that€the€probative€value€ofÐ k» Ðthe€skull€was€not€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€ õÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòJohnsonóó,€38€S.W.3d€at€63€n.17€(ð ðWhile€we€formally€adopt€the€method€used€by€the€òòOwensóó€Court€in€analyzingÐ ° Ðthis€issue,€we€do€not€necessarily€adopt€the€conclusions€of€that€court€in€applying€this€analysis€to€any€aggravatingÐ o¿ Ðcircumstance€other€than€the€(i)(3)€aggravator.ðð) äÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€The€park€previously€had€been€known€as€Bellevue€Park. Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDespite€reversing€the€defendantððs€conviction€and€death€sentence,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€consideredÐ ° Ðall€the€issues€raised€by€the€defendant€on€appeal€as€well€as€the€issues€appellate€courts€are€mandated€by€statute€to€considerÐ o¿ Ðin€capital€cases.€€Thus,€this€case€need€not€be€remanded€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€for€further€consideration,€andÐ .~ Ðwe€have€considered€all€the€issues€raised€by€the€defendant€as€well€as€the€mandatory€statutory€review€issues€and€haveÐ í= Ðconcluded€the€convictions€and€sentences€should€be€affirmed. Ñ À Ñ ÆÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€defendant€also€challenged€the€consecutive€sentences€imposed€for€his€especially€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_ÔÐ ° Ðconviction.€€In€this€Court,€the€defendant€filed€a€letter€of€supplemental€authority€relying€upon€òòÔ_ÔBlakelyÔ_Ô€v.€Washingtonóó,€542Ð o¿ ÐU.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.2531€(2004),€to€support€his€challenge.€€The€defendant€argues€that€pursuant€to€òòÔ_ÔBlakelyÔ_Ôóó€and€òòÔ_ÔApprendiÔ_Ôóó,Ð .~ Ðhe€was€€entitled€to€a€jury€trial€on€the€factors€supporting€consecutive€sentencing.€€The€State€did€not€respond.€€The€recordÐ í= Ðreflects€that€the€defendant€did€not€rely€upon€òòÔ_ÔApprendiÔ_Ôóó€in€the€trial€court€or€in€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€in€supportÐ ¬ü Ðof€this€claim,€nor€did€he€argue€in€the€lower€courts€that€a€jury€had€to€make€the€consecutive€sentencing€findings.€€We€noteÐ k» Ðthat€several€courts€have€rejected€the€defendantððs€contention€and€held€that€òòÔ_ÔBlakelyÔ_Ôóó€and€Ô‡/ô+H ò òô+HÔòòÔ_ÔApprendiÔ_ÔóóÔ#†ô+H ò ò/ô+H*#ÔÔ‡/ô+H ò òô+HÔ€do€not€apply€to€theÐ * z Ðdecision€to€impose€consecutive€sentences.€€òòSeeóó€òòPeople€v.€Sykesóó,€16€Cal.€Ô_ÔRptrÔ_Ô.3d€317,€327€(Cal.€App.€2€Dist.€2004)€(citingÐ é 9 Ðcases).Ô#†ô+H ò ò/ô+Hš#Ô kÝ ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appeal€in€this€case€has€been€delayed€because€the€record€was€lost€and€had€to€be€reconstructed€and€becauseÐ ° Ðunopposed€motions€requesting€extensions€have€been€granted.(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman  „Ý ƒSt¹$ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€X~ïXXXÔÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô+H òXX~ïÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHaving€so€concluded,€we€need€not€and€do€not€consider€the€Stateððs€assertion€that,€even€if€such€Due€ProcessÐ ° Ðclaims€exist,€such€claims€should€be€raised€in€a€post„conviction€petition€not€on€appeal€and€the€Stateððs€assertion€that€theÐ o¿ ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€erred€in€adopting€and€applying€the€analytical€framework€articulated€by€the€Eighth€CircuitÐ .~ ÐCourt€of€Appeals.€€However,€based€upon€our€finding,€we€reject€the€defendantððs€assertion€that€the€prosecution€failed€toÐ í= Ðdisclose€affirmative€exculpatory€evidence€that€Phillips€was€the€highest€ranking€gang€member€and€that€Phillips€wasÐ ¬ü Ðultimately€responsible€for€the€murder. Ñ ° ÑÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ€–OaÑÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÑ  ÑÑ€gÑÑ  ÑÑ8€~ïXXdædÈ8ÑÑ€X?cÑÑ€m/¤)ÑÓ=€~ïXÐXdÐd=Óà@ ìàÔ‡î(ÀîXXÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†X~ïXîî(À6#ÔˆÐ Ï Ðà@||!ìàÔ‡¼«=»XX~ïÔHeard€in€NashvilleÔ#†X~ïX»¼«=ó#ԈРî> ÐÓ  ÓÔ‡¼«=»XX~ïÔJune€2,€2004€SessionÐ úJ ÐÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€GREGORY€ROBINSONòòóóÔ#†X~ïX»¼«=i#ÔÔ‡î(ÀîXX~ïÔó óÐ  b ÐÌÔ#†X~ïXîî(À #ÔÔ‡¼«=»XX~ïÔà@@½½ìàò òÔ#†X~ïX»¼«=e#ÔAppeal€by€Permission€from€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ =  ÐCriminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ # s Ðà@@øøìàNo.€97„13179„80€€€€€James€C.€Beasley,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ  Y  ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V|) °°` d€÷E<Ô` AßÐ Õ%  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„01299„SC„R11„DDÔ‡X~ïXXX~ïÔ€„€Filed€September€28,€2004Ô#†X~ïXXX~ï)#ÔÐ Ê  ÐÌßA€V|) °°` dE<•` AßÐ –æ  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓWe€granted€the€Stateððs€application€for€permission€to€appeal€to€determine€whether€the€Court€ofÐ ‹Û ÐCriminal€Appeals€erred€by€reversing€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€premeditated€first€degree€murderÐ qÁ Ðand€his€sentence€of€death.€€Upon€review,€we€hold€that€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€erred€inÐ W§ Ðreversing€the€defendantððs€conviction€and€sentence.€€In€particular,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€didÐ = Ðnot€err€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€and€solicitation€or€by€permitting€the€medicalÐ #s Ðexaminer€to€display€the€victimððs€cleaned€and€reconstructed€skull€as€a€demonstrative€aid€during€hisÐ  Y Ðtestimony;€that€the€prosecution€did€not€present€inconsistent€theories€and€evidence€in€the€separateÐ ï? Ðtrials€of€the€defendant€and€co„defendant€Prentiss€Phillips;€and€that€the€sentence€of€death€is€notÐ Õ% Ðdisproportionate€considering€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€and€the€defendant.€€Having€reinstatedÐ »  Ðthe€defendantððs€conviction€and€sentence,€we€have€also€reviewed€and€considered€all€other€errorsÐ ¡ñ Ðalleged€by€the€defendant€and€conclude€that€none€warrants€relief.€€With€respect€to€issues€not€hereinÐ ‡× Ðspecifically€addressed,€we€affirm€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€Relevant€portionsÐ m½ Ðof€that€opinion€are€published€hereafter€as€an€appendix.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€ofÐ S£ ÐCriminal€Appeals€is€reversed€in€part,€affirmed€in€part,€and€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€isÐ 9‰ Ðreinstated.Ð  o ÐÓöÓÌò òÔ‡X~ïXXX~ïÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11;ûÿÿÿdû€Judgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Reversed€in€Part€andÐ ë!;! ÐAffirmed€in€Part;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€ReinstatedÔ#†X~ïXXX~ï½ #Ôüÿÿÿdüó óÐ Ñ"!" ÐÌÓ  ÓòòFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,€C.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòE.€Riley€Anderson,Ð $í$ ÐJanice€M.€Holder,€óóand€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€JJ.,óó€joined.€òòóó€Ô‡tX~ïXXX~ïÔAòòdolphoóó€A.€Bòòirchóó,€Jòòróó.,€filed€aÐ ƒ%Ó % Ðconcurring„dissenting€opinion.€Ô#†X~ïXXtX~ï#ÔÐ i&¹!& ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Joseph€F.Ð 5(…#( ÐWhalen,€Associate€Solicitor€General;€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€PatienceÐ )k$) ÐR.€Branham€and€Paula€Wulff,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellant/appellee,€StateÐ *Q%* Ðof€Tennessee.Ð ç*7&+ Ðâ âÐ Í+',E ÐÑX?cÑâ XâÑÀ°Ñâ XâÑ  ÑJoseph€S.€Ozment€and€Steffen€G.€Schreiner,€Memphis,€Tennessee€(at€trial);€and€Edmund€L.€Carey,Ð ° ÐJr.,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€and€Robert€C.€Brooks,€Memphis,€Tennessee€(on€appeal),€for€theÐ –æ Ðappellee/appellant,€Gregory€Robinson.Ð |Ì Ðâ âÌÌò òà@55'ìàOPINIONó óˆÐ . ~ ÐÓ  ÓÔ‡î(ÀîXX~ïÔà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÔ#†X~ïXîî(À#Ôò òòòóóó óà@ìì*ìàˆÌÌà@(( ìàòòò òI.€Factual€Backgroundó óóóˆÐ à 0 ÐÓ  Óà  à€The€defendant,€Gregory€Robinson,€was€convicted€by€a€Shelby€County€jury€of€theÐ Æ   Ðpremeditated€first€degree€€murder€and€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€of€Vernon€Green.€€ProofÐ ¬ ü  Ðpresented€at€trial€established€that€on€the€afternoon€of€April€30,€1997,€a€squabble€between€two€smallÐ ’â  Ðchildren€in€the€Hurt€Village€Apartments€in€North€Memphis€led€to€an€argument€between€the€mothersÐ xÈ  Ðof€these€children,€which€escalated€into€a€fight,€including€gunfire,€between€the€womenððs€boyfriends,Ð ^®  Ðmembers€of€rival€Memphis€gangs€ð!ð€€the€Gangster€Disciples€and€the€Vice€Lords.׃b×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€As€a€result€of€thisÐ D”  Ðfight,€the€Hurt€Village€Gangster€Disciples€called€an€ð ðaid€and€assistðð€meeting,€and€Memphis„areaÐ *z  ÐGangster€Disciples€congregated€at€an€apartment€in€the€Hurt€Village€complex€for€this€meeting.€Ð ` ÐAlthough€the€victim€was€not€a€gang€member€and€had€not€been€involved€in€the€earlier€fight,€he€wasÐ öF Ðseen€near€the€apartment€where€the€aid€and€assist€meeting€was€being€held.€€When€a€gang€memberÐ Ü, Ðaccused€Green€of€acting€as€a€lookout€for€the€Vice€Lords,€the€defendant€instructed€other€gangÐ Â Ðmembers€to€ð ðsnatch€him€upðð€and€bring€him€to€the€apartment.€€For€one€and€one„half€to€two€and€one„Ð ¨ø Ðhalf€hours,€the€defendant,€along€with€other€gang€members,€beat€and€interrogated€Green.€€EventuallyÐ ŽÞ ÐGreen€was€taken€from€the€apartment€by€six€gang€members€and€shot€to€death€in€Jessie€Turner€Park.׃kO×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РtÄ ÐGreenððs€body€was€discovered€in€the€park€between€5€and€5:30€a.m.,€on€May€1,€1997,€by€members€ofÐ Zª Ða€local€walking€club,€who€called€the€police.€€When€Officer€Alvin€Peppers€arrived€at€the€scene,€heÐ @ Ðfound€the€victimððs€body€lying€face€down€in€a€prone€€position.€€Officer€Peppers€explained€that€heÐ &v Ðcould€not€identify€the€victimððs€features,€such€as€eye€color,€because€the€ð ðface€of€the€body€was€soÐ  \ Ðmutilated€that€there€was€nothing€that€we€could€identify.ðð€€Officer€Peppers€found€no€identifyingÐ òB Ðobjects€on€the€body,€such€as€a€wallet€or€jewelry,€but€he€recovered€a€numbered€dry€cleanerððs€tag€fromÐ Ø( Ðinside€the€victimððs€clothing€that€apparently€was€helpful€in€identifying€the€victim.€€Two€live€.45Ð ¾ Ðcaliber€bullets,€two€.45€caliber€bullet€casings,€and€one€.20€gauge€shotgun€shell€casing€were€foundÐ ¤ô Ðwithin€a€five€foot€radius€of€the€victimððs€body.€€The€following€complicated€and€detailed€recitation€ofÐ Š Ú Ðthe€testimony€at€trial€is€necessary€to€a€full€and€proper€consideration€of€the€issues€presented€in€thisÐ p!À  Ðappeal.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àSeveral€former€gang€members€testified€about€the€events€surrounding€Greenððs€kidnapping€andÐ "$r# Ðmurder.€€Two€of€these€testified€for€the€prosecution.€The€first,€Christopher€James,€known€as€ð ðBigÐ %X $ ÐChris,ðð€testified€for€the€prosecution.€€James€had€been€a€Gangster€Disciple€for€three€or€four€monthsÐ î%>!% Ðon€April€30,€1997.€€Around€5€or€6€p.m.€on€April€30,€1997,€James€and€fellow€Gangster€Disciples,Ð Ô&$"& ÐJarvis€Shipp,€known€as€ð ðJ„Roc,ðð€and€two€other€gang€members€called€ð ðPopcorn,ðð€and€ð ðSteve,ðð€Ð º' #' Ðwitnessed€a€fight€between€Shippððs€girlfriend€and€the€girlfriend€of€ð ðSnoop,ðð€€a€Vice€Lords€gangÐ  (ð#( Ðmember.€€Later,€as€James,€Shipp,€and€Popcorn€were€walking€toward€the€apartment€of€ShippððsÐ ° Ðgirlfriend,€Snoop€approached€them€and€begin€swinging€at€Shipp.€€After€Shipp€and€Snoop€beganÐ –æ Ðfighting,€another€Vice€Lord€drew€a€gun.€€At€this€point,€€James€and€Popcorn€fled,€but€a€bullet€grazedÐ |Ì ÐPopcornððs€hand€as€they€were€running€from€the€scene.€€They€arrived€from€the€fight€at€the€Hurt€VillageÐ b² Ðapartment€of€sisters€Natalie,€Nichole,€and€April€Black€around€8€p.m.€€Shortly€thereafter,€Shipp,€alongÐ H˜ Ðwith€fellow€Gangster€Disciples€Prentiss€Phillips,€James€Lee€White€Carradine,€known€as€ð ðThug€Life,ððÐ . ~ Ðand€ð ðSteve,ðð€and€ð ðChuckðð€arrived€at€the€apartment.€€Shipp€was€angry€and€decided€to€ð ðcall€someÐ  d Ðmore€Gangsters€over€there€to€Hurt€Village.ðð€€An€aid€and€assist€meeting€was€called,€and€accordingÐ ú J Ðto€James,€twenty€or€thirty€additional€Gangster€Disciples€from€all€over€Memphis€arrived€at€theÐ à 0 Ðapartment€for€the€meeting.€€Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àAfter€their€arrival,€Phillips€came€inside€the€apartment€and€said€that€Vernon€Green€wasÐ ’â  Ðoutside€ð ðwatching€out€at€the€apartment.ðð€€One€of€the€later€arriving€Gangster€Disciples,€whom€JamesÐ xÈ  Ðidentified€as€the€defendant,€instructed€Shipp€and€three€other€Gangster€Disciples€to€ð ðgo€snatch€upððÐ ^®  ÐVernon€Green.€€James€said€Shipp€and€the€others€followed€the€defendantððs€instruction€withoutÐ D”  Ðhesitation.€€Green€arrived€at€the€apartment€around€10€p.m.,€escorted€by€ð ð[t]wo€disciples€in€front€[and]Ð *z  Ðtwo€disciples€in€the€back.ðð€€Green€stood€in€the€middle€of€the€floor€as€the€defendant€asked€Green€ifÐ ` Ðhe€had€been€outside€watching€for€the€Vice€Lords.€€The€defendant€then€hit€Green€in€the€face,€struckÐ öF ÐGreen€numerous€times,€both€with€his€fists€and€with€a€broom€stick,€and€then€pushed€Green€onto€theÐ Ü, Ðcouch.€€James,€who€had€lived€in€the€Hurt€Village€apartments€and€known€Green€for€seven€years,Ð Â Ðdescribed€Green€as€the€neighborhood€comedian€and€stated€that€Green€had€not€been€a€gang€memberÐ ¨ø Ðand€had€not€been€involved€in€the€fight€earlier€in€the€day.Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÐ ŽÞ ÐÌÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï®+#Ôà  àAfter€Green€was€beaten,€he€was€taken€upstairs€by€ð ðtwo€other€guys.ðð€€Green€remained€upstairsÐ Zª Ðfor€thirty€to€forty„five€minutes.€€During€this€time,€James€was€ð ðjumped€onðð€and€ð ðbeat€upðð€downstairsÐ @ Ðby€six€Gangster€Disciples€because€he€had€not€helped€ð ðJarvis€and€them€fight.ðð€€James€testified€thatÐ &v ÐPhillips€came€out€of€the€kitchen,€where€he€had€been€meeting€with€Shipp€and€Kevin€Wilkins,€knownÐ  \ Ðas€ð ðBig€Folk,ðð€ð ðcut€on€the€radio€and€started€picking€out€six€people,ðð€who€then€beat€James€for€fleeingÐ òB Ðrather€than€aiding€Shipp€during€the€fight€with€Snoop.€€James€testified€that€Phillips,€not€the€defendant,Ð Ø( Ðselected€the€gang€members€who€beat€James€and€that€the€defendant€had€been€upstairs€at€this€time.Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àGreen€was€escorted€downstairs€after€James€was€beaten,€but€a€short€time€later,€Green€wasÐ Š Ú Ðtaken€from€the€apartment.€€Before€Green€left€the€apartment,€James€saw€the€defendant,€Shipp,€andÐ p!À  ÐPhillips€talking€together€in€the€Ô#bdddÔkitchen€and€overheard€the€defendant€say,€ð ðYððall€know€what€to€do.ððò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïԀРV"¦! ÐÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïê0#Ôò òòòó óóóJames€believed€this€statement€meant€ð ð[t]hey€[were]€going€to€kill€[Green].ðð€€James€recalled€that€theÐ <#Œ" Ðvictim€had€been€held€at€the€apartment€two€or€two€and€one„half€hours.€€When€asked€if€the€victim€saidÐ "$r# Ðanything€during€this€time,€James€said€the€victim€ð ðtold€Prentiss€[Phillips],€ððtell€them€folks€to€stop.ðððð€Ð %X $ ÐWhen€Green€was€escorted€from€the€apartment€by€Shipp,€Wilkins,€Charles€Golden,€known€as€ð ðFufu,ððÐ î%>!% Ðand€Antonio€Jackson,€Green€had€been€wearing€a€black€shirt,€black€pants,€and€black€shoes.€€GreenððsÐ Ô&$"& Ðblack€shirt€had€been€pulled€over€his€head€so€that€Green€was€unable€to€see€or€use€his€arms€to€resist.€€AsÐ º' #' Ðthis€group€left€the€apartment,€James€overheard€the€defendant€again€say,€ð ðYððall€know€what€to€do.ðð€Ð  (ð#( ÐJames€also€testified€that€the€defendant€at€one€point€aimed€a€nine€millimeter€gun€at€his€face,€whileÐ †)Ö$) Ðthreatening€that€the€ð ðsame€thingðð€would€happen€to€James€if€James€ever€said€ð ðsomething€about€it.ððÐ l*¼%* ÐJames€believed€the€defendantððs€comment€meant€ð ð[t]hey€going€to€kill€me€too.ðð€€After€Green€and€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðother€gang€members€left€the€apartment,€Phillips€and€ð ðSteveðð€walked€James€home€in€the€early€morningÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhours€of€May€1,€1997.Ð -n(- Їà  àJames€admitted€that€he€had€never€seen€the€defendant€before€April€30,€1997,€and€that€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€had€not€been€a€member€of€the€Hurt€Village€Gangster€Disciples.€€James€maintained,€however,Ð –æ Ðthat€the€defendant€had€been€a€member€of€the€Memphis€Gangster€Disciples€and€had€been€present€at€theÐ |Ì ÐHurt€Village€apartment€on€April€30,€1997.Ð b² Ѐ€Ð H˜ Ðà  àDefense€counsel€on€cross„examination€questioned€James€regarding€a€statement€he€made€to€theÐ . ~ Ðpolice€on€May€8,€1997,€one€week€after€these€events€occurred.€€ò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔIn€that€statement,€James€informed€theÐ  d Ðpolice€that€ð ð[he]€saw€Anthony,€Jarvis€Shipp,€òòShaunóó,€and€a€big€heavy„set€guy€that€I€donððt€know€hisÐ ú J Ðname,€Antonio€Jackson,€and€Big€Folkðð€kill€Green.€€(Emphasis€added.)€€In€his€May€8€statement€JÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï[9#ÔamesÐ à 0 Ðalso€said€that€ð ðShaunðð€instructed€Shipp€and€three€other€gang€members€to€ð ðgo€snatch€Vernon€Green€upððÐ Æ   Ðand€that€ð ðShaunðð€questioned€and€hit€Green€at€the€apartment.€€In€his€May€8€statement€James€providedÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€following€account€of€the€events:Ð ’â  ÐÌà8  àJ„Roc,€MacKaos,€Shaun,€and€Low„Down€went€into€the€kitchen€for€a€private€meeting.€Ð ^®  ÐAnd€I€heard€them€talking€softly€to€each€other€for€about€five€minutes.€€And€then€J„RocÐ D”  Ðand€Shaun€came€out€of€the€kitchen.€€And€then€MacKaos€and€Low„Down€came€out€ofÐ *z  Ðthe€kitchen.€€And€MacKaos€said,€you€all€need€to€take€care€of€this€and€told€Jarvis,€whatÐ ` Ðyou„all€do€now€is€personal.€€Then€MacKaos€and€Low„Down€left.ÐöFÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àAlso€in€his€May€8€statement,€James€indicated€that€€ð ðShaun€came€up€to€me€and€said€I€better€notÐ Â Ðsay€nothing€to€nobody,€and€if€you€think€this€was€something€let€us€find€out€that€you€said€somethingÐ ¨ø Ðabout€this.ðð€Although€on€May€8,€1997,€James€told€the€police€that€many€gang€members€beat€the€victim,Ð ŽÞ ÐJames€testified€at€trial€that€only€the€defendant€beat€Green.€€Finally,€in€this€May€8,€1997,€statementÐ tÄ ÐJames€claimed€heÐ Zª ÐÌà8  àheard€three€cars€start€and€heard€at€least€six€doors€close.€€And€after€they€leftð!ðandÐ &v ÐPrentiss€had€a€gun€in€his€right€hand€and€said,€if€anyone€say€anything€about€this€theyÐ  \ Ðwill€be€dealt€with.€€And€then€he€said,€all€the€gangsters€in€here€keep€this€on€the€1919.€Ð òB ÐAnd€after€that€Prentiss€and€Steve€escorted€me€to€my€house.ÐØ(Ð Ð  ÐÌWhen€asked€by€police€on€May€8€if€he€had€anything€else€to€add€to€his€statement€to€aid€the€investigation,Ð ¤ô ÐJames€had€replied:€ð ðAll€I€can€say€is€that€Vernon€was€a€good€person€and€didnððt€need€to€be€killed€byÐ Š Ú Ðanyone.ðð€€When€defense€counsel€pressed€James€to€explain€why€he€had€mentioned€the€name€ð ðShaunððÐ p!À  Ðand€had€not€once€mentioned€the€defendantððs€name€in€his€May€8,€1997,€statement,€James€replied:Ð V"¦! ÐÌà8  àMan,€hold€up€man.€€When€Vernon€was€getting€beat,€man,€Vernon€the€one€who€calledÐ "$r# Ðthat€man€Shaun.€€So€I€went€by€what€Vernon€called€him.Ð%X $Ð Ð  ÐÌJames€admitted€he€had€not€previously€provided€this€information€to€police€and€also€conceded€he€hadÐ Ô&$"& Ðnot€previously€indicated€the€defendant€threatened€him€while€holding€a€nine€millimeter€gun€to€his€head.€Ð º' #' ÐAlthough€James€had€consistently€ð ðgiven€the€same€name€for€everybody€else€that€did€everything€thatÐ  (ð#( Ðnight,ðð€the€actions€he€attributed€to€the€defendant€at€trial€had€been€attributed€to€ð ðShaunðð€in€his€May€8Ð †)Ö$) Ðstatement.€€In€response€to€questions€from€defense€counsel,€James€indicated€that€Phillips€wasÐ l*¼%* Ðð ðcoordinatorðð€and€Shipp€ð ðchief€of€securityðð€of€the€Hurt€Village€Gangster€Disciples.€€James€did€notÐ R+¢&+ Ðattribute€a€rank€to€the€defendant,€however.€€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ðà  àOn€re„direct€examination,€James€clarified€his€prior€testimony€and€May€8€statement,€explainingÐ ° Ðthat€many€gang€members€beat€the€victim,€but€the€defendant€hit€Green€first€and€no€other€gang€memberÐ –æ Ðbeat€Green€at€the€same€time€as€the€defendant.€€James€also€explained€he€had€not€known€the€gangÐ |Ì Ðmembers€present€on€April€30,€1997,€by€their€legal€names€and€had€referred€to€them€by€their€streetÐ b² Ðnames.€€James€said€he€had€never€seen€the€defendant€before€that€night,€had€not€known€the€defendantððsÐ H˜ Ðname,€and€had€referred€to€the€defendant€as€ð ðShaunðð€in€his€May€8€statement€because€he€heard€GreenÐ . ~ Ðrefer€to€the€defendant€as€ð ðShaun.ðð€€James€explained€that,€when€the€police€showed€him€a€photographicÐ  d Ðarray€shortly€after€Greenððs€kidnapping€and€murder,€he€selected€the€defendantððs€photograph€but€referredÐ ú J Ðto€the€person€in€the€photograph€as€ð ðShaun.ððÐ à 0 ÐÌà  àJames€maintained€the€accuracy€and€truthfulness€of€his€May€8€statement€and€claimed€its€onlyÐ ¬ ü  Ðerror€was€his€use€of€the€name€ð ðShaunðð€when€describing€the€defendantððs€actions.€€Jamesò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€claimed€he€hadÐ ’â  Ðnot€learned€the€defendantððs€correct€name€until€the€first€day€of€trial.Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ï´L#Ô€€James€reaffirmed€his€directÐ xÈ  Ðtestimony€and€reiterated€that€the€defendant€gave€the€order€to€ð ðsnatch€upðð€Green;€that€the€defendantÐ ^®  Ðbeat€Green;€that€the€defendant€met€with€Phillips,€Shipp,€and€Wilkins€in€the€kitchen;€and,€that€theÐ D”  Ðdefendant€twice€commented,ð ðYaððll€know€what€to€do.ðð€€On€re„cross„examination,€defense€counselÐ *z  Ðpointed€out€that,€despite€his€proclamation€to€the€contrary,€James€knew€the€defendantððs€correct€nameÐ ` Ðprior€to€trial€and€had€used€the€defendantððs€correct€name€when€previously€testifying.€€Sergeant€WilliamÐ öF ÐAshton€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€corroborated€Jamesððs€testimony€regarding€the€photographicÐ Ü, Ðarray.€€Sergeant€Ashton€recalled€that€James€identified€the€defendantððs€photograph€from€the€array,€butÐ Â Ðreferred€to€the€person€in€the€photograph€as€ð ðShaun.ððò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÐ ¨ø ÐÌÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï9Q#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÔ#adbdÔà  àTestifying€next€for€the€prosecution,€Jarvis€Shipp,€known€also€as€ð ðJ„Roc,ðð€admitted€he€had€beenÐ tÄ Ða€Gangster€Disciple€and€that€he€had€held€the€ð ðchief€of€securityðð€rank€in€the€Hurt€Village€section€of€theÐ Zª Ðgang.€€Shipp€corroborated€Jamesððs€testimony€concerning€the€squabble€between€the€children€that€led€toÐ @ Ðthe€argument€between€the€childrenððs€mothers€that€eventually€escalated€to€the€altercation€between€ShippÐ &v Ðand€Snoop.€€Shipp€also€corroborated€Jamesððs€testimony€concerning€James€and€Popcorn€fleeing€the€fightÐ  \ Ðand€the€gunshot€injury€to€Popcorn.Ð òB ÐÌà  àWhen€heÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï‘Q#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€arrived€at€the€Hurt€Village€apartment€of€Natalie,€Nichole,€and€April€BlackÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï®T#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€at€aboutÐ ¾ Ð9€p.m.,€Shipp€saw€James,€Popcorn,€Phillips,€Isiah€Triplett,€Sepacus€Triplett,€Steve€Hardin,€and€JamesÐ ¤ô ÐLee€White€Carradine,€all€members€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€The€Black€sisters€also€were€present,€butÐ Š Ú ÐPhillips,€the€ð ðcoordinatorðð€of€the€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ï;U#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€Hurt€Village€Gangster€Disciples,€ordered€the€Black€sisters€upstairs.€Ð p!À  ÐAfter€they€complied,€PhillipsÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï¸V#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€called€an€aid€and€assist€meeting,€stating€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€wereÐ V"¦! Ðgoing€to€ð ðstep€to€another€levelðð€and€retaliate€against€the€Vice€Lords.€€Shipp€believed€Phillips€€meant€theÐ <#Œ" ÐGangster€Disciples€were€going€back€to€hurt€all€or€some€of€the€Vice€Lords€as€revenge€for€injuringÐ "$r# ÐPopcorn.Ð %X $ ÐÌÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïrW#Ôò òòòó óóóà  àShipp€explained€how€the€Gangster€Disciples€were€organized€into€sections€throughout€Memphis.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐIn€addition€to€the€Hurt€Village€section,€where€Phillips€was€the€ð ðcoordinatorðð€and€Shipp€the€ð ðchief€ofÐ º' #' Ðsecurity,ðð€the€Gangster€Disciples€had€sections€in€Mitchell€Heights,€South€Memphis,€Scutterfield,Ð  (ð#( ÐFrayser,€Watkins€Manor,€Binghampton,€Hyde€Park,€Douglass,€Riverside,€Castalia,€Whitehaven,€Tulane,Ð †)Ö$) Ðand€Westwood.€€According€to€Shipp,€ð ðT„Money,ðð€who€lived€in€Chicago,€was€the€ð ðhead€guy€over€theÐ l*¼%* Ðwhole€entire€cityðð€of€Memphis.€€Kevin€Foley,€also€known€as€ð ðKaos,ðð€was€the€number€two€person€overÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€entire€city.€€However,€because€ð ðT„Moneyðð€was€out€of€town,€ð ðKaos€was€like€the€governorðð€overÐ 8,ˆ', ÐMemphis.€€According€to€Shipp,€the€defendant€was€from€the€Mitchell€Heights€section€of€the€gang€andÐ -n(- Ðð ðat€that€particular€time€he€was€a€active€chief€of€security€over€the€entire€city€of€Memphis.ðð€€€As€such,€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€ranked€just€below€Kaos,€and€because€T„Money€was€out€of€town,€the€defendant€effectivelyÐ –æ Ðranked€second€in€the€Memphis€Gangster€Disciples.€€As€chief€of€security€for€Memphis,€the€defendantÐ |Ì Ðensured€that€all€section€security€chiefs€were€organized€and€gave€orders€when€Kaos€was€not€around€toÐ b² Ðdo€so.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àShipp€and€Phillips€followed€the€chain€of€command€when€calling€the€aid€and€assist€meeting€onÐ  d ÐApril€30,€1997,€calling€first€Kaos€then€the€defendant.€€After€these€calls€were€madeÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ,€forty€to€eightyÐ ú J ÐGangster€Disciples€from€all€over€Memphis€arrived€at€the€apartment,€and€many€of€them€were€armedÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïì_#Ô€withÐ à 0 Ðhandguns.€€After€their€arrival,€Phillips€ordered€James€Lee€White€Carradine€and€another€person€upstairsÐ Æ   Ðto€prevent€the€Black€sisters€from€coming€downstairs€or€leaving€the€apartment.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àKaos€arrived€at€the€apartment€about€9:30€or€9:45€p.m.€€The€defendant€arrived€shortly€thereafterÐ xÈ  Ðand€immediately€asked€Shipp,€ð ðWhy€arenððt€your€guys€on€point?ðð€€Shipp€said€the€defendant€meant,Ð ^®  Ðð ðWhy€arenððt€your€guys€on€security,€watching€out,€looking?ðð€€The€defendant€directed€Shipp,€as€ð ðtheÐ D”  Ðsecurity€of€Hurt€Villageðð€to€determine€the€identity€of€the€ð ðguy€peeping€around€the€corner.ðð€€AfterÐ *z  Ðescorting€the€defendant€inside€the€apartment,€Shipp€left€to€determine€the€identity€of€the€person.€€WhenÐ ` ÐShipp€returned€a€short€time€later€and€advised€the€defendant€that€the€person€was€Vernon€Green,€theÐ öF Ðdefendant€inquired,€ð ðWho€is€Vernon€Green?ðð€€Phillips€and€others€ð ðstarted€screamingðð€that€Green€wasÐ Ü, Ða€Vice€Lord.€€The€defendant€then€ordered€Shipp€and€five€other€gang€members€to€place€Green€underÐ Â Ðð ðGD€arrest.ðð€€According€to€Shipp,€the€defendant€meant€gang€members€were€to€detain€and€hold€GreenÐ ¨ø Ðagainst€his€will.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àAfter€locating€Green,€Shipp€told€Green€ð ðmy€brothers,€the€Gangster€Disciples,€wanted€to€speakÐ Zª Ðwith€him,ðð€and€escorted€Green€inside€the€apartment.€€After€directing€Green€into€the€dining€room,€theÐ @ Ðdefendant€asked€Green€if€he€was€a€Vice€Lord.€€When€Green€replied,ð ðno,ðð€the€defendant€asked€GreenÐ &v Ðif€he€knew€where€the€Vice€Lords€were€located.€€When€Green€again€replied€ð ðno,ðð€the€defendant,€Phillips,Ð  \ Ðand€Wilkins€began€punching,€hitting,€and€physically€abusing€Green.€€€After€Green€fell€to€the€ground,Ð òB ÐShipp€asked€the€others€gang€members€to€ð ðhold€upðð€on€€beating€Green.€€Shipp€then€assured€Green€ð ðweÐ Ø( Ðwerenððt€going€to€do€nothing€to€him,€we€just€wanted€to€knowðð€€the€location€of€the€Vice€Lords.€€GreenÐ ¾ Ðthen€said€the€Vice€Lords€were€at€a€particular€location,€so€the€defendant€ordered€Shipp,€and€five€otherÐ ¤ô Ðgang€members€to€verify€Greenððs€information.€€About€halfway€to€this€location,€Shipp€and€the€others€€metÐ Š Ú Ða€woman€ð ðwho€considered€herself€a€sister€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.ðð€€She€told€them€the€Vice€LordsÐ p!À  Ðwere€ð ðrunning€down€Danny€Thomas.ðð€Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àShipp€and€the€others€returned€to€the€apartment,€and€when€they€arrived,€the€victim€was€sittingÐ "$r# Ðin€a€corner,€away€from€the€couch.€€According€to€Shipp,€Green€had€been€forced€to€sit€in€the€cornerÐ %X $ Ðbecause€Green€ð ðhad€defecated€on€himself.ðð€€Shipp€and€other€gang€members€ridiculed€Green€for€doingÐ î%>!% Ðso.€€After€learning€the€Vice€Lords€had€not€been€at€the€location€Green€provided,€the€defendant€€orderedÐ Ô&$"& ÐSepacus€Triplett€and€another€gang€member€to€take€Green€upstairs.€€Shipp€went€upstairs€as€well€and€sawÐ º' #' ÐGreen€lying€on€the€floor€of€a€bedroom€with€gang€members€standing€around€him€pointing€guns€at€hisÐ  (ð#( Ðhead€and€threatening€to€kill€him.€€Shipp€said€the€Black€sisters€were€in€another€upstairs€bedroom€withÐ †)Ö$) Ða€box€springs€mattress€across€the€door€to€prevent€their€departure.€€When€Shipp€heard€loud€music€andÐ l*¼%* Ðreturned€downstairs,€Phillips€and€the€defendant€were€selecting€gang€members€and€instructing€them€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðform€a€circle.€€Phillips€ð ðtold€James€to€get€in€the€center€of€the€circle.ðð€€Shipp€said€Phillips€was€in€chargeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðof€the€situation,€but€the€defendant€was€advising€on€the€proper€procedure€because€Phillips€had€neverÐ -n(- Ðbefore€ð ðput€a€brother€in€violation.ðð€€When€asked€which€of€the€two€had€the€higher€rank,€Shipp€replied:Ð ° Ðð ðBasically,€youððll€say€Gregory€Robinson.ðð€€However,€Shipp€qualified€his€reply€by€pointing€out€thatÐ –æ Ðthese€events€occurred€in€Hurt€Village,€Phillipsððs€ð ðturf.ðð€€Shipp€agreed€that€the€Gangster€Disciples€areÐ |Ì Ðstructured€somewhat€like€the€United€States,€with€a€national€leader€and€local€leaders.€€Ð b² ÐÌà  àAfter€James€moved€to€the€center€of€the€circle,€the€defendant€and€Phillips€announced€James€hadÐ . ~ Ðð ðsix€minutes€six€seconds,€no€cover€up,ððò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€meaning€James€would€be€beaten€for€six€minutes€and€sixÐ  d Ðseconds€by€six€peopleÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïAs#Ô.׃[×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Gangster€Disciples€referred€to€this€punishment€as€ð ða€pumpkin€head.ðð€Ð ú J ÐAccording€to€Shipp,€James€was€placed€in€ð ðretirementðð€or€ð ðon€holdðð€for€six€months€and€told€not€toÐ à 0 Ðconsider€himself€a€Gangster€Disciple.€€Phillips€and€another€individual,€whom€Shipp€did€not€know,€thenÐ Æ   Ðescorted€James€out€of€the€apartment.€€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àAfter€James€left,€Shipp€told€ð ðthe€guys€to€bring€[Green]€downstairs.ðð€Green€arrived€downstairsÐ xÈ  Ðwith€a€t„shirt€over€his€head€to€obstruct€his€sight€and€to€restrict€hisÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€hands€so€that€he€could€not€break€awayÐ ^®  Ðor€defend€himself.€€Shipp€testified€that€the€defendant,€Phillips,€and€Wilkins€each€individually€spoke€toÐ D”  ÐKaos€on€a€cellular€telephone,€during€ð ðone€long€continuous€conversation.ðð€€Shipp€reported€that€afterÐ *z  Ðhanging€up,€ð ð[t]hey€said€Kaos€said,€ððtake€him€fishing.ðððð€€Shipp,€who€was€not€a€part€of€the€conversationÐ ` Ðwith€Kaos,€understood€this€meant€they€were€to€ð ðtake€[Green]€way€out€somewhere€out€of€the€district,Ð öF Ðrough€him€up€a€little€bit€by€physical€abuse,€and€let€him€get€back€the€best€way€he€could.ðð€€Shipp€thenÐ Ü, Ðheard€the€defendant€direct€Phillips€and€Wilkins€to€select€six€men€to€take€Green€to€a€destination.€€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ï™v#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÐ Â ÐWilkins€picked€Antonio€Jackson,€a€man€known€as€ð ðParis,ðð€and€another€individual€Shipp€did€not€know.€Ð ¨ø ÐPhillips€selected€Shipp,€Charles€Poole,€and€a€man€known€as€ð ðMacEndo.ðð€€Shipp€testified€that€Wilkins,Ð ŽÞ ÐJackson,€Paris,€and€MacEndo€were€from€Mitchell€Heights.€€Shipp€was€from€Hurt€Village,€and€CharlesÐ tÄ ÐPoole€was€from€Scutterfield.€€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àWilkins€left€with€the€six€men€selected,€and€Phillips€remained€at€the€apartment.Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïóy#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïL|#ÔThe€men€droveÐ &v Ðin€two€separate€cars€to€Bellevue€Park.€€When€Green€pulled€the€shirt€from€his€eyes€and€realized€he€wasÐ  \ Ðin€a€dark€area,€he€began€pleading€with€them,€saying€numerous€times,€ð ðjust€let€me€go,€man,€Iððm€notÐ òB Ðgoing€to€say€nothing,€please,€just€let€me€go.ðð€€Shipp,€Paris,€Poole,€and€MacEndo€physically€carriedÐ Ø( ÐGreen€to€the€top€of€a€hill€and€dropped€him€onto€the€ground.€€Wilkins€ð ðsuggestedðð€the€other€men€standÐ ¾ Ða€few€feet€away€from€Green.€€ò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔShipp€testified€that€although€Wilkins€was€not€superior€in€rank€to€theÐ ¤ô Ðdefendant,€Wilkins€was€the€ð ðbig€headðð€who€was€giving€directions€at€the€park.Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïÊ~#Ô€€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔWilkins€kicked€GreenÐ Š Ú Ðin€the€side€and€asked€Green€if€he€had€any€last€words.€€SÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïº#Ôò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔhipp€then€heard€a€gun€being€cockedÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïi€#Ô€and€sawÐ p!À  ÐJackson€fire€the€gun.€€Green€was€lying€face€down,€and€bullets€struck€his€lower€back€and€buttocks.€Ð V"¦! ÐGreen€began€gasping€for€breath€and€saying€that€he€had€been€hit,€that€he€was€dead,€and€that€he€was€notÐ <#Œ" Ðgoing€to€say€anything.€€When€Jackson€ò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔremarked€to€Wilkins€that€the€buckshot€were€not€affecting€Green,Ð "$r# ÐWÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï ‚#Ôò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔilkins€asked€Paris€for€his€chrome€plated€automatic€pistol.€€WÔ#†X~ïXX/X~﯂#Ôò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔilkins€handed€the€pistol€to€Jackson,€whoÐ %X $ Ðshot€Green€in€the€head.€€TÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï:ƒ#Ôò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔhe€gun€jammed,€but€Jackson€adjusted€it€and€fired€again.€€TÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï߃#Ôò òòòó óóóÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔhe€gang€membersÐ î%>!% Ðthen€fled€the€scene€and€later€met€at€a€gas€station€on€South€Parkway,€where€Wilkins€advised€them€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðâ âð ðtake€the€streets,€act€normal.ðð€€Wilkins€gave€them€marijuana€to€ð ðcalm€us€down.ðð€€€They€met€again€atÐ º' #' Ðan€apartment€in€the€Mitchell€Heights€area.€€Shipp€later€learned€this€apartment€belonged€to€ð ðFufuðð€ð!ðÐ ° ÐCharles€Golden.€€Ð –æ Ðâ âÌà  àTwo€days€after€the€murder,€Phillips€told€Shipp€to€take€a€ð ðsix€day€vacation.ðð€€Phillips€called€theÐ b² Ðdefendant,€and€the€defendant€arrived€and€drove€Shipp,€his€ð ðbabyððs€motherðð€and€his€children€to€a€localÐ H˜ Ðmotel.€€The€defendant€told€Shipp€not€to€answer€his€pager€or€use€the€telephone.€€However,€ShippÐ . ~ Ðanswered€a€page€from€Phillips€and€learned€that€the€police€were€looking€for€him.€€Shipp€then€paged€theÐ  d Ðdefendant,€who€immediately€returned€Shippððs€call€but€reprimanded€Shipp€for€being€ð ða€knuckleheadððÐ ú J Ðwho€disobeyed€orders€not€to€use€the€telephone€or€answer€his€pager.€€After€again€telling€Shipp€not€toÐ à 0 Ðanswer€the€telephone€or€respond€to€his€pager,€the€defendant€assured€Shipp€that€he,€or€ð ðother€brothers,ððÐ Æ   Ðwould€be€dropping€by€to€check€on€Shipp.€€Three€days€later,€the€defendant€sent€ð ða€guy€by€the€name€ofÐ ¬ ü  ÐCrenshaw€and€two€more€younger€guysðð€to€pick€up€Shipp€and€his€family€at€the€motel.Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïg„#ÔÐ ’â  ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€his€direct€examination€testimony,€Shipp€claimed€that€he€had€beenÐ ^®  Ðthreatened€by€Gangster€Disciples€for€being€a€ð ðsnitchðð€and€explained€that€he€had€sought€protectiveÐ D”  Ðcustody€because€he€feared€he€would€be€unable€to€survive€in€the€general€jail€population,€which€includedÐ *z  Ðmany€Gangster€Disciples.€€Shipp€declared€he€had€given€truthful€testimony€and€denied€the€State€hadÐ ` Ðoffered€any€deals,€promises,€or€representations€in€exchange€for€his€testimony.Ð öF ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Shipp€admitted€that€he€had€given€a€lengthy€statement€to€the€police€onÐ Â ÐMay€27,€1997,€and€had€not€once€mentioned€the€defendantððs€name,€even€though€he€had€mentionedÐ ¨ø Ðnumerous€Gangster€Disciples,€including€Kaos,€Phillips,€Jackson,€and€Wilkins.€€Shipp€admitted€he€hadÐ ŽÞ Ðidentified€numerous€Gangster€Disciples€when€shown€photographic€arrays,€including€Kaos,€Phillips,Ð tÄ ÐWilkins,€Jackson,€Carradine,€Golden,€ð ðSmash,ðð€Anthony,€Johnny,€and€Sepacus€Triplett,€but€had€failedÐ Zª Ðto€identify€the€defendant€when€given€the€opportunity.€€Ð @ ÐÌà  àAlthough€Shipp€indicated€in€his€May€27,€1997,€statement€that€Kaos€was€the€governor€ofÐ  \ ÐMemphis,€contrary€to€his€trial€testimony,€in€this€same€statement€Shipp€claimed€€that€Wilkins,€from€theÐ òB ÐMitchell€Heights€area,€was€the€chief€of€security€for€North€Memphis,€that€Phillips€outranked€Wilkins,Ð Ø( Ðand€that€Jackson€was€chief€of€security€of€Scutterfield.€€Furthermore,€in€his€May€27,€1997,€statementÐ ¾ ÐShipp€indicated€that€Phillips,€not€the€defendant,€instructed€him€to€arrest€Vernon€Green;€that€Phillips,Ð ¤ô Ðnot€the€defendant,€beat€the€victim;€that€Phillips,€not€the€defendant,€instructed€gang€members€to€takeÐ Š Ú ÐGreen€upstairs€after€he€had€been€beaten;€and€that€Phillips,€not€the€defendant,€decided€Greenððs€fateÐ p!À  Ðbecause€Phillips€and€others€assumed€Green€would€ð ðput€the€law€in€[Phillipsððs]€business€or€[Green]€wouldÐ V"¦! Ðget€the€Vice€Lords€to€retaliate€against€us.ðð€€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Shipp€admitted€that€Shaun€Washington,€a€Gangster€Disciple€fromÐ %X $ ÐMitchell€Heights,€had€been€present€at€the€apartment€on€April€30,€1997,€although€he€had€failed€toÐ î%>!% Ðmention€Shaun€Washington€in€his€May€27,€1997,€statement€to€the€police€or€in€his€direct€testimony.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐShipp€testified€that€some€Gangster€Disciples€have€gold€teeth,€that€the€Gangster€Disciple€symbolsÐ º' #' Ðinclude€the€six„point€star,€the€pitchfork,€the€heart€with€wings,€a€crown,€a€ð ðdevil€tail,ðð€and€the€world€withÐ  (ð#( Ða€sword€piercing€it.€€Shipp€claimed€that€he€had€never€heard€the€phrase€ð ðtake€him€fishingðð€before€AprilÐ †)Ö$) Ð30,€1997,€but€he€maintained€he€had€believed€the€phrase€meant€they€were€to€drive€away€and€leave€GreenÐ l*¼%* Ðto€make€his€own€way€home.€€Shipp€admitted€there€had€been€no€discussion€at€the€park€about€whetherÐ R+¢&+ Ðor€not€they€were€to€kill€Green.€€Shipp€also€admitted€that€he€had€been€acquainted€with€Green€becauseÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhe€had€dated€Greenððs€sister.€€Shipp€conceded€that€he€had€been€charged€with€first€degree€murder€afterÐ -n(- Ðgiving€the€May€27,€1997,€statement,€and€that€the€prosecution€had€filed€a€notice€of€intent€to€seek€theÐ ° Ðdeath€penalty.€€When€asked€if€he€expected€any€consideration€from€the€prosecution€in€exchange€for€his€Ð –æ Ðtestimony,€Shipp€responded,€ð ðYes,€because€the€simple€fact€Iððm€facing€the€death€penalty.ðð€€When€askedÐ |Ì Ðto€clarify,€Shipp€stated,€ð ðIf€itððs€in€the€progress.€€If€itððs€in€the€will.ðð€€When€defense€counsel€commented,Ð b² Ðð ðYouððre€not€up€here€testifying€for€your€health,€are€you,€sir?ðð€€Shipp€responded,€ð ð€Iððm€up€here€testifyingÐ H˜ Ðto€tell€the€truth€on€my€behalf€and€on€behalf€of€the€victimððs€family.ðð€€Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àOn€re„direct€examination,€Shipp€confirmed€that€he€had€identified€only€one€Gangster€Disciple,Ð ú J ÐKaos,€who€outranked€the€defendant,€and€Shipp€said€he€did€so€because€ð ðKaos€had€told€onðð€him.€€ShippÐ à 0 Ðpointed€out€that€the€defendant,€not€Kaos,€had€taken€him€to€a€hotel€and€advised€him€how€to€protectÐ Æ   Ðhimself.€€Shipp€also€claimed€he€had€been€afraid€to€identify€the€defendant€because€the€defendant€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðð ðnot€playing€with€a€full€deck.ðð€€Shipp€maintained€he€had€told€the€truth€at€all€times,€including€his€MayÐ ’â  Ð27,€1997,€statement,€except€for€his€failure€to€identify€the€defendant.€€Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àOn€re„cross€examination€Shipp€emphasized€that€he€had€implicated€Kaos€because€ð ð[e]veryoneÐ D”  Ðknew€that€Kaos€was€a€snitch.ðð€€Shipp€conceded€he€had€initially€€implicated€and€identified€Phillips,€evenÐ *z  Ðthough€he€had€testified€that€Phillips€and€the€defendant€were€ð ðkind€of€on€the€same€levelðð€in€terms€ofÐ ` Ðauthority.€€Shipp€admitted€he€had€never€implicated€the€defendant€prior€to€testifying€at€trial€andÐ öF Ðacknowledged€that€he€hoped€to€avoid€the€death€penalty€by€testifying€against€the€defendant.€Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àAlso€testifying€for€the€prosecution,€Dr.€Thomas€Deering,€the€forensic€pathologist€and€assistantÐ ¨ø ÐShelby€County€medical€examiner€who€performed€Greenððs€autopsy,Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€explained€that€Green€had€a€shotgunÐ ŽÞ Ðwound€and€two€gunshot€wounds€to€the€right€side€of€his€head,€a€shotgun€wound€across€his€upper€back,Ð tÄ Ðand€a€shotgun€wound€to€his€left€buttock.€€The€shotgun€wound€to€the€right€side€of€Greenððs€head€laceratedÐ Zª Ðhis€brain€and€fractured€the€base€of€his€skull€and€would€have€itself€been€fatal.€€Gunshot€wound€B,€nearÐ @ ÐGreenððs€right€temple,€also€fractured€Greenððs€skull€and€struck€his€brain€and€was€alone€ð ða€severe€if€notÐ &v Ðfatal€wound.ðð€€Gunshot€wound€C€began€at€Greenððs€right€temple,€fractured€his€skull,€broke€his€jawboneÐ  \ Ðon€the€right,€traveled€through€the€back€part€of€his€tongue,€and€injured€muscles€in€the€right€side€of€hisÐ òB Ðneck.€€The€shotgun€wound€to€Greenððs€upper€back€caused€superficial€scraping€and€would€not€haveÐ Ø( Ðproduced€death€in€and€of€itself,€although€it€would€have€been€painful.€€The€shotgun€wound€to€GreenððsÐ ¾ Ðleft€buttock€fractured€the€lower€part€of€his€back€bone€and€his€coccyx€and€also€lacerated€his€rectum€andÐ ¤ô Ðbladder.€€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~#Ôò òòòÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔó óóóDr.€Deering€opined€that€the€victim€was€alive€when€the€various€wounds€were€inflicted.€€Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àDr.€Deering€cleaned€and€reconstructed€the€victimððs€skull€to€determine€the€order€of€the€gunshotÐ V"¦! Ðwounds.€€After€examining€the€reconstructed€skull€and€considering€the€level€of€bleeding€at€each€wound,Ð <#Œ" ÐDr.€Deering€determined€that€the€shotgun€wound€to€the€right€side€of€Greenððs€head€was€inflicted€first,€thatÐ "$r# Ðgunshot€wound€B€was€inflicted€second,€and€gunshot€wound€C€was€next€inflicted,€in€almost€the€sameÐ %X $ Ðlocation€as€gunshot€wound€B.€€Although€he€could€not€determine€if€the€shotgun€wounds€to€Greenððs€backÐ î%>!% Ðand€buttocks€preceded€the€wounds€to€his€head,€Dr.€Deering€testified€that€the€shotgun€wound€to€GreenððsÐ Ô&$"& Ðbuttocks€had€a€great€deal€of€associated€bleeding€and€would€have€been€quite€painful.€€Given€the€minimalÐ º' #' Ðassociated€bleeding,€Dr.€Deering€opined€that€Green€had€very€little€blood€pressure€and€was€ð ðin€troubleððÐ  (ð#( Ðat€the€time€Green€was€shot€in€the€back.€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Deering€agreed€that€he€had€reported€no€physical€evidence€of€a€severeÐ R+¢&+ Ðbeating.€€On€redirect,€Dr.€Deering€acknowledged€that€Greenððs€head€was€so€severely€damaged€by€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðgunshot€wounds€that€physical€evidence€of€any€beating€about€Greenððs€head€may€not€have€been€visible.€Ð -n(- ÐNonetheless,€on€re„cross„examination,€Dr.€Deering€admitted€that€ð ðan€average„sized€guyðð€striking€€ð ðhardÐ ° Ðblows€with€a€closed€fistðð€to€a€personððs€head€would€result€in€visible€injuries.€€The€prosecution€then€restedÐ –æ Ðits€case.€Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àTestifying€first€for€the€defense,€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïg¦#ÔJames€Lee€White€Carradine,€known€as€ð ðThug€Life,ðð€admittedÐ H˜ Ðhe€had€been€present€at€the€Hurt€Village€apartment€on€the€evening€Green€was€kidnapped€and€murdered.€Ð . ~ ÐCarradine€maintained,€however,€that€he€and€Isiah€Triplett€had€remained€upstairs€with€the€Black€sistersÐ  d Ðfor€most€of€the€evening.€€Although€Carradine€identified€several€Gangster€Disciples€who€were€at€HurtÐ ú J ÐVillage€apartment,€he€maintained€the€defendant€had€not€been€present€at€the€apartment.€€Carradine€saidÐ à 0 Ðhe€first€met€the€defendant€at€the€Shelby€County€jail€and€did€not€know€whether€the€defendant€was€aÐ Æ   ÐGangster€Disciple.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àòòò òó óóóCarradine€explained€that,€although€a€man€known€variously€as€ð ðGreg,ðð€€ð ðMacGreg,ðð€or€ð ðRedÐ xÈ  ÐGreg,ðð׃c×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€had€been€present€at€the€apartment€in€Hurt€Village€on€the€evening€of€Greenððs€murder,€theÐ ^®  Ðdefendant€was€not€that€man.€€As€to€MacGregððs€rank,€Carradine€stated,€ð ðIððm€just€not€familiar.€€YouÐ D”  Ðknow,€he€had€top€rank.ðð€€Nonetheless,€Còòò òó óóóarradine€maintained€that€Phillips€outranked€ð ðthat€MacGregððÐ *z  Ðand€that€ð ðKaos€was€the€dude€that€was€over€all€of€it.ðð€€Carradine€said€the€person€he€knew€as€MacGregÐ ` Ðhad€been€€present€at€the€apartment€and€armed€with€a€gun.€€He€described€MacGreg€as€bald,€with€a€lightÐ öF Ðmustache,€very€light€complected,€about€5'6"€or€5'7"€in€height,€with€ð ða€bunch€of€tattoos,ðð€and€ð ðtwelveÐ Ü, Ðgold€in€his€mouth,ðð€a€ð ðsix„point€star€in€the€web€of€his€hand,ðð€tattoos€on€his€neck,€body,€and€arms,Ð Â Ðincluding€a€ð ðGDðð€tattoo,€a€ð ðMacGregðð€tattoo€on€his€right€forearm,€and€a€ð ðto€the€world€blowðð€tattoo€onÐ ¨ø Ðhis€left€arm.€€Carradine€confirmed€that€he€had€told€the€police€in€a€May€9,€1997,€statement€that€MacGregÐ ŽÞ Ðwas€chief€of€security€and€was€know€as€the€ð ðExecutioner.ðð€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€prosecution€pointed€out€that€Carradine€had€testified€similarly€atÐ @ ÐKevin€Wilkinsððs€trial,€stating€that€he€knew€a€person€known€as€ð ðBig€Folkðð€but€that€Kevin€Wilkins€wasÐ &v Ðnot€that€person.€€Carradine€reluctantly€admitted€he€had€been€a€Gangster€Disciple€but€maintained€thatÐ  \ Ðhe€had€no€leadership€role€or€rank€within€the€gang.€€While€Carradine€denied€participating€in€the€physicalÐ òB Ðassault€on€Green,€he€recalled€seeing€the€victim€kneeling€beside€the€staircase,€with€Shipp€and€six€othersÐ Ø( Ðstanding€around€him.€€€Carradine€explained€that€Phillips,€along€with€the€men€he€knew€as€MacGreg€andÐ ¾ ÐBig€Folk,€were€ð ðstanding€behind€the€six€dudes€that€were€around€Vernon,ðð€talking€on€the€telephone.€Ð ¤ô ÐCarradine€recalled€Shipp€had€been€walking€between€the€two€groups.€€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔAfter€Green€was€moved€to€anÐ Š Ú Ðupstairs€bedroom,€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïLº#ÔCarradine€heard€someone€telling€Green€ð ðto€shut€up€before€he€got€killed€then.ðð€Ð p!À  ÐCarradine€confirmed€that€Phillips€was€the€Hurt€Village€coordinator€and€Shipp€the€Hurt€Village€chiefÐ V"¦! Ðof€security€and€said€that€MacGreg€ranked€ð ðsomewhere€aroundðð€€two€or€three€in€the€Memphis€GangsterÐ <#Œ" ÐDisciples.€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïԀР"$r# ÐÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï8¼#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÌà  àAfter€Carradine€testified,€the€defendant€displayed€his€person€to€the€jury.€€The€record€reflects€heÐ î%>!% Ðhad€no€tattoos€on€his€chest,€neck,€or€back,€no€ð ðMacGregðð€or€ð ðGregðð€tattoo€on€his€right€arm,€no€starÐ Ô&$"& Ðtattoos€on€his€hands,€and€no€tattoo€of€ð ðto€the€world€blowðð€on€his€left€arm.€€The€record€also€reflects€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€defendant€had€on€his€left€arm€a€tattoo€of€ð ðtwo€heartððs€intertwined€with€each€other,€one€with€the€nameÐ  (ð#( ÐSardie,€one€with€the€name€Samantha.ðð€€Also€tattooed€on€his€left€arm€was€the€word€ð ðRed.ðð€€A€tattoo€onÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€defendantððs€right€arm€was€described€as€following€in€the€record;€ð ða€number€one€with€what€appearsÐ l*¼%* Ðto€be€a€brick€of€a€wall€with€Mom€and€Annie€on€it.ðð€€Finally,€the€record€reflects€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ° Ðsix€gold€teeth€on€the€bottom€and€four€gold€teeth€on€the€top,€for€a€total€of€ten.€€The€letters€ð ðGðð€ð ðRðð€ð ðEððÐ –æ Ðð ðGðð€appeared€on€his€four€top€gold€teeth.€€The€record€reflects€there€were€no€stars€or€ð ðpitch€forks€orÐ |Ì Ðanything€else€on€the€teeth.ððÐ b² ÐÌà  àAnnie€Robinson,€the€defendantððs€mother,€along€with€òòò òó óóóNichole€Robinson€and€Patricia€AnneÐ . ~ ÐRobinson,€two€of€the€defendantððs€sisters,€testified€that€the€defendant€never€had€tattoos€or€gold€teeth€asÐ  d Ðdescribed€by€Carradine.€€The€defendantððs€mother,€along€with€the€defendantððs€friends,€Danny€WilliamsÐ ú J Ðand€Ronald€Dowell,€testified€that€the€defendant€had€never€been€a€gang€member.Ð à 0 ÐÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï¼#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÌà  àWhile€admitting€he€had€been€at€the€Hurt€Village€apartment€on€April€30,€1997,€€Sepacus€TriplettÐ ¬ ü  Ðnonetheless€denied€being€a€member€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€However,€Phillips€directed€Triplett€toÐ ’â  Ðð ðcontrol€the€door,ðð€so€Triplett€had€answered€the€door€for€ð ðeverybodyðð€and€knew€ð ðwho€came€in€and€whoÐ xÈ  Ðdidnððt€come€in.ðð€€Triplett€said€he€had€not€seen€the€defendant€at€the€apartment€and€believed€Phillips€wasÐ ^®  Ðð ðin€charge.ðð€€On€cross„examination,€Sepacus€Triplett€admitted€he€had€lied€to€the€police€in€a€statementÐ D”  Ðgiven€on€May€8,€1997,€and€that€he€had€pleaded€guilty€to€facilitation€in€connection€with€Greenððs€murder.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àFrederico€Mason€testified€that,€although€he€was€not€a€member€of€the€Gangster€Disciples,€he€hadÐ öF Ðbeen€present€at€the€apartment€on€April€30,€1997.€€Mason€had€seen€a€man€known€as€ð ðMacGregðð€aÐ Ü, Ðð ðcouple€of€times€at€Hurt€Village,ðð€but€Mason€did€not€know€if€MacGreg€was€a€Gangster€Disciple.€Ð  ÐMason€maintained€the€defendant€and€MacGreg€were€not€the€same€man.€€Mason€did€not€see€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€at€the€apartment€on€April€30,€1997,€had€never€seen€the€defendant€at€the€Hurt€VillageÐ ŽÞ Ðcomplex,€and€had€first€seen€the€defendant€when€shown€a€picture€by€a€police€detective.€€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïÃ#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€Mason€did€notÐ tÄ Ðknow€if€MacGreg€had€been€at€Nichole€Blackððs€apartment€on€April€30,€1997,€because€he€was€ð ðgoingÐ Zª Ðupstairs€and€downstairs.ðð€€Mason€knew€Kaos€but€said€he€did€not€know€if€Kaos€had€been€at€theÐ @ Ðapartment€on€April€30,€1997,€but€Mòòò òó óóóason€had€seen€Phillips€and€Shipp€discussing€Greenððs€fate.€€WhenÐ &v Ðasked€if€he€saw€anyone€else,€Mason€replied,€ð ðLike€I€said,€them€the€only€peoples€that€I€just€knew,€youÐ  \ Ðknow.ðð€€Oòòò òó óóón€cross„examination,€Mason€admitted€he€left€the€apartment€at€approximately€10€p.m.€and€didÐ òB Ðnot€return€until€approximately€3€a.m.Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïzÉ#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔÐ Ø( ÐÌà  àÔ#cdadÔSteven€Hardin€testified€also€and€admitted€he€had€pleaded€guilty€to€facilitation€to€especiallyÐ ¤ô Ðaggravated€Ô#ddcdÔkidnapping€in€connection€with€Greenððs€kidnapping€and€murder.€€òòò òó óóóHardin€arrived€at€theÐ Š Ú Ðapartment€between€5:30€and€6€p.m.€on€April€30,€1997.€€Hardin€said€Shipp€called€the€aid€and€assistÐ p!À  Ðmeetingòòò òó óóó€and€many€people€arrived€whom€Hardin€had€never€before€seen.€€Hardin€ð ðvaguelyððÐ V"¦! Ðremembered€some€of€the€people€who€arrived€for€the€meeting,€and€in€particular,€he€remembered€aÐ <#Œ" Ðman€known€as€MacGreg€being€there€that€night.€€Hardin€said€MacGreg€had€tattoos€on€his€hand,€arms,Ð "$r# Ðneck,€and€shoulder€and€had€a€nicely€trimmed€ð ðblondish€beard.ðð€€Hardin€maintained€the€defendantÐ %X $ Ðwas€not€€ð ðMacGreg,ðð€and€said€aÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïyÌ#Ôòòò òó óóót€no€time€during€the€evening€did€Hardin€observe€the€defendant€at€theÐ î%>!% Ðapartment.€€Hardin€admitted€that€he€had€been€ð ðtold€to€go€upstairs€by€Prentiss€Phillips€and€lookoutÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€window€and€inform€themðð€if€anyone,€the€police,€the€Vice€Lords,€ð ðwhoever€tried€to€come€up€toÐ º' #' Ðthe€apartment.ðð€€Hardin€stayed€at€his€upstairs€lookout€post€from€6:30€p.m€until€12€or€1€a.m.€€OnÐ  (ð#( Ðcross„examination,€Hardin€admitted€that,€after€pleading€guilty,€he€had€feared€revenge€from€otherÐ †)Ö$) ÐGangster€Disciples€incarcerated€with€him€and€acknowledged€that€his€incarceration€with€other€gangÐ l*¼%* Ðmembers€was€a€frightening€situation.Ð R+¢&+ Ðâ âÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àApril€Black€testified€that,€on€the€evening€of€April€30,€1997,€she€was€held€in€an€upstairsÐ ° Ðâ âbedroom€at€gunpoint€by€members€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€Bòòò òó óóólack€acknowledged€her€acquaintanceÐ –æ Ðand€association€with€members€of€the€Gangster€Disciples,€including€Kaos,€MacGreg,€and€€Phillips.€Ð |Ì ÐShe€admitted€MacGreg€€had€been€at€the€aid€and€assist€meeting€at€her€apartment,€but€maintained€theÐ b² Ðdefendant€is€not€MacGreg.€€Black€admitted€she€was€serving€a€ten„year€sentence€in€the€MississippiÐ H˜ ÐDepartment€of€Correction€for€armed€robbery,€but€claimed€she€was€not€incarcerated€with€GangsterÐ . ~ ÐDisciples€from€Memphis.€€On€cross„examination€Black€admitted€her€brother€had€been€shot€byÐ  d ÐGangster€Disciples€in€the€Shelby€County€jail,€but€she€denied€being€afraid€of€the€gang,€althoughÐ ú J Ðadmitting€she€was€ð ðconcerned.ððÐ à 0 ÐÌà  àHorace€Black,€April€Blackððs€brother,€admitted€he€had€been€a€member€of€the€GangsterÐ ¬ ü  ÐDisciples€for€ten€years.€€He€also€admitted€knowing€the€defendant€from€jail,€but€said,€to€hisÐ ’â  Ðknowledge,€the€defendant€had€never€been€a€member€of€the€Gangster€Disciples.€€€Horace€Black€saidÐ xÈ  Ðhe€did€not€know€Kaos,€despite€being€a€gang€member€for€ten€years.€€On€crossð!ðexamination,€HoraceÐ ^®  ÐBlack€admitted€that€he€previously€had€been€convicted€of€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€withÐ D”  Ðthe€intent€to€sell,€manufacture,€or€deliver,€and€aggravated€robbery.€€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àSergeant€Richard€Parker,€a€Memphis€police€officer€who€had€been€assigned€to€the€Gang€TaskÐ öF ÐForce€for€five€years,€testified€for€the€defense€about€gang€tattoos.€€€Sergeant€Parker€described€theÐ Ü, Ðreadily€identifiable€tattoos€often€used€by€Gangster€Disciples.€€He€stated€the€defendantððs€tattoos€couldÐ Â Ðð ðpossiblyðð€be€gang€tattoos,€but€he€could€not€readily€identify€Ô#cdddÔthem€as€such.€€He€indicated€the€letterÐ ¨ø Ðð ðEðð€of€the€defendantððs€ð ðREDðð€tattoo€resembled€Ô#ddcdÔa€Gangster€Disciple€trademark,€ð ðalthough€it€wasÐ ŽÞ Ðmissing€the€post€under€it.ðð€€He€further€noted€that€gang€members€often€ð ðcamouflageðð€their€tattoos,Ð tÄ Ðand€he€pointed€out€that€tattoos€can€be€easily€changed.€€Sergeant€Parker€indicated€that€gang€membersÐ Zª Ðhad€begun€to€eschew€tattoos€to€avoid€detection€and€explained€that€gold€teeth,€common€amongÐ @ ÐGangster€Disciples,€can€be€removed€and€changed.€€Defense€counsel€pointed€out€that€when€heÐ &v Ðinitially€showed€Sergeant€Parker€photographs€of€the€defendantððs€tattoos,€Sergeant€Parker€opined€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€defendantððs€tattoos€were€not€gang„related.€€After€speaking€with€the€prosecuting€attorneys€in€theÐ òB Ðhall€outside€the€courtroom,€Sergeant€Parker€ð ðcame€to€the€conclusion€that€the€tattoos€could€possiblyÐ Ø( Ðbe€gang„related.ððÐ ¾ ÐÌà  àBased€upon€€this€proof,€the€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€premeditated€first€degree€murderÐ Š Ú Ðand€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€finding€the€defendant€criminally€responsible€for€the€conductÐ p!À  Ðof€another.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àò òó óThe€trial€proceeded€to€the€penalty€phase.€€To€establish€the€two€aggravating€circumstancesÐ "$r# Ðð!ð€€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physicalÐ %X $ Ðabuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€death€and€the€murder€was€committed€during€a€kidnapping׃d×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð î%>!% Ðð!ð€the€prosecution€relied€upon€the€proof€presented€during€the€guilt€phase€of€the€trial€and€re„calledÐ Ô&$"& ÐSergeant€Peppers€to€the€stand.€€Sergeant€Peppers€identified€a€photograph€of€the€victimððs€body€as€itÐ º' #' Ðappeared€when€discovered€in€Jessie€Turner€Park€on€the€morning€of€May€1,€1997.Ð  (ð#( Ðâ âÐ †)Ö$) Ðà  àA€friend€of€the€defendant,€his€mother,€and€two€of€his€sisters€testified€in€mitigation.€€TheyÐ ° Ðâ âdescribed€him€as€a€ð ðloving€fatherðð€of€seven€children,€ranging€in€age€from€one€to€six€years€old,€aÐ –æ Ðmember€of€a€large,€close„knit€family,€a€concerned€and€caring€brother€to€his€five€sisters,€and€theÐ |Ì Ðyoungest€of€his€motherððs€six€children€and€her€only€son.€€He€attended€church.€€Although€he€had€noÐ b² Ðsteady€job,€the€defendant€had€been€trained€as€a€welder.€€Both€the€defendantððs€mother,€and€DebraÐ H˜ ÐMcNeese,€a€mitigation€specialist€with€Probation€Management€Group,€testified€that€the€defendant€hadÐ . ~ Ða€learning€disability€and€had€dropped€out€of€school€in€the€ninth€grade.€€€After€leaving€school,€theÐ  d Ðdefendant€worked€with€his€father€at€Eagle€Iron€Work.€€Testifying€in€his€own€behalf,€the€defendantÐ ú J Ðasked€the€jury€to€spare€his€life€so€that€he€could€see€his€children.òòò òó óóóÐ à 0 ÐÌ€à  àUpon€finding€that€the€prosecution€had€proven€both€aggravating€circumstances€beyond€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðreasonable€doubt€and€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweighed€any€mitigating€circumstancesÐ ’â  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€jury€imposed€a€sentence€of€death.€€The€defendant€appealed,€and€theÐ xÈ  ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€reversed€the€defendantððs€convictions€and€sentence€of€death.€€The€StateÐ ^®  Ðthereafter€filed€an€application€for€permission€to€appeal.€€For€the€following€reasons,€we€disagree€withÐ D”  Ðthe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€and€reinstate€and€affirm€the€defendantððs€convictions€and€sentence€ofÐ *z  Ðdeath.׃l×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ` Ðò òà@ìì*ìàˆÌÌà@h h ìàòòII.€€Failure€to€Instruct€on€Lesser„Included€Offensesó óóóˆÐ  Ðà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€held€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÐ ¨ø Ðon€facilitation€and€solicitation€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€especially€aggravatedÐ ŽÞ Ðkidnapping.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€therefore€reversed€the€defendantððs€convictions€andÐ tÄ Ðremanded€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial.€€In€this€Court,€the€State€concedes€that,€under€theÐ Zª Ðcircumstances€of€this€case€and€the€test€enunciated€in€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€466„67€(Tenn.Ð @ Ð1999),€facilitation€and€solicitation€are€lesser„included€offenses€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€Ð &v ÐNonetheless,€the€State€maintains€that€the€evidence€in€this€case€did€not€justify€a€jury€instruction€onÐ  \ Ðeither€of€these€lesser„included€offenses.Ð òB ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67,€this€Court€explained€that€an€offense€is€lesser„includedÐ ¾ Ðif:Ð ¤ô Ðà8  à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ Š Ú Ðoffense€charged;€orÐp!À Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€contains€aÐ <#Œ" Ðstatutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐ"$r#Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;Ð î%>!% Ðand/orÐÔ&$"&` x` x ÐÐ º' #' Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€propertyÐ ° Ðor€public€interest;€orЖæ` x` x ÐÌà8  à(c)€it€consists€of€Ðb²Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwiseÐ . ~ Ðmeets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐ d` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€thatÐ à 0 Ðotherwise€meets€the€definition€of€lesser„included€offense€in€part€(a)Ð Æ   Ðor€(b).Ь ü ` x` x ÐÌ"Whether€or€not€a€particular€lesser„included€offense€should€be€charged€to€the€jury€depends€onÐ xÈ  Ðwhether€proof€in€the€record€would€support€the€lesser€charge."€òòId.óó€at€468.€€This€Court€has€adopted€aÐ ^®  Ðtwo„step€inquiry€for€determining€if€the€evidence€justifies€a€jury€instruction€on€a€lesser„includedÐ D”  Ðoffense.€€The€trial€court€must€first€determine:Ð *z  ÐÌà8  àwhether€any€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„Ð öF Ðincluded€offense.€€In€making€this€determination,€the€trial€court€must€view€theÐ Ü, Ðevidence€liberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„includedÐ Â Ðoffense€without€making€any€judgments€on€the€credibility€of€such€evidence.€€Second,Ð ¨ø Ðthe€trial€court€must€determine€if€the€evidence,€viewed€in€this€light,€is€legallyÐ ŽÞ Ðsufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser„included€offense.€ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó,€at€469.€€Whether€an€instruction€is€required€depends€upon€the€evidence,€not€the€theory€of€theÐ @ Ðdefense€or€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€188€(Tenn.€2002);€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔòòState€v.€Richmondóó,Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïEú#Ô€90Ð &v ÐS.W.3d€648,€660€(Tenn.€2002).€€Applying€these€principles,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€notÐ  \ Ðerr€in€failing€to€instruct€on€solicitation€and€facilitation.Ð òB ÐÌòòà@ŽŽ#ìàò òóóA.€Solicitationó óˆÐ ¾ Ðà  àA€person€may€be€convicted€of€solicitation€if€that€person€"by€means€of€oral,€written€orÐ ¤ô Ðelectronic€communication,€directly€or€through€another,€intentionally€commands,€requests€or€hiresÐ Š Ú Ðanother€to€commit€a€criminal€offense€.€.€.€with€the€intent€that€the€criminal€offense€be€committed.€.Ð p!À  Ð.€."€€Tenn.€Code€€Ann.€ðð€39„12„102(a)€(1997).€€Part€(c)€of€the€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔòòBurnsóóÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïjý#Ô€test,€which€makes€solicitationÐ V"¦! Ða€lesser„included€offense,€applies€ð ðto€situations€in€which€a€defendant€attempts€to€commit,€or€solicitsÐ <#Œ" Ðanother€to€commit,€either€the€crime€charged€or€a€lesser„included€offense,€but€no€proof€exists€of€theÐ "$r# Ðcompletion€of€the€crime.ðð€€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€719€(Tenn.€2001);€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Marcumóó,Ð %X $ Ð109€S.W.3d€300,€303„04€(Tenn.€2003)€(quoting€this€principle€and€holding€that€the€trial€court€did€notÐ î%>!% Ðerr€in€failing€to€instruct€on€attempted€rape€where€the€evidence€did€not€support€an€attempt€but€insteadÐ Ô&$"& Ðsupported€only€the€completed€offense€of€rape€or€the€defendantððs€claim€of€innocence).€€As€inÐ º' #' Ðâ âòòMarcumóó,€in€this€case,€the€evidence€unmistakably€established€either€the€completed€offenses€of€murderÐ  (ð#( Ðand€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€or€the€defendantððs€claim€of€innocence.€€Consequently,€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt€did€not€err€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€solicitation.׃T×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð –æ Ðâ âÌà@uu"ìàò òB.€€Facilitationó óˆÐ b² Ðà  àPart€(c)(1)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€clearly€designates€facilitation€a€lesser„included€offense€of€theÐ H˜ Ðcharged€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€467.€€€Thus,€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔfacilitation€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïŠ#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔis€a€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïÙ#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔlesser„included€offense€ofÐ . ~ ÐÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï #ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔpremeditated€murder€and€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï‘#Ô.€€Having€determined€that€facilitation€isÐ  d Ða€lesser„included€offense,€we€must€next€determine€whether€the€evidence€in€this€case€warranted€anÐ ú J Ðinstruction€on€facilitation.Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„403(a)€(1997),€defines€"facilitation"€as€follows:€Ð ¬ ü  Ðà8  àA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€facilitation€of€a€felony€if,€òòknowing€thatÐ ’â  Ðanother€intends€to€commit€a€specific€felony,€but€without€the€intent€required€forÐ xÈ  Ðcriminal€responsibility€under€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔðð€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïf#Ô39„11„402(2)óó,€the€person€òòknowingly€furnishesÐ ^®  Ðsubstantial€assistanceóó€in€the€commission€of€the€felony.€ÐD” Ð Ð  ÐÌ(Emphasis€added.)€€Criminal€responsibility€requires€ð ðthe€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commissionÐ ` Ðof€the€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402€(1997).€€Significantly,€facilitation€requires€the€lackÐ öF Ðof€criminal€responsibility€intent.€€Thus,€fÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔor€a€reasonable€jury€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€ofÐ Ü, Ðfacilitation€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder€or€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€jury€wouldÐ Â Ðhave€to€conclude€that€the€defendant,€while€òòlackingóó€the€intent€to€promote€or€assist€the€commissionÐ ¨ø Ðof€either€offense,€knowingly€furnished€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€premeditatedÐ ŽÞ Ðmurder€and€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ït #ÔòòSeeóó€òòid.óó€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔðð€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïª #ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ39„11„403(a)€(1997).€€This€record€containsÐ tÄ Ðno€evidence€that€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïñ #Ôreasonable€minds€could€accept€€to€support€these€conclusions.€€As€recounted€in€greatÐ Zª Ðdetail€above,€with€respect€to€premeditated€murder,€the€evidence€reasonably€supports€only€one€of€theÐ @ Ðfollowing€conclusions:€(1)€Robinson€was€not€present€at€the€apartment,€was€not€involved€in€GreenððsÐ &v Ðmurder€or€the€Gangster€Disciples,€and€therefore€is€completely€innocent;€€(2)€Robinson€is€innocentÐ  \ Ðbecause,€while€he€gave€orders,€he€did€not€order€anyone€to€kill€or€kidnap€Green;€or€(3)€Robinson€isÐ òB Ðguilty€by€criminal€responsibility€because€he€ordered€other€gang€members€to€kidnap€and€kill€Green.€Ð Ø( ÐConsidering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€existence€of€the€lesser„included€offense,Ð ¾ Ðthe€evidence€does€not€support€the€notion€that€the€defendant€merely€furnished€substantial€assistanceÐ ¤ô Ðin€the€commission€of€premeditated€first€degree€murder€and€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,Ð Š Ú Ðwithout€intending€to€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔpromote€or€assist€the€commission€of€these€offenses.€Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àThe€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€opined€that€the€ð ðknowingly€furnishes€substantial€assistanceððÐ <#Œ" Ðelement€of€€facilitation€of€first€degree€murder€was€supported€by€proof€that€the€defendant€orderedÐ "$r# Ðothers€to€take€Green€to€a€secluded€location.€€However,€as€the€State€points€out,€the€evidence€indicatesÐ %X $ Ðthat€the€defendant€told€other€gang€members€to€take€the€victim€ð ðfishing.ðð€€Shipp€testified€that€he€hadÐ î%>!% Ðnever€before€heard€that€instruction€but€believed€it€meant€gang€members€were€to€take€the€victim€ð ðwayÐ Ô&$"& Ðout€somewhere€out€of€the€district,€rough€him€up€a€little€bit€by€physical€abuse,€and€let€him€get€backÐ º' #' Ðthe€best€way€he€could.ðð€€Accepting€this€view€of€the€proof,€no€reasonable€juror€could€have€found€thatÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€defendant€knowingly€furnished€substantial€assistance€in€the€commission€of€the€murder.€€Indeed,Ð ° Ðunder€this€view€of€the€proof,€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ï·#ÔGreenððs€murder€directly€violated€the€defendantððs€instruction.€€It€simplyÐ –æ Ðdefies€logic€to€conclude€that€the€defendant,€while€not€intending€to€aid€or€promote€Greenððs€murder,Ð |Ì Ðnevertheless€ordered€other€gang€members€to€take€Green€ð ðout€of€the€district,€rough€him€up€a€little€bitÐ b² Ðby€physical€abuse,€and€let€him€get€back€the€best€way€he€could,ðð€knowing€all€along€that€these€gangÐ H˜ Ðmembers€intended€to€kill€Green.€€Simply€put,€no€reasonable€jury€could€have€concluded€from€theÐ . ~ Ðevidence€presented€that€the€defendant€had€the€knowledge€required€for€facilitation€but€lacked€theÐ  d Ðintent€required€for€criminal€responsibility.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€byÐ ú J Ðfailing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€to€commit€premeditated€murder.Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€€òòSeeóó€òòElyóó,€48€S.W.3d€at€724Ð à 0 Ð(holding€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€failing€to€instruct€facilitation€as€no€reasonable€jury€couldÐ Æ   Ðbelieve€that,€although€the€defendant€was€present€at€the€scene€of€the€robbery,€knew€that€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðaccomplice€intended€to€commit€robbery,€and€substantially€assisted€in€the€commission€of€the€robbery,Ð ’â  Ðhe€ð ðnevertheless€did€not€intend€ððto€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense.€.€.ðððð);€òòBurnsóó,€6Ð xÈ  ÐS.W.3d€at€471€(holding€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€instruct€on€facilitation€becauseÐ ^®  Ðno€reasonable€jury€could€conclude€that€the€defendant€had€the€knowledge€required€for€facilitation€butÐ D”  Ðlacked€the€intent€required€for€criminal€responsibility).Ð *z  ÐÌÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï»#Ôà  àAs€to€facilitation€to€commit€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ öF Ðexplained€that,€although€the€proof€established€the€defendantððs€direct€participation€in€initiallyÐ Ü, Ðkidnapping€and€beating€Green€at€the€apartment,€a€jury€could€have€concluded€that€the€defendant€didÐ Â Ðnot€intend€the€kidnapping€be€especially€aggravated€when€he€ordered€gang€members€to€take€GreenÐ ¨ø Ðð ðfishing.ðð€€Again,€as€explained€above,€from€the€evidence€presented,€no€reasonable€jury€could€haveÐ ŽÞ Ðconcluded€that€the€defendant€had€the€knowledge€required€for€facilitation€but€lacked€the€intentÐ tÄ Ðrequired€for€criminal€responsibility€to€commit€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Given€the€proofÐ Zª Ðpresented,€the€defendant€was€either€guilty€by€virtue€of€criminal€responsibility€or€he€was€innocent.€Ð @ ÐTherefore,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€facilitation€of€especiallyÐ &v Ðaggravated€kidnapping.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsððs€decision€setting€aside€the€defendantððsÐ  \ Ðconvictions€and€remanding€for€a€new€trial€therefore€is€reversed.€Ð òB ÐÌÌà@- - ìàòòò òIII.€Jarvis€Shipp€Accomplice€InstructionóóˆÐ ¤ô Ðó óà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€instructing€the€jury€they€were€to€determineÐ Š Ú Ðas€a€question€of€fact€whether€or€not€Jarvis€Shipp€was€an€accomplice€to€the€crime.€€The€State€assertsÐ p!À  Ðthe€defendant€waived€this€issue€by€failing€to€object€to€the€charge€given€the€jury.€€Alternatively,€theÐ V"¦! ÐState€argues€that€any€error€was€harmless€because€Shippððs€testimony€was€corroborated€abundantlyÐ <#Œ" Ðby€Jamesððs€testimony€and€other€evidence,€as€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€found.€€Ð "$r# ÐÌà  à€When€the€facts€concerning€a€witness's€participation€are€clear€and€undisputed,€the€trial€courtÐ î%>!% Ðdetermines€as€a€matter€of€law€whether€the€witness€is€an€accomplice.€€òòRipley€v.€Stateóó,€189€Tenn.€681,Ð Ô&$"& Ð687,€227€S.W.2d€26,€29€(1950);€òòState€v.€Perkinsonóó,€867€S.W.2d€1,€7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€IfÐ º' #' Ðthe€facts€are€disputed€or€susceptible€to€different€inferences,€the€jury€must€decide€as€a€question€of€factÐ  (ð#( Ðwhether€the€witness€is€an€accomplice.€€òòPerkinsonóó,€867€S.W.2d€at€7.€€The€test€generally€applied€isÐ †)Ö$) Ðwhether€the€witness€could€be€indicted€for€the€same€offense€charged€against€the€defendant.€€òòMontsÐ l*¼%* Ðv.€Stateóó,€214€Tenn.€171,€191,€379€S.W.2d€34,€43€(1964).€€Ð R+¢&+ Ðâ âÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àIn€this€case,€the€facts€were€not€disputed,€and€the€trial€court€should€have€instructed€the€juryÐ ° Ðâ âto€consider€Shipp€an€accomplice€as€a€matter€of€law.€€However,€the€defendant€failed€to€object€to€theÐ –æ Ðtrial€courtððs€instruction€and€thus€waived€the€issue.€€Furthermore,€even€considering€the€merits€of€theÐ |Ì Ðissue,€the€error€is€harmless€because€Jamesððs€testimony€and€Dr.€Deeringððs€testimony€sufficientlyÐ b² Ðcorroborated€Shippððs€description€of€the€events€so€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððsÐ H˜ Ðverdict€of€first€degree€murder.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð . ~ ÐÌÌà@P P ìàòòò òIV.€€Display€of€Skull€and€Admission€of€Photographsó óˆÐ à 0 Ðóóà  àThe€State€next€challenges€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsððs€conclusion€that€the€trial€courtÐ Æ   Ðerred€both€in€allowing€the€forensic€pathologist€to€use€the€victimððs€cleaned€and€reconstructed€skullÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhen€testifying€about€the€victimððs€injuries€and€in€admitting€into€evidence€certain€photographsÐ ’â  Ðdepicting€the€victimððs€body.€€While€the€State€concedes€that€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€recitedÐ xÈ  Ðthe€correct€standard€of€appellate€review,€the€State€nonetheless€maintains€that€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ ^®  ÐAppeals€failed€to€apply€the€correct€standard.€€According€to€the€State,€rather€than€determiningÐ D”  Ðwhether€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion,€the€intermediate€appellate€court€independently€assessedÐ *z  Ðthe€propriety€of€using€the€skull€at€trial€before€concluding€there€was€ð ðòònoóó€need€for€its€introduction.ðð׃e×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р` ÐThe€State€also€relies€upon€several€cases€in€which€this€Court€rejected€defense€challenges€to€theÐ öF Ðadmission€of€a€victimððs€skull€during€a€murder€trial.€€òòSee,€e.g.,óó€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€925Ð Ü, Ð(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€263€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€718€S.W.2d€241,Ð Â Ð250„51€(Tenn.€1986);€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€641€S.W.2d€883,€888€(Tenn.€1982).€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àIn€response,€€Robinson€argues€that€this€Courtððs€prior€decisions€are€not€controlling€because,Ð tÄ Ðunlike€the€defendants€in€those€cases,€he€was€charged€with€premeditated€first€degree€murder€byÐ Zª Ðcriminal€responsibility€and€was€not€accused€of€actually€inflicting€the€fatal€injuries€upon€the€victim.€Ð @ ÐFurthermore,€the€defendant€argues€that€Dr.€Deeringððs€thorough€and€clear€testimony€regarding€theÐ &v Ðvictimððs€injuries€rendered€the€skullððs€use€unnecessary.€€Although€Robinson€admits€that€Dr.€DeeringððsÐ  \ Ðtestimony€and€use€of€the€skull€to€explain€the€order€of€the€gunshots€corroborated€Shippððs€testimony,Ð òB Ðthe€defendant€nonetheless€maintains€that€the€skull€was€not€relevant€to€ð ðany€disputed€issue€in€the€guiltÐ Ø( Ðphaseðð€of€his€trial.€€The€defendant€argues€that,€in€light€of€the€great€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€theÐ ¾ Ðtrial€court€erred€by€allowing€Dr.€Deering€to€testify€and€display€the€skull€during€his€testimony.׃h×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¤ô Ðà  àAdmission€of€evidence€is€entrusted€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€a€trialÐ ° Ðcourtððs€ruling€on€evidence€will€be€disturbed€only€upon€a€clear€showing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòSeeóóÐ –æ ÐòòState€v.€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€649,€652€(Tenn.€1997).€€A€trial€courtððs€exercise€of€discretion€will€notÐ |Ì Ðbe€reversed€on€appeal€unless€the€court€ð ðapplied€an€incorrect€legal€standard,€or€reached€a€decisionÐ b² Ðwhich€is€against€logic€or€reasoning€that€caused€an€injustice€to€the€party€complaining.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð H˜ ÐSchuckóó,€953€S.W.2d€662,€669€(Tenn.€1997).€€When€determining€admissibility,€a€trial€court€must€firstÐ . ~ Ðdecide€if€the€evidence€is€relevant.€€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔTenn.€R.€Evid.€402€(ð ðAll€relevant€evidence€is€admissible€exceptÐ  d Ðas€provided€by€the€Constitution€of€the€United€States,€the€Constitution€of€Tennessee,€these€rules€orÐ ú J Ðother€rules€or€laws€of€general€application€in€the€courts€of€Tennessee.€€Evidence€which€is€not€relevantÐ à 0 Ðis€not€admissible.ðð);€òòState€v.€Jamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€751,€757€(Tenn.€2002)Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïs8#Ô.€€Evidence€ð ðhaving€anyÐ Æ   Ðtendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€actionÐ ¬ ü  Ðmore€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidenceðð€is€relevant€evidence.€€Tenn.Ð ’â  ÐR.€Evid.€401.€€After€a€court€concludes€evidence€is€relevant,€the€court€must€then€weigh€the€probativeÐ xÈ  Ðvalue€of€the€evidence€against€the€danger€the€evidence€will€unfairly€prejudice€the€defendant€at€trial.€Ð ^®  ÐRelevant€evidence€should€be€excluded€if€the€court€determines€that€the€probative€value€of€theÐ D”  Ðevidence€ð ðis€òòsubstantiallyÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔóó€outweighed€by€its€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403Ð *z  Ð(emphasis€added).€€This€Court€previously€has€emphasizedòòóó:Ð ` ÐÌà8  àRule€403€is€a€rule€of€admissibility,€and€it€places€a€heavy€burden€on€the€party€seekingÐ Ü, Ðto€exclude€the€evidence.€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïô<#ÔÔ‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔExcluding€relevant€evidence€under€this€rule€is€anÐ Â Ðextraordinary€remedy€that€should€be€used€sparingly€and€persons€Ô% ‡f ÔÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ïx>#ÔÔ%†f?Ôseeking€to€excludeÐ ¨ø Ðotherwise€admissible€and€relevant€evidence€have€a€significant€burden€of€persuasion.ÐŽÞÐ Ð  ÐÌòòJamesóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€757„58€(internal€quotations€and€citations€omitted).Ð Zª ÐÌà  àApplying€these€principles,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€byÐ &v Ðallowing€Dr.€Deering€to€testify€and€display€the€skull€to€explain€his€testimony.€€Indeed,€nothing€inÐ  \ Ðthis€record€indicates€that€the€trial€court€ð ðapplied€an€incorrect€legal€standard,€or€reached€a€decisionÐ òB Ðwhich€is€against€logic€or€reasoning€that€caused€an€injustice€to€the€party€complaining.ðð€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àIn€a€jury„out€hearing€the€trial€court€carefully€considered€the€defense€objections,€correctlyÐ ¤ô Ðsummarized€governing€law€regarding€the€prosecutionððs€right€to€prove€its€case,€and€accuratelyÐ Š Ú Ðconcluded€that€this€right€may€not€be€foreclosed€by€a€defendantððs€characterization€of€the€proof€asÐ p!À  Ðundisputed€or€by€a€defendantððs€offer€to€stipulate€or€concede€certain€factual€issues.€€òòSeeóó€òòJamesóó,€81Ð V"¦! ÐS.W.3d€at€761;€òòState€v.€Westóó,€767€S.W.2d€387,€394€(Tenn.€1989)€(holding€that€the€trial€judge€didÐ <#Œ" Ðnot€€err€by€refusing€to€accept€defendant's€offer€to€stipulate€the€identity€of€all€property€when€theÐ "$r# Ðdefendant€made€the€offer€in€an€effort€to€eliminate€highly€emotional€and€prejudicial€testimony);€Ð %X $ ÐòòKingóó,€718€S.W.2d€at€250„51€€(holding€that€the€victimððs€skull€and€skull€fragments€were€properlyÐ î%>!% Ðadmitted€even€though€the€defendant€stipulated€prior€to€trial€that€the€victim's€death€resulted€from€aÐ ° Ðshot€in€the€back€of€the€head€from€a€high„powered€rifle).€€After€acknowledging€that€relevant€evidenceÐ –æ Ðmay€be€excluded€if€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,Ð |Ì Ðthe€trial€court€specifically€concluded€that€the€probative€value€of€Dr.€Deeringððs€testimony€and€his€useÐ b² Ðof€the€skull€to€explain€his€testimony€outweighed€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€The€trial€courtÐ H˜ Ðstated:€ð ðI€canððt€think€of€a€better€way€to€display€and€show€the€injuries€than€by€use€of€the€actual€skull.€Ð . ~ ÐIððm€not€sure€that€you€could€recreate€that€sufficient€to€do€what€I€anticipate€the€doctorððs€going€to€doÐ  d Ðbased€on€what€I€heard€him€do€last€time.ðð€€Later€in€the€proceeding€while€ruling€upon€the€admissibilityÐ ú J Ðof€certain€photographs,€the€trial€court€noted€that€the€skull€was€less€graphic€and€a€better€aid€ð ðtoÐ à 0 Ðdemonstrate€the€injuriesðð€than€some€of€the€photographs.€€Defense€counsel€apparently€agreed€withÐ Æ   Ðthis€assessment,€stating,€ð ð[a]nd€with€that€skull€you€donððt€have€the€blood€and€the€gore€that€you€seeÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€those€photographs.€[Dr.€Deering]€more€than€adequately€demonstrated€to€this€entire€courtroom€inÐ ’â  Ða€very€academic,€professional€fashion.ððÐ xÈ  ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€as€the€defendant€correctly€admits,€Dr.€Deeringððs€testimony€about€€the€order€ofÐ D”  Ðthe€gunshots€corroborated€Shippððs€testimony.€€Indeed,€it€was€Shippððs€testimony€about€the€order€ofÐ *z  Ðthe€gunshots€that€Dr.€Deering€used€the€skull€to€clarify€and€explain.€€Such€corroborating€evidenceÐ ` Ðclearly€was€relevant€because€it€was€necessary€to€the€prosecutionððs€case.€€This€Court€repeatedly€hasÐ öF Ðheld€that€a€conviction€may€not€be€based€solely€upon€the€uncorroborated€testimony€of€an€accompliceÐ Ü, Ðto€the€offense.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Baneóó,€57€S.W.3d€411,€419€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Stoutóó,Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€46€S.W.3d€689,Ð Â Ð696„97€(Tenn.2001);€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïàN#ÔòòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.1994).€€Evidence€corroboratingÐ ¨ø Ðan€accompliceððs€testimony,€such€as€Dr.€Deeringððs€testimony,€therefore€certainly€qualifies€asÐ ŽÞ Ðð ðevidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€theÐ tÄ Ðdetermination€of€the€action€more€probable.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€The€defendant€bore€the€heavyÐ Zª Ðburden€of€establishing€that€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice€from€Dr.€Deeringððs€testimony€and€use€ofÐ @ Ðthe€skull€òòsubstantiallyóó€outweighed€its€probative€value.€€The€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretionÐ &v Ðby€concluding€that€the€defendant€failed€to€meet€this€burden.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsððsÐ  \ Ðdecision€to€the€contrary€is€reversed.Ð òB ÐÌà  àThe€State€also€challenges€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsððs€conclusion€that€the€trial€courtÐ ¾ Ðerred€by€admitting€Exhibit€10,€a€post„mortem€photograph€of€the€victimððs€right€forehead.€€Again,Ð ¤ô Ðadmission€of€evidence€is€entrusted€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€appellate€courtsÐ Š Ú Ðshould€not€reverse€a€trial€courtððs€admissibility€decision€absent€a€showing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€Ð p!À  ÐHere€again,€no€abuse€of€discretion€has€been€shown.€€The€trial€court€found,€and€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ V"¦! ÐAppeals€agreed,€that€the€photograph€in€question,€Exhibit€10,€along€with€two€other€photographs,Ð <#Œ" ÐExhibits€8€and€9,׃_×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€were€relevant€toòòóó€show€premeditation,€the€cause€of€death,€and€the€victimððs€locationÐ "$r# Ðand€body€position,€and€also€were€necessary€to€illustrate€the€testimony€of€many€of€the€stateððsÐ %X $ Ðwitnesses.€€Immediately€upon€admission€of€the€photographs,€the€trial€court€gave€the€jury€a€limitingÐ î%>!% Ðinstruction€and€cautioned€the€jury€against€improperly€using€the€photographs.€€€The€trial€court€did€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðact€as€a€rubber€stamp€and€admit€every€photograph€the€prosecution€proffered.€€As€previously€stated,Ð º' #' Ðthe€trial€court€excluded€certain€autopsy€photographs,€noting€their€admission€was€not€necessaryÐ  (ð#( Ðbecause€Dr.€Deering€had€been€allowed€to€use€the€victimððs€skull€as€a€demonstrative€aid.€€The€trialÐ †)Ö$) Ðcourt€did€not€apply€an€incorrect€legal€standard.€€Tennessee€courts€follow€a€policy€of€liberality€in€theÐ l*¼%* Ðadmission€of€photographs€in€both€civil€and€criminal€cases.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949Ð ° Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€òòóóòòóóPhotographs€of€a€corpse€are€generally€admissible€in€murder€prosecutions€if€they€areÐ –æ Ðrelevant€to€the€issues€at€trial.€€òòId.óó€at€950„51.€€The€trial€courtððs€determination€that€the€photographsÐ |Ì Ðwere€relevant€to€issues€at€trial€is€not€illogical€nor€irrational€and€did€not€cause€an€injustice€to€theÐ b² Ðdefendant.€€As€the€trial€court€found,€the€photographs€were€relevant€to€several€issues,€illustrated€andÐ H˜ Ðsupplemented€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Deering,€and€revealed€the€brutality€of€the€attack€and€the€extentÐ . ~ Ðof€force€used€against€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€576€(Tenn.€1993).€€For€allÐ  d Ðthese€reasons,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€admitting€Exhibits€8,€9,€and€10€intoÐ ú J Ðevidence.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsððs€decision€to€the€contrary€is€reversed.Ð à 0 ÐÌÌà@ŠŠìàòòò òV.€Sergeant€Ashtonððs€Testimonyó óóóˆÐ ’â  Ðà  àRelying€upon€òòCrawford€v.€Washingtonóó,€__€U.S.€__,€124€S.€Ct.€1354€(2004),€defense€counselÐ xÈ  Ðcomplains€that€Sergeant€Ashtonððs€testimony€regarding€Shaun€Washingtonððs€identification€of€theÐ ^®  Ðdefendant€constituted€inadmissible€hearsay€that€violated€his€constitutional€right€to€confront€theÐ D”  Ðwitnesses€against€him.€€We€agree€with€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€and€the€trial€court€that€theÐ *z  Ðdefendant€elicited€this€hearsay€evidence€and€cannot€complain€now€about€its€introduction.€€WhenÐ ` Ðdefense€counsel€cross„examined€Sergeant€Ashton€about€his€preparation€of€photo€spread€ð ðGG,ðð€theÐ öF Ðfollowing€exchange€occurred.Ð Ü, ÐÌà8  àQ:à0` Ð Ð àAnd€as€case€coordinator€during€your€investigation€are€you€aware€of€any€otherÐ ¨ø Ðindividuals€that€were€interviewed€that€identified€ð ðGG,ðð€number€six,€as€beingÐ ŽÞ Ðthere?ÐtÄ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA:à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir.ÐZª` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ:à0` Ð Ð àAnd€who€would€that€be,€sir?Ð@` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àRight€offhand€I€wouldnððt€know.€€Iððd€have€to€look€at€my€case.Ð&v` (#` (# Ðà0  àQ:à0` (#(#àOkay.€€Would€you€please€ð!ð€do€you€have€that€somewhere€nearby?Ð \` (#` (# Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àI€believe€Iððve€got€a€copy€of€it€in€my€office.ÐòB` (#` (# Ðà0  àQ:€à0` (#(#àOkay.€€Could€you€go€obtain€that?ÐØ(` (#` (# Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àItððd€take€me€a€few€moments.о` (#` (# Ðà0  àQ:à0` (#(#àOkay.€€Could€you€do€that,€sir?Фô` (#` (# Ðà0  àTHE€COURT:à0(#(#àWhat€are€you€asking€Mr.€Ozment?Њ Ú(#(# Ðà0  àMR.€OZMENT:à0(#(#àYou€honor,€Iððm€asking€him€to€obtain€whatever€other€identificationsÐ p!À  Ðwere€made€of€ð ðGGðð€six.ÐV"¦!(#(# ÐÌThe€court€then€recessed€for€the€evening,€and€when€cross„examination€resumed€the€next€day,€theÐ "$r# Ðfollowing€exchange€occurred€between€defense€counsel€and€Sergeant€Ashton.Ð %X $ ÐÌà8  àQ:à0` Ð Ð àSergeant€Ashton,€yesterday€when€we€left€off€we€were€talking€about€the€photoÐ Ô&$"& Ðspread€and€the€people€that€had€identified€people€in€the€photo€spread,€correct?к' #'` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àYes,€sir.Р(ð#(` (#` (# Ðà0  àQ:à0` (#(#àParticularly€photo€spread€ð ðGG,ðð€correct?І)Ö$)` (#` (# Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àYes,€sir.Ðl*¼%*` (#` (# Ðà0  àQ:à0` (#(#àAnd€the€last€question€I€left€on€was€who€else€identified€someone€out€of€photo€spreadÐ R+¢&+ Ðð ðGG.ðð€€Have€you€had€an€opportunity€to€check€your€records€on€that?Ð8,ˆ',` (#` (# Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àThe€best€I€could€determine€it€was€Christopher€Lewis€and€Shaun€Washington.€Ð-n(-` (#` (# Ðà0  àQ:à0` (#(#àOkay.€€So€out€of€all€the€people€that€ð!ð€when€they€were€shown€this€photo€spread€byÐ ° Ðofficers€in€your€department€that€identified€Gregory€Robinson€during€the€course€ofÐ –æ Ðyour€investigation€the€only€two€were€Christopher€James€and€Shaun€Lewis,€correctÐ |Ì Ðð!ð€Shaun€Lewis€James?Ðb²` (#` (# Ðà0  àA:à0` (#(#àThatððs€what€weððve€got€in€their€statements,€correct.ÐH˜` (#` (# Ðà  àÌà  àOn€re„direct,€Sergeant€Ashton€testified€that,€while€giving€a€statement€on€June€13,€1997,Ð  d ÐShaun€Washington€looked€at€photographic€array€ð ðGGðð€and€identified€the€defendant€as€MacGreg.€Ð ú J ÐWhen€asked€about€Washingtonððs€demeanor€at€the€time,€Sergeant€Ashton€responded,€ð ðHe€was€veryÐ à 0 Ðsure€of€himself.ðð€€The€defendant€did€not€interpose€an€objection€to€Sergeant€Ashtonððs€testimony.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àWhile€the€defendant€may€very€well€be€correct€that€both€òòCrawfordóó€and€Tennessee€Rule€ofÐ ’â  ÐEvidence€Rule€803(1.1)€bar€hearsay€statements€of€identification€if€the€declarant€does€not€testify€atÐ xÈ  Ðtrial,€neither€òòCrawfordóó€nor€Rule€803(1.1)€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€in€this€case€because€the€defendant€himselfÐ ^®  Ðboth€elicited€and€opened€the€door€to€the€testimony€he€now€assigns€as€error.€€Under€theseÐ D”  Ðcircumstances,€the€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief.€€Indeed,€it€is€well„settled€that€a€litigant€"willÐ *z  Ðnot€be€permitted€to€take€advantage€of€€Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔerrors€which€he€himself€committed,€or€invited,€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ï±q#Ôor€induced€theÐ ` Ðtrial€court€to€commit,€or€which€were€the€natural€consequence€of€his€own€neglect€or€misconduct.Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ"Ð öF ÐÔ#†X~ïXX/X~ï£r#ÔòòNorris€v.€Richardsóó,Ô‡/X~ïXXX~ïÔ€193€Tenn.€450,€246€S.W.2d€81,€85€(1952);€Ô#†X~ïXX/X~ïs#Ôòòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3dÐ Ü, Ð274,€279„80€(Tenn.€2000);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).€€Thus,€the€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€onÐ Â Ðthis€claim.Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌà@ppìàò òòòVI.€€Failure€to€Declare€a€Mistrialó óóóˆÐ Zª Ðà  àThe€defendant€further€maintains€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€for€a€mistrialÐ @ Ðgiven€the€prosecutorial€misconduct€in€presenting€Nichole€Blackððs€testimony.€€During€its€rebuttal,Ð &v Ðthe€prosecution€called€Nichole€Black,€one€of€the€sisters€held€in€the€apartment€on€the€night€of€VernonÐ  \ ÐGreenððs€murder.€€Black€testified€that€the€defendant€had€been€in€the€apartment€on€the€night€inÐ òB Ðquestion.€€On€redirect€examination,€the€prosecutor€handed€Black€a€photograph€and€asked€if€she€couldÐ Ø( Ðidentify€the€person€in€the€photograph.€€Defense€counsel€objected€to€the€identification,€and€the€trialÐ ¾ Ðcourt€held€a€jury„out€hearing.€€Ultimately,€the€trial€court€excluded€Blackððs€testimony€and€orderedÐ ¤ô Ðit€entirely€stricken€from€the€record€because€the€prosecution€had€failed€to€inform€defense€counsel€thatÐ Š Ú ÐBlack€had€made€a€prior€identification€of€the€defendant.€€Although€the€trial€court€denied€theÐ p!À  Ðdefendantððs€request€for€a€mistrial,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€to€disregard€Blackððs€testimony.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àThe€decision€of€whether€to€grant€or€deny€a€motion€for€a€mistrial€rests€within€the€soundÐ "$r# Ðdiscretion€of€the€trial€court.€€A€mistrial€should€be€declared€only€upon€a€showing€of€manifestÐ %X $ Ðnecessity.€€òòState€v.€Sayloróó,€117€S.W.3d€239,€250„51€(Tenn.€2003).€€ð ðIn€other€words,€a€mistrial€is€anÐ î%>!% Ðappropriate€remedy€when€a€trial€cannot€continue,€or€a€miscarriage€of€justice€would€result€if€it€did.ðð€Ð Ô&$"& ÐòòState€v.€Landóó,€34€S.W.3d€516,€527€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000).€€Appellate€courts€should€not€reverseÐ º' #' Ða€trial€court's€decision€denying€a€request€for€a€mistrial€absent€a€clear€showing€that€the€trial€courtÐ  (ð#( Ðabused€its€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Reidóó,€91€S.W.3d€247,€279€(Tenn.€2002).€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àThe€record€in€this€case€supports€the€trial€courtððs€decision€and€demonstrates€no€abuse€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðdiscretion.€€Nichole€Black€testified€that€even€though€the€power€was€out€in€her€apartment€on€AprilÐ 8,ˆ', Ð30,€1997,€she€had€observed€a€man€for€approximately€thirty€seconds€by€the€light€of€a€small€pocketÐ -n(- Ðpager€held€near€her€face€and€that€the€man€in€the€photograph€ð ðlooked€likeðð€the€man€she€observed.€Ð ° ÐNichole€Black€had€just€previously€testified€that€no€one€in€the€courtroom,€including€the€defendant,Ð –æ Ðwas€at€her€apartment€the€night€of€Greenððs€abduction€and€murder.€€Viewing€it€as€a€whole,€NicholeÐ |Ì ÐBlackððs€testimony€was€uncertain€and€vague.€€The€trial€judge€twice€instructed€the€jury€to€disregardÐ b² Ðher€testimony€in€its€entirety.€€Jurors€are€presumed€to€follow€the€instructions€of€the€court.€€òòReidóó,€91Ð H˜ ÐS.W.€3d€at€279;€òòStoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€715;€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€106€(Tenn.1998).€Ð . ~ ÐUnder€these€circumstances,€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€by€denying€the€defendant'sÐ  d Ðrequest€for€a€mistrial.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð ú J ÐÌÌà@o o ìàò òòòVII.€€Due€Process€Violation:€Inconsistent€Theories€&€Evidenceóóó ó€ˆÐ ¬ ü  Ðà  àIn€his€October€2000€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€defendant€alleged€his€Due€Process€rights€hadÐ ’â  Ðbeen€violated€because€the€theory€of€guilt€presented€by€the€prosecution€at€the€October€1999€trial€ofÐ xÈ  Ðco„defendant€Phillips€was€fundamentally€inconsistent€with€and€inherently€contradictory€to€evidenceÐ ^®  Ðand€argument€presented€by€the€prosecution€at€his€November€1998€trial.׃p×Ý ƒW#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€trial€judge€whoÐ D”  Ðpresided€at€the€various€trials€and€plea€colloquies€related€to€this€murder€rejected€the€defendantððsÐ *z  Ðclaim.€€The€trial€court€noted€that€although€ð ðthe€evidence€did€not€absolutely€establish€the€identity€ofÐ ` Ðthe€leader€at€this€meeting,€there€was€ample€evidence€that€the€Defendant€was€a€leader€at€that€meeting.€Ð öF ÐThe€fact€that€Prentiss€Phillips,€a€co„defendant€was€also€identified€as€a€leader€at€this€meeting€does€notÐ Ü, Ðrender€the€finding€that€this€Defendant€was€a€leader€invalid.ððÐ Â ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€renewed€his€Due€Process€claim€in€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€AfterÐ ŽÞ Ðannouncing€that€the€claim€was€a€question€of€first€impression€in€Tennessee,€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ tÄ ÐAppeals€adopted€the€analysis€of€the€United€States€Court€of€Appeals€in€òòSmith€v.€GooseÔ‡tX~ïXXX~ïÔóó,€205€F.3dÐ Zª Ð1045,€1052€(8th€Cir.€2000).€€Consistent€with€the€Eighth€Circuitððs€approach,€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ @ ÐAppeals€explained€that,€in€separate€trials€against€co„defendants€for€the€same€crime,€the€prosecutionÐ &v Ðviolates€Due€Process€by€pursuing€factually€contradictory€theories€that€are€at€the€core€of€theÐ  \ Ðprosecutionððs€case.€€The€intermediate€appellate€court€explained€that€to€obtain€relief€under€thisÐ òB Ðapproach,€€a€defendant€must€establish€not€only€a€ð ðcoreðð€inconsistency,€but€also€a€reasonableÐ Ø( Ðlikelihood€that€the€outcome€of€the€trial€would€have€been€different€absent€the€inconsistency.€Ð ¾ ÐApplying€this€test,€the€intermediate€appellate€court€found€that,€during€the€separate€trials€of€theÐ ¤ô Ðdefendant€and€co„defendant€Phillips,€€the€prosecution€ð ðpresented€some€proof€and€arguments€whichÐ Š Ú Ðwere€inconsistent,€contradictory,€and€factually€irreconcilable€regarding€the€relative€rank€of€theÐ p!À  Ðdefendant€and€Phillips.ðð€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€nonetheless€concluded€that€the€defendantÐ V"¦!