WPCE gc Ri Ѭzeu:ݽҐa:M;VgeZg'V mvաVXDB1x&Y /_ՋIEfDdta' fހŠ6X`&;x Oi~ڜb.,.Ay, j\bg[2#7dh.;-ޫo譞D2.O--O%?qrV@J}b apenalinstitutionunderTenn.CodeAnn.3916605;(2)whethertheescapestatuteis *z unconstitutionallyvague;and(3)whetherthetrialcourterredinfailingtoinstructthejuryonthe f lesserincludedoffenseofattemptedescape.Afterconsideringtherecordandapplicableauthority, R weconcludethatthelegislaturedidnotintendthatadefendantsflightfromtherearofapatrolcar > wouldconstituteescapefromapenalinstitutionunderTenn.CodeAnn.3916605.Wetherefore * dismisstheconvictionforescapefromapenalinstitution,butaffirmtheconvictionfortheft.The  judgmentoftheCourtofCriminalAppealsisaffirmedinpartandreversedinpart,andthecaseis  remandedtothetrialcourtforanyfurtherproceedings. #  1      ׀  =XXdd=   Tenn.R.App.P.11AppealbyPermission;JudgmentoftheCourtofCriminal v ЀAppealsAffirmedinPartandReversedinPart;RemandedtotheTrialCourt  b  E.RileyAnderson,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichFrankF._Drowota_,III,C.J., :!  and_Adolpho_ԀA.Birch,Jr.,JaniceM.HolderandWilliamM.Barker,JJ.,joined. &"v! #XXXX)#XXXXW.MarkWardandGarland_Erguden_,AssistantDistrictPublicDefenders,Memphis,Tennessee,for #N# theappellant,_Colico_ԀS.Walls. $: $ PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneral&Reporter;MichaelE.Moore,SolicitorGeneral;LucianD. &"& _Geise_ԀandMarkA._Fulks_,AssistantAttorneysGeneral;WilliamL.Gibbons,DistrictAttorney '"' General;andJenniferS._Nichols_,AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral,fortheappellee,Stateof (#( Tennessee. )$)  r*%* _ԇ@66' OPINION     OnMay24,1997,thedefendant,ColicoWalls,wasarrestedfortheftofanautomobile by  twopoliceofficersnearSpringdaleandBrownstreetsinMemphis,Tennessee.Theofficers x handcuffedWallswithhishandsbehindhisbodyandplacedhimintherearoftheirpatrolcar. d WhentheofficerssawthatWallshadmanagedto movehiscuffed handstothefrontofhisbody, P  theyremovedhimfromthecarandhandcuffedhimonceagainwithhishandsbehindhisbody.To @  ensurethatWallswouldnotmovehishands,theofficersusedasecondpairofhandcuffstosecure , | thefirstpairofhandcuffstoWallsbeltloop.Theofficersalso securedWalls legswitha rip  h hobbledevice.  X    TheofficersplacedWallsintherearcompartmentoftheirpolicepatrolcar.Accordingto 0  theofficers,theinteriorofthepatrolcarcontainedsubstantialmodificationsfromstandardvehicles   soldtothepublic:forinstance,thefrontandrearcompartmentsofthepatrolcarwereseparatedby   abarrierofmetalandplexiglass;therearseatwasmadeofsolidpolymerplastic;andtherearinterior   doorhandleswereinoperative.#XXXXT #XXXX     WhileenroutetotheShelbyCountyCriminalJusticeCenter,theofficerssawthatdespite h therestraints Wallshadonce againmanagedto movehishandstothefrontofhisbodyandhadalso T removedthelegrestraints.Theofficersslowedthecar,intendingtostopandonceagainsecurethe D defendant.Beforethecarcametoastop, Wallskickedouttherearwindowofthecar;dived from 0 themovingvehicleheadfirst;andran20to30feetbeforebeingapprehended.  p   Thedefendantwaslater convictedoffelonyescapefromapenalinstitutionandtheftof H propertyover$1,000.Inaffirmingtheconvictions,theCourtofCriminalAppealsheld(1)thatthe 8 evidencewassufficienttosupporttheconvictionforescapebecausetherearofapolicepatrolcar $ isa penalinstitutionasdefinedinTenn.CodeAnn.3916601(4);(2)thattheoffenseofescape  underTenn.CodeAnn.3916605isnotunconstitutionallyvague;and(3)thatthedefendant  waivedtheissueoflesserincludedoffensesbyfailingtoraiseitinthemotionforanewtrial.    Wegrantedthedefendantsapplicationtoappeal. p  @& ANALYSIS  4#!   Webeginourreviewbyexaminingthepreciselanguageoftherelevantstatutesgoverning  %\ # theoffenseofescape.Thepenalinstitutionescapestatuteprovidesthatit is unlawfulforany %H!$ personarrestedfor,chargedwith,orconvictedofanoffensetoescapefromapenalinstitution,as &8"% definedin3916601.Tenn.CodeAnn.3916605(1997).Thestatutory definitionofa penal '$#& institutionisasfollows: ($' 8  8`   (4) Penalinstitution,forthepurposesofthispart,includesany *%) institutionorfacilityusedtohouseordetainaperson:+&*` x` x Ї  8 ` (A)Convictedofacrime;or` x` x  (83! !8   ` (B)Adjudicateddelinquentbyajuvenilecourt;or     8 ` (C)Whoisindirectorindirectcustodyafteralawfularrest.`` x` x Tenn.CodeAnn.3916601(4)(1997). 8   (88! !8      #XXXXP#  TheStatearguesthattheCourtofCriminalAppealsproperlyconcludedthattheevidence  ` wassufficienttosupportthedefendantsconvictionbecausetherearoftheofficerspolicepatrol  L  carwasa facilityspecificallydesigned,constructed,andusedfordetainingapersonfollowingan  8  arrest.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3916601(4)(1997).Thedefendantresponds thattheevidencewas $  insufficientbecausethelegislaturedidnotintendforapolicepatrolcartobeconsideredapenal   institutionfortheoffenseofescapeunderTenn.CodeAnn.3916605.Thedefendantassertsthat   theCourtofCriminalAppealsinterpretationof facilityisoverlybroadandinconsistentwiththe   legislativehistoryoftheapplicablestatutesandtheoverallstatutoryscheme.     IssuesofstatutoryconstructionarequestionsoflawthatthisCourt reviewsdenovowithout ` apresumptionofcorrectness.Freemanv.MarcoTransp.Co.,27S.W.3d909,911(Tenn.2000). P Ourdutyininterpretingstatutesistoascertainandgiveeffecttotheintentandpurposeofthe < legislature.Id.;seealsoMooneyv.Sneed,30S.W.3d304,306(Tenn.2000).Ifthelanguageina (x statuteisdevoidofambiguity,wemustapplyitsplainmeaningwithoutaforcedinterpretationthat d wouldlimitorexpandthestatutesapplication.Mooneyv.Sneed,30S.W.3dat306.Wherean P ambiguityexists,wemustlooktotheentirestatutoryschemeandelsewheretoascertainlegislative < intentandpurpose.Freemanv.MarcoTransp.Co.,27S.W.3dat911. (   Aswehavediscussed,theoffenseofescaperequiresthatoneescapefroma penal  institution.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3916605(1997).Thestatutedefinesa penalinstitutionas   anyinstitutionorfacilityusedtohouseordetainaperson....Tenn.CodeAnn.3916601(4)  (1997).Thelanguageofthestatutedoesnotspecificallyincludeorexcludetherearcompartment t ofapolicepatrolcarandthereforedoesnotexpresslyaddresstheissueinthiscase.TheCourtof `  CriminalAppealssearchedforguidancebyturningtoWebstersdictionaryforabroaddefinition L! of facility: somethingdesigned,built,installed,etc.toserveaspecificfunctionaffordinga 8"  convenienceorservice.WebstersNewUniversalUnabridgedDictionary690(1996).Inour $#t! view,however,neithertheplainlanguageofthestatutenortheextremelybroaddefinitionfoundin $`" Webstersdictionaryresolvesthequestioninthiscase. $L #   Todeterminethelegislativeintent,wefirstexaminethelegislativehistoryoftheescape &$"% offense.Thepriorversionofthestatutewaswordedthesameasthepresentversioninsofarasit '#& prohibitedescapefroma penalinstitution.CompareTenn.CodeAnn.3916605(1991)with (#' Tenn.CodeAnn.3916605(1997).The1991versiondiffered,however,inthatitdefineda )$(  penalinstitutionas anyinstitutionusedtohouseordetainaperson:(A)[c]onvictedofacrime *%) or(B)[w]hoisindirectorindirectcustodyafteralawfularrest.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3916 p+&* 601(4)(1991).Incontrast,thepresentdefinitionof penalinstitution,whichwasenactedin1996,  notonlyaddedtheword facility,whichisrelieduponbytheStateandtheCourtofCriminal  Appeals,butalsobroadenedtheclassofpersonsdetainedtothose adjudicateddelinquentbya  juvenilecourt.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3916601(4)(1997). t   Thisreviseddefinitionofa penalinstitutionemergedfromthelegislatures1996 L  comprehensiveprovisionsgoverningjuvenilesandtheadjudicationofdelinquentchildren.See1996 8  Tenn.Pub.Actsch.1089.Thesestatutesprovide,inpart,that detentionofajuvenile means $ t confinementinasecureorclosedtypeoffacilitywhichisunderthedirectionorsupervisionofthe  ` courtorafacilitywhichisdesignatedbythecourtorotherauthorityasaplaceofconfinementfor  L  juveniles.Tenn.CodeAnn.371102(b)(13)(2001)(emphasisadded).  8  Ѐ $    Thejuvenilestatutoryprovisionsprovidethatthedetentionofajuvenileshallbeseparateand   apartfromadultprisoners. #  2      ׀Forexample,achildallegedtobedelinquentorunrulymayonlybe   detainedinthefollowingplaces:   8  8`    (1)Alicensedfosterhomeorahomeapprovedbythecourt;p` x` x 8  8`    (2)Afacilityoperatedbyalicensedchildcareagency;H` x` x 8  8`    (3)Adetentionhomeorcenterfordelinquentchildrenwhich  p isunderthedirectionorsupervisionofthecourtorotherpublic  \ authorityorofaprivateagencyapprovedbythecourt;orH` x` x 8  8`    (4)Subjecttosubsection(e),anyothersuitableplaceor   facilitydesignatedoroperatedbythecourt. ` x` x Tenn.CodeAnn.371116(a)(2001)(emphasisadded).Likewise,ifajuvenileisfound  delinquent,heorshemaybeplaced inaninstitution,camporotherfacilityfordelinquentchildren l operatedunderthedirectionofthecourtorlocalpublicauthority.Tenn.CodeAnn.371 X  131(a)(3)(2001)(emphasisadded). D!   Whenviewedinthiscontext,thelegislaturesintentinrevisingthedefinitionof penal #l! institutionbyaddingboth facilityandaperson adjudicateddelinquentbyajuvenilecourt $X" becomesapparent.Thelegislaturerecognizedthatthejuvenile statutoryprovisions clearly $D # differentiatefacilitiesforthedetentionofjuvenilesfromfacilitiesforthedetentionofadults.Asa %4!$ result,itrevisedthedefinitionof penalinstitutiontoclarifythattheoffenseofescapemayapply & "% tojuvenilesadjudicateddelinquentwhoescapefromjuvenilefacilities. #  3      ׀Thereissimplyno  indicationthatthelegislatureusedtheword facilityinanybroader contextthandescribedinthe  statuteandsimplynoevidencethatitintendedtheword toincludepolicepatrolcars.Accordingly,    webelievethattheCourtofCriminalAppealserredinadoptingabroaddefinitionof facilityto | includepolicepatrolcarswithoutconsideringthelegislativehistoryand intentofthestatute. l   Ourconclusionissupportedbyananalysisoftheoverallstatutoryschemeaswell.The H  offenseofescapefallsunderTitle39,chapter16,part6ofourcriminalstatutorycode,which 4  containsoffensesrelatedto obstructionofjustice.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3916601(1997).One  p relatedoffenseinthesamestatutorychapterandpartis resistingastop,frisk,halt,arrestorsearch,  \  whichoccurswhenaperson  H  8  8`   intentionallyprevent[s]orobstruct[s]anyoneknowntothepersonto   bealawenforcementofficer,oranyoneactinginalawenforcement   officerspresenceandatsuchofficersdirection,fromeffectinga   stop,frisk,halt,arrestorsearchofanyperson,includingthe   defendant,byusingforceagainstthelawenforcementofficeror  another.l` x` x Tenn.CodeAnn.3916602(1997&Supp.2001).Anotherrelatedoffense, evadingarrest, 0 providesthat itisunlawfulforanypersontointentionallyfleebyanymeansoflocomotionfrom l anyonethepersonknowstobealawenforcementofficeriftheperson:(A)[k]nowstheofficeris X attemptingtoarresttheperson;or(B)[h]asbeenarrested.Tenn.CodeAnn.3916603(1997) D (emphasisadded). 0   Accordingly,theapparentsimilaritiesintheoffensesofresistingarrest,evadingarrest,and  escape,underscoretheimportanceofascertainingthelegislativeintentandpurposeininterpreting  andapplyingeachoffense.Afairreadingoftheserelatedstatutes indicatesthat resistingoccurs  whenoneintentionallyobstructsanofficerfromeffectingastop,frisk,halt,arrestorsearchbyusing  force,seeTenn.CodeAnn.3916602(1997&Supp.2001);that theoffenseof evadingarrest l  occurswhenonefleeswhileanarrestisattemptedorhasbeenmade,seeTenn.CodeAnn.3916 \! 603(1997);andthat escapeoccursafteroneisarrested,charged,orconvictedofanoffense,and H"  placedinapenalinstitution,seeTenn.CodeAnn.3916605(1997). 8#!   Weconcludethatincludingapatrolcarinthedefinitionof penalinstitutionunnecessarily %` # expandstheoffenseofescapetocircumstancesthatthelegislatureintendedtoaddressunderother %L!$ statutoryoffenses.Indeed,hadthelegislatureintendedtoincludeapatrolcarinthedefinitionofa &8"%  penalinstitution,itcouldeasily havedonesowithmorespecificstatutorylanguage.Intheabsence '$#& ofsuchlanguage,weareunwillingtopresumesuchabroadapplicationundertheoverallstatutory  schemeofoffensesunderchapter16,part6ofthecriminalcode.   @FF% CONCLUSION  t XXXX  Afterconsideringtherecordandapplicableauthority,weconcludethatadefendantsflight L  fromtherearofapolicepatrolcardoesnotconstituteescapefromapenalinstitutionunderTenn. 8  CodeAnn.3916605.Theremainingissuesarepretermittedinlightofourconclusion.We $ t thereforedismisstheconvictionforescapefromapenalinstitution,butaffirmtheconvictionfor  ` theft.ThejudgmentoftheCourtofCriminalAppealsisaffirmedinpartandreversedinpart,and  L  thecaseisremandedtothetrialcourtforanyfurtherproceedings.#XXXXȨO#XXXXCostsofappealaretaxedtothe  8  StateofTennessee.#XXXXȏR# $    XXXX   `     h   __________________________________________      `     h   E.RILEYANDERSON,JUSTICE p #XXXX