ÿWPC& ?# ‚ % AQ“ 0 —äL{w@Ç4Æ 0Ûá 0D¼UFFUFU 0D› 0@ß 0J 0Ti 0^½ 0h 0rƒ 0|õ 0†q 0÷ 1u‡ Bü 0d 0D} D/Á Bð D3 U6@B)vDCŸ AMâU*/{YÙÔW­\ú`¶Z©v~¹vÓ7  &˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ X#%Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ(o4ê$¡¡ÑŒ Œ ÑÑÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XœXXXÔÑ  ÑÓ  ÓC:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT UÓ€(Ft‹#P ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(‹(3…c$¤¤Ý ƒ4ê!ÝÑŒ °ÑѰÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XŽaXX XÔÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó<4šÛ 9Z ‹.Courier New Regular3|x+<4šÛ 9Z ‹.Courier New Regular(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) dP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd!!!!'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d....7Border 1dd/Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial qÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€1ÔÔ€1ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€1XÔÌÌò òDecemberÏ22,Ï1997ÌÌCecilÏCrowson,ÏJr.ÌÔ€1ôÔAppellateÏCourtÏClerkó ó ÏÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝOstensibly,€the€State€ð ðelectedðð€the€offenses€upon€which€toÏproceed€to€verdict€just€prior€to€the€courtððs€instructions€to€theÏjury.€However,€as€will€be€discussed,€the€Stateððs€manner€ofÏelecting€the€offenses€did€not€ensure€jury€unanimity.Ì MÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝIt€is€the€policy€of€this€Court€to€protect€the€identity€ofÏchild€sex€abuse€victims€to€the€extent€circumstances€permit.Ì RÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝIn€conjunction€with€the€Stateððs€failure€to€make€a€preciseÏelection€of€offenses,€we€also€observe€that€the€State€relied€on€aÏsingle€incident€to€establish€the€aggravated€rape,€aggravatedÏsexual€battery,€and€incest€convictions€in€counts€one,€two,€andÏthree€of€the€indictment,€and€a€second€incident€to€establish€theÏsame€three€convictions€in€counts€four,€five,€and€six€of€theÏindictment.€€Although€this€Court€has€said€that€aggravated€rape€andÏincest€may€be€based€on€a€single€act,€òòState€v.€Brittmanóó,€639€S.W.2dÏ652€(Tenn.€1982),€the€question€of€whether€aggravated€rape€andÏaggravated€sexual€battery€convictions€may€be€based€on€a€single€actÏraises€obvious€double€jeopardy€implications.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dentonóó,Ï938€S.W.2d€373€(Tenn.€1996).€€On€remand,€the€Stateððs€electionÏshould€indicate€with€more€precision€exactly€what€incidents€itÏrelies€upon€to€establish€each€conviction.Ì ðÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝRecently€in€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€we€stated€that€ð ðthe€factorÏmay€be€used€to€enhance€sentences€when€a€victim's€natural€physicalÏand€mental€limitations€render€the€victim€particularly€vulnerableÏòòforóó€his€or€her€age.€.€.€.ðð€€922€S.W.2d€482,€487€(Tenn.Ï1996)(emphasis€added).€€The€use€of€the€word€ð ðforðð€was€inadvertent,Ïand€we€did€not€intend€to€imply€that€the€standard€was€a€relativeÏone,€i.e.,€that€the€State€had€to€prove€that€a€particular€victimÏwas€more€vulnerable€than€another€victim€of€the€same€age€would€haveÏbeen.Ì ¬Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€750€S.W.2d€746,€750€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1987);€òòState€v.€Schaafóó,€727€S.W.2d€255,€259€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1986);€òòState€v.€Elderóó,€697€S.W.2d€359,€361€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1985).Ì ŸÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝWe€note,€however,€that€this€enhancement€factor€may€not€beÏapplied€to€the€offense€of€sexual€battery€or€aggravated€sexualÏbattery.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482,€489€(Tenn.Ï1996).ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€-ÔÑ Œ ÑÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓ` °‚X˜XÓÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›Ñ7€ŽaXXdÖXXdð7ÑÞ ÞÌÌÌà@ àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€€€€€€€€€€€)€€€FOR€PUBLICATIONÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)€€€FILED:€DECEMBER€22,€1997€Ìà àAppellee,à àà àà à)€€Ìà àà àà àà àà à)€€€CROCKETT€COUNTYÌv.à àà àà àà àà à)€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà à)€€€HON.€DICK€JERMAN,€JR.,ÌDAVID€E.€WALTON,€JR.,à àà à)à à€€€JUDGEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à à)Ì€€€€€à àAppellant.€€€€€€€à à)€€€NO.€02„S„01„9606„CC„00052ÌÙ€ÙœßR€02/A1-j|]` ‚- `€€@ÿRß›ÌÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:òòà àà àà àà àà àFor€Appelleeóó:ÌÌW.€MARK€WARD€€€€€€à àà àà àà àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÌMemphis,€TNà àà àà àà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMICHAEL€E.€MOOREÌà àà àà àà àà àà àSolicitor€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TNÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCLAYBURN€L.€PEEPLESÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àTrenton,€TNÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àòòOPINIONÌÌÌÌóóÌÌÌÌÌÌREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDà àà àà àà àà àà àà àBIRCH,€J.ÌÓÓÇà àWe€granted€the€application€for€review€filed€by€David€E.ÏWalton,€Jr.,€the€defendant,€in€order€to€address€issues€pertinentÏto€the€sentences€imposed.€€In€our€review,€however,€we€notice€asÏplain€error€the€failure€of€the€State€to€properly€elect€offenses,× ƒ3 ××  ×Ïwhich€resulted€in€violation€of€the€defendantððs€right€to€juryÏunanimity.€€Accordingly,€for€the€reasons€outlined€below,€weÏreverse€the€convictions€and€vacate€the€sentences€imposed.€€TheÏcause€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedingsÏconsistent€with€this€opinion.ÌÌà@ àIÌÌà àWhen€€A.W.,× ƒ4 ××  ×€the€victim,€was€in€kindergarten,€theÏdefendant,€her€father,€began€sexually€abusing€her.€€€This€abuseÏoccurred€when€the€victim€was€alone€with€the€defendant€while€herÏmother€was€at€work,€and€according€to€the€victim,€it€happenedÍð ðevery€single€day.ðð€€The€victim€described€four€specific€ways€theÏdefendant€abused€her:€€(1)€he€made€her€lie€on€her€back€while€heÏpenetrated€her€vagina€with€his€penis;€(2)€he€directed€her€to€getÏdown€on€her€hands€and€knees€while€he€penetrated€her€anus€with€hisÏpenis;€(3)€he€laid€down€and€directed€her€to€get€on€top€of€himÏwhile€he€penetrated€her€vagina€with€his€penis;€and€(4)€he€ð ðsuckedððÏher€ð ðprivate€part.ðð€€She€did€not€relate€these€incidents€of€abuseÏto€any€specific€time€nor€did€she€state€that€they€occurred€in€anyÏparticular€order,€i.e.,€ð ðthe€first€time,€my€father€made€me€lie€onÏmy€back.€.€.€.ððÌÌà àA€physician€who€examined€the€victim€testified€that€herÏhymen€was€intact.€€This€finding,€however,€was€consistent€with€oralÏpenetration€or€slight€penetration€by€the€tip€of€a€finger€or€penis.€ÏAccording€to€the€physician,€the€victim€said€the€defendantÏattempted€to€have€intercourse€with€her€on€four€occasions,€fondledÏher€and€also€made€her€commit€fellatio.€€The€victim€said€that€herÏuncle€had€also€attempted€to€have€intercourse€with€her€on€oneÏoccasion.Ì€Ìà àUpon€arrest,€the€defendant€admitted€having€had€ð ðsexualÏrelationsðð€with€the€œvictim.›€€He€acknowledged€that€he€had€taken€aÏshower€with€his€daughter€several€months€previously€and€hadÏejaculated.€€This€was€the€last€time€he€had€ð ðsexual€relationsðð€withÏhis€daughter,€he€said.€€At€trial,€the€defendant€denied€that€heÏpenetrated€or€harmed€the€victim.€€He€explained€that€when€he€gave€aÏstatement€to€officers,€he€believed€that€ð ðsexual€relationsððÏincluded€his€sexual€thoughts€or€feelings.€€The€defendantððs€wifeÏtestified€that€the€victim€had€accused€at€least€one€otherÏindividual€of€having€molested€her.ÌÌà àAt€the€close€of€the€proof,€the€State€elected€to€proceedÏon€one€incident€that€occurred€in€January€1991€and€one€incidentÏthat€occurred€in€July€1992.€€The€jury€convicted€the€defendant€ofÏtwo€counts€of€aggravated€rape,€two€counts€of€aggravated€sexualÏbattery,€and€two€counts€of€incest.€€ÌÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓ  ÓÌà àAs€stated,€although€not€raised€as€an€issue€by€theÏparties,€the€Court€is€profoundly€troubled€by€the€manner€in€whichÍthe€State€elected€the€offenses.€€In€general,€this€Court€will€notÏconsider€issues€that€are€not€raised€by€the€parties;€however,€plainÏerror€is€an€appropriate€consideration€for€an€appellate€courtÏwhether€properly€assigned€or€not.€€òòState€v.€Ogleóó,€666€S.W.2d€58,Ï60€(Tenn.€1984);€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Hoytóó,€928€S.W.2d€935,€946Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€An€error€affecting€ð ðthe€substantialÏrights€of€an€accused€may€be€noticed€at€any€time€.€.€.€whereÏnecessary€to€do€substantial€justice.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€ÌÌà àThe€State€elected€to€proceed€to€verdict€on€a€JanuaryÏ1991€incident€and€a€July€1992€incident.€€In€light€of€thisÏelection,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€as€follows:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àYou€remember€that€I€want€you€toÏrender€six€separate€verdicts€withÏregard€to€each€count€contained€inÏthe€indictment.€€The€first€threeÏcounts€of€the€indictment€allegeÏaggravated€rape,€aggravated€sexualÏbattery,€and€incest,€and€the€StateÏhas€to€be€specific€in€its€pleading,Ïand€that€[the€State]€alleges€a€dateÏin€January€of€1991.ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àCounts€4,€5,€and€6,€onceÏagain,€allege€aggravated€rape,Ïaggravated€kidnapping€[sic,€sexualÏbattery],€and€incest€and€thatÏalleged€incident€occurred€in€JanuaryÏof€1992€[sic,€July€of€1992].€€TheÍState€was€required€to€elect€aÏspecific€incident,€and€those€are€theÏtwo€that€it€elected€to€present€toÏyou.ÌÌà8 àà8 à.€.€.€.ÌÌà8 àà8 àThere€are€two€specific€incidents.€ÏThe€first€was€in€January€of€1991,Ïand€the€second€one€is€in€July€ofÏ1992,€and€those€are€the€two€specificÏincidents€that€the€State€has€electedÏto€present€to€you.ÌÓÓÌà àIn€cases€such€as€this€one€where€the€evidence€suggestsÏthat€the€defendant€has€committed€many€sexual€offenses€against€aÏvictim,€the€trial€court€must€require€the€State€to€elect€theÏparticular€offenses€for€which€convictions€are€sought€in€order€toÏensure€that€the€jury€verdict€is€unanimous.€€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€851ÏS.W.2d€134,€137€(Tenn.€1993).€€This€requirement€is€ð ðfundamental,Ïimmediately€touching€the€constitutional€rights€of€an€accusedÏ....ðð€€òòBurlison€v.€Stateóó,€501€S.W.2d€801,€804€(Tenn.€1973).€€AsÏwe€stated€in€òòSheltonóó,€ð ðthe€purpose€of€election€is€to€ensure€thatÏeach€juror€is€considering€the€same€occurrence.€€If€the€prosecutionÏcannot€identify€an€event€for€which€to€ask€a€conviction,€then€theÏcourt€cannot€be€assured€of€a€unanimous€decision.ðð€€òòSheltonóó,€851ÏS.W.2d€at€138.ÌÌà àAlthough€young€children€who€are€victims€of€child€sexualÏabuse€may€not€be€able€to€testify€that€abuse€occurred€on€a€specificÏdate,€election€in€such€cases€may€be€satisfied€by€other€means:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àIf,€for€example,€the€evidenceÏindicates€various€types€of€abuse,Ïthe€prosecution€may€identify€aÏòòparticular€type€of€abuseóó€and€electÏthat€offense.€[Citation€omitted}.€ÏMoreover,€when€recalling€an€assault,Ïa€child€may€be€able€to€describeÏòòunique€surroundings€or€circumstancesóóÏthat€help€to€identify€an€incident.€ÏThe€child€may€be€able€to€identify€anÏassault€with€òòreference€to€aÏmeaningful€event€in€his€or€her€lifeÏsuch€as€the€beginning€of€school,€aÏbirthday,€or€a€relativeððs€visitóó.€ÏAny€description€that€will€identifyÏthe€prosecuted€offense€for€the€juryÏis€sufficient.ÌÓÓÌòòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€851€S.W.2d€at€138€(emphasis€added).€€SimplyÏstated,€the€trial€court€must€ð ðbear€in€mind€that€the€purpose€ofÏelection€is€to€ensure€that€each€juror€is€considering€the€sameÏoccurrence.ðð€€òòId.óó€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòTidwell€v.€Stateóó,€922€S.W.2d€497Ï(Tenn.€1996)(ð ðwhen€.€.€.€a€jury€is€permitted€to€select€for€itselfÏthe€offense€on€which€it€will€convict,€the€court€cannot€be€assuredÏof€jury€œunanimity›.ðð);€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€762€S.W.2d€135€(Tenn.Í1988)(failure€to€elect€aggravated€sexual€battery€offense€wasÏreversible€error.)ÌÌà àThe€election€of€incidents€occurring€in€January€1991€andÏJuly€1992,€in€light€of€the€complete€absence€of€proof€as€to€theÏdates€or€even€the€order€in€which€the€abuse€occurred,€failed€toÏensure€that€each€juror€considered€the€same€occurrence.€€The€StateÏdid€not€seek€to€narrow€the€multiple€incidents€by€asking€the€victimÏto€relate€any€of€the€incidents€to€a€specific€month,€memorableÏoccasion,€or€special€event€as€required€in€òòSheltonóó,€òòsupra.óó€€TheÏState€also€did€not€elect€which€of€the€numerous€òòtypesóó€of€sexualÏacts€it€relied€upon€to€establish€the€convictions.€€Rather,€eachÏjuror€was€left€to€choose€independently€the€act(s)€of€abuse€uponÏwhich€to€base€a€verdict.€€This€is€the€ð ðgrab€bagðð€result€weÏcondemned€in€òòTidwell€v.€Stateóó,€922€S.W.2d€497,€501€(Tenn.€1996).€ÏWe€have€no€means€here€by€which€we€can€be€assured€that€each€jurorÏrelied€upon€the€same€evidence€to€convict€the€defendant.€€As€weÏsaid€in€òòSheltonóó,€òòsupraóó,ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àWe€appreciate€the€difficultiesÏinvolved€in€prosecuting€cases€ofÏsexual€abuse€against€small€children.€ÏIn€such€cases,€the€rules€of€evidenceÏand€the€rules€of€procedure€have€beenÏrelaxed€to€some€extent€toÍaccommodate€very€young€witnesses.€ÏNevertheless,€the€constitutionalÏprotections€guaranteed€a€criminalÏdefendant,€who€is€presumed€by€theÏlaw€to€be€innocent€until€provenÏguilty,€cannot€be€suspendedÏaltogether€because€of€the€victimððsÏage€or€relative€inability€toÏtestify.€€In€cases€such€as€this€one,Ïthe€state€must€either€limit€theÏtestimony€of€prosecuting€witnessesÏto€a€single€event,€or€prepare€theÏcase€so€that€an€election€can€be€madeÏbefore€the€matter€is€submitted€toÏthe€jury€to€decide.ÌÓÓÌ851€S.W.2d€at€139.€€Thus,€under€the€authority€of€òòTidwellóó€andÏòòSheltonóó,€we€reverse€the€defendantððs€convictions€and€remand€for€aÏnew€trial.œ× ƒ5 ××  ×›ÌÌÓ  ÓIIIò òÌÓ  Óó óÌà àAlthough€we€need€not,€we€elect€to€address€twoÏsignificant€sentencing€issues€in€an€effort€to€provide€guidance€toÏthe€trial€court€upon€retrial.€€At€the€outset,€we€note€that€thereÏwas€no€evidence€introduced€at€the€sentencing€hearing€by€either€theÏState€or€the€defendant.€€Although€the€trial€court€refers€to€aÏpresentencing€report,€no€such€report€was€included€in€the€record€onÏappeal.€€Because€the€trial€court€did€not€place€in€the€record€theÏfindings€of€fact€relied€upon€for€the€sentencing€decisions,€thoseÏdecisions€come€to€us€without€the€presumption€of€correctness;€ourÏreview€is,€therefore,€òòdeóó€œòònovoóó.€€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,Ï600€(Tenn.€1994).›ÌÌà àThe€first€issue€concerns€the€applicability€of€theÏð ðparticularly€vulnerableðð€enhancement€factor.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ40„35„114(4).€€The€trial€court€imposed€the€maximum€sentence€onÏeach€conviction:€€twenty„five€years€on€each€of€the€aggravated€rapeÏconvictions,€twelve€years€on€each€of€the€aggravated€sexual€batteryÏconvictions,€and€six€years€on€each€of€the€incest€convictions.€€TheÏjustification€for€these€sentences€was€stated€by€the€court€asÏfollows:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àI€find€there€to€be€absolutely€noÏmitigating€factors€whatsoever€and€IÏfind€there€to€be€three€statutoryÏaggravating€factors,€those€beingÏstated€in€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÏ40„35„114,€Sub€4,€Sub€7€and€Sub€15.€ÏSub€4€states€that€the€victim€of€theÏoffense€was€particularly€vulnerableÏbecause€of€her€age.€€Sub€7€statesÏthat€the€offense€involved€the€victimÏand€was€committed€to€gratify€theÏdefendant's€desire€for€pleasure€orÏexcitement€and€Sub€15,€the€defendantÏabused€a€position€of€private€trustÏin€this€case€for€the€fulfillment€ofÏthis€offense.ÌÓÓÌà àIn€imposing€sentence,€the€trial€court€must€firstÏdetermine€the€appropriate€range€of€punishment€based€on€theÏseverity€of€the€offense€and€the€defendantððs€prior€criminalÏhistory.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„105€to€„109€(1990€&€Supp.Ï1996).€€Once€this€is€done,€the€minimum€sentence€within€that€rangeÏis€the€presumptive€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c)(1990).€€If€enhancing€or€mitigating€factors€are€present,€theÏtrial€court€shall€enhance€the€sentence€from€the€minimum€asÏappropriate€for€the€enhancing€factors€and€then€reduce€the€sentenceÏas€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(e)(1990).ÌÌà àTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114€lists€twenty„oneÏseparate€factors€that€may€be€considered€to€enhance€a€defendant'sÏsentence€if€ð ðappropriate€for€the€offenseðð€and€ð ðif€not€themselvesÏessential€elements€of€the€offense€as€charged€in€the€indictment.ðð€€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(Supp.€1996).€€Subsection€(4)€providesÏfor€enhancement€where€ð ð[a]€victim€of€the€offense€was€particularlyÏvulnerable€because€of€age€or€physical€or€mental€disability.€.€..ðð€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(4)(Supp.€1996).€€A€determination€ofÏwhether€a€particular€enhancing€factor€applies€must€be€made€on€aÏœcase„by„case›€basis.€€ÌÌà àThe€legislature€has€chosen€to€classify€sexual€offensesÏperpetrated€against€children,€i.e.,€under€thirteen€years€of€age,Ïas€ð ðaggravatedðð€crimes.€€òòSeeóó,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„305Ï(especially€aggravated€kidnapping),€39„13„502€(aggravated€rape),Ï39„13„504€(aggravated€sexual€battery),€39„13„522€(rape€of€aÏchild).€€In€so€doing,€the€legislature€has€determined€that€anÏoffender€who€sexually€abuses€a€child€is€more€culpable€than€anÏoffender€who€commits€the€same€act€against€an€adult.€€And€for€thisÏgreater€culpability,€the€offender€faces€an€increased€penalty.€€TheÏage€of€the€child€is€thus€an€essential€element€of€these€offenses.€ÍHowever,€age,€as€an€essential€element€of€the€offense,€does€notÏpreclude€application€of€the€ð ðparticularly€vulnerableðð€enhancementÏfactor.€€This€is€true€because€the€factor€applies€only€because€aÏvictim€is€ð ðparticularly€vulnerable,ðð€not€because€the€victim€is€aÏcertain€age:€€ð ðthe€relevant€inquiry€is€not€simply€whether€theÏvictim€is€under€the€age€of€thirteen,€but€instead€whether€theÏvictim€was€òòparticularly€vulnerableóó€because€of€age€or€physical€orÏmental€disability.ðð€€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€864€S.W.2d€31,€35€(Tenn.Ï1993)(emphasis€in€the€original).€€Ìà àIn€òòAdamsóó,€we€stated:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àWe€are€of€the€opinion€that€theÏvulnerability€enhancement€relatesÏmore€to€the€natural€physical€andÏmental€limitations€of€the€victimÏthan€merely€to€the€victim's€ageÏ...€.€€The€factor€can€be€used€inÏan€aggravated€rape€case€if€theÏcircumstances€show€that€the€victim,Ïbecause€of€his€[or€her]€age€orÏphysical€or€mental€condition,€was€inÏfact€ð ðparticularly€vulnerable,ððÏi.e.,€incapable€of€resisting,Ïsummoning€help,€or€testifyingÏagainst€the€perpetrator.€€This€is€aÏfactual€issue€to€be€resolved€by€theÏtrier€of€fact€on€a€case€by€caseÏbasis.€€The€State€bears€the€burdenÏof€proving€the€victim's€limitationsÏrendering€him€or€her€particularlyÏvulnerable.ÌÌòòId.óó× ƒ6 ××  ×à àÌÌÓÓà àWe€recently€reiterated€that€the€victimððs€age€does€notÏalone€justify€application€of€this€enhancing€factor:ÌÓÓÌà8 àà8 àAlthough€it€is€not€difficult€toÏimagine€cases€in€which€the€victimððsÏage,€whether€very€young€or€very€old,Ïmay€seem€to€equate€withÏvulnerability,€we€chose€in€òòAdamsóó€notÏto€presume€such€a€conclusion€in€anyÏcase.€€Moreover,€because€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(4)€does€not€speakÏto€specific€ages,€but€rather€toÏvulnerability,€we€could€not€create€aÏbright„line€rule.ÌÓÓÌòòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96€(Tenn.€1997)(footnote€omitted).€ÏUpon€remand,€in€determining€whether€the€State€has€establishedÏapplicability€of€this€enhancement€factor,€the€trial€court€shouldÏconsider€(1)€whether€the€victim,€because€of€age€or€mental€orÏphysical€attributes,€was€particularly€unable€to€resist€the€crime,Ïsummon€help,€or€testify€at€a€later€date;€(2)€whether€victimððs€ageÍ(extremely€old€or€extremely€young)€is€entitled€to€additionalÏweight;€and€(3)€whether€the€vulnerability€of€the€victim€made€theÏvictim€more€of€a€target€for€the€offense€œor,€conversely,›€whetherÏthe€offense€was€committed€in€such€a€manner€as€to€render€theÏvulnerability€of€the€victim€irrelevant.€€òòId.óó€at€96„97.ÌÌà@ àIVÌÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà àThe€second€issue€concerns€the€enhancement€of€theÏdefendantððs€sentence€because€the€offense€ð ðwas€committed€to€gratifyÏthe€defendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement.ðð€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(7).€€Walton€maintains€that€it€is€irrational€toÏimpose€greater€punishment€on€a€defendant€who€commits€a€sex€offenseÏout€of€perverted€sexual€desires€than€on€one€who€commits€the€sameÏoffense€as€an€act€of€brutality.€€As€the€defendant€states€theÏissue:€€ð ðWhich€defendant€is€the€most€culpable?€€The€defendant€whoÏsuffers€from€an€inability€to€control€his€sexual€desires€or€theÏdefendant€who€rapes€simply€to€abuse€another€human€being?ðð€€HeÏargues€that€the€legislature€did€not€intend€to€equate€a€desire€forÏsexual€gratification€with€a€ð ðdesire€for€pleasure€or€excitement.ððÌ€€Ìà àIt€is€the€prerogative€of€the€legislature€to€determineÏthe€bounds€of€punishment€for€criminal€offenses.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,Ï844€S.W.2d€601,€602€(Tenn.€1992).€Before€enactment€of€theÏSentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,€this€factor€was€enumerated€in€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„111(7).€€It€was€routinely€applied€in€sexualÏassault€cases.× ƒ7 ××  ×€€Had€the€legislature€desired€to€eliminateÏapplication€of€this€factor€to€crimes€motivated€by€sexual€desire,Ïpresumably€it€would€have€done€so€in€the€Criminal€Sentencing€ReformÏAct€of€1989.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€in€committing€theseÏoffenses€he€was€motivated€by€a€desire€for€sexual€pleasure;Ïtherefore,€the€enhancement€factor€applies.× ƒ8 ××  ×̛̜œÌ›ÌÓ  ÓVÓ  ÓÌà àAccordingly,€we€reverse€the€convictions€and€vacate€theÏsentences€thereupon€imposed.€€We€remand€this€cause€to€the€trialÏcourt€for€the€conduct€of€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€ÏCosts€are€assessed€to€the€appellee.ÌÓÓÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àADOLPHO€A.€BIRCH,€JR.,€JusticeÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌœAnderson,›€C.J.ÌDrowota,€Reid,€JJ.