ÿWPCÒ, ‰€Êj”‹’v}P£*¶pN¥N:÷`×%•û0,M`+,—9N!cí"²¯eŸ€h÷w •üáêóçêš”¯wcÊ®ˆc1ežkºqŽ!ùãY ªßÀ/u—‰°‹,éãî;¡) P$/·)ÐcÏýcs‹%è¶=IÏÂ:ªcaÆ:ŠÄ(µt1Ç­ê[eùcÅeçé£!úrêPuL^pT;Š@à×UÔ'åKI_Ë°Ó.‚q”)]ØL]Jr¨VµÝ1Næ÷ð³"¸Ÿ–³<Ï$ÛAþII±—\{ì ØúéGfAOîEF:]EWV¹Fè#ƒ)Ž@8B*‰e'Vïš=^×>öÔ‘© ,3¢  È;r˜:8`·)ëF/ñ³èFcßDfÛ™$ MÁÊo e@‘܈°RTÍ–Š'FT>þ9ˆ[Ef&mÒÙ=ëÝñ¾?½$a¥ÛfDÖ{ä—7f–:ÿ™°‘ÕŠK¯GçS8ÿ¹”š6ÙV ÷¦™Pί3Ð E3\¶©‚¤Â Šg{–^ë<™GeÄ-¤9EwÝéýt™ï9xI¦Ü½Ù{jôǺD/a»ŸªDÓb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U(N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 2‘ ÆÃƉÆOÆ 0DÛNÃ!ÂäE¦èÅkâ0‡«™’DÖ!Ö!Ác#c#Ó$%$%$%Ù÷%ÙÐ&©'©'©'©'©'±'±'±'bÇ'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç'Ç' 0ëÏ'Ï'Ï'Ï' Bº(º( 0¤×( D3{) D-®) 0KÛ)Û) AS&*Æy* 0¤?+ 0Dã+ A«',˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»%‚2)â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularŠ~&)´™  «Ÿ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ (Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔIn€his€brief€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€Wilson€only€contended€that€he€was€€incompetent€to€enter€a€pleaÐ ° Ðand€did€not€address€the€issue€of€whether€he€knowingly€and€voluntarily€pleaded€guilty.€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,Ð tÄ Ðhowever,€apparently€Ô_ÔreframedÔ_Ô€Wilsonððs€argument€to€include€a€challenge€to€the€knowing€and€voluntary€nature€of€his€pleaÐ 8ˆ Ðunder€òòÔ_ÔBoykinÔ_Ô€v.€Alabamaóó,€395€U.S.€238,€89€S.€Ct.€1709,€23€L.€Ed.€2d.€274€(1969)òòóó.€€In€so€doing,€the€Court€of€CriminalÐ üL ÐAppeals€addressed€both€issues.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ¹Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©Ô988€S.W.2d€145€(Tenn.€1999). ¸Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©Ô978€S.W.2d€95€(Tenn.€1998). ¹Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©Ô553€S.W.2d€337€(Tenn.€1977). »Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔòòId.óó€(citation€omitted). ØÝ ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔSeeóó€òòNorth€Carolina€v.€Alfordóó,€400€U.S.€25,€31,€91€S.€Ct.€160,€164,€27€L.€Ed.€2d.€162,€168€(1970)€(ð ðTheÐ ° Ðstandard€was€and€remains€whether€the€plea€represents€a€voluntary€and€intelligent€choice€among€the€alternative€coursesÐ tÄ Ðof€action€open€to€the€defendant.ðð). }Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔSeeóó€òòÔ_ÔBlankenshipÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€858€S.W.2d€897€(Tenn.€1993);€€òòArcher€v.€Stateóó,€851€S.W.2d€157€(Tenn.€1993);Ð ° ÐòòState€v.€Princeóó,€781€S.W.2d€846€(Tenn.€1989). ¡Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔWilson€also€contends€that€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€had€the€authority€to€address€his€òòBoykinóó€claim€underÐ ° Ðthe€plain€error€rule€found€in€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b).€€We€find€his€argument€without€merit.€€A€plain€error€under€Tenn.Ð tÄ ÐR.€Crim.€P.€52(b)€is€ð ðone€that€is€obvious€or€clearly€shown€in€the€record€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòState€v.€Brooksóó,€909€S.W.2d€854,€863Ð 8ˆ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(citing€€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,€636„42€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)).€€We€haveÐ üL Ðalready€determined€that,€in€many€cases,€an€alleged€òòBoykinóó€error€will€not€be€apparent€from€the€record€before€theÐ À Ðintermediate€court,€and€therefore,€an€appeal€on€such€grounds€does€not€fall€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii).€€Thus,Ð „Ô Ðunder€the€same€rationale,€an€appeal€of€a€guilty€plea€based€on€an€alleged€òòBoykinóó€error€cannot€be€addressed€by€anÐ H ˜ Ðintermediate€court€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b). ˆÝ ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔAs€the€State€aptly€notes,€there€is€an€additional€avenue€through€which€a€defendant€may€challenge€his€or€herÐ ° Ðguilty€plea€on€the€basis€of€an€alleged€òòBoykinóó€error€which€does€not€involve€a€direct€appeal€under€either€Tenn.€R.€Crim.Ð tÄ ÐP.€37(b)(2)€or€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b)(2).€€The€defendant€may€file€a€motion€to€withdraw€the€plea€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð 8ˆ Ð32(f).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€32(f)€(ð ðA€motion€to€withdraw€a€plea€of€guilty€may€be€made€upon€a€showing€by€theÐ üL Ðdefendant€of€any€fair€and€just€reason€only€before€sentence€is€imposed;€but€to€correct€manifest€injustice,€the€court€afterÐ À Ðsentence,€but€before€the€judgment€becomes€final,€may€set€aside€the€judgment€of€conviction€and€permit€the€defendant€toÐ „Ô Ðwithdraw€the€plea.ðð).€€A€direct€appeal€then€lies€from€a€denial€of€a€Rule€32(f)€motion.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Newsomeóó,€778€S.W.2dÐ H ˜ Ð34€(Tenn.€1989). ƒÝ ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔUnder€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417(a)(2),€€ð ð[i]t€is€an€offense€for€a€defendant€toòò€knowinglyóó€..€.€[d]eliver€aÐ ° Ðcontrolled€substance.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417€(Supp.€1993)€(emphasis€added).€ ·Ý ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔOral€argument€was€heard€in€this€case€on€March€29,€2000,€in€Dayton,€Rhea€County,€Tennessee,€as€part€of€thisÐ ° ÐCourtððs€Ô_ÔS.C.A.L.E.S.Ô_Ô€(ò òSó óupreme€ò òCó óourt€ò òAó ódvancing€ò òLó óegal€ò òEó óducation€for€ò òSó ótudents)€project. ÉÝ ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417€(Supp.€1993). ÏÝ ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417(c)(1)€(Supp.€1993). ÏÝ ƒRã¢$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ôàýòXX©ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417(c)(2)€(Supp.€1993).  Ñ H Ñ- ù-(|G2ã¢$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R•»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€X©X»»Ô d(|3G‡$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R•»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G‡$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R•»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R•»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼R•»»»ÔÑ  ÑÑ8€©XXdì»»d8ÑÑ€+?TÑà@7 7 ìàIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@””$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEˆÐ  ÐÓ  Ó(HEARD€AT€DAYTON)Ð Ô$ ÐMarch€2000€SessionÐ æ6 ÐÔ‡X©X»¼R•ÔÌò òÔ#†¼R•»XX©Õ#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€BRANDON€WILSONòòóóó óÐ ä 4 ÐÌÔ€X©X»¼R•Ôà@@ ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Blount€CountyÐ  Z Ðà@@« « ìàNos.€C„8439,€9081„9087€€€€€€€D.€Kelly€Thomas,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ ö F ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<¹` AßÐ º  ÐÌà@@ÁÁìàNo.€€E1996„00006„SC„R11„CD€„€Filed€September€18,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ µ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<Œ` AßÐ Ý  Ðó óà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àà @À àà @ àà @p àà @È àà @  àÌÓ  ÓÌThis€is€an€appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Blount€County,€where€Brandon€Wilson,€the€defendant,Ð tÄ Ðpleaded€guilty€to€seven€counts€of€delivery€of€cocaine€and€to€three€counts€(merged€by€the€trial€courtÐ `° Ðinto€one€count)€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver.€€Wilson€appealed€to€theÐ Lœ ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€contending,€inter€alia,€that€his€indictments€were€legally€insufficient€andÐ 8ˆ Ðthat€the€trial€court€erred€in€accepting€the€guilty€plea€because€it€was€not€voluntarily€entered.€€TheÐ $t ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€agreed€and€reversed€Wilsonððs€convictions€on€all€counts.€€We€hold€thatÐ ` Ðthe€seven€indictments€for€delivery€of€cocaine€are€sufficient;€Wilsonððs€convictions€on€theseÐ üL Ðindictments€are,€therefore,€reinstated.€€Additionally,€because€the€issue€concerning€the€voluntarinessÐ è8 Ðof€Wilsonððs€plea€was€not€properly€before€the€intermediate€appellate€court,€we€reinstate€the€convictionÐ Ô$ Ðfor€possession€of€cocaine.€€This€reinstatement€is€without€prejudice€to€Wilsonððs€right€to€file€a€petitionÐ À Ðfor€post„conviction€relief€within€the€appropriate€time.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ÔÐ ¬ü ÐÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Appeal€by€Permission€from€Appellate€Court€to€Supreme€Court;€JudgmentÐ „Ô Ðof€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€Reversedó óÐ p À ÐÌòòÔ_ÔAdolphoÔ_Ô€A.€Birch,€Jr.,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòE.€Riley€Anderson,€C.J.,Ð H"˜! ÐFrank€F.€Ô_ÔDrowotaÔ_Ô,€III,€Janice€M.€Holder,€óóand€òòWilliam€M.€Barker,€JJ.,óó€joined.Ð 4#„" ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General,€Marvin€E.Ð  %\ $ ÐClements,€Jr.,€Assistant€Attorney€General,€Michael€L.€Flynn,€District€Attorney€General,€PhilipÐ ø%H!% ÐMorton,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellant,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ä&4"& ÐÌMack€Garner,€Public€Defender,€George€H.€Waters,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€for€the€appellee,Ð ¼( $( ÐBrandon€Wilson.Ð ¨)ø$) ÐÓöÓà@@55'ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ ”*ä%*ý ЇI.€€IntroductionÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àÌà  àWe€granted€this€appeal€to€determine€the€sufficiency€of€seven€indictments€charging€BrandonÐ ˆØ ÐWilson,€the€defendant,€with€delivery€of€cocaine€and€to€determine€if€the€issue€of€whether€WilsonÐ tÄ Ðknowingly€and€voluntarily€pleaded€guilty€to€the€charge€of€cocaine€possession€with€intent€to€sell€orÐ `° Ðdeliver€was€properly€before€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€on€direct€appeal.€€After€reviewing€theÐ L œ Ðrelevant€authorities,€we€hold€that€the€seven€indictments€for€delivery€of€cocaine€were€sufficient.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐWilsonððs€convictions€for€these€charges€are,€therefore,€reinstated.€€Additionally,€because€the€issueÐ $ t Ðconcerning€the€voluntariness€of€Wilsonððs€plea€was€not€properly€before€the€intermediate€appellateÐ  ` Ðcourt,€we€reinstate€the€conviction€for€possession€of€cocaine.€€This€reinstatement€is€without€prejudiceÐ ü L  Ðto€Wilsonððs€right€to€file€a€petition€for€post„conviction€relief€at€an€appropriate€time.Ð è 8  ÐÓ·ÓòòóóÓ  ÓÌII.€€BackgroundÐ À  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àWilson€entered€pleas€of€guilty€to€six€counts€of€delivering€one„half€gram€or€more€of€cocaine,Ð ˜è  Ða€Class€B€felony;׃$×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€three€counts€(merged€by€the€trial€court€into€one€count)€of€possession€of€less€thanÐ „Ô  Ðone„half€gram€of€cocaine€with€the€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€a€Class€C€felony;׃!T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€one€count€ofÐ pÀ Ðdelivery€of€less€than€one„half€gram€of€cocaine,€a€Class€C€felony.׃%à×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р\¬ ÐÌà  àPrior€to€entering€the€pleas,€and€with€trial€imminent,€Wilson€filed€a€motion€seeking€a€mentalÐ 4„ Ðexamination€to€evaluate€his€competency.€€After€a€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€Wilsonððs€motion€butÐ  p Ðruled€that€should€he€be€found€guilty,€the€court€would€order€a€mental€evaluation€for€sentencingÐ  \ Ðpurposes.€€After€a€short€recess,€Wilson€entered€the€guilty€pleas.Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€sentenced€Wilson€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€ten€years€in€theÐ Ð  ÐDepartment€of€Correction€for€each€of€the€Class€B€felonies.€€The€court€sentenced€Wilson€as€a€RangeÐ ¼  ÐII,€multiple€offender€to€serve€six€years€for€each€Class€C€felony.€€The€trial€court€levied€fines€totalingÐ ¨ø Ð$7,000€and€ordered€the€sentences€to€be€served€concurrently.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€Wilson€contended,€inter€alia,€that€the€indictments€were€insufficient€because€theyÐ l¼ Ðdid€not€allege€the€essential€culpable€mental€state,€ð ðknowingly,ðð€as€required€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ X ¨ Ð39„17„417€and€that€the€trial€court€erred€because€Wilson€was€incompetent€to€plead€guilty.Ô_Ô׃ l×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€FindingÐ D!” Ðthat€the€seven€indictments€for€delivery€of€cocaine€were€insufficient,€the€Court€of€Criminal€AppealsÐ 0"€  Ðreversed€the€convictions€and€dismissed€the€charges.€€The€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€also€reversedÐ ° ÐWilsonððs€conviction€for€possession€of€cocaine€on€the€basis€that€he€had€not€knowingly€and€voluntarilyÐ œì Ðentered€into€the€plea.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€State€of€Tennessee€appeals€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appealsððs€decision.€€The€StateÐ `° Ðcontends€that€the€indictments€for€the€delivery€of€cocaine€are€legally€sufficient.€€Moreover,€the€StateÐ L œ Ðinsists€that€the€issue€of€whether€Wilson€was€competent€to€enter€a€guilty€plea,€or€if€he€did€soÐ 8 ˆ Ðknowingly€and€voluntarily,€was€not€properly€before€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€on€direct€appeal.€Ð $ t ÐThus,€the€State€insists€that€Wilsonððs€convictions€should€be€reinstated.€€Wilson,€on€the€other€hand,Ð  ` Ðinsists€that€the€seven€indictments€for€delivery€of€cocaine€are€insufficient€because€they€do€not€allegeÐ ü L  Ðthe€culpable€mental€state€of€ð ðknowinglyðð€as€required€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417€and€that€hisÐ è 8  ÐòòBoykinóó€claim,€that€is,€whether€he€knowingly€and€voluntarily€entered€the€guilty€plea,€òòóówas€properlyÐ Ô$  Ðbefore€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€on€direct€appeal.€€Accordingly,€Wilson€insists€that€theÐ À  Ðjudgment€of€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€should€be€affirmed.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ  ÓIII.€€Standard€of€ReviewÐ „Ô  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àBecause€the€issues€before€us€are€questions€of€law,€our€review€is€de€novo.€€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€940Ð \¬ ÐS.W.2d€558,€561€(Tenn.€1997).Ð H˜ ÐÌÓ  ÓIV.€€DiscussionÐ  p ÐÌÓš"ÓA.€€Sufficiency€of€the€IndictmentsÐ øH ÐÌà  àWe€first€address€the€issue€of€the€sufficiency€of€the€seven€indictments€charging€Wilson€withÐ Ð  Ðthe€delivery€of€cocaine.€€The€resolution€of€this€issue€is€controlled€by€our€decisions€in€òòRuff€v.€Stateóó׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¼  Ðand€òòState€v.€Carteróó.׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àIn€òòRuffóó,€we€were€asked€to€determine€the€sufficiency€of€an€indictment€for€aggravatedÐ €Ð Ðkidnaping€when€the€indictment€referenced€the€appropriate€statute€but€failed€to€include€the€mens€reaÐ l¼ Ðrequired€under€the€statute.€€òòId.óó€at€99.€€Reasoning€that€by€referencing€the€aggravated€kidnaping€statuteÐ X ¨ Ðthe€defendant€was€placed€on€notice€of€the€mental€state€required€to€commit€the€offense,€we€found€theÐ D!” Ðindictment€legally€sufficient.€€òòId.óó€€Similarly,€in€òòCarteróó,€we€were€asked€to€determine€whether€twoÐ 0"€  Ðindictments€for€felony€murder,€which€referenced€the€felony€murder€statute€but€failed€to€include€theÐ #l! Ðstatutorily€required€mens€rea€for€the€offense,€were€legally€sufficient.€€988€S.W.2d€at€148.€€We€heldÐ $X" Ðagain€that€the€indictments€were€legally€sufficient€because,€by€referencing€the€felony€murder€statute,Ð ô$D # Ðthe€defendant€was€provided€notice€of€the€required€mens€rea.€€òòId.óó€at€149.€€€Ð à%0!$ Ðâ âÐ Ì&"% Ðà  àBoth€òòRuffóó€and€òòCarteróó€are€apposite€to€the€case€at€bar.€€In€this€case,€the€required€mental€stateÐ ° Ðâ âunder€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„417(a)(2),€the€statute€defining€delivery€of€cocaine,€is€ð ðknowingly.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Рœì ÐThe€indictments€charging€Wilson€with€delivery€of€cocaine,€however,€do€not€mention€this€requiredÐ ˆØ Ðmental€state.€€Rather,€they€simply€charge€that€ð ðBRANDON€WILSON€.€.€.€did€unlawfully€deliver€aÐ tÄ Ðcontrolled€substance,€to„wit:€€Cocaine,€as€classified€in€Section€39„17„408,€in€violation€of€TennesseeÐ `° ÐCode€Annotated,€Section€39„17„417(c)(1),€all€of€which€is€against€the€peace€and€dignity€of€the€StateÐ L œ Ðof€Tennessee.ðð€€Nonetheless,€under€the€reasoning€of€both€òòRuffóó€and€òòCarteróó,€because€the€indictmentsÐ 8 ˆ Ðcharging€Wilson€with€the€delivery€of€cocaine€referenced€the€appropriate€statute,€he€was€providedÐ $ t Ðsufficient€notice€of€the€required€mental€state€to€commit€the€offense.€€The€indictments,€therefore,€areÐ  ` Ðlegally€sufficient,€and€Wilsonððs€convictions€are€reinstated.Ð ü L  ÐÌB.€€òòBoykinóó€Claim€on€Direct€AppealÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àWe€must€next€determine€whether€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€had€jurisdiction€to€hear€andÐ ¬ü  Ðdetermine,€on€direct€appeal,€the€voluntariness€of€Wilsonððs€pleas€of€guilty.€€In€Tennessee,€the€rightÐ ˜è  Ðto€appeal€a€plea€of€guilty€entered€in€the€trial€court€is€severely€limited€to€those€cases€which€fit€withinÐ „Ô  Ðone€of€the€narrow€exceptions€enumerated€in€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)€or€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b).€€òòSeeóóÐ pÀ ÐòòState€v.€Pattersonóó,€684€S.W.2d€110,€111„12€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984).€€Tennessee€Rule€of€CriminalÐ \¬ ÐProcedure€37(b)€provides:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)€€An€appeal€lies€from€any€order€or€judgment€in€a€criminalÐ  p Ðproceeding€where€the€law€provides€for€such€appeal,€and€from€anyÐ  \ Ðjudgment€of€conviction:ÐøH` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€€Upon€a€plea€of€guilty€or€nolo€contendere€if:Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(i)€€Defendant€entered€into€a€plea€agreement€under€Rule€11(e)€butÐ €Ð Ðexplicitly€reserved€with€the€consent€of€the€state€and€of€the€court€theÐ l¼ Ðright€to€appeal€a€certified€question€of€law€that€is€dispositive€of€theÐ X ¨ Ðcase;€orÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(ii)€€Defendant€seeks€review€of€the€sentence€set€and€there€was€no€pleaÐ #l! Ðagreement€under€Rule€11(e);€orÐ$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(iii)€€The€error(s)€complained€of€were€not€waived€as€a€matter€of€lawÐ à%0!$ Ðby€the€plea€of€guilty€or€nolo€contendere,€or€otherwise€waived,€and€ifÐ Ì&"% Ðsuch€errors€are€apparent€from€the€record€of€the€proceedings€alreadyÐ ¸'#& Ðhad;€orФ(ô#'` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(iv)€€Defendant€explicitly€reserved€with€the€consent€of€the€court€theÐ ° Ðright€to€appeal€a€certified€question€of€law€that€is€dispositive€of€theÐ œì Ðcase.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b).€€Tennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€3(b)€provides:Ð `° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€criminal€actions€an€appeal€as€of€right€by€a€defendant€lies€from€anyÐ 8 ˆ Ðjudgment€of€conviction€entered€by€a€trial€court€from€which€an€appealÐ $ t Ðlies€to€the€Supreme€Court€or€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€.€.€.€(2)€on€aÐ  ` Ðplea€of€guilty€or€nolo€contendere,€if€the€defendant€entered€into€a€pleaÐ ü L  Ðagreement€but€explicitly€reserved€with€the€consent€of€the€state€and€theÐ è 8  Ðtrial€court€the€right€to€appeal€a€certified€question€of€law€dispositive€ofÐ Ô$  Ðthe€action,€or€if€the€defendant€seeks€review€of€the€sentence€and€thereÐ À  Ðwas€no€plea€agreement€concerning€the€sentence,€or€if€the€issuesÐ ¬ü  Ðpresented€for€review€were€not€waived€as€a€matter€of€law€by€the€pleaÐ ˜è  Ðof€guilty€or€nolo€contendere€and€if€such€issues€are€apparent€from€theÐ „Ô  Ðrecord€of€the€proceedings€already€had.à p àà È àÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b).€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àWilsonððs€appeal€from€his€pleas€of€guilty€does€not€fit€within€any€of€these€exceptions.€€HisÐ  p Ðappeal€does€not€involve€a€certified€question€and,€thus,€cannot€be€addressed€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð  \ Ð37(b)(2)(i)€or€(iv)€or€under€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b)(2).€€It€does€not€challenge€his€sentence;€accordingly,Ð øH Ðhis€appeal€is€not€cognizable€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(ii)€or€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b)(2).€€TheÐ ä4 Ðonly€exception€into€which€Wilsonððs€appeal€may€fit€is€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii),€which€permitsÐ Ð  Ðan€appeal€after€a€guilty€plea€if€ð ð[t]he€error(s)€complained€of€were€not€waived€as€a€matter€of€law€byÐ ¼  Ðthe€plea€of€guilty€.€.€.€or€otherwise€waived,€and€if€such€errors€are€apparent€from€the€record€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðproceedings€òòalready€hadóó€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii)€(emphasis€added);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€Tenn.€R.Ð ”ä ÐApp.€P.€3(b)(2).€€The€advisory€commission€comments€to€the€rule€explain€that€a€defendant€should€beÐ €Ð Ðpermitted€to€appeal€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii)€only€in€cases€where€ð ðthe€record€clearlyÐ l¼ Ðreflects€an€invalidating€error,€such€as€the€clear€denial€of€the€right€to€counsel€or€a€conviction€underÐ X ¨ Ðan€invalid€statute,€wherein€it€would€be€judicially€inefficient€to€require€a€post„conviction€collateralÐ D!” Ðattack€when€the€error€is€apparent€upon€the€face€of€the€òòexisting€recordóó.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð 0"€  Ð37(b)(2)(iii)€advisory€commission€comments€(emphasis€added).Ð #l! ÐÌà  àUnlike€the€denial€of€the€right€to€counsel€or€conviction€under€an€invalid€statute,€whether€aÐ ô$D # Ðdefendant€knowingly€and€voluntarily€entered€a€guilty€plea€will€rarely,€if€ever,€be€apparent€from€aÐ à%0!$ Ðrecord€of€the€ð ðproceedings€already€had€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ð Ì&"% Ð3(b)(2).€€Such€is€not€apparent€in€the€record€before€us;€Wilsonððs€claim€that€his€guilty€plea€was€notÐ ¸'#& Ðknowingly€and€voluntarily€entered€does€not€fit,€therefore,€within€the€exception€provided€by€Tenn.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐR.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b)(2).Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àWilson€nonetheless€insists€that€under€this€Courtððs€decision€in€òòState€v.€Mackeyóó,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€his€claim€thatÐ ° Ðâ âhis€guilty€plea€was€invalid€because€of€an€alleged€òòBoykinóó€error€was€properly€before€the€Court€ofÐ œì ÐCriminal€Appeals.€€Wilsonððs€reliance€on€òòMackeyóó,€however,€is€misplaced.€€While€òòMackeyóó€did€involveÐ ˆØ Ða€direct€appeal€from€a€guilty€plea€on€the€basis€of€a€potential€òòBoykinóó€error,€the€decision€contains€noÐ tÄ Ðdiscussion€as€to€the€propriety€of€such€an€appeal.€€Moreover,€òòMackeyóó€was€decided€on€June€20,€1977,Ð `° Ðprior€to€the€effective€dates€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€(July€13,€1978)€and€theÐ L œ ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure€(July€1,€1979).€€Significantly,€both€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)Ð 8 ˆ Ðand€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b)€restrict€the€right€to€a€direct€appeal€from€a€guilty€plea€to€the€narrowÐ $ t Ðexceptions€previously€enumerated.€€It€is€presumed€that€in€ratifying€both€of€these€rules,€the€GeneralÐ  ` ÐAssembly€was€aware€of€our€decision€in€òòMackeyóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòOwens€v.€Stateóó,€908€S.W.2d€923,€926€(Tenn.Ð ü L  Ð1995).€€Accordingly,€to€the€extent€that€òòMackeyóó€could€be€read€to€allow€a€defendant€a€direct€appealÐ è 8  Ðfrom€a€guilty€plea€on€the€basis€of€an€alleged€òòBoykinóó€error,€that€portion€of€òòMackeyóó€has€beenÐ Ô$  Ðsuperseded€by€the€rules€which€limit€the€right€to€a€direct€appeal€to€the€exceptions€enumerated€in€Tenn.Ð À  ÐR.€Crim.€P.€37(b)€and€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b).׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àAlthough€we€have€found€that€Wilsonððs€appeal€does€not€fit€within€any€of€the€exceptions€underÐ „Ô  ÐTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)€or€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(b)€and€was€therefore€not€properly€before€the€Court€ofÐ pÀ ÐCriminal€Appeals,€Wilson€may€yet€have€redress.€€As€suggested€by€the€comments€to€Tenn.€R.€Crim.Ð \¬ ÐP.€37(b)(2)(iii),€the€proper€forum€for€asserting€òòóóthat€a€plea€was€not€knowingly€or€voluntarily€enteredÐ H˜ Ðin€accordance€with€òòBoykinóó€is€in€a€post„conviction€proceeding.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àIn€Tennessee,€post„conviction€proceedings€are€available€to€defendants€whose€complaint€isÐ  \ Ðof€constitutional€dimensions.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€McClintockóó,€732€S.W.2d€268,€271€(Tenn.€1987).€€ð ðAÐ øH Ðpetition€for€post„conviction€relief€is€an€application€to€the€court€.€.€.€that€seeks€to€have€[a]€convictionÐ ä4 Ðor€sentence€set€aside€or€an€appeal€granted€on€the€ground€or€grounds€that€the€conviction€or€theÐ Ð  Ðsentence€or€the€denial€of€an€appeal€violated€the€state€or€federal€constitution.ðð€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€28,Ð ¼  Ððð€2(A).€€Relief€is€granted€when€a€conviction€or€sentence€ð ðis€void€or€voidable€because€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðabridgment€of€any€right€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€of€Tennessee€or€the€Constitution€of€theÐ ”ä ÐUnited€States.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„30„203€(1997).€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àAs€part€of€the€post„conviction€procedure,€a€defendant€may€be€entitled€to€an€evidentiaryÐ X ¨ Ðhearing€in€which€the€petitioner€has€the€right€to€testify.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€28,€ðð€8;€Tenn.€CodeÐ D!” ÐAnn.€ðð€40„30„210€(1997).€€During€such€a€hearing,€both€parties€may€be€permitted€€to€take€affidavitsÐ 0"€  Ðor€depositions€in€addition€to€having€the€right€to€call€and€cross€examine€witnesses.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Sup.Ð ° ÐCt.€28,€ðð€8;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„30„210€(1997).Ð œì ÐÌà  àWhether€a€plea€was€knowing€and€voluntary€is€an€issue€of€constitutional€dimension€becauseÐ tÄ Ðð ð[t]he€due€process€provision€of€the€federal€constitution€requires€that€pleas€of€guilty€be€knowing€andÐ `° Ðvoluntary.ðð€€òòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€834€S.W.2d€922,€923€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€òòBoykinóó,€395€U.S.€at€243,Ð L œ Ð89€S.€Ct.€at€1712,€23€L.€Ed.€2d€at€279„80).€€As€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€reasoned€in€òòBoykinóó:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[a]€defendant€who€enters€such€a€plea€simultaneously€waives€severalÐ  ` Ðconstitutional€rights,€including€his€privilege€against€compulsory€self„Ð ü L  Ðincrimination,€his€right€to€trial€by€jury,€and€his€right€to€confront€hisÐ è 8  Ðaccusers.€€For€his€waiver€to€be€valid€under€the€Due€Process€Clause,Ð Ô$  Ðit€must€be€ð ðan€intentional€relinquishment€or€abandonment€of€a€knownÐ À  Ðright€or€privilege.ðð€€Consequently,€if€a€defendantððs€guilty€plea€is€notÐ ¬ü  Ðequally€voluntary€and€knowing,€it€has€been€obtained€in€violation€ofÐ ˜è  Ðdue€process€and€is€therefore€void.€Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌòòBoykinóó,€395€U.S.€at€243€n.5,€89€S.€Ct.€at€1712€n.5,€23€L.€Ed.€2d.€at€280€n.5€(citations€omitted).€€Thus,Ð \¬ Ða€claim€such€as€Wilsonððs,€which€asserts€that€a€plea€was€not€voluntarily€and€knowingly€entered,Ð H˜ Ðimplicates€his€due€process€rights€and€therefore€falls€squarely€within€the€ambit€of€issues€appropriatelyÐ 4„ Ðaddressed€in€a€post„conviction€petition.Ð  p ÐÌà  àPost„conviction€proceedings€are€also€the€appropriate€forum€for€challenging€guilty€pleas€onÐ øH Ðthe€basis€of€alleged€òòBoykinóó€errors€because,€as€we€have€previously€noted,€the€inquiry€necessary€forÐ ä4 Ðdetermining€whether€a€defendant€knowingly€and€voluntarily€entered€a€plea€may€not€be€possible€fromÐ Ð  Ðð ðthe€record€of€the€proceedings€òòalready€hadóó€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b)(2)(iii);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.Ð ¼  ÐP.€3(b)(2).€€For€example,€when€inquiring€whether€a€defendant€knowingly€and€voluntarily€entered€aÐ ¨ø Ðplea,€a€court€must€ð ðdetermine€whether€the€defendant€actually€does€understand€the€significance€andÐ ”ä Ðconsequences€of€a€particular€decision€and€whether€the€decision€is€uncoerced.ðð€€òòGodinez€v.€Moranóó,Ð €Ð Ð509€U.S.€389,€401€n.12,€113€S.€Ct.€2680,€2687€n.12,€125€L.€Ed.€2d€321,€333€n.12€(1993)(emphasisÐ l¼ Ðomitted).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€making€such€a€determination,€courts€are€instructed€to€ensure€that€the€defendant€isÐ X ¨ Ðð ðfully€aware€of€the€direct€consequences€[of€the€plea],€including€the€actual€value€of€any€commitmentsÐ D!” Ðmade€to€him€[or€her]€by€the€court,€prosecutor,€or€his€[or€her]€own€counsel.ðð€€òòBrady€v.€United€Statesóó,Ð 0"€  Ð397€U.S.€742,€755,€90€S.€Ct.€1463,€1472,€25€L.€Ed.€2d.€747,€760€(1970)€(citation€omitted).€Ð #l! ÐMoreover,€in€order€to€knowingly€and€voluntarily€enter€a€plea,€the€plea€cannot€be€ð ðinduced€by€threatsÐ $X" Ð(or€promises€to€discontinue€improper€harassment),€misrepresentation€(including€unfulfilled€orÐ ô$D # Ðunfulfillable€promises),€or€.€.€.€by€promises€that€are€by€their€nature€improper€as€having€no€properÐ à%0!$ Ðrelationship€to€the€prosecutorððs€business€(e.g.€bribes);ðð׃Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€it€may€not€be€the€product€of€ð ð[i]gnorance,Ð Ì&"% ÐÑ+?TÑâ +âÑH°Ñâ +âÑ  Ñincomprehension,€coercion,€terror,€inducements,€[or]€subtle€or€blatant€threats.ðð€€òòBoykinóó,€395€U.S.Ð ° Ðat€242„43,€89€S.€Ct.€at€1712,€23€L.€Ed.€2d.€at€279.€€Finally,€as€we€have€noted,€ð ðthe€core€requirementÐ œì Ðof€òòBoykinóó€is€ððthat€no€guilty€plea€be€accepted€without€an€affirmative€showing€that€it€was€intelligentÐ ˆØ Ðand€voluntary.ðððð€òòBlankenship€v.€Stateóó,€858€S.W.2d€897,€904€(Tenn.€1993)€(quoting€òòFontaine€v.Ð tÄ ÐUnited€Statesóó,€526€F.2d€514,€516€(6òòthóó€Cir.€1975)).€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àIt€will€be€difficult,€and€perhaps€impossible,€for€an€intermediate€court,€reviewing€only€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðrecord€of€the€plea€submission€hearing,€to€make€an€accurate€determination€of€the€knowing€andÐ $ t Ðvoluntary€nature€of€a€plea.€€Post„conviction€proceedings,€however,€permit€the€development€of€aÐ  ` Ðrecord€to€fully€examine€whether€a€defendant€understood€his€or€her€rights€and€whether€he€or€sheÐ ü L  Ðvoluntarily€waived€them€by€pleading€guilty.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àFinally,€we€note€that€we€have€often€reviewed€cases€involving€alleged€òòBoykinóó€errors€in€a€post„Ð À  Ðconviction€setting.€€For€example,€in€òòJohnsonóó,€we€reasoned€that€a€previous€version€of€the€Post„Ð ¬ü  ÐConviction€Procedures€Act€ð ðprovide[d]€the€procedure€for€attacking€a€constitutionally€defectiveÐ ˜è  Ðconviction€based€on€a€guilty€plea€that€was€not€knowingly€and€voluntarily€entered,€as€required€byÐ „Ô  ÐòòBoykinóó.ðð€€834€S.W.2d€at€925.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€Thus,€our€holding,€that€challenges€to€guilty€pleas€on€the€basis€ofÐ pÀ Ðalleged€òòÔ_ÔBoykinÔ_Ôóó€errors€are€properly€raised€in€post„conviction€proceedings€rather€than€on€direct€appeal,Ð \¬ Ðis€not€a€novel€proposition.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð H˜ ÐÌÓ  ÓV.€€ConclusionÐ  p ÐÌÓ  Óà  àFor€the€reasons€articulated€above,€we€hold€that€the€seven€indictments€for€delivery€of€cocaineÐ øH Ðare€sufficient.€€Wilsonððs€convictions€as€to€these€charges€are,€therefore,€reinstated.€€Additionally,€weÐ ä4 Ðhold€that€the€issue€of€whether€Wilson€knowingly€and€voluntarily€pleaded€guilty€was€not€properlyÐ Ð  Ðbefore€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.€€Wilsonððs€conviction€for€cocaine€possession€is,€therefore,Ð ¼  Ðreinstated.€€Wilson,€however,€is€not€by€this€opinion€precluded€from€raising€the€alleged€òòBoykinóó€errorÐ ¨ø Ðin€a€petition€for€post„conviction€relief.òòóóÐ ”ä ÐÌà  àCosts€of€this€appeal€are€assessed€to€the€defendant.à p àÐ l¼ ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 0"€  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àADOLPHO€A.€BIRCH,€JR.,€JUSTICE