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ÔÔ€ÔÔ€ôÔÔ€XÔÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ 8 ÒÖ€+ÖÑ  ÑÔ&  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÖ€,ÖÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€¼ÔÔ€ÔÞ ÞÌIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌSPECIAL€WORKERS'€COMPENSATION€APPEALS€PANELÌÌÙ€!ÙßR€/0.A1-j|` ç `€€@ÿRßAT€NASHVILLEÌ(January€23,€1997€Session)ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓRANDY€F.€SHADDEN,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô€,Ô€Ô€¼Ô€)€€€€€FENTRESS€CHANCERYÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Plaintiff„Appellee,€€€€€Ô€,Ô€Ô€¼Ô€)€€€€€Hon.€Billy€Joe€White,Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô€Ô€Ô€¼Ô€€€€Ô€,Ô€Ô€¼Ô€)€€€€€Chancellor.Ìv.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô€XÔ€Ô€¼Ô€€Ô€Ô€Ô€¼Ô€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô€ôÔ€Ô€¼Ô€€€€Ô€,Ô€Ô€¼Ô€€)€€€€€No.€01S01„9607„CH„00148ÌITT€HARTFORD€INSURANCE€€€€€€€Ô€,Ô€€Ô€¼Ô€)ÌCOMPANY,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô€Ô€Ô€¼Ô€Ô€XÔ€Ô€,Ô€Ô€¼Ô€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Defendant„Appellant.€€Ô€ôÔ€òò€óóÔ€¼Ô€€)ÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòFor€Appellee,€Randy€F.ÏShaddenóó:òòÌóóÌBlakely€D.€Matthews€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Michael€A.€WalkerÌLeigh€A.€Buckley€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô€,Ô€Ô€¼Ô€€€€€€€€€€Jamestown,€TennesseeÌCornelius€&€CollinsÌNashville,€Tennessee€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòFor€Appellee,€Second€InjuryÏFundóó:ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Charles€E.€BursonÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Attorney€General€andÏReporterÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sandra€E.€KeithÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Assistant€AttorneyÏGeneralÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Nashville,€TennesseeÌÌÌÌÔ'  ÔòòÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓM€E€M€O€R€A€N€D€U€M€€€€O€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÌÌÌòòMembers€of€Panelóó:ÌÌAdolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€Chief€Justice,€Supreme€CourtÌRobert€S.€Brandt,€Senior€JudgeÌJoe€C.€Loser,€Jr.,€Special€JudgeÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓAFFIRMED€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Loser,ÏJudgeÓ ¹ ÓÌòòÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓMEMORANDUM€OPINIONóóÓ rAÓÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓà àà àThis€workers'€compensation€appeal€has€been€referred€to€theÏSpecial€Workers'€Compensation€Appeals€Panel€of€the€Supreme€Court€inÏaccordance€with€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€section€50„6„225(e)(3)€for€hearing€andÏreporting€of€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law.€€In€this€appeal,€theÏemployer's€insurer,€Hartford,€argues€(1)€the€evidence€preponderates€againstÏthe€trial€court's€finding€that€the€employee€or€claimant,€Shadden,€suffered€aÏwork€related€injury,€(2)€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€court'sÏaward€of€permanent€total€disability€benefits€and€(3)€the€trial€court€erred€inÏawarding€medical€expenses€not€disclosed€in€response€to€discovery€requestsÏand€not€"properly€proven€at€trial."€€The€Second€Injury€Fund€(the€Fund),Ïwhich€was€made€a€party€by€an€amended€complaint,€contends€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€against€the€trial€judge's€finding€that€the€claimant€isÏpermanently€and€totally€disabled.€€As€discussed€below,€the€panel€hasÏconcluded€the€judgment€should€be€affirmed.Ìà àà àAs€a€result€of€a€previous€compensable€injury€in€1984,€whileÏworking€for€another€employer€in€another€state,€the€claimant€was€awardedÏbenefits€equating€to€fifty„three€percent€to€the€body€as€a€whole.€€In€aÏvehicular€accident€in€1989,€which€was€not€work€related,€he€suffered€spinalÏinjuries€which€necessitated€the€insertion€of€metal€rods€in€his€back.€€The€rodsÏwere€removed€in€1994.€€The€employer€at€all€relevant€times€knew€of€his€pre„existing€disabilities.€€He€continued€to€work€with€pain€and€received€a€numberÏof€awards€for€sales€excellence.Ìà àà àIn€January€of€1995,€he€was€sales€manager€for€a€company€inÏCookeville€which€sold€copiers.€€There€is€conflicting€evidence€with€respect€toÏthe€exact€date€of€the€occurrence,€but€during€the€week€of€January€9,€1995,€theÏclaimant€noticed€a€truck€driver€unloading€a€large€copier,€weighing€over€sixÏhundred€pounds,€from€a€truck.€€He€attempted€to€assist€the€driver€with€theÏunloading€when€something€"popped"€in€his€back€and€he€felt€immediate€pain.€ÏHe€told€a€co„worker€immediately€about€the€occurrence€and€had€her€write€itÏdown.€€He€also€gave€timely€written€notice.Ìà àà àThe€co„worker€testified€she€had€seen€the€claimant€with€his€handsÏon€the€copier,€one€hand€on€the€side€and€one€on€the€bottom.€€The€same€day,Ïthe€claimant€drove€to€Fentress€County€General€Hospital's€emergency€roomÏwhere€he€received€a€shot€to€relieve€his€pain.€€He€may€or€may€not€have€alsoÏplayed€racquetball€that€afternoon,€but€there€is€no€medical€evidence€that€hisÏnew€injury€was€from€something€other€than€the€lifting€incident.€€He€alsoÏworked€for€a€few€days€immediately€following€the€injury€but€was€soonÏforced€to€quit€because€of€severe€pain.Ìà àà àThe€treating€physician,€Dr.€Leonard€Carroll,€who€was€familiarÏwith€the€claimant's€medical€history,€testified€the€claimant€suffered€a€newÏspinal€cord€injury€causally€related€to€the€lifting€incident€and€an€exacerbationÏof€the€pre„existing€conditions€and€that,€as€a€result,€he€developed,€in€additionÏto€severe€low€back€pain,€bladder€incontinence€and€depression€to€the€extent€ofÏbeing€suicidal.€€The€doctor€estimated€the€claimant's€permanent€impairmentÏat€fifty„five€percent€to€the€body€as€a€whole,€from€appropriate€guidelines€andÏwithout€consideration€of€the€mental€injury.€€Dr.€Carroll€is€a€board€certifiedÏgeneral€surgeon.Ìà àà àDr.€Everette€Howell,€a€neurosurgeon,€saw€the€claimant€bothÏbefore€and€after€the€occurrence€in€question.€€Dr.€Howell,€testifying€for€theÏdefendants€by€deposition,€said€he€observed€palpable€low€back€muscle€spasmsÏand€positive€bilateral€straight€leg€raising€test€results€after€the€incident,€butÍnot€before,€although€the€results€of€a€post„injury€MRI€scan€were€similar€toÏthose€of€a€CT€scan€and€myelogram€done€in€1994.€€He€diagnosed€nerveÏcompression€or€compression€or€irritation€of€the€ligaments€in€the€claimant'sÏback.Ìà àà àDr.€Ray€Hester,€a€pain€management€specialist,€addedÏ"fibromyalgia"€to€the€list€of€diagnoses.€€Dr.€Todd€Moldawer€of€the€SouthernÏCalifornia€Orthopedic€Institute€found€probable€"arachnoidal€changes."€€AÏvocational€expert,€Norman€Hankins,€estimated€the€claimant's€vocationalÏdisability€at€one€hundred€percent.Ìà àà àThe€trial€judge€found€the€claimant's€injury€to€be€work€relatedÏand€that€the€claimant€was€permanently€and€totally€disabled.€€He€alsoÏawarded,€as€medical€benefits,€medical€expenses€in€the€sum€of€$6,689.56€andÏreasonable€and€necessary€future€medical€benefits.€€Appellate€review€is€deÏnovo€upon€the€record€of€the€trial€court,€accompanied€by€a€presumption€ofÏthe€findings€of€fact,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€section€50„6„225(e)(2).€€Where€the€trial€judge€has€seen€andÏheard€the€witnesses,€especially€if€issues€of€credibility€and€weight€to€be€givenÏoral€testimony€are€involved,€considerable€deference€must€be€accorded€thoseÏcircumstances€on€review.€€òòHumphrey€v.€David€Witherspoon,€Inc.óó,€734€ÏS.W.2d€€315€(Tenn.€1987).ÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓ(1)ÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓà àà àUnless€admitted€by€the€employer,€the€employee€has€the€burdenÏof€proving,€by€competent€evidence,€every€essential€element€of€his€case.€ÏòòMazanec€v.€Aetna€Ins.€Co.óó,€491€€S.W.2d€€616€(Tenn.€1973).€€He€must€prove,Ïamong€other€things,€that€his€injury€was€one€arising€out€of€the€employment.€ÏIn€order€to€establish€that€an€injury€was€one€arising€out€of€the€employment,Ïthe€cause€of€the€injury€must€be€proved;€and€if€the€claim€is€for€permanentÏdisability€benefits,€permanency€must€be€proved.€€In€all€but€the€most€obviousÏcases,€causation€and€permanency€may€only€be€established€through€expertÏmedical€testimony.€€òòCorcoran€v.€Foster€Auto€GMC,€Inc.óó,€746€€S.W.2d€€452Ï(Tenn.€1988).Ìà àà àAs€the€trial€judge€noted€in€his€findings,€"this€case€resolves€into€aÏquestion€of€credibility."€€Since€virtually€all€of€the€claimant's€proof€was€inÏthe€nature€of€oral€testimony,€which€the€trial€judge€accepted€as€true,€rejectingÏHartford's€contention€that€the€claimant€"staged"€his€injury,€and€from€ourÏindependent€examination€of€the€evidence€and€a€consideration€of€theÏdeference€we€are€required€to€give€the€findings€of€the€trial€judge€under€theÏcircumstances,€we€cannot€say€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trialÏjudge's€findings€that€the€claimant's€injury€was€work€related,€or€one€arisingÏout€of€the€employment,€and€that€the€claimant€is€permanently€disabled.€€TheÏfindings€are€clearly€supported€by€the€testimony€of€the€primary€physician.ÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓ(2)ÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓà àà àWhen€an€injury,€not€otherwise€specifically€provided€for€in€theÏWorkers'€Compensation€Act,€totally€incapacitates€a€covered€employee€fromÏworking€at€an€occupation€which€brings€him€an€income,€such€employee€isÏconsidered€totally€disabled.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€section€50„6„207(4)(B).€ÏMoreover,€the€employer€takes€the€employee€with€all€pre„existing€conditions,Ïand€cannot€escape€liability€when€the€employee,€upon€suffering€a€work„related€injury,€incurs€far€greater€disability€than€if€he€had€not€had€the€pre„existing€conditions.€€òòRogers€v.€Shawóó,€813€€S.W.2d€€397€(Tenn.€1991).€€FromÏour€independent€examination€of€the€evidence,€we€cannot€say€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€against€the€finding€of€the€trial€judge€that€the€claimant€isÏpermanently€and€totally€disabled,€as€defined€by€the€statute.ÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓ(3)ÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓà àà àWhen€a€covered€employee€suffers€a€compensable€injury,€hisÏemployer€or€employer's€insurer€is€required€to€provide,€free€of€charge€to€theÏinjured€employee,€all€medical€and€hospital€care€which€is€reasonablyÏnecessary€on€account€of€such€injury.€€The€only€limitation€as€to€the€amount€ofÏthe€employer's€liability€for€such€care€is€such€charges€as€prevail€for€similarÏtreatment€in€the€community€where€the€injured€employee€resides.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€section€50„6„204.Ìà àà àWhere,€as€here,€the€employer€or€its€insurer€fails€or€refuses€toÏprovide€such€care,€it€may€be€liable€for€the€expenses€incurred€by€the€injuredÏemployee,€if€those€expenses€are€shown€to€have€been€both€reasonable€andÏnecessary.€€There€is€ample€proof€in€the€record€that€the€expenses€awarded€asÏmedical€benefits€were€both€reasonable€and€necessary.Ìà àà àHartford€further€contends,€however,€that€the€trial€judge€shouldÏhave€excluded€such€proof€because€the€claimant€did€not€disclose€all€hisÏmedical€expenses€in€response€to€a€discovery€request.€€A€trial€judge€does€haveÏthe€discretion€to€impose€such€a€sanction€for€failure€to€comply€with€aÏdiscovery€request,€but,€under€all€the€circumstances,€we€are€persuaded€theÏtrial€judge€did€not€abuse€his€discretion€by€allowing€the€proof.Ìà àà àFinally,€the€claimant€contends€that€he€is€entitled,€by€virtue€ofÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€section€50„6„207(4)(A),€to€lifetime€disability€benefits€fromÏthe€employer€or€its€insurer.€€We€do€not€know€how€long€the€claimant€willÏlive,€but€our€view€of€the€section,€as€it€is€presently€constituted,€does€notÏpersuade€us€that€any€court€has€the€authority€to€make€such€an€order.Ìà àà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€on€appeal€areÏtaxed€to€ITT€Hartford€Insurance€Company.Ó *bÓÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ` ‹XÓ_______________________________Ó ÓÌÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Joe€C.€Loser,€Jr.,€JudgeÌÓ  ÓÓ ` ŒXÓCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌAdolpho€A.€Birch,€Jr.,€Chief€JusticeÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌRobert€S.€Brandt,€JudgeÌÌÑ€1ÑÇÒ  ÒÒ £ Òòòà@ àIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEÌßJ€/2;+'b|U]` ç `€@ÿJßÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÌÌÌÌRANDY€F.€SHADDEN,à àà àà à}à àFENTRESS€CHANCERYÌà àà àà àà àà àà à}à àNo.€95„3€BelowÌà àPlaintiff/Appellee,à àà àà à}Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à}à àHon.€Billy€Joe€White,Ìvs.à àà àà àà àà àà à}à àChancellorÌà àà àà àà àà àà à}ÌITT€HARTFORD€INSURANCE€à à}ÌCOMPANY,à àà àà àà à}à àNo.€01S01„9607„CH„00148Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à}Ìà àDefendant/Appellantà àà à}à àAFFIRMED.ÌÌÌà@ àJUDGMENT€ORDERÌÌÌÓ€Óà àà àThis€case€is€before€the€Court€upon€the€entire€record,€including€theÏorder€of€referral€to€the€Special€Workers'€Compensation€Appeals€Panel,€and€theÏPanel's€Memorandum€Opinion€setting€forth€its€findings€of€fact€and€conclusionsÏof€law,€which€are€incorporated€herein€by€reference.Ìà àà àWhereupon,€it€appears€to€the€Court€that€the€Memorandum€OpinionÏof€the€Panel€should€be€accepted€and€approved;€andÌà àà àIt€is,€therefore,€ordered€that€the€Panel's€findings€of€fact€andÏconclusions€of€law€are€adopted€and€affirmed,€and€the€decision€of€the€Panel€isÏmade€the€judgment€of€the€Court.ÌÓ ` ` šXÓà àà àCosts€will€be€paid€by€Defendant/Appellant€and€Surety,€for€whichÏexecution€may€issue€if€necessary.ÌÓÓà àà àIT€IS€SO€ORDERED€on€May€13,€1997.ÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPER€CURIAMÌóóÌÌÌÌÌ