ÿWPC³ 45í5ß-AFì4»D=þ@Fì™füi"™Uÿzì.#Åk§õÈÉœ@xîj·«Ñ9b°Z<ç'v>kåsrÍÈcÿÏä½ 6`+‡Æ:Ê*±¿;+Îi=Êãªo“@*ómNR®ÎþŒR£Ö›ŽŠ4.dÖ…aˆ‘ìå}ù*çŒ$Ë—á¨)‚v=èŽ.Ø 'xíS‡\FÕ îýìÚÉݯ1‚×û¿Zº&¡|­ž³}Ýœù¤ïÑÙó‰ú˜DWƒKrÉŒ½ÕO%%‡Ø¥·%m¯_À ¦ŠbP™X9u‡Ø ßuˆ÷vß“…ÔTe0'}!ÉQì‘EšÍBhE'éüD¬Îëð©nonŒ”2)—€„^2´üEô汌~™°Qíôºç }æ§{£(”bÄp~† Ò® øÀƒ½_“3{Q䑹VkðÒ«1 |+©r׋yµSûa*X…zµG25 oìþOĉٗÌÏbßå¶À˜r­YcùæïŸ$²ô3 ¥ø¯Õ4l̘hªSαª)ŽÌ´{ë×òC«s¶[u¥’Ö‚v Ú:oÝâ7îh'ž¸º†¶*ÇÎdû¾ÏLîã˜cV¡ TXuìb#É\ %% ^ + 0ˆ7 UN¿ w 4 z% ÒŸ q € m‚ ‚ Æ™ Æ_ Æ%ÆëUN±Nÿ 0D EEå(çiðxU@hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhb¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨ 0ë°°°° B›› 0¤¸ D3\ D- 0K¼¼ ASÆZ 0¤  0DÄ A«˜HP LaserJet 4300 PSØÚÈØØÈØÚ0»Ø€.2Þ (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular…ƒ1Ô÷¡¢ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(uHš Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó –Ý ƒR«O$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôµéò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€In€òòCleekóó,€we€also€held€that€a€period€of€temporary€total€disability€benefits€may€be€revived€if€there€is€evidenceÐ ° Ðthat€an€initial€assessment€of€impairment€or€maximum€medical€improvement€was€incorrect€or€premature.€€19€S.W.3d€atÐ tÄ Ð777„78. Ý ƒR«O$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôµéò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€The€trial€court€initially€held€a€trial€on€the€issue€of€temporary€total€benefits€and€later€held€a€trial€on€the€issueÐ ° Ðof€permanent€benefits.€ _Ý ƒR«O$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôµéò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€The€trial€court€discounted€the€deposition€testimony€of€Dr.€Neal€Ô_ÔSpitalnyÔ_Ô,€an€orthopedic€surgeon€who€had€statedÐ ° Ðthat€Gray€had€a€10%€impairment€to€the€upper€left€extremity.€€ PuckettDrowotaSr.J.MurrellUhorchukNadowskiglenoidTenn.CodeHouserFoamexGatlinburgiCleekLovedayBomelyLumbermens i]fCullomLimbaughMcMinnGluckCas.InsLawrenceburg CasBatesville(ÆúI Z‹(Times New Roman - ù-(|G2«O$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Q»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôµéò»»Ô d(|3 I$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Q»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3 I$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Q»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Q»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Q»»»ÔÑ8€S=XXdì»»d8Ñà@™ ™ ìàÔ‡îØî»¼QÔIN€THE€SUPREME€COURT€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼Q»îîØ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓOctober€6,€2004€Session€at€NashvilleÐ üL ÐÔ‡XS=X»¼QÔÌò òÔ#†¼Q»XXS=þ#ÔBILLY€GENE€GRAYòòóó€v.€CULLOM€MACHINE,€TOOL€&€DIE,€INC.,€òòÔ‡XS=X.¼QÔEt€al.ó óÔ#†¼Q»àXS=‚#ÔóóÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàÔ€XS=X»¼QÔò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Bradley€CountyÐ  p Ðà@@øøìàNo.€V„01„061€€€€€Lawrence€Puckett,€JudgeÐ  \ ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<Ï` AßÐ Ð  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2004„00011„SC„R3„CV€„€Filed€December€20,€2004Ð Ë  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<¢` AßÐ £ó  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓWe€granted€review€in€this€workersðð€compensation€case€to€determine€whether€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ žî  Ð1)€awarding€temporary€total€benefits,€2)€apportioning€liability€between€the€employer€and€the€SecondÐ ŠÚ ÐInjury€Fund,€and€3)€awarding€180€weeks€of€lump„sum€benefits.€€After€reviewing€the€record€andÐ vÆ Ðapplicable€authority,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€temporary€total€benefits€toÐ b² Ðthe€employee€who€continued€to€work€for€the€employer€following€his€injury€and€then€later€operatedÐ Nž Ðhis€own€unprofitable€business.€€We€also€hold€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€limiting€the€employerððsÐ :Š Ðliability€for€permanent€total€disability€benefits€to€60%€of€400€weeks€and€in€awarding€180€weeks€ofÐ &v Ðlump€sum€benefits.€€Accordingly,€we€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€and€remand€for€furtherÐ b Ðproceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€Ð þN ÐÓÔÓÌò òÔ‡XÝ– XXXS=ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð50-6-225(e)Ô#†XS=X XXÝ–ë#Ô;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Reversedó óÐ Ö& ÐÌòòÓ  ÓE.€Riley€Anderson,€óóJ.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòFrank€F.€Drowota,€III,€C.J.,Ð ®þ Ðóóandòò€Janice€M.€Holder,€William€M.€Barkeróó,€JJ.,€and€òòAllen€W.€Wallace,€Ô_ÔSp.J.Ô_Ôóó,€joined.Ð šê ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€and€Richard€M.€Murrell,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ r  ÐGeneral,€€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Second€Injury€Fund.Ð ^!®  ÐÌRobert€J.€Uhorchuk,€Chattanooga,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellees,€Cullom€Machine,€Tool€&€Die,€Inc.,Ð 6#†" Ðand€Travelers€Insurance€Company.Ð "$r# ÐÌWilliam€J.€Brown,€Cleveland,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellee,€Billy€Gene€Gray.Ð ú%J!% ÐÌÓ Óà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ Ò'"#' ÐÌÓ  Óà  àOn€May€26,€2000,€the€employee,€Billy€Gray€(ð ðGrayðð),€suffered€an€injury€to€his€left€shoulderÐ ª)ú$) Ðâ âwhile€in€the€course€and€scope€of€his€employment€with€Cullom€Machine,€Tool€&€Die,€Inc.€(ð ðCullomðð)Ð –*æ%*ý Ðin€Cleveland,€Tennessee.€€After€Gray€filed€a€workersðð€compensation€claim,€the€following€evidenceÐ ° Ðwas€presented€before€the€trial€court.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àGray,€who€was€fifty€years€old€at€the€time€of€the€injury,€testified€as€follows.€€At€age€eighteen,Ð tÄ Ðhe€joined€the€United€States€Marine€Ô_ÔCorpsÔ_Ô€and€served€in€Vietnam€where€he€suffered€injuries€to€hisÐ `° Ðhands,€hip,€knee,€and€thigh€from€a€mortar€attack.€€After€spending€over€a€year€in€military€hospitals€andÐ L œ Ðundergoing€numerous€surgeries,€his€right€hand€was€permanently€impaired,€which€prevented€him€fromÐ 8 ˆ Ðcurling€his€fingers€and€reduced€his€range€of€motion.€€As€a€result,€he€received€a€permanent€60%Ð $ t Ðdisability€rating€from€the€Veterans€Administration.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAfter€being€discharged€from€the€military,€Gray€worked€for€National€Fiberglass€Products€inÐ è 8  ÐChicago,€Illinois.€€While€in€the€course€and€scope€of€his€employment,€he€was€struck€in€his€left€eyeÐ Ô$  Ðwith€a€high„pressured€fiberglass€spray.€€The€injury€scarred€his€cornea€and€caused€a€15%€loss€of€sightÐ À  Ðfor€which€he€received€workersðð€compensation€benefits.€€Seven€years€later,€Gray€underwent€anÐ ¬ü  Ðunsuccessful€corneal€transplant€procedure€that€resulted€in€complete€blindness€in€his€left€eye.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àGray€began€working€as€a€machinist€for€Cullom€in€1988€and€had€worked€for€approximatelyÐ pÀ Ðtwelve€years€before€his€injury,€during€which€time€he€was€promoted€to€supervisor.€€On€May€26,€2000,Ð \¬ Ðhe€was€struck€in€the€head€and€left€shoulder€by€a€large,€heavy€steel€tube€while€loading€materials€ontoÐ H˜ Ða€truck.€€The€force€of€the€blow€knocked€Gray€to€the€ground€and€rendered€him€unconscious.€€He€wasÐ 4„ Ðtaken€to€the€hospital€and€received€nearly€100€stitches€in€his€head.€€Although€Gray€had€pain€in€his€leftÐ  p Ðshoulder,€he€initially€received€conservative€treatment€and€continued€to€work€for€Cullom.€€BecauseÐ  \ Ðthe€pain€in€his€left€shoulder€continued€to€worsen,€Gray€elected€to€have€surgery€to€repair€his€leftÐ øH Ðrotator€cuff€on€November€2,€2000.€€Gray€did€not€return€to€work€at€Cullom€after€his€surgery€becauseÐ ä4 Ðthe€company€had€reduced€its€number€of€supervisors€and€the€injury€to€his€left€shoulder€prevented€himÐ Ð  Ðfrom€doing€machinist€work.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àAfter€leaving€Cullom,€Gray€began€Gray€Tool€Service,€a€tool€sharpening€business,€which€heÐ ”ä Ðoperated€from€November€2000€to€October€of€2002.€€He€said€that€he€met€with€customers,€answeredÐ €Ð Ðphones,€hired€employees,€delivered€tools€to€his€customers,€and€often€worked€from€9:00€a.m.€to€9:00Ð l¼ Ðp.m.€or€longer.€€He€eventually€closed€the€business€because€it€was€not€profitable.€€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àDr.€Julian€Nadowski,€a€vocational€expert,€testified€at€trial€that€Gray€had€an€80%€vocationalÐ 0"€  Ðdisability€rating€as€a€result€of€his€shoulder€injury.€€The€expert€concluded€that€he€ð ðwould€not€be€ableÐ #l! Ðto€go€back€to€work€as€a€machinist€in€his€regular€tradeðð€and€that€he€ð ðwould€essentially€be€confinedÐ $X" Ðto€a€relatively€narrow€range€of€unskilled€jobs.ððÐ ô$D # ÐÌà  àDr.€Daniel€Johnson,€a€board„certified€orthopedic€surgeon,€testified€by€deposition€as€follows.€Ð Ì&"% ÐAfter€examining€Gray€on€June€22,€2000,€he€diagnosed€Gray€as€having€suffered€a€left€rotator€cuff€tearÐ ¸'#& Ðand/or€avulsion.€€An€MRI€showed€an€ð ðabnormal€signal€within€the€left€rotator€cuff€consistent€withÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÔ_Ôa€partial€tear€and€an€effusion€of€the€left€shoulder.ðð€€Gray€underwent€conservative€treatment,€includingÐ ° Ðphysical€therapy€and€pain€management,€and€was€told€to€avoid€reaching€overhead€or€to€the€side.€€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àGray€reported€increased€pain€in€October€of€2000€and€elected€to€have€surgery€on€his€shoulder.€Ð tÄ ÐOn€November€2,€2000,€Dr.€Johnson€surgically€repaired€the€left€rotator€cuff€tear€and€a€superiorÐ `° Ðglenoid€rim€tear.€€He€believed€that€the€surgery€went€ð ðas€well€as€could€be€expectedðð€but€thought€thatÐ L œ ÐGray€would€have€ð ðsome€problems€with€his€shoulder€the€rest€of€his€life.ðð€€Gray€showed€improvementsÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€strength€and€range€of€motion€in€January€and€February€of€2001,€and€Dr.€Johnson€assigned€a€10%Ð $ t Ðimpairment€rating€of€the€upper€extremity.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àEarly€in€2003,€Gray€reported€additional€pain.€€Dr.€Johnson€determined€that€Gray€had€lostÐ è 8  Ðstrength€and€movement€in€his€left€shoulder,€and€he€performed€additional€surgery€to€repair€an€avulsionÐ Ô$  Ðto€the€rotator€cuff.€€Dr.€Johnson€concluded€that€the€initial€impairment€rating€had€been€madeÐ À  Ðprematurely€and€that€Gray€did€not€reach€maximum€medical€improvement€until€February€24,€2003.€Ð ¬ü  ÐAccordingly,€Gray€was€assigned€a€30%€permanent€impairment€to€the€upper€extremity€or€an€18%Ð ˜è  Ðpermanent€impairment€to€the€body€as€a€whole.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€accredited€Dr.€Johnsonððs€testimony׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€found€that€Grayððs€injury€whileÐ \¬ Ðworking€for€Cullom€accounted€for€60%€of€his€permanent€and€total€disability.€€In€addition€to€orderingÐ H˜ ÐCullom€to€pay€temporary€total€disability€benefits€for€the€period€of€June€2000€to€February€2003,€theÐ 4„ Ðtrial€court€also€ordered€Cullom€to€pay€60%€of€the€permanent€total€benefits€for€the€first€400€weeks,Ð  p Ði.e.,€240€weeks,€and€ordered€the€Second€Injury€Fund€to€pay€all€remaining€benefits,€i.e.,€401€weeks,Ð  \ Ðuntil€Gray€was€eligible€for€social€security€benefits.€€The€trial€court€also€ordered€lump€sum€benefitsÐ øH Ðtotaling€180€weeks.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àBoth€Cullom€and€the€Second€Injury€Fund€appealed€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.€€We€acceptedÐ ¼  Ðreview€before€the€case€was€heard€or€considered€by€the€Special€Workersðð€Compensation€AppealsÐ ¨ø ÐPanel.Ð ”ä ÐÌà@òò&ìàò òANALYSISó óˆà p àÐ l¼ ÐÌà@ÆÆ!ìàò òòòStandard€of€Reviewó óóóˆÐ D!” ÐÌà  àOur€standard€of€review€of€factual€issues€in€a€workers'€compensation€case€is€de€novo€upon€theÐ #h! Ðrecord€of€the€trial€court,€accompanied€by€a€presumption€of€correctness€of€the€trial€court's€factualÐ $T" Ðfindings,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50-6-225(e)(2)Ð ð$@ # Ð(Supp.€2004);€òòHouser€v.€Bi-Lo,€Inc.óó,€36€S.W.3d€68,€70-71€(Tenn.€2001).€€When€the€trial€court€hasÐ Ü%,!$ Ðseen€the€witnesses€and€heard€the€testimony,€especially€where€issues€of€credibility€and€the€weight€ofÐ È&"% Ðtestimony€are€involved,€the€appellate€court€must€extend€considerable€deference€to€the€trial€court'sÐ ´'#& Ðfactual€findings.€€òòHouseróó,€36€S.W.3d€at€71.Ð  (ð#' Їà  àOur€standard€of€review€of€legal€issues,€such€as€statutory€interpretation,€is€de€novo.€€òòTuckerÐ ° Ðv.€Foamex,€L.P.óó,€31€S.W.3d€241,€242€(Tenn.€2000).€€Moreover,€we€must€interpret€workers'Ð œì Ðcompensation€statutes€ð ðððto€promote€and€adhere€to€[their]€purposes€of€securing€benefits€to€thoseÐ ˆØ Ðworkers€who€fall€within€[their]€coverage.ðððð€€òòAllen€v.€City€of€Gatlinburgóó,€36€S.W.3d€73,€75€(Tenn.Ð tÄ Ð2001)€(quoting€òòLindsey€v.€Smith€&€Johnson,€Inc.óó,€601€S.W.2d€923,€925€(Tenn.€1980)).Ð `° ÐÌà@ŽŽìàòòò òTemporary€Total€Disabilityó óóóˆÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€first€issue€presented€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€temporary€total€disabilityÐ  \ Ðbenefits€for€the€period€of€June€2000€to€February€2003.€€Cullom€argues€that€Gray€was€not€totallyÐ ø H  Ðdisabled€because€he€continued€to€work€for€Cullom€until€November€2000€and€then€began€and€workedÐ ä 4  Ðin€his€own€tool„sharpening€business€until€October€2002.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àOn€the€other€hand,€Gray€contends€that€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€was€supported€by€the€fact€thatÐ ¨ø  Ðhe€was€found€totally€and€permanently€disabled€at€the€time€of€maximum€medical€improvement€inÐ ”ä  ÐFebruary€2003.€€Although€Gray€concedes€that€he€operated€a€business€from€November€2000€toÐ €Ð  ÐOctober€2002,€he€argues€that€the€business€was€not€profitable.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àTemporary€total€disability€refers€to€an€ð ðððinjured€employeeððs€condition€while€disabled€to€workÐ D” Ðby€his€injury€and€until€he€recovers€as€far€as€the€nature€of€his€injury€permits.ðððð€€òòAnderson€v.€DeanÐ 0€ ÐTruck€Line,€Inc.óó,€682€S.W.2d€900,€903€(Tenn.€1984)€(quoting€òòRedmond€v.€McMinn€Countyóó,€354Ð l ÐS.W.2d€435,€437€(Tenn.€1962));€òòseeóó€òòalsoóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„207(1)(A)€(Supp.€2004).€€ToÐ X Ðestablish€a€prima€facie€case€of€entitlement€to€receive€temporary€total€disability€benefits,€an€employeeÐ ôD Ðmust€show€Ô€XÝ– XXXS=Ô(1)€that€he€or€she€was€totally€disabled€and€unable€to€work€due€to€a€compensable€injury,Ð à0 Ð(2)€that€there€was€a€causal€connection€between€the€injury€and€his€inability€to€work,€and€(3)€theÐ Ì Ðduration€of€the€period€of€disability.€€òòCleek€v.€Wal„Mart€Stores,€Inc.óó,€19€S.W.3d€770,€776€(Tenn.Ð ¸ Ð2000).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Temporary€total€disability€benefits€ensure€that€the€employee€may€receive€compensationÐ ¤ô Ðduring€ð ðððthe€healing€period€during€which€the€employee€is€totally€prevented€from€working.ðððð€€òòId.óóÐ à Ð(quoting€òòGluck€Bros.,€Inc.€v.€Coffeyóó,€431€S.W.2d€756,€759€(Tenn.€1968)).Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àIn€òòA.C.€Lawrence€Leather€Co.€v.€Lovedayóó,€455€S.W.2d€141€(Tenn.€1970),€this€CourtÐ T ¤ Ðconcluded€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€temporary€total€disability€benefits€for€a€period€duringÐ @! Ðwhich€an€employee€worked€at€another€job.€€òòId.óó€at€144.€€Moreover,€this€Court€emphasized€that€theÐ ,"|  Ðperiod€of€temporary€total€disability€ended€even€though€the€employee€was€in€constant€pain€or€neededÐ #h! Ðto€work€because€of€economic€necessity.€€òòId.óó€€In€short,€when€an€employee€ð ðbecomes€able€to€work€atÐ $T" Ðany€employment€permitted€by€the€nature€of€his€injuries,€temporary€total€disability€ends€at€that€time.ðð€Ð ð$@ # ÐòòAndersonóó,€682€S.W.2d€at€903.Ð Ü%,!$ Ðâ âÐ È&"% Ðà  àHere,€the€record€does€not€support€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€granting€temporary€totalÐ ° Ðâ âdisability€benefits€for€the€period€of€June€2,€2000€to€November€2,€2000.€€After€his€injury€on€May€26,Ð œì Ð2000,€Gray€continued€to€work€for€Cullom€until€November€2,€2000.€€Although€Gray€testified€that€heÐ ˆØ Ðwas€in€pain€while€continuing€to€work€during€this€time,€there€was€simply€no€showing€that€he€was€notÐ tÄ Ðable€to€work€and€was€totally€disabled€as€a€result€of€the€injury.€€òòCleekóó,€19€S.W.3d€at€776.€Ð `° ÐAccordingly,€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€temporary€total€benefits€for€the€period€of€June€2,€2000Ð L œ Ðto€November€2,€2000.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€the€record€does€not€support€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€granting€temporary€totalÐ  ` Ðdisability€benefits€for€the€period€of€November€2,€2000€to€October€of€2002.€€Gray€testified€that€he€hadÐ ü L  Ðintended€to€return€to€work€following€surgery€on€his€left€shoulder€but€that€his€position€with€CullomÐ è 8  Ðhad€been€terminated.€€He€then€started€his€own€tool„sharpening€business€in€November€of€2000Ð Ô$  Ðbecause€he€needed€money€to€pay€his€living€expenses.€€Although€he€was€forced€to€compensate€for€theÐ À  Ðloss€of€strength€and€movement€in€his€left€shoulder,€Gray€said€that€he€met€with€customers,€handledÐ ¬ü  Ðoffice€work,€and€made€deliveries.€€Gray€stated€that€he€routinely€worked€twelve€or€more€hours€per€dayÐ ˜è  Ðbefore€finally€closing€the€business€because€it€failed€to€make€a€profit.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  à€Grayððs€testimony€demonstrated€that€he€started€and€operated€his€own€tool„sharpening€businessÐ \¬ Ðand,€in€the€process,€worked€long€hours€and€engaged€in€both€physical€and€administrative€tasks.€€ThisÐ H˜ Ðwas€consistent€with€his€history€of€overcoming€and€adjusting€to€previous€serious€military€andÐ 4„ Ðindustrial€injuries€with€a€strong€work€ethic€and€the€desire€to€support€his€family.€€Although€hisÐ  p Ðbusiness€did€not€make€a€profit,€the€standard€for€awarding€temporary€total€disability€benefits€is€notÐ  \ Ðprofitability,€but€rather€an€employeeððs€ability€to€work.€€òòSeeóó€òòAndersonóó,€682€S.W.2d€at€903.€Ð øH ÐAccordingly,€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€temporary€total€benefits€for€the€period€of€November2,Ð ä4 Ð2000€to€October€of€2002.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€record€does€not€contain€sufficient€factual€findings€to€support€the€trial€courtððsÐ ¨ø Ðaward€of€temporary€total€benefits€for€October€2002€to€February€2003.€€It€may€be€that€GrayððsÐ ”ä Ðcondition€worsened€during€this€period€since€Gray€was€no€longer€operating€his€own€business€and€hadÐ €Ð Ðreturned€to€Dr.€Johnson€for€further€treatment.€€On€the€other€hand,€Gray€testified€that€he€was€no€longerÐ l¼ Ðoperating€his€tool€sharpening€business€solely€because€it€was€not€profitable,€which€may€indicate€thatÐ X ¨ Ðhe€was€still€able€to€work.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€should€conduct€further€proceedings€and€makeÐ D!” Ðfactual€findings€on€this€issue.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àTo€summarize,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€temporary€total€disabilityÐ $X" Ðbenefits.€€We€therefore€remand€the€case€for€a€determination€of€the€credit€owed€to€Cullom€for€theÐ ô$D # Ðtemporary€total€disability€benefits€it€paid€from€June€2000€to€October€2002,€and€for€a€determinationÐ à%0!$ Ðof€whether€temporary€total€disability€benefits€may€be€awarded€for€the€period€of€October€2002€toÐ Ì&"% ÐFebruary€2003.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌòòò òÐ  )à$( Ðà@{{$ìàApportionmentó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€second€issue€presented€for€resolution€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€holding€CullomÐ „Ô Ðliable€for€60%€of€only€400€weeks€(i.e.,€an€award€of€240€weeks)€of€Grayððs€compensation€forÐ pÀ Ðpermanent€and€total€disability,€rather€than€60%€of€the€benefits€due€until€Gray€was€eligible€for€socialÐ \¬ Ðsecurity€(i.e.,€an€award€of€401€weeks).€€The€State€of€Tennesseeððs€Second€Injury€Fund€(ð ðSecond€InjuryÐ H ˜ ÐFundðð)€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€because€this€case€is€controlled€by€òòBomely€v.€Mid„AmericaÐ 4 „ ÐCorp.óó,€970€S.W.2d€929€(Tenn.€1998).€€Conversely,€Cullom€argues€that€the€trial€courtððs€apportionmentÐ  p Ðwas€supported€by€the€evidence.€€The€employee,€Gray,€takes€no€position€on€this€issue.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€Second€Injury€Fund€was€created€to€encourage€employers€to€hire€employees€who€haveÐ ä 4  Ðhad€prior€injuries.€€òòBomelyóó,€970€S.W.2d€at€932;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„208(a)(1)€(1999Ð Ð  Ð&€Supp.€2004).€€This€purpose€is€achieved€by€limiting€an€employerððs€liability€for€a€later€injury€thatÐ ¼  Ðresults€in€an€employeeððs€permanent€and€total€disability€to€the€compensation€due€for€the€later€injuryÐ ¨ø  Ðwithout€consideration€of€any€prior€injury€or€injuries.€€The€remainder€of€the€compensation€is€paid€toÐ ”ä  Ðthe€employee€by€the€Second€Injury€Fund.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„208(a)(1)ð!ð(3)€(1999€&€Supp.Ð €Ð  Ð2004).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€allocating€liability€between€the€employer€and€the€Second€Injury€Fund€where€an€employeeÐ D” Ðhas€suffered€permanent€partial€or€total€disability,€this€Court€has€held€that€an€employer€is€not€limitedÐ 0€ Ðto€a€percentage€of€400€weeks.€€òòBomelyóó,€970€S.W.2d€at€932„33;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóóòòWatt€v.€Lumbermens€Mut.Ð l ÐCas.€Ins.€Co.óó,€62€S.W.3d€123,€132€(Tenn.€2001).€€As€we€explained€in€òòBomelyóó,Ð X ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€is€not€equitable€to€cap€the€employerððs€liability€at€400€weeks€andÐ à0 Ðrequire€the€Fund€to€pay€the€bulk€of€the€award€in€light€of€the€fact€thatÐ Ì ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„102(a)(6)(C)€specifically€exempts€permanentÐ ¸ Ðtotal€disability€awards€from€the€400€week€maximum€total€benefitÐ ¤ô Ðlimitation€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„207(4)(A)(i)€authorizesÐ à Ðbenefits€to€age€65€in€cases€of€permanent€and€total€disability.€Ð|Ì` x` x ÐÌ970€S.W.2d€at€932.€€Moreover,€we€concluded€that€ð ð[i]f€the€legislature€had€wanted€to€cap€anÐ T ¤ Ðemployerððs€liability€at€400€weeks€where€benefits€are€awarded€to€age€65€in€cases€involving€the€SecondÐ @! ÐInjury€Fund€it€could€have€easily€done€so.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ ,"|  ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€erred€in€limiting€Cullomððs€liability€for€Grayððs€permanent€and€totalÐ $T" Ðdisability€to€60%€of€400€weeks€(i.e.,€an€award€of€240€weeks).€€The€parties€agree€that€the€trial€courtÐ ð$@ # Ðcorrectly€determined€that€Gray€had€a€permanent€and€total€disability€and€that€60%€of€this€disabilityÐ Ü%,!$ Ðwas€due€to€his€injury€on€May€26,€2000.€€As€a€result,€the€trial€court€was€required€to€hold€that€CullomÐ È&"% Ðwas€responsible€for€60%€of€Grayððs€permanent€and€total€disability€until€he€reached€the€age€ofÐ ´'#& Ðeligibility€for€social€security€(i.e.,€an€award€of€401€weeks)€and€that€the€Second€Injury€Fund€wasÐ  (ð#' Ðresponsible€for€the€remainder€(i.e.,€an€award€of€268€weeks).€€òòSeeóóòòBomelyóó,€970€S.W.2d€at€932.€Ð Œ)Ü$( ÐAccordingly,€we€remand€to€the€trial€court€for€a€redetermination€of€the€permanent€total€disabilityÐ x*È%) Ðbenefits€due€to€Gray€and€the€relative€responsibilities€of€Cullom€and€the€Second€Injury€Fund.€Ð d+´&* Їòòò òà@&ìàLump€Sumóóó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€final€issue€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€commuting€180€weeks€of€benefits€to€a€lumpÐ „Ô Ðsum.€€Cullom€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€because€a€lump„sum€payment€cannot€exceed€100€weeksÐ pÀ Ðunder€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€50„6„207(4)(A)(ii)€(Supp.€2004).€€Cullom€also€argues€thatÐ \¬ Ðthe€trial€court€improperly€accelerated€the€payment€of€Grayððs€remaining€benefits€by€refusing€to€reduceÐ H ˜ Ðthe€weekly€rate€at€which€they€were€to€be€paid.€€Gray€maintains€that€the€lump€sum€was€appropriateÐ 4 „ Ðbecause€it€included€amounts€for€attorneyððs€fees€and€Grayððs€pre„injury€debt€which€was€in€arrears.Ð  p ÐÌà  àThis€issue€requires€an€examination€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€50„6„207(4)(A)(ii)Ð ø H  Ð(Supp.€2004),€which€states€in€part€that€permanent€total€disability€payments€shall€not€be€commutedÐ ä 4  Ðto€a€lump€sum€except€in€accordance€with€the€following:Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(a)€€Benefits€may€be€commuted€to€a€lump€sum€to€pay€only€theÐ ¨ø  Ðemployeeððs€attorneyððs€fees€and€litigation€expenses€and€to€pay€pre„Ð ”ä  Ðinjury€obligations€in€arrears;€Ð€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(b)€The€commuted€portion€of€an€award€shall€not€exceed€theÐ X¨ Ðvalue€of€one€hundred€(100)€weeks€of€the€employeeððs€benefits;€ÐD”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(c)€After€the€total€amount€of€the€commuted€lump€sum€isÐ l Ðdetermined,€the€amount€of€the€weekly€disability€benefit€shall€beÐ X Ðrecalculated€to€distribute€the€total€remaining€permanent€total€benefitsÐ ôD Ðin€equal€weekly€installments€beginning€with€the€date€of€entry€of€theÐ à0 Ðorder€and€terminating€on€the€date€the€employeeððs€disability€benefitsÐ Ì Ðterminate€.€.€.€.€Ð¸` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„207(4)(A)(ii)€(Supp.€2004).€€Because€lump€sum€awards€are€an€exceptionÐ à Ðto€the€general€purpose€of€providing€injured€workers€with€periodic€payments€that€substitute€for€wages,Ð |Ì Ðthis€Court€has€emphasized€that€commutation€ð ðshould€occur€only€in€exceptional€circumstances,€andÐ h¸ Ðnot€as€a€matter€of€course.ðð€€òòHenson€v.€City€of€Lawrenceburgóó,€851€S.W.2d€809,€814€(Tenn.€1993).€€Ð T ¤ ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€record€reflects€that€the€trial€court€properly€considered€attorneyððs€fees€and€GrayððsÐ ,"|  Ðarrearages€for€pre„injury€obligations€in€awarding€lump€sum€benefits,€the€trial€court€erred€in€the€extentÐ #h! Ðof€its€award€which€totaled€180€weeks.€€The€plain€language€of€the€statute€provides€that€ð ðthe€commutedÐ $T" Ðportion€of€an€award€shall€not€exceed€the€value€of€one€hundred€(100)€weeks€of€the€employeeððsÐ ð$@ # Ðbenefits€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€50„6„207(4)(A)(ii)(b)€(Supp.€2004).€€Given€that€the€term€ð ðshallððÐ Ü%,!$ Ðis€mandatory,€the€statutory€language€is€unambiguous€and€must€be€applied€as€written.€€òòSeeóó€òòLimbaughÐ È&"% Ðv.€Coffee€Med.€Ctr.óó,€59€S.W.3d€73,€83€(Tenn.€2001).€€Accordingly,€this€case€must€be€remanded€toÐ ´'#& Ðthe€trial€court€for€a€redetermination€of€lump€sum€benefits,€which€may€not€exceed€100€weeks.€€Ð  (ð#' ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€the€record€shows€that€after€awarding€lump€sum€benefits,€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ x*È%) Ðrefusing€to€reduce€the€weekly€rate€at€which€the€remaining€payments€were€to€be€made.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð d+´&* ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€50„6„207(4)(ii)(c)€(Supp.€2004)€(ð ðAfter€the€total€amount€of€the€commuted€lump€sumÐ ° Ðis€determined,€the€amount€of€the€weekly€disability€benefit€shall€be€recalculated€to€distribute€the€totalÐ œì Ðremaining€permanent€total€benefits€in€equal€weekly€installments€.€.€.€.ðð).€€In€our€view,€reducing€theÐ ˆØ Ðweekly€rate€ensures€that€the€employee€will€receive€payments€throughout€the€entire€period€ofÐ tÄ Ðdisability,€serves€as€a€more€effective€substitute€for€regular€wages,€and€avoids€forcing€employers€toÐ `° Ðmake€payments€on€an€accelerated€schedule.€€Accordingly,€on€remand,€the€trial€court€shall€make€aÐ L œ Ðdetermination€as€to€the€lump€sum€benefits€and€shall€then€calculate€the€weekly€rate€at€which€CullomÐ 8 ˆ Ðshall€pay€the€remaining€benefits€by€using€the€full€period€of€Grayððs€disability.Ð $ t ÐÌà@FF%ìàò òCONCLUSIONˆÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àó óAfter€reviewing€the€record€and€applicable€authority,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ Ô$  Ðawarding€temporary€total€benefits€to€the€employee€who€continued€to€work€for€the€employerÐ À  Ðfollowing€his€injury€and€then€operated€his€own€unprofitable€business.€€We€also€hold€that€the€trialÐ ¬ü  Ðcourt€erred€in€limiting€the€employerððs€liability€for€permanent€total€disability€benefits€to€60%€of€400Ð ˜è  Ðweeks,€rather€than€60%€of€the€benefits€due€until€the€employeeððs€eligibility€for€social€securityÐ „Ô  Ðbenefits.€€Finally,€we€hold€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€awarding€180€weeks€of€lump„sum€benefits€andÐ pÀ Ðin€failing€to€reduce€the€weekly€rate€of€remaining€benefits€over€the€full€period€of€disability.€Ð \¬ ÐAccordingly,€we€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€and€remand€for€a€redetermination€of€benefits€andÐ H˜ Ðfurther€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€Costs€of€the€appeal€are€taxed€one„half€to€theÐ 4„ Ðappellee,€Billy€Gene€Gray,€and€one„half€to€the€appellees,€Cullom€Machine,€Tool€&€Die,€Inc.,€andÐ  p ÐTravelers€Insurance€Company.€Ð  \ ÐÌÌà0  àà ` àà0¸ (#(#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà  à__________________________________€ÐÐ p(#p(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àE.€RILEY€ANDERSON,€JUSTICEÐ ¼  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  à